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The Victorian Era (mid to late 19th Century) saw a return of many architectural styles including
Gothic Revival, Tudor and Romanesque as well as influences from Asia and the Middle East.
During the industrial revolution, many homes were built in the
Victorian style as part of the housing boom.
Where to see it: Many a home in the UK, the US and Australia.
Beginning in the Middle East in the 7th century Islamic architecture varies greatly depending on
the region such as Persia North Africa and Spain. A Mosque is the best example of Islamic styles
including the pointed arches, domes and courtyards. Decoration on flat surfaces take priority as
the Koran forbids three-dimensional representations.
Also known as Norman Architecture it emerged across Europe in the late 10th Century. The most
famous feature is the rounded arch, typically found in the Roman-style churches, of which are the
main survivors of the period.
Originating in the late 16th century in Italy, Baroque was a departure from the more formal
Romanesque style in that it was more emotive, ‘showy’ and aimed to appeal to the senses. As part
of the Counter-Reformation the architecture was an attempt to celebrate the Catholic state.
Tudor architecture is the final style from the medieval period in England between the 1400s-1600s.
While the Tudor Arch or the Four-Centered Arch is the distinguishing feature most people would
recognize the timber-framed houses of the Tudor era.
Originally an art school in Germany in the early 1900s the Bauhaus movement held the idea that
all art and technology would be unified under the idea of simplistic design and mass-production.
Rejecting decorative details the designs favored function. Flat roofs and cubic shapes were key.
The Bauhaus principles of cubic shapes and angles can be seen in the modernist designs.
Considered a response to Baroque and Rococo, Neo-classicism emerged in the mid 18th Century
and aimed to bring back a nobility and grandeur to architecture. Inspiration was taken from the
classic styles of Ancient Greek and Roman buildings and design. Simplicity and symmetry were
the core values.
Influenced by classical styles, the Renaissance style appeared in Italy during the 15th Century and
was characterized by harmony, clarity and strength. The designs were intended to reflect the
elegance and ideals of domestic life and clues were taken from the Roman ruins.
Beginning in the mid 12th Century, Gothic architecture borrowed flourishes and features from
previous styles and used them all together. More decorative than classical styles, walls were
thinner, columns more slender, windows adorned with stained glass and designed so to draw the
eye upwards.
Modernism is a blanket term given to a movement at the turn of the 20th Century and can include
styles such as Futurism, Post-modern and New Classical. Forms were intended to be free of
unnecessary detail and focus on simplicity and there is an honouring of the materials used rather
than concealing them.
Classical architecture was constructed in Ancient Greece between the 7th and 4th century BC. It
is best known for its large religious temples built in stone, designed from principles of order,
symmetry, geometry, and perspective. A notable
characteristic of its expressiveness are the principles of
the “architectural orders”: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
The greatest work of Classical architecture is the
Parthenon. Built in the Acropolis of Athens in the 5th
century BC, the Parthenon exhibits striking
characteristics: a volume built upon a foundation that
supports the sequence of columns and its capitals,
which, in turn, support a pediment.
Art Nouveau originally served as a guide to several disciplines from architecture to painting, and
furniture design to typography. As a reaction to the eclectic styles that dominated Europe, Art
Nouveau manifested itself in architecture in decorative elements:
the buildings, full of curved and sinuous lines, received
ornaments inspired by organic shapes such as plants, flowers, and
animals, both in terms of design and the use of color. Its first
buildings were designed by Belgian architect Victor Horta,
however, the most emblematic exemplars were authored by the
Frenchman Hector Guimard.
13) Postmodern (Cavallaro 2018)
From 1929 onwards, with the onset of the Great Depression, a chain
of criticism of Modern architecture begins and continues until the late
1970s. Postmodern architecture examines some of Modernism’s
central principles from a new historical and compositional perspective,
both in discourse and built works. For this, different strategies for
questioning were adopted, sometimes by the use of irony, others by an
intense interest in popular culture. The book “Learning from Las
Vegas” is one of the seminal works of postmodern thought.
