DYNAMICS OF FLOW | CE 413

CHAPTER 3. DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW

Fluid Dynamics is the study of fluid motion with the forces causing the flow. The dynamic
behavior of the fluid flow is analyzed by the Newton's second law of motion, which relates the
acceleration with the forces. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and non-viscous.

3.1. EQUATIONS OF MOTION

According to Newton's second law of motion, the net force Fx acting on a fluid element in
the x-direction is equal to the mass m of the fluid element multiplied by the acceleration ax in the
x-direction. Thus mathematically,
𝑭 𝒙 = 𝒎 ∙ 𝒂𝒙 𝑬𝒒. 𝟑. 𝟏
In the fluid flow, the following forces are present:
(i) Fg – gravitational force
(ii) FP – force induced by pressure
(iii) Fν – force due to viscosity
(iv) Ft – force due to turbulence
(v) Fc – force due to compressibility
Thus, in equation 3.1, the net force
𝑭𝒙 = (𝑭𝒈 )𝒙 + (𝑭𝑷 )𝒙 + (𝑭𝒗) + (𝑭𝒕 )𝒙 + (𝑭𝒄 )𝒙
𝒙

a. If the force due to compressibility, Fc is negligible, the resulting net force

𝑭𝒙 = (𝑭𝒈 )𝒙 + (𝑭𝑷 )𝒙 + (𝑭𝒗) + (𝑭𝒕 )𝒙
𝒙

and equations of motions are now called Reynold’s Equation of Motion.

b. For flow, where Ft is negligible, the resulting equations of motion are known as Navier-
Stokes Equation.
c. If the flow is assumed to be ideal, thus viscous force (Fv) is zero and equation of motions
are known as Euler’s Equation of Motion.

3.2. EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTION

This is equation of motion in which the forces due to gravity and pressure are taken into
consideration. This is derived by considering the motion of a fluid element along a stream-line as:
Consider a stream-line in which flow is taking place in s-direction as shown in figure 3.1.
Consider a cylindrical element of cross-section dA and length ds. The forces acting on the
cylindrical element are:
1. Pressure force pdA in the direction of flow.
𝜕𝑃
2. Pressure force (𝑃 + 𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑠) 𝑑𝐴 opposite to the direction of flow.
3. Weight of element is ρgdAds

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Let θ be the angle between the direction of flow and the line of action of the weight of element.
The resultant force on the fluid element in the direction of s must be equal in the mass of fluid
element x acceleration in the direction s.
𝝏𝑷
∴ 𝑷𝒅𝑨 − (𝑷 + 𝒅𝒔) 𝒅𝑨 − 𝝆𝒈𝒅𝑨𝒅𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝝆𝒅𝑨𝒅𝒔 × 𝒂𝒔 𝑬𝒒. 𝟑. 𝟐
𝝏𝒔
where as is the acceleration in the direction of s, now
𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑃
𝑎𝑠 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡. (𝑃 + 𝑑𝑠) 𝑑𝐴 𝑆
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑠
𝑑𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝑑𝑠 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑠 = = + 𝑑𝑆
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝑣𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑠 = +
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 Figure 3.2. Forces
𝜕𝑉
on a fluid element.
If the flow is steady, 𝜕𝑡
= 0, 𝑃𝑑𝐴 θ

𝑣𝜕𝑣
𝑎𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠
𝜕𝑠

Substituting the value of as in equation 3.2 and simplifying the equation, we get
𝜕𝑃 𝑣𝜕𝑣
− 𝑑𝑠𝑑𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠 cos 𝜃 = 𝜌𝑑𝐴𝑑𝑠 ×
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠

Dividing by ρdsdA,
𝜕𝑃 𝑣𝜕𝑣
− − 𝑔 cos 𝜃 =
𝜌𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
Or
𝜕𝑃 𝑣𝜕𝑣
+ 𝑔 cos 𝜃 + =0
𝜌𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠

𝑑𝑧
But from figure 3.2., we have cos 𝜃 = 𝑑𝑠

1 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑧 𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝒅𝑷
∴ +𝑔 + = 0 𝑜𝑟 + 𝒈𝒅𝒛 + 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝟎 𝑬𝒖𝒍𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒐𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝜌 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝝆

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3.3. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FROM EULER’S EQUATION

Bernoulli’s equation is obtained by integrating the Euler’s Equation of Motion as:
𝒅𝑷
∫ + ∫ 𝒈𝒅𝒛 + ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝝆
If flow is incompressible, ρ is constant, thus
𝑃 𝑣2
+ 𝑔𝑧 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌 2
𝑃 𝑣2
+𝑧+ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑔𝜌 2𝑔
𝑃 𝑣2
𝑧+ + = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑩𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒍𝒊′ 𝒔 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝛾 2𝑔
where: z – potential energy per unit weight or potential head (in terms of height)
P/γ – pressure energy per unit weight or pressure head (in terms of height)
V2/2g – kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head (in terms of height)

3.4. ASSUMPTIONS
The following are the assumptions made in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation:
(i) The fluid is ideal (i.e. viscosity is zero)
(ii) The flow is steady
(iii) The flow is incompressible
(iv) The flow is irrotational

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Problem 3.1. Water is flowing through a pipe of 5cm diameter under a pressure of 29.43 N/cm 2
(gauge) and with mean velocity of 2.0 m/s. Find the total head or total energy per unit weight of
the water at a cross-section, which is 5m above the datum line.
Given: Sol’n:
𝑃 𝑉2
𝑑 = 5𝑐𝑚 = 0.5𝑚 𝐻𝑇 = 𝐸𝑇 = 𝑧 + +
𝛾 2𝑔
𝑁 𝑁 29.43 × 104 𝑁⁄𝑚2 (2𝑚⁄𝑠)2
𝑃 = 29.43 2
= 29.43 × 104 2 𝐻𝑇 = 𝐸𝑇 = 5𝑚 + +
𝑐𝑚 𝑚 9810 𝑁⁄𝑚3 2(9.81𝑚⁄𝑠 2 )
𝑚
𝑉 = 2.0 𝑯𝑻 = 𝑬𝑻 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟎𝒎
𝑠
𝑧 = 5𝑚
Find: a. HT or ET

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Problem 3.2. A pipe through which water is flowing, have diameters of 20cm and 10cm at cross-
sections 1 and 2, respectively. The velocity of water at section 1 is given 4m/s. Find the velocity
head at section 1 and 2 and also the rate of discharge.
Given: Sol’n:

𝑉1 2 (4 𝑚⁄𝑠)2
𝑑1 = 20𝑐𝑚 = 0.2𝑚 𝐻𝑣1 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟓𝒎
2𝑔 2(9.81𝑚⁄𝑠 2 )
𝑑2 = 10𝑐𝑚 = 0.1𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉2 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐿𝑂𝐶𝐸
𝑉1 = 4 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2

𝐴1 𝑉1 (0.25𝜋 × 0.22 )(4 𝑚⁄𝑠)

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑: 𝐻𝑣1 , 𝐻𝑣2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 𝑉2 = = = 16𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴2 (0.25𝜋 × 0.12 )

𝑉2 2 (16 𝑚⁄𝑠)2
𝐻𝑣2 = = = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎𝟓𝒎
2𝑔 2(9.81𝑚⁄𝑠 2 )

𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑉1 = (0.25𝜋 × 0.22 )(4 𝑚⁄𝑠) = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟕 𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒔

Problem 3.3. The water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20cm
and 10cm at sections 1 and 2, respectively. The rate of flow through pipe
is 35liters/s. Section 1 is 6m above datum and section 2 is 4m above
datum. If the pressure at section is 39.24N/cm2, find the intensity of
pressure at section 2.

