Specialist Methods 12 Solutions

Chapter 1 – Preliminary topics
Solutions to Exercise 1A
π c π c
1 a i 720◦ = 720 × = 4πc iii −25◦ = −25 × ≈ −0.44c
180 180
π c π c
ii 540◦ = 540 × = 3πc iv 51◦ = 51 × ≈ 0.89c
180 180
π c −5π c π c

iii −450◦ = −450 × = v 206◦ = 206 × ≈ 3.60c
180 2 180
π c πc
π c
iv 15◦ = 15 × = vi −410◦ = −410 × ≈ −7.16c
180 12 180
π c −π c c
180 ◦
v −10◦ = −10 × = b i 1.7 = 1.7 × ≈ 97.40◦
180 18 π
π c −7π c
180 ◦
ii −0.87c = −0.87 ×

vi −315◦ = −315 × = ≈
180 4 π
−49.85◦
5π c 5π 180 ◦ 180 ◦
b i = × = 225◦ iii 2.8c = 2.8 × ≈ 160.43◦
4 4 π π
−2π c −2π 180 ◦ 180 ◦

ii = × = −120◦ c
iv 0.1 = 0.1 × ≈ 5.73◦
3 3 π π
7π c 7π 180 ◦ 180 ◦

iii = × = 105◦ v −3c = −3 × ≈ −171.89◦
12 12 π π
−11π c −11π 180 ◦ c

180 ◦
iv = × = −330◦ vi −8.9 = −8.9 × ≈
6 6 π ◦
π
−509.93
13π c 13π 180 ◦
v = × = 260◦
9 9 π 3 a sin(135◦ ) = sin(180 − 45)◦
−11π c −11π 180 ◦ = sin(45◦ )
vi = × = −165◦
12 12 π √
2
=
2
π c
2 a i 7◦ = 7 × ≈ 0.12c b cos(−300◦ ) = cos(300)◦
180
π c = cos(360 − 60)◦
ii −100◦ = −100 × ≈ −1.75c
180 = cos(60◦ )
1
=
2
1
c sin(480◦ ) = sin(540 − 60)◦
5π π
d cos = cos π +
4 4
= sin(180 − 60)◦ π
= − cos
= sin(60)◦ 4
√ √
3 − 2
= =
2 2
9π π
d cos(240◦ ) = cos(180 + 60)◦ e cos = cos 2π +
4 4
= − cos(60◦ ) π
= cos
−1 4
= √
2 2
=
e sin(−225◦ ) = − sin(225◦ ) 2
= − sin(180 + 45)◦
11π π
f sin = sin 4π −
3 3
= sin(45 )◦ π
√ = − sin
2 3
= √
2 − 3
=
2
f sin(420◦ ) = sin(360 + 60)◦
31π π
= sin(60◦ ) g cos = cos 5π +
√ 6 6
3 π
= = − cos
2 6
√
− 3
2π =
2π 2
4 a sin = sin π −
3 3
π
29π π
h cos = cos 5π −
= sin 6 6
3 π
√
3 = − cos
= 6
2 √
− 3
3π =
3π 2
b cos = − cos π −
4 4 −23π 23π
π
i sin = − sin
= − cos 6 6
4
√
π
− 2 = − sin 4π −
= 6
2 π
π = sin
−π 6
c cos = cos 1
3 3 =
1 2
=
2
2
r
5 a sin2 (x◦ ) + cos2 (x◦ ) = 1 51
∴ sin(x ) = ±
◦
∴ 0.25 + cos2 (x◦ ) = 1 √ 100

51
3 ∴ sin(x◦ ) = − as 180 < x < 270
∴ cos2 (x◦ ) = 10
4
r sin(x◦ )
3 b tan(x◦ ) =
∴ cos(x◦ ) = ± cos(x◦ )
4 √
√ 51
− 3 −
∴ cos(x◦ ) = as 10
2 =
7
90 < x < 180 −
10
√
sin(x◦ ) 51 10
b tan(x◦ ) = = ×
cos(x◦ ) 10 7
√
1 51
=
7
= 2√
3
−
2 7 a sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1
1 2 ∴ 0.25 + cos2 (x) = 1
=− × √
2 3 3
∴ cos2 (x) =
1 4r
=−√ 3
3 ∴ cos(x) = ±
√ √4
3 3 3π
=− ∴ cos(x) = − as π < x ≤
3 2 2
sin(x)
6 a sin2 (x◦ ) + cos2 (x◦ ) = 1 b tan(x) =
cos(x)
∴ sin2 (x◦ ) + 0.49 = 1 1
51 −
∴ sin2 (x◦ ) =
100 = √2
3
−
2
1 2
= × √
2 3
√
3
=
3
8 a sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1

