RADAR ENGINEERING

7TH SEMESTER, ECE

EC-704 A

Group-A
(Multiple Choice Questions)

1. Maximum unambiguous range Run is equal to

a) b) c) d)

2. For a pulse radar, if the time of return of echo is 200 micro second, the range of the target
will be
a) 20 km b) 30 km c) 499 km d) infinity

3. A radar has bandwidth B = 50 KHz and an average time between false alarms of 10 min.
The Pfa is equal to
a) 3.33 b) 3.33*10-8 c) 0.012 d) 3.33*10-10

4. The frequency range of V-band is

a) 40 to 75 MHz b) 40 to 75 GHz c) 3 to 30 GHz d) 3 to 30 MHz

5. Maximum range Rmax of radar is given by

a) b)

c) d)

6. If the pulse width is 200ns. The range resolution of pulse radar will be
a) 24 km b) 16 m c) 4 m d) 30 m

7. The radar signal wavelength is 10 cm and the PRF is 2000 Hz. The first blind speed of a
single delay line canceller is
a) 50 m/s b) 30 km/s c) 100 m/s d) 0

8. For a pulse Radar if the PRF is 300 Hz, then the maximum unambiguous range is
a) 300 km b) 900 km c) 150 km d) 500 km

9. When Gaussian noise passed through the IF filter, the PDF of the envelope is given by
a) Uniform PDF b) Gaussian PDF c) Rayleigh PDF d) Rice PDF

10. To design a four pulse canceller, how many delay elements are required?
a) 4 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5
11. Staggered pulse repetition frequencies is method
a) To reduce Pfa b) To increase Pfa
c) To avoid losing target due to blind speed d) To increase radar range

12. Glint is a phenomenon associated with

a) simple target b) complex target c) smaller target d) large target

13. Radar range is measure in

a) km b) meter c) nmi d) kt

14. Below the critical grazing angle the surface is

a) rough b) smooth c) sharp d) bend

15. The waveguide component that can simultaneously perform addition and subtraction is
a) Hybrid junction b) H- Plane Tee
c) Directional coupler d) Circulator

16. Pulse compression is used to

a) enhancement in range resolution b) avoid large bandwidth
c) cover long range d) all of those

17. To detect an aircraft in rain clutter which technique is used?

a) lower frequency b) Doppler frequency shift
c) circular polarized EM wave d) high resolution

18. The radial velocity of a target is 500km/hr. If the wavelength of the radar signal is 1 cm.
the Doppler frequency shift will be
a) 27.7 kHz b) 39.7 Hz c) 75.7 kHz d) 77Hz

19. Surface acoustic wave dispersive delay line is used as

a) amplifier for the received echo signal b) pulse compression filter for linear FM
c) Doppler filter d) all of those

20. TWT uses slow wave structure to

a) increase the number of electrons b) decrease the number of electrons
c) decrease the RF signal power d) decrease the velocity of RF signal
 Group-B
MODULE – I
1. What do you understand by terms RADAR and explain the echo pulse principle. Draw the
block diagram of pulse radar system and explain the function of each block. [5+10]
2. Explain the common parameters (PRP, PRF, Duty cycle, Pav) of RADAR pulse. Explain
different applications of radar. [6+9]
3. Explain the simple coordinate system in RADAR. Derive expression for radar range
equation considering the receiver noise. [5+10]
4. Explain the antenna parameters like Gain (G), effective area (Ae) and radar cross section of
target (). [4+2+4]
5. What do you mean by false alarm? Derive a relation between probability of false alarm (Pfa)
and average time between false alarms (Tfa). Find out the probability of detection (Pd).
[2+4+4]
6. How does integration of radar pulses improve the detection capability of the radar? Explain
dwell-time and derive the expression of number of pulses (nB) during that time. What are
the different kinds of integration methods and compare their performances. Explain the
term integration efficiency [Ei(n)], Integration improvement factor and integration loss (Li).
[2+4+4+5]
7. Briefly explain the different kinds of propagation effect on EM waves. [10]