Deconstructivism originated in the 1980s and questions the precepts and process of design and
incorporates nonlinear dynamics to the field’s reasoning. Deconstructivism relates to two main
concepts: deconstruction, a literary and philosophical analysis that rethinks and dismantles
traditional modes of thinking; and constructivism, the
artistic and architectonical Russian movement from the
early 20th century. A landmark event
for Deconstructivism was the 1988 MoMA exhibition
curated by Phillip Johnson. It brought together the
works of Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Zaha
Hadid, Rem Koolhaas, Daniel Libeskind, Bernard
Tschumi and Wolf Prix.
ACHITECT DICTUMS ( ProProfs 2014)
Architects Dictums
SULLIVAN, “Form follows function.”
LOUIS
GAUDI, “Form does not necessarily follow function.”
ANTONIO
WRIGHT, “Form follows function- that has been misunderstood. Form and function
FRANK should be one, joined in a spiritual union.”
LLOYD
“Every great architect is –necessarily- a great poet. He must be a great
original interpreter of his time, his day, his age.”
BURNHAM, “Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble,
DANIEL logical diagram once recorded will not die.”
“Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men’s blood.
SAARINEN, “Beauty grows from necessity not from repetition of formulas.”
ELIEL
“Architectural-form equals social-form.”
Gottlieb Eliel
Saarinen
(August 20,
1873 – July 1,
1950)
MENDELSOH “Architecture seizes upon space, encompasses space and is space itself.”
N, ERICH
(March 21, “Architecture depends on the sensuous seizure by means of touch and
1887 – sight.”
September 15,
1953)
LOOS , “Supply and demand regulate architecture form”
ADOLF
(December 10,
1870 – August
23, 1933)
BREUER, “A Building has straight geometrical lines. Even when these lines are free, it
MARCEL must always be evident that they have been studied & that they did not
LAJOS spring up simultaneously.”
(May 21, 1902
– July 1, 1981) “Nature & Architecture are two different things.”
4. Designers think everything done by someone else is awful, and that they could do it better themselves,
which explains why I designed my own living room carpet, I suppose.- Chris Bangle
5. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence then, is not an act, but a habit.- Aristotle
6. The life of a designer is one of fight: fight against the ugliness.- Massimo Vignelli
7. A great building must begin with the immeasurable, must go through measurable means when it is
being designed, and in the end must be unmeasured.- Louis Kahn
8. The architect represents neither a Dionysian nor an Apollinian condition: here it is the mighty act of
will, the will which moves mountains, the intoxication of the strong will, which demands artistic
expression. The most powerful men have always inspired the architects; the architect has always been
influenced by power.- Friedrich Nietzsche
10. Our opportunity, as designers, is to learn how to handle the complexity, rather than shy away from it,
and to realize that the big art of design is to make complicated things simple.- Tim Parsey
11. One of the great beauties of architecture is that each time, it is like life starting all over again.- Renzo
Piano
12. Everything is designed. Few things are designed well.- Brian Reed
13. To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody history, but to articulate it.- Daniel Libeskind
15. Nothing in this world is more simple and more cheap than making cities that provide better for
people.- Jan Gehl
17. In my experience, if you have to keep the lavatory door shut by extending your left leg, it’s modern
architecture.- Nancy Banks-Smith
18. I understand that, today, some developers are asking architects to design eye-catching, iconic
buildings. Fortunately, I've not had that kind of client so far.- Fumihiko Maki
19. The Sun does not realise how wonderful it is until after a room is made.- Louis Kahn
20. Good design is all about making other designers feel like idiots because the idea wasn't theirs.- Frank
Chimero
21. All fine architectural values are human values, else not valuable.- Frank Lloyd Wright
22. Design should never say, "Look at me!" It should always say, "Look at this!"- David Craib
23. If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put
the foundations under them.- Henry David Thoreau
24. Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you anywhere.- Albert Einstein
25. Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space.- Mies van de Rohe
27. Good architecture is like a good therapy session, a good marriage, a good poem - gently and almost
invisibly allowing you to be you, as flawed and as beautiful as you are.- Robert Sullivan