∴ 0.09 + cos2 (x) = 1
91
∴ cos2 (x) =
100
3
2π 4π 2π 4π
r
91 ∴ 2x = , , 2π + , 2π +
∴ cos(x) = ± 3 3 3 3
√ 100
91 3π as 2x ∈ [0, 4π]
∴ cos(x) = as < x ≤ 2π π 2π 4π 5π
10 2 ∴x= , , ,
3 3 3 3
sin(x) as x ∈ [0, 2π]
b tan(x) =
cos(x) π 1
3 d sin x + = − , x ∈ [0, 2π]
− 3 2
π π 7π
= √10 ∴ x+ ∈ ,
91 3 3 3
π 7π 11π
10 ∴ x+ = ,
3 6 6
3 10 π π 7π
=− × √ as x + ∈ ,
10 91 3 3 3
√ 5π 3π
3 91 ∴x= , as x ∈ [0, 2π]
=− 6 2
91 π
e 2 cos 2 x + = −1
9 The graph of cosine is that of an even 3π 1
function and the period is 2π ∴ cos 2 x + = − , x ∈ [0, 2π]
3 2
Hence, π π 7π
∴ x+ ∈ ,
f (a) = f (−a) = f (2π − a) 3 π 3 2π 3
14π
f (b) = f (−b) = f (2π − b) ∴2 x+ ∈ ,
3 3 3
f (c) = f (−c) = f (2π − c) π 2π 4π 2π
∴2 x+ = , , 2π + ,
f (d) = f (−d) = f (2π − d) 3 3 3 3
4π 2π
2π + , 4π +
√ 3 π 2π 3
14π
− 3
10 a sin x = as 2 x + ∈ ,
2 3 3 3
4π 5π π π 2π 4π 5π 7π
∴x= , as x ∈ [0, 2π] ∴ x+ = , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
π 4π
√ ∴ x = 0, , π, , 2π as x ∈ [0, 2π]
3 3 3
b sin(2x) = − , x ∈ [0, 2π]
2 CAS:Type
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π] π
solve 2cos 2 x + = −1, x 0 ≤
4π 5π 4π 5π 3
∴ 2x = , , 2π + , 2π + x ≤ 2π
3 3 3 3
as 2x ∈ [0, 4π] For part e we have,
2π 5π 5π 11π
∴x= , , , as
3 6 3 6
x ∈ [0, 2π]
c 2 cos 2x = −1
1
∴ cos 2x = − , x ∈ [0, 2π]
2
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π]
4
π √
f 2 sin 2x + =− 3
3 √
π − 3
∴ sin 2x + = , x ∈ [0, 2π]
3 2 π π
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 4π] b f (x) = cos x + , x ∈ − , π
π π 13π 3 3
∴ 2x + ∈ , The transformation from the graph of
3 3 3
π 4π 5π 4π π
∴ 2x + = , , 2π + , 2π + g(x) = cos x is a translation of to
3 3 3 3 3
5π the left.
−π
3 f = cos 0 = 1
π π 13π 3
as 2x + ∈ , π 1
3 3 3 f (0) = cos =
4π 10π 3 2
∴ 2x = π, , 3π, 4π π 1
3 3 f (π) = cos = − cos = −
π 2π 3π 5π 3 3 2
∴x= , , , as x ∈ [0, 2π]
2 3 2 3
11 a f (x) = sin 2x, x ∈ [0, 2π]

The transformation from the graph of
g(x) = sin x is a dilation from the y
1
axis of factor .
2
π
c f (x) = cos 2 x + , x ∈ [0, π]
3
The transformations from the graph
of g(x) = cos x are a dilation from the
1
y axis of factor and a translation of
2
5
π
to the left.
3 2π 1
f (0) = cos =−
3
8π 2
1
f (π) = cos =−
3 2
π √
e f (x) = 2 sin x − + 3, x ∈ [0, 2π]
4
The transformations from the graph
of g(x) = sin x are a dilation from the
d f (x) = 2 sin(3x) + 1, x ∈ [0, π] π
x axis of factor 2, a translation of
The transformations from the graph √4
to the right and a translation of 3 in
of g(x) = sin x are a dilation from the
1 the positive direction of the y axis.
y axis of factor , a dilation from the π √
3 f (0) = 2 sin − + 3
x axis of factor 2 and a translation 4
of 1 in the positive direction of the y π √
axis. = −2 sin + 3
4
To find x axis intercepts for f (x), √ √
= 3− 2
solve f (x) = 0 7π √
i.e. 2 sin(3x) + 1 = 0, x ∈ [0, π] f (2π) = 2 sin + 3
1 4
∴ sin(3x) = − , 3x ∈ [0, 3π] √ √
2 = 3− 2
7π 11π
∴ 3x = , To find x axis intercepts for f (x),
6 6
7π 11π solve f (x) = π0 √
∴x= ,
18 18 i.e. 2 sin x − + 3 = 0, x ∈ [0, 2π]
f (0) = 1, f (π) = 2 sin(3π) + 1 4 √
π − 3
=1 ∴ sin x − = ,
4 2
π π 7π
x− ∈ − ,
4 4 4
π 4π 5π
∴ x− = ,
4 3 3
19π 23π
∴x= ,
12 12
6
13
-4
x
-1
h
h2 = 1 √
+ 16
∴ h = 17
√
1 17
a sin x = − √ = −
17 17
√
4 4 17
5π π b cos x = − √ = −
12 a tan = tan π + 17 17
4 4
π 3π
= tan c Since π ≤ x ≤
4 2
3π π
=1 ∴− ≤ −x ≤ −π ⇔ ≤ −x ≤ π
2 2
1 π
2π π ∴ tan(−x) = − as ≤ −x ≤ π
b tan − = tan π + 4 2
3 3
π 3π
= tan d Since π ≤ x ≤
3 2
√ 3π
∴ ≤ π − x ≤ 2π
= 3 2
1 3π
∴ tan(π − x) = − as ≤ π − x ≤ 2π
29π π 4 2
c tan − = tan −5π +
6 6
π
= tan π + 14
6
π
= tan
6
√ h
3 3
= x
3
-2
d tan(240◦ ) = tan(180 + 60)◦
h2 = 3 √
+4
= tan(60)◦
√ ∴h= 7
= 3 √ √
3 21
a sin x = √ =
7 7
7
√
−2 −2 7
b cos x = √ =
7 7
π
c Since ≤x≤π
2
π 3π
∴ −π ≤ −x ≤ − ⇔ π ≤ −x ≤
√2 2
3 3π
∴ tan(−x) = as π ≤ −x ≤
2 2
π
d Since ≤ x ≤ π
2
π Use the right arrow key to view all
∴ − ≤ xπ ≤ 0
2 √ solutions.
3
∴ tan(x − π) = − as x
π
2 c 2 tan +2=0
− ≤ x−π≤0 2x
2 ∴ tan = −1
2
x
√ and ∈ [0, π]
15 a tan x = − 3 2
π π x 3π x
∴ x = π − , 2π − ∴ = as ∈ [0, π]
3 3 2 4 2
2π 5π 3π
∴x= , as x ∈ [0, 2π] ∴x=
3 3 2
√ π
π