MODULE – II
1. Draw & explain block diagram of simple CW radar. What are the advantages of CW radar?
What are the applications of CW radar? [6+2+2]
2. Explain frequency modulated CW radar. Explain advantages of FM CW radar over CW
radar. Derive range equation for FM CW radar. [6+2+4]
3. What is Doppler Effect? Derive expression for Doppler frequency shift. [2+3]
4. With a simple block diagram explain pulse radar. Using Doppler information and sweep to
sweep subtraction method how it can be used to distinguish desired target and undesired
clutter. [10+5]
5. With a suitable block diagram explain the function of single Delay line canceller. Show that
a double delay line canceller is equivalent to a three pulse delay line canceller. What do you
mean by blind speed and how its effect can be minimized? [5+5+5]
6. With a suitable block diagram explain the operation of MTI radar with power amplifier
transmitter. What is non coherent MTI radar? Give the applications of MTI radar. Give the
applications of Pulse Doppler radar. [9+2+2+2]
7. Differentiate between MTI radar and pulse Doppler radar. Differentiate between coherent
and non coherent MTI radar. What are the limitations to MTI performance? [4+4+2]
8. Explain clutter attenuation (CA) with single DLC and double DLC and derive expression of
CA for the same. Explain the concept of staggered pulse repetition frequencies. What do you
mean by MTI improvement factor (If). [8+4+3]
9. What are the different types of tracking radar systems? Draw the variation of composite
angle tracking error with radar range for conical scan and monopulse. Discuss the problems
associated with the low angle tracking. [2+4+4]
10. Explain the basic of sequential lobing and simultaneous lobing angle tracking system. [5+5]
11. Draw the block diagram of monopulse tracking radar in one angle coordinate and explain
its operation. [10]
12. Draw the block diagram of conical scan tracking radar in one angle coordinate and explain
its operation. [10]
13. Discuss the major effects (glint, receiver noise and amplitude fluctuation of target echoes)
that determine the accuracy of tracking radar. [10]

MODULE – III
1. Describe the general nature of surface clutter as a function of grazing angle. [8]
2. Derive and explain Surface-clutter Radar equation. [10]
3. Define critical grazing angle and find out its expression for the rough surface. [3+5]
4. Explain in detail about on Sea Clutter. [10]
5. Explain the ways of detection of targets using frequency and polarization in clutter is done.
[10]
6. How scattering from rain & snow affects the effects of weather on radar? [8]

MODULE – IV
1. Briefly explain the operation of Klystron. [10]
2. Explain the operation of Magnetron with a neat diagram. List out various applications of
Magnetron. Draw the cross sectional sketch of the coaxial cavity magnetron. [10+2+3]
3. With neat diagram explain the operation of TWT amplifiers. Compare TWTA and klystron
amplifier. Mention the main applications of TWT. [10+3+2]
4. What are Duplexers? Explain their significance in typical radar and its types. [4+6]

Group-C
MODULE – I
1. Explain range resolution and bearing resolution. [6]
2. * Explain second time around echoes, maximum unambiguous range (RUNAMBI) and write
down the expression of RUNAMBI. [6]
3. What are the reasons for the failure of the simple form of the radar equation? [3]
4. What do you understand by the term dwell time? [3]
5. Why do we prefer higher radar frequencies for meteorological radars? [4]
Problems
6. Calculate the maximum unambiguous range of low PRF pulse radar with a PRF of 500 Hz.
[3]
7. Radar is expected to have a range of 100 Km. what is the maximum allowable PRF for
unambiguous reception. [3]

8. For a radar peak transmitted power is 1MW; pulse width is 1 µs and PRF is 1 KHz. Calculate
the average transmitted power. [3]
9. For an antenna half power beam width is 3 and scan rate is 30 /sec .Calculate the target
illumination period. If Runamb=100 Km. Calculate the number of received pulses every
illumination period. [4]
10. * What do you understand by the term dwell time? For a ground based search radar having
θB=1.50, fP=300Hz and determine the number of hits (no. of pulses) from a point
target in each scan (derive the formula used). [6]