28. In pure architecture the smallest detail should have a meaning or serve a purpose.- Augustus W. N.
Pugin
29. I am simply submerged in work from five in the morning to eleven at night; almost need a few days
off to escape a breakdown!- Richard Neutra
30. The most innovative designers consciously reject the standard option box and cultivate an appetite for
thinking wrong.- Marty Neumeier
31. Architecture never derived its force from stability of culture, but rather from the expression of those
moments when that sense of stability slipped.- Mark Wigley
32. I've noticed the computer sometimes leads to rather bland decision-making; Now, anybody can do a
wobbly, blobby building.- Peter Cook
33. For me, design is like choosing what I'm going to wear for the day – only much more complicated and
not really the same at all.- Robynne Raye
34. I like ruins because what remains is not the total design, but the clarity of thought, the naked structure,
the spirit of the thing.- Tadao Ando
35. A doctor can bury his mistakes but an architect can only advise his clients to plant vines.- Frank
Lloyd Wright
36. Give them the vision of Oz, show them the direction, convince them you can create the yellow brick
road; the rest is civil engineering.- Dirk Susharme
37. Design is where science and art break even.- Mieke Gerritzen
38. Hell, there are no rules here; We're trying to accomplish something.- Thomas Edison
39. A profound design process eventually makes the patron, the architect, and every occasional visitor in
the building a slightly better human being.- Juhani Pallasmaa
41. I don't build in order to have clients. I have clients in order to build.- Ayn Rand
43. People who build their own home tend to be very courageous. These people are curious about life.
They're thinking about what it means to live in a house, rather than just buying a commodity and making
it work.- Tom Kundig
44. Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness.- Frank Gehry
45. Being a famous designer is like being a famous dentist.- Noreen Morioka
46. Light, God's eldest daughter, is a principal beauty in a building.- Thomas Fuller
47. We live in a time of renaissance … cities are coming back to life, after a long neglect.- Daniel
Libeskind
49. Architecture is a learned game, correct and magnificent, of forms assembled in the light.- Le
Corbusier
50. Architecture arouses sentiments in man. The architect's task, therefore, is to make those sentiments
more precise.- Adolf Loos
51. The desire to reach for the sky runs very deep in the human psyche.- César Pelli
52. I'm convinced that without bad design, the world would be a far less stimulating place; we would have
nothing to marvel over and nothing to be nostalgic about.- Carrie Phillips
53. Architecture is not based on concrete and steel, and the elements of the soil. It's based on wonder.-
Daniel Libeskind
54. An object should be judged by whether it has a form consistent with its use.- Bruno Munari
55. Architecture is really about well-being. I think that people want to feel good in a space … On the one
hand it's about shelter, but it's also about pleasure.- Zaha Hadid
56. Very often the opinion of the clients must be disregarded in their own interest.- John M. Johnson
58. The greatest architectural illusion is not Baroque fancy or Victorian flamboyant, but minimalism.-
Kevin McCloud
59. We shape our buildings: therefore they shape us.- Winston Churchill
60. Architects spend an entire life with this unreasonable idea that you can fight against gravity.- Renzo
Piano
61. When I'm working on a problem, I never think about beauty. But when I'm finished, if the solution is
not beautiful I know it's wrong.- Buckminster Fuller
63. Any work of architecture that does not express serenity is a mistake.- Luis Barragán
64. All architecture is great architecture after sunset; perhaps architecture is really a nocturnal art, like the
art of fireworks.- Gilbert K. Chesterton
65. Architect. One who drafts a plan of your house, and plans a draft of your money.- Ambrose Bierce
67. People think that design is styling. Design is not style. It's not about giving shape to the shell and not
giving a damn about the guts. Good design is a renaissance attitude that combines technology, cognitive
science, human need and beauty to produce something that the world didn't know it was missing.- Paola
Antonelli
68. Home is where you hang your architect.- Chare Booth Luce