3 d 3 tan + 2x = −3
b tan 3x − =
6 3 2π
as x ∈ [0, 2π] ∴ tan + 2x = −1
∴ 3x ∈ [0, 6π] 2
π π 35π as x ∈ [0, 2π]
∴ 3x − ∈ − , π π 9π
6 6 6 ∴ + 2x ∈ ,
π π 7π π 7π 2 2 2
∴ 3x − = , , + 2π, + π 3π 7π 3π 7π
6 6 6 6 6 ∴ + 2x = , , + 2π, + 2π
π 7π 2 4 4 4 4
2π, + 4π, + 4π π 3π 7π 11π 15π
6 6 ∴ + 2x = , , ,
π 2 4 4 4 4
∴ 3x − = π 5π 9π 13π
6 ∴ 2x = , , ,
π 7π 13π 19π 25π 31π 4 4 4 4
, , , , , π 5π 9π 13π
6 6 6 6 6 6 ∴x= , , ,
π 4π 7π 10π 13π 16π 8 8 8 8
∴ 3x = , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
π 4π 7π 10π 13π 16π
∴x= , , , , , 16 a f (x) = tan(2x)
9 9 9 9 9 9 π π
Period: = =
CAS: Type |n| 2
√ Asymptotes:
π

3 (2k + 1)π

solve tan 3x − = , x 0 ≤ x x=
6 3 2n
≤ 2π
(2k + 1)π
∴x=
4
8
π 3π π
∴x= , as x ∈ [0, π] ∴x=
4 4 3
x-intercepts: y-intercept:
π π
as x ∈ [0, π] f (0) = tan − = − tan = −sqrt3
3 3
∴ 2x ∈ [0, 2π] Endpoint:
tan(2x) = 0 2π √
f (π) = tan =− 3
∴ 2x = 0, π, 2π 3
π
∴ x = 0, , π
2
y-intercept:
f (0) = tan(0) = 0
π
c f (x) = 2 tan 2x + =
3
π
2 tan 2 x +
6
π π
π Period: = =
b f (x) = tan x − |n| 2
3 Asymptotes:
π (2k + 1)π π
Period: = =π x= −
|n| 2n 6
Asymptotes:
(2k + 1)π π (2k + 1)π π
x= + ∴x= −
2n 3 4 6
(2k + 1)π π π π 3π π
∴x= + ∴x= − , − as x ∈ [0, π]
2 3 4 6 4 6
π π
∴ x = + as x ∈ [0, π] π 7π
2 3 ∴x= ,
5π 12 12
∴x= x-intercepts:
6
x-intercepts: as x ∈ [0, π]
as x ∈ [0, π] π π 7π
∴ 2x + ∈ ,
π π 2π 3 π 3 3
∴x − ∈ − ,
3π 3 3 ∴ tan 2x + =0
3
tan x − =0 π
3 ∴ 2x + = π, 2π
π 3
∴x − =0 π 5π
3 ∴x= ,
3 6
9
y-intercept: π π 3π π
∴x= − , − as x ∈ [0, π]
π √ 4 6 4 6
f (0) = 2 tan =2 3 π 7π
3 ∴x= ,
Endpoint: 12 12
7π √ x-intercepts:
f (π) = 2 tan =2 3
3 as x ∈ [0, π]
π π 7π
∴ 2x + ∈ ,
3 π 3 3
∴ tan 2x + =1
3
π 5π 9π
∴ 2x + = ,
3 4 4
11π 23π
∴x= ,
24 24
y-intercept:
π √
f (0) = 2 tan −2=2 3−2
3
Endpoint:
7π √
f (π) = 2 tan −2=2 3−2
3
π
d f (x) = 2 tan 2x + −2
3
π
= 2 tan 2 x + −2
6
π π
Period: = =
|n| 2
Asymptotes:
(2k + 1)π π
x= −
2n 6
(2k + 1)π π
∴x= −
4 6
10
Solutions to Exercise 1B
1 A + B + C = 180◦ correct to two decimal places.
∴ B = (180 − (73 + 55))◦ = 52◦
B
b If ∠ABC = 58.08◦ , then
∠BAC = (180 − (58.08 + 34))◦ =
c = 10 cm a 87.92◦
Applying the cosine rule:
73° 55°
A C BC 2 = AB2 + AC 2 − 2(AB)(AC)
b
a Applying the sine rule: cos ∠BAC