11. * In a radar receiver Pfa=1.05*10-10; BIF =1 MHz. What will be the average false alarm time
tolerable? For the same Pfa, how many dBs above the rms voltage, the threshold voltage
should be? [6]
12. The noise entering the IF amplifier is white Gaussian. If threshold to noise ratio is 14 dB,
what will be the probability of false alarm? [4]
13. Consider s band pulse radar with the following parameters:
Peak transmitted power=300 kW; Pulse width=1msec; PRF=600 Hz; Antenna radius=6 ft.;
Transmitted frequency=3000 MHz; Transmit loss=6 dB; Antenna efficiency=0.95
Calculate the maximum signal power at the range of 50 nautical miles. [4]

14. * Consider C band radar transmitting at a frequency of 5 GHz and having an antenna of 6
feet radius. Pt=1 MW, pulse width=1 sec, PRF=200 Hz, equivalent noise temperature=600 K,
receiver bandwidth=1MHz, radar cross section of target=100 m2.Calculate the available
range of the radar for unity signal to noise ratio. [6]
15. A 12 GHz radar has the following parameters. Pt=240 KW, power gain of antenna=2400,

minimum detectable signal power by receiver=10-14 watts. Cross sectional area of radar
antenna=10 m2.Find the maximum range up to which a target of 3 m2 can be detected. [4]
16. For the radar system, the following parameters are given:
Bandwidth of IF amplifier=1 MHz; Tolerable average false alarm time=15 minutes;

Probability of false alarm=1.11*10-9. Find the ratio of threshold voltage to R.M.S. value of
noise voltage necessary to achieve this false alarm time. [4]

MODULE – II
1. * Derive an expression for blind speeds of MTI radar. Discuss the effect of large wavelength
and large PRF on lowest blind speed of target. [2+4]
2. Show that the product of the maximum unambiguous range and the first blind speed v1 is
equal to c /4. [4]
 3. Explain the significance of staggered PRF and its advantages. [6]
4. Why does high PRF radar do better than a medium PRF pulse Doppler radar? [4]
5. Why does a high PRF pulse Doppler radar require a much larger improvement factor than
low PRF MTI radar, assuming comparable performance in detecting moving targets in
clutter? [6]
6. What do you mean by squinted beam? [2]
7. Compare the performance of sequential tracking and simultaneous tracking systems. [5]
Problems
8. * An MTI radar is operated at 9GHz with a PRF of 3000 pps. Calculate the first two lowest
blind speeds for this radar. Derive the formula used. [6]
9. An aircraft is flying at a speed of 250 Km/h. Compute the Doppler frequency for radar
operating at a wavelength of 5 cm. [4]

10. * What is the highest frequency on which radar can be operated if it is required to have a
maximum unambiguous range of 200 NMI and no blind speeds less than 600 Km. [6]
11. A VHF radar at 220 MHz has a maximum unambiguous range of 180 nmi. [6]
(a) What is its first blind speed?
(b) Repeat for an L band radar at 1250 MHz
MODULE – III
1. What is clutter? What are the different types of clutter? [2+2]
2. * Define different kinds of angle for look down mode radar system. [6]
3. Define critical grazing angle and find out its expression for the rough surface. [5]
4. Define scattering coefficient and reflectivity of clutter. [3+3]
5. Write down the surface-clutter radar equation. [4]
6. What is sea clutter? What are all parameters that sea echoes depends upon? [2+4]
7. What are all the ways detection of targets on sea is done? [6]
8. What are all the factors that affect the radar due to weather? [6]
MODULE – IV
1. * Define velocity modulation in klystron amplifier? Write the parameters on which
bunching depend on. [3+3]
2. What is the condition for oscillation in Reflex klystron? How the klystron amplifier can act
as klystron oscillator? [3+3]
3. What is the purpose of slow wave structures used in TWT amplifiers? [4]

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Prepared by: Kanishka Majumder Dr. Abhijit Banerjee
Assistant Professor H.O.D
ECE Department ECE Department