69. Architecture is basically a container of something. I hope they will enjoy not so much the teacup, but
the tea.- Yoshio Taniguchi
71. I find modernist design boring, but it's so much faster!- Christine Suewon Lee
72. The fundamental failure of most graphic, product, architectural and even urban design is its insistence
on serving the God of Looking-Good rather than the God of Being-Good.- Richard Saul Wurman
73. You have to give this much to the Luftwaffe: when it knocked down our buildings it did not replace
them with anything more offensive than rubble. We did that.- Charles, Prince of Wales
74. When we build, let us think that we build forever.- John Ruskin
75. As an architect you design for the present, with an awareness of the past, for a future which is
essentially unknown.- Normon Foster
76. I don't know why people hire architects and then tell them what to do.- Frank Gehry
77. There is a danger when every building has to look spectacular; to look like it is changing the world. I
don't care how a building looks if it means something, not to architects, but to the people who use it.-
David Chipperfield
78. Here, then, is what I wanted to tell you of my architecture. I created it with courage and idealism, but
also with an awareness of the fact that what is important is life, friends, and attempting to make this
unjust world a better place in which to live.- Oscar Niemeyer
79. The room is there for the human being – not the human being for the room.- El Lissitzky
80. In the face of the economic plight, it is our task to become pioneers of simplicity, that is, to find a
simple form for all of life’s necessities, which is at the same time respectable and genuine.- Oskar
Schlemmer
82. The events of human life, whether public or private, are so intimately linked to architecture that most
observers can reconstruct nations or individuals in all the truth of their habits from the remains of their
monuments or from their domestic relics.- Honore de Balzac
84. The architect's role is to make the mythic real.- Sotirios Kotoulas
85. We used to build civilizations. Now we build shopping malls.- Bill Bryson
87. Architecture is the triumph of human imagination over materials, methods, and men, to put man into
possession of his own Earth. It is at least the geometric pattern of things, of life, of the human and social
world. It is at best that magic framework of reality that we sometimes touch upon when we use the word
order.- Frank Lloyd Wright
88. Great buildings that move the spirit have always been rare. In every case they are unique, poetic,
products of the heart.- Arthur Erickson
89. Architecture is like a mythical fantastic. It has to be experienced. It can't be described. We can draw it
up and we can make models of it, but it can only be experienced as a complete whole.- Maya Lin
90. The first gesture of an architect is to draw a perimeter; in other words, to separate the microclimate
from the macro space outside. This in itself is a sacred act. Architecture in itself conveys this idea of
limiting space. It’s a limit between the finite and the infinite. From this point of view, all architecture is
sacred.- Mario Botta
91. Architecture is the plant fertilizer of our lives; it is the way to be a big, great-tasting tomato.- Robert
Sullivan
92. Architecture, of all the arts, is the one which acts the most slowly, but the most surely, on the soul.-
Ernest Dimnet
93. It is therefore indisputable that the limbs of architecture are derived from the limbs of man.-
Michelangelo
94. To work in architecture you are so much involved with society, with politics, with bureaucrats. It's a
very complicated process to do large projects. You start to see the society, how it functions, how it works.
Then you have a lot of criticism about how it works.- Ai Weiwei
95. It is not the beauty of a building you should look at; it's the construction of the foundation that will
stand the test of time.- David Allan Coe
96. The modern architect is, generally speaking, art's greatest enemy.- Pierre-Auguste Renoir
97. I try to give people a different way of looking at their surroundings. That's art to me.- Maya Lin
98. All architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design of space that contains, cuddles, exalts, or
stimulates the persons in that space.- Philip Johnson
99. Architecture can't fully represent the chaos and turmoil that are part of the human personality, but you
need to put some of that turmoil into the architecture, or it isn't real.- Frank Stella