10 a = 5.62 + 8.52 − 2(5.6)(8.5)
◦
=
sin 55 sin 73◦
cos 87.92◦
10 sin 73◦
∴ BC = a = ≈ 11.67
sin 55◦ = 100.15472 . . .
BC is 11.67 cm, correct to two ∴ BC = 10.00773 . . .
decimal places. BC is 10.01 cm, correct to two
10 b decimal places.
b ◦
= If ∠ABC = 121.92◦ , then
sin 55 sin 52◦
10 sin 52◦ ∠BAC = (180 − (121.92 + 34))◦
∴ AC = b = ≈ 9.62
sin 55◦ = 24.08◦
AC is 9.62 cm, correct to two decimal
Applying the cosine rule:
places.
BC 2 = AB2 + AC 2 − 2(AB)(AC)
cos ∠BAC
2 The two possible triangles are:
= 5.62 + 8.52 − 2(5.6)(8.5)
B
cos 24.08◦
5·6 cm B = 16.69462 . . .
∴ BC = 4.08590 . . .
A 34°
C BC is 4.09 cm, correct to two decimal
8·5 cm
places.
a Applying the sine rule:
sin 34◦ sin B◦
= 3 B
5·6 8 · 5 ◦
−1 8 · 5 sin 34
∴ B = sin 6·5 cm 58° 8 cm
5·6
= (58.07867 . . .)◦ A
C
◦
−1 8 · 5 sin 34

or B = 180 − sin
◦
a Applying the cosine rule:
5·6
= (121.92132 . . .)◦
∠ABC is either 58.08◦ or 121.92◦ ,
11
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 − 2(AB)(BC) cos B 5
B 11 cm C
= 6.52 + 82 − 2(6.5)(8) cos 58◦
= 51.13839 . . . 9 cm
∴ AC = 7.15111 . . . 67°
AC is 7.15 cm, correct to two decimal A D
places.
Since AD k BC,
b Applying the sine rule: ∠ABC = 180◦ − ∠BAC
6·5 AC = (180 − 67)◦
◦
=
sin C sin 58◦
◦ = 113◦
−1 6 · 5 sin 58

∴ C = sin
AC Applying the cosine rule:
= (50.42874 . . .)◦ AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 − 2(AB)(BC)
6 · 5 sin 58◦ cos ∠ABC
or C = 180 − sin−1
AC = 92 + 112 − 2(9)(11) cos 113◦
= (129.57125 . . .)◦ = 279.36476 . . .
Therefore ∠BCA = 50.43◦ , correct to
two decimal places. (A triangle with ∴ AC = 16.71420 . . .
two angles of 58◦ and 129.57◦ cannot The length of the longer diagonal is
be formed.) 16.71 cm, correct to two decimal places.
4 a Using the cosine rule 6 B

10 cm
122 = 52 + 102 − 2 × 5 × 10 cos B 35°
A 4·7 cm
52 + 102 − 122 C
∴ cos B =
2 × 5 × 10 a Applying the cosine rule:
19
∴ B = cos−1 − AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 − 2(AB)(BC) cos A
100
∴ B ≈ 100.95◦ = 102 + 4.72 − 2(10)(4.7) cos 35◦
= 45.08970 . . .
b
102 = 52 + 122 − 2 × 5 × 12 cos B ∴ AC = 6.71488 . . .
AC is 6.71 cm, correct to two decimal
52 + 122 − 102 places.
∴ cos B =
2 × 5 × 12
23
b Applying the sine rule:
∴ B = cos −1
− sin C ◦ sin 35◦
40 =
∴ B ≈ 54.90◦ 10 AC 10 sin 35◦
∴ ∠ACB = C = sin−1
AC
= (58.66995 . . .)◦
12
10 sin 35◦
or C = 180◦ − sin−1 9
AC B
= (121.33004 . . .)◦ 40°