Given: Sol’n:

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
𝑑1 = 20𝑐𝑚 = 0.2𝑚 𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + +
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑑2 = 10𝑐𝑚 = 0.1𝑚 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 ,

𝑄 0.035 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
𝑄 = 0.035 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠 𝑉1 = = = 1.1141 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴1 (0.25𝜋 × 0.22 )
𝑄 0.035 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
𝑧1 = 6𝑚 𝑉2 = = = 4.4563 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴2 (0.25𝜋 × 0.12 )
𝑧2 = 4𝑚

𝑃1 = 39.24 × 104 𝑁⁄𝑚2 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝐸𝑞

39.24 × 104 𝑁⁄𝑚2 (1.1141𝑚⁄𝑠)2 𝑃2 (4.4563𝑚⁄𝑠)2

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∶ 𝑃2 6𝑚 + + = 4𝑚 + +
9810 𝑁⁄𝑚3 2(9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 ) 9810 𝑁⁄𝑚3 2(9.81 𝑚⁄𝑠 2 )

𝑷𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝑵⁄𝒎𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟒𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝑵⁄𝒄𝒎𝟐

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS FOR BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FOR REAL FLUID

Problem 3.4. A pipe of diameter 400mm carries water at a velocity of 25m/s. The pressures at
points A and B are given as 29.43N/cm2 and 22.563 N/cm2, respectively. While the datum head
at A and B are 28m and 30m. Find the head loss between A and B.
Given: Sol’n:

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
𝑑1 = 𝑑2 = 400𝑚𝑚 = 0.4𝑚 𝑧1 + + = 𝑧2 + + + ℎ𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑉1 = 𝑉2 = 25 𝑚⁄𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝐻𝑉
29.43 × 104 𝑃𝑎 22.563 × 104 𝑃𝑎
𝑃1 = 29.43 × 104 𝑁⁄𝑚2 28𝑚 + = 30𝑚 + + ℎ𝐿
9810 𝑁⁄𝑚3 9810 𝑁⁄𝑚3
𝑃2 = 22.563 × 104 𝑁⁄𝑚2 𝒉𝑳 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝒎
𝑧1 = 28𝑚 𝑧2 = 30𝑚
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∶ ℎ𝐿
Problem 3.5. A pipeline carrying oil of specific gravity 0.87 changes in diameter from 200mm at
position 1 to 500mm diameter at position 2 which is 4m higher than A. If pressure at A and B are
9.81 N/cm2 and 5.886 N/cm2, respectively and discharge is 200 liters/sec, determine the loss of
head and direction of flow.
Given: Sol’n:
𝑠 = 0.87 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 , 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡

𝑄 0.2 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
𝑑1 = 0.2𝑚 𝑉1 = = = 6.366 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴1 (0.25𝜋 × 0.22 )
𝑄 0.2 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠
𝑑2 = 0.5𝑚 𝑉2 = = = 1.019 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝐴2 (0.25𝜋 × 0.52 )
𝑧2 = 4𝑚 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝐵𝐸𝑞 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛,

4
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 9.81 × 104 𝑃𝑎 (6.366 𝑚⁄𝑠)2
𝑃1 = 9.81 × 10 𝑃𝑎 𝐸1 = 𝑧1 + + = 0𝑚 + + = 13.56𝑚
𝛾 2𝑔 (0.87)(9810) 2(9.81)
2
𝑃2 𝑉2 2 5.886 × 104 𝑃𝑎 (1.019 𝑚⁄𝑠)
𝑃2 = 5.886 × 104 𝑃𝑎 𝐸2 = 𝑧2 + + = 4𝑚 + + = 10.95𝑚
𝛾 2𝑔 (0.87)(9810) 2(9.81)

𝑄 = 0.2 𝑚3 ⁄𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐸1 > 𝐸2 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑡𝑜 2, ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒
𝐸1 = 𝐸2 + ℎ𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 13.56𝑚 − 10.95𝑚 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟏𝒎

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HOME ACTIVITY
1. What is a venturimeter? Derive an expression for the discharge through a venturimeter
2. Define an orifice-meter. Prove that the discharge through an orifice meter is given by the
relation given below where a0 is the area of the orifice and a1 is the area of the pipe in
which the orifice meter is fitted.
𝑎0 𝑎1
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 × √2𝑔ℎ
√𝑎1 2 − 𝑎0 2
3. What is a pitot-tube? How will you determine the velocity at any point with the help of pitot-
tube?

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