If C = 58.67 then 18 cm
A = (180 − (58.67 + 35))◦ = 86.33◦
But |AB| > |BC| A
20 cm
∴C>A C
∴ C = 121.33◦
Applying the sine rule:
∠ACB is 121.33◦ , correct to two sin C sin 40◦
=
decimal places. 18 20
9 sin 40◦
∴ C = sin−1
10
7 B
= (35.34573 . . .)◦
45°
Hence, A = 180 − 40 − 35.35 = 104.65◦
60° Applying the sine rule:
A C BC 20
12 cm
AB AC ◦
=
= sin 104.65 sin 40◦
sin 60◦ sin 45◦ 20 sin 104.65◦
√ ∴ BC =
3 sin 40◦
12 × ∴ BC = 30.102322 . . .
∴ AB = 2 = 6 √6
1 BC is 30.10 cm
√
√ 2
AB is 6 6 cm.
10 The ambiguous case applies in this
instance as the smaller known side is
8 Q opposite the known angle.
2 cm
B
60°
P R
3 cm
QR2 = PQ2 + PR2 − 2(PQ)(PR) cos P 8 cm
B'
8 cm
= 22 + 32 − 2(2)(3) cos 60◦
1 A 30°
= 4 + 9 − 12 × 10 cm C
2
=7 Applying the cosine rule:
√
∴ QR =√ 7 AB2 = AC 2 + BC 2 − 2(AC)(BC) cos 30◦
√3
QR is 7 cm. 64 = 100 + BC 2 − 2(10)(BC)
√ 2
∴ BC 2 − 10 3BC + 36 = 0
13
√ √
10 3 ± 300 − 144
∴ BC =
2
√ √
10 3 ± 156
=
2
√ √
10 3 ± 2 39
=
2
√ √
= 5 3 ± 39
√ √
BC is 5 3 ± 39 cm
14
Solutions to Exercise 1C
1 z + 68 = 150 (vertically opposite)
∴ z = 82
a = 82 (alternate)
y = 180 − 150 = 30 (supplementary) x = 30 (vertically opposite)
2 a ∠RT W = (180 − 105)◦ = 75◦

(opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral)
b ∠T S W = 62◦
(angle subtended by the arc T W)
c ∠RT S = 37◦ (angle subtended by the arc RS )

∠S T W = (75 − 37)◦ = 38◦
∠S RW = 38◦ (angle subtended by the arc S W)
∠T RS = (62 + 38)◦ = 100◦
d ∠RS T = (105 − 62)◦ = 43◦

∠RWT = 43◦ (angle subtended by the arc RT )
3 c = 50 (angle between tangent and chord)

a = 40 (angle between tangent and chord)
b = 180 − (50 + 40) (angles in a triangle)
= 90
4 a ∠ABX = ∠BXA = ∠XAB = 60◦

(angles of an equilateral triangle, ∆ABX)
∠DAX = ∠XBC = (90 − 60)◦ = 30◦
∠ADX = ∠AXD = ∠BXC = ∠BCX
180 − 30 ◦
=
2
= 75◦
(angles of a triangle, isosceles triangles ∆ADX, ∆BCX)
d = 180 − (80 + 60) = 40 (angles in a triangle)
∠DXC = (360 − (75 + 60 + 75))◦ = 150◦ (angles at a point)
b ∠XDC = (90 − 75)◦ = 15◦
15
5 a = 69 (alternate)
b = 47 (alternate)
c = 180 − 105 = 75 (supplementary)
d = 180 − (105 + 47) = 28
(angles of a triangle, ∆WOZ)
e = 180 − (69 + 75) = 36
(vertically opposite angles of ∆WOX)
6 (180 – x)°
(180 – (b – c))° x°
= (180 – b + c)°
(180 – c – (180 – b))°

= (b – c)°
a°
a°
c° (180 – b)° b°
a + (180 − b + c) + (180 − x) = 180
∴ a + 180 − b + c + 180 − x = 180
∴ a − b + c + 180 = x
7 x = 80 (angle subtended by arc at centre)

y = 180 − 40 = 140
(opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral)
8 a = 180 − (70 + 50) = 60

(angles in a triangle)
b = 180 − (50 + 50) = 80
(angle between tangent and chord, angles in a triangle)
c = 180 − (60 + 60) = 60
(angle between tangent and chord, angles in a triangle)
d = 180 − b − c
= 180 − 80 − 60
= 40
16
9 A
O y°
X 40° x°
B
Triangle XAB is isosceles
(tangents from a common point)
∴ ∠XAB = ∠XBA = 70◦
∴ x = 70 (alternate segment theorem)
∴ y = 110
(opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral)
10 20 + y = x + 50 and y = 2x
(angle subtended by arc at centre)
∴ 20 + 2x = x + 50
∴ x = 30
∴ y = 60
11 a 6x = 18 ⇒ x = 3
√ √
45 3 10
b 2x2 = 45 ⇒ x = √ =
2 2
c 2x = 24 ⇒ x = 12
17
Solutions to Exercise 1D
1 t1 = 3, t2 = −1, t3 = −5, t4 = −9
Using tn = tn−1 − 4
2 tn+1 = 3tn − 1, t1 = 6
t2 = 3t1 − 1 t3 = 3t2 − 1
=3×6−1 = 3 × 17 − 1
= 17 = 50
TI: Open a Lists & Spreadsheet
application. ∴ t8 = 12029
Press Menu → 3 : Data → 1 : CP: Open the Sequence application and
Generate Sequence and input as shown input the following:
below an+1 = 3an − 1
a0 = 6
Tap 8 and change the Table End value to
10. Now tap # to generate the sequence.
Read the value of t8 from the table (this
occurs when n is 7)
3 t1 = −2, tn+1 = −3tn
4 tn = 2n − 3
You will now have the sequence of t1 = −1, t2 = 1, t3 = 3, t4 = 5
numbers listed in column A like shown.
5 yn+1 = 2yn + 6, y1 = 5
y2 = 2y1 + 6 y3 = 2y2 + 6
=2×5+6 = 2 × 16 + 6
= 16 = 38
TI: In a new Lists & Spreadsheet, enter
the values from 1 to 10 into column
A. Give column A the name n. Give
column B the name term and generate
Scroll down to cell A8 to find the value the following sequence into column B
of t8 . (as per question 1)
Formula: 2u(n − 1) + 6
18
Initial Terms: 5
n0:1
nMax:10
nstep: 1
Ceiling Value (upper limit): 6000
Scroll down to cell B10 to find the value
of y10 .
6 t=1 t6 = t5 + t4 = 8
t2 = 1 t7 = t6 + t5 = 13
t3 = t2 + t1 = 2 t8 = t7 + t6 = 21
t4 = t3 + t2 = 3 t9 = t8 + t7 = 34
∴ y10 = 5626 t5 = t4 + t3 = 5 t10 = t9 + t8 = 55
Open a Data & Statistics page. Add the The first ten terms are:
variable n along the horizontal axis and 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55
add the variable term along the vertical
axis.
7 tn = a + 9d, a = −4, d = −3
∴ t10 = −4 + 9 × (−3) = −31
8 t1 0 = 2(−3)9 = −39366
9 a = 3, d = 4, n = 10
n
S n = [2a + (n − 1)d]
2
10
∴ S 10 = [2 × 3 + (10 − 1) × 4]
2
or sketching by hand we have: = 5[6 + 9 × 4]
= 5 × 42
= 210
a(rn − 1)
10 S n = ,
r−1
a = 6, r = −3, n = 8
19
6((−3)8 − 1)
4 10
∴ S8 = 25 ×
−3 − 1 5
∴ s∞ − S 10 =
−3 4
= ((−3)8 − 1) 1−
2 5
4 10
= −9840 = 5 × 25 ×
5
10
4
a −1 =
11 s∞ = , a = 1, r = 57
1−r 3
1
= −1 a a 1
1− 13 s∞ = , a = a, r = √ ÷ a = √
3 1−r 2 2
1 a
= =
4 1
1− √
3 2
3 a
= = √
4 2−1
√
2
x x−4 √ √
12 a = 2a 2+1
x+5 x = √ × √
2−1 2+1
∴ x = (x + 5)(x − 4)
2 √
a(2 + 2)
= x2 + x − 20 =
1
√
∴ x = 20 = a(2 + 2)
x
b r=
x+5 a(rn − 1) x
14 a S n = , n = 10, a = 1, r =
20 r−1 2
= x 10
25
4 1 −1
= 2
∴ S 10 = x
5 −1
2
a a(1 − rn )
c s∞ − S n = − 2 x 10
1−r 1−r = −1
n x−2 2
ar
= , 3 10
1−r When x = 1.5, S 10 = 4 1 −
4 4
a = x + 5 = 25, r = , n = 10
5 a x
b i s∞ = , a = 1, r =
1−r 2
1
= x, x , 2
1−
2
2
=
2−x
20
9
Now −1 < r < 1 = ±2 10
x
∴ −1 < < 1
2
∴ −2 < x < 2 a
15 a s∞ = , a = 1, r = sin θ
The infinite sum exists for 1−r
−2 < x < 2 1
=
1 − sin θ
2
ii Let S = ,x,2 1
2−x b =2
Given S = 2S 10 , 1 − sin θ
2 4 x 10 ∴ 2(1 − sin θ) = 1
= −1 1
2− xx10 x − 2 21 ∴ 1 − sin θ =
2
∴ −1=− 1
2 2 ∴ sin θ =
x 10 1 2
∴ = π 5π π 5π
2 2 ∴θ= , , ± 2π, ± 2π,
6 6 6 6
x
1
1 10 π
± 4π, . . .

∴ =± 6
2 2 π 5π
−1
∴ x = ±2 × 2 10 ∴ θ = + 2kπ, + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
6 6
21
Solutions to Exercise 1E
1 a 8 f |3x + 4| = 8
3x + 4 = ±8
b 8
3x = 4 or 3x = −12
c 2 4
x= or x = −4
3
d −2
g |5x + 11| = 9
e −2
5x + 11 = ±9
f 4 5x = −2 or 5x = −20
2
x = − or x = −4
2 a |x − 1| = 2 5
x − 1 = ±2
3 a
x = 3 or x = −1
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
b |2x − 3| = 4
2x − 3 = ±4 (−3, 3)
2x = 7 or 2x = −1 b
7 1
x= or x = − −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2
c |5x − 3| = 9
Answer:(−∞, −5] ∪ [5, ∞)
5x − 3 = ±9
5x = 12 or 5x = −6 c
12 6
x= or x = − −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 5
d |x − 3| = 9 |x − 2| ≤ 1 ⇔ −1 ≤ x − 2 ≤ 1
x − 3 = ±9 ⇔1≤x≤3
Answer:[1, 3]
x = 12 or x = −6
e |x − 3| = 4 d
x − 3 = ±4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
x = 7 or x = −1
|x − 2| < 3 ⇔ −3 < x − 2 < 3
⇔ −1 < x < 5
22
Answer:(−1, 5) c y
8
e 6
4
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 2
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2
−2
|x + 3| ≥ 5 ⇔ x + 3 ≥ 5 or x + 3 ≤ −5
Range = [−1, ∞)
⇔ x ≥ 2 or x ≤ −8
y
d
6
Answer:(−∞, −8] ∪ [2, ∞) 4
2
x
f −2 −2 0 2 4 6
−4
−6
−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 Range = (−∞, 2]
|x + 2| ≤ 1 ⇔ −1 < x + 2 < 1
5 a |x| ≤ 5 ⇔ −5 ≤ x ≤ 5
⇔ −3 < x < −1 Answer: {x : −5 ≤ x ≤ 5}
Answer: [−3, −1] b |x| ≥ 2 ⇔ x ≥ 2 or x ≤ −2
Answer: {x : x ≤ −2} ∪ {x : x ≥ 2}
4 a y
c |2x − 3| ≤ 1 ⇔ −1 < 2x − 3 < 1
8
6
⇔ 2 ≤ 2x ≤ 4
4 ⇔1≤x≤2
2 Answer: {x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 2}
x
−2 0 2 4 6 8
−2 d |5x − 2| < 31 ⇔ −3 < 5x − 2 < 3
Range = [1, ∞)
⇔ −1 ≤ 5x ≤ 5
b y
1
⇔− <x<1
6 5
4 1
Answer: {x : − < x < 1}
2 5
x
−10 −5 0 e
−2
−4
| − x + 3| ≥ 7 ⇔ −x + 3 ≥ 7 or − x + 3 ≤ −7
−6 ⇔ −x ≥ 4 or − x ≤ −10
Range = (−∞, 2]
⇔ x ≤ −4 or x ≥ 10
Answer: {x : x ≤ −4} ∪ {x : x ≥ 10}
23
f | − x + 2| ≤ 1 ⇔ −1 < −x + 2 < 1 c Use a calculator
5 15
⇔ −3 ≤ −x ≤ −1 x = or x =
4 4
⇔1≤x≤3
Answer: {x : 1 ≤ x ≤ 3} 7 a y
10
9
6 We use an algebraic approach but using 8
6
graphs to help simplifies it somewhat.
4
2
a Consider Cases:
x
Crucial points are −2 and 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Case 1 :x ≥ 4 b y
x-4-(x+2) =6
8
No soln
6
Case 2: −2 ≤ x ≤ 4 4
4 − x − (x + 2) = 6 2
2 − 2x = 6 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
x
−2x = 4
y
x = −2 c
Case 3: x ≤ −2 12
10
4 − x − (−x − 2) = 6
8
6=6 6
Always true 4
2
Solution: (−∞, −2]
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
b Consider Cases:
5 d y
Crucial points are and 4
2 40
Case 1 :x ≥ 4
2x − 5 − (x − 4) = 10 30
x − 1 = 10 20
x = 11 (Solution) 10
5 x
Case 2: ≤ x ≤ 4 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2
2x − 5 − (4 − x) = 10 y
e
3x − 9 = 6
10
x = 5 (No solution)
5 8
Case 3: x ≤ 6
2
5 − 2x − (4 − x) = 10 4
1 − x = 10 2
x
x = −9 (Solution) −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
Therefore x = 11 or x = −9
24
f y d y
10
8
x
6 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
4
3
2
x −12
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 
2
 x − x − 12
 x≥0
y=

y  x2 + x − 12

x<0
8 a
4 y
e
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−2 x
−6 −4 −3 −2 0 234 6
−4

2 −12
 x − 4x
 x≥0
y=

 x2 + 4x x<0

 x + x − 12
2
  x≥0
y=

 x2 − x − 12 x<0

b y
f y
O
x
1 x
−4 −2 0 2 4

x
3
 x≥0
y=

3−x x<0
 
x
−3
 x≥0
y=

y
c −3−x x<0

12 9 f (x) = |x − a| + b
Given, f (3) = 3 and f (−1) = 3
The symmetry of f gives us that a = 1
x Hence b = 1
−6 −4 −3 −2 0 234 6

 x − 7x + 12
2
 x≥0
y=

 x2 + 7x + 12 10
x<0

x2 + y2 + 2|x||y| ≥ x2 + y2 + 2xy
(|x| + |y|)2 ≥ |x + y|2
∴ |x| + |y| ≥ |x + y|
25
Hence ∴ |x| − |y| ≤ |x − y|
|x − y| = |x + (−y)| ≤ |x| + | − y| = |x| + |y| We can assume |x| ≥ |y| without loss of
generality.
11
x2 + y2 − 2|x||y| ≤ x2 + y2 − 2xy 12 |x + y + z| ≤ |x + y| + |z| ≤ |x| + |y| + |z|
(|x| − |y|)2 ≤ |x − y|2
26
Solutions to Exercise 1F
1 a (x − 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1 3 a 2x2 + 2y2 + x + y = 0
1 1
b (x + 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 25 ∴ 2 x2 + y2 + x + y = 0
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
c x2 + (y + 5)2 = 25 ∴ x2 + x + + y2 + y + =
2 16 2 16 8
d (x − 3)2 + y2 = 2
1 2
1 2 1

∴ x+ + y+ =
4 4 8 √
1 1 1 2
2 a x2 + y2 + 4x − 6y + 12 = 0 centre − , − , radius √ =
4 4 2 2 4
Completing the square in x and y
1 1 2 1
gives: When x = 0, + y+ =
16 4 8
(x2 + 4x + 4) + (y2 − 6y + 9) + 12 = 13 1 2 1
∴ (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 1 ∴ y+ =
4 16
A circle with centre (−2, 3) and 1 1
∴y+ =±
radius 1 is described. 4 4
1
∴ y = 0, −
b x2 + y2 − 2x − 4y + 1 = 0 2
1
Completing the square in x and y Similarly when y = 0, x = 0, −
2
gives:
(x2 − 2x + 1) + (y2 − 4y + 4) + 1 = 5
∴ (x − 1)2 + (y − 2)2 = 4
A circle with centre (1, 2) and radius
2 is described.
c x2 + y2 − 3x = 0
9 9
∴ x2 − 3x + + y2 =
4 4 b x2 + y2 + 3x − 4y =6
3 2 9 9 49
∴ x− + y2 = ∴ x2 + 3x + + (y2 − 4y + 4) =
2 4 4 4
3 3 2 49
A circle with centre , 0 and radius ∴ x+ + (y − 2)2 =
2 2 4
3 3
is described. 7
2 centre − , 2 , radius
2 2
d x2 + y2 + 4x − 10y + 25 = 0 9 49
When x = 0, + (y − 2)2 =
∴ (x2 + 4x + 4) + (y2 − 10y + 25) + 25 = 4 4
29 ∴ (y − 2)2 =√10
∴ (x + 2)2 + (y − 5)2 = 4 ∴ y − 2 = ±√ 10
A circle with centre (−2, 5) and ∴ y = 2 ± 10
3 2 49
radius 2 is described. When y = 0, x + +4=
2 4
27
3 2 33 ∴ y − 5 = ±3
∴ x+ =
2 √4 ∴ y = 2, 8
3 33 When y = 0, (x − 4)2 + 25 = 25
∴ x+ =±
2 2 ∴ (x − 4)2 = 0
1 √
∴ x = − (3 ± 33) ∴ x−4=0
2
∴x=4
c x2 + y2 + 8x − 10y + 16 = 0
∴ (x2 + 8x + 16) + (y2 − 10y + 25) + e 2x2 + 2y2 − 8x + 5y + 10 = 0
5
16 = 41 ∴ 2 x2 + y2 − 4x + y + 5 = 0
∴ (x + 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25 2 5 25
centre (−4, 5), radius 5 ∴ (x − 4x + 4) + y2 + y +
2
+5 =
2 16
89
When x = 0, 16 +(y − 5)2 = 25
16
∴ (y − 5)2 = 9 5 2 9
∴ y − 5 = ±3 ∴ (x − 2) + y +
2
=
−5 4 3 16
∴ y = 2, 8 centre 2, , radius
When y = 0, (x + 4)2 + 25 = 25 4 4
∴ (x + 4)2 = 0
∴ x+4=0
∴ x = −4
f 3x2 + 3y2 + 6x − 9y =
100 9
∴ 3(x2 + 2x + 1) + 3 y2 − 3y + =
4
439
4 3 2 439
∴ 3(x + 1)2 + 3 y − =
d x2 + y2 − 8x − 10y + 16 = 0 2 4394
2
3
∴ (x2 − 8x + 16) + (y2 − 10y + 25) + ∴ (x + 1)2 + y − =
16 = 41 2 12
r
3 1 439
∴ (x − 4)2 + (y − 5)2 = 25 centre −1, , radius =
√ 2 2 3
centre (4, 5), radius 5
1317
When x = 0, 16 + (y − 5)2 = 25 6
∴ (y − 5)2 = 9
28
3 2 439

d (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 > 16
When x = 0, 1 + y − =
2 12 For (x − 3)2 + (y + 2)2 = 16
3 2 427

∴ y− = When x = 0, 9 + (y + 2)2 = 16
2 √ 12
∴ (y + 2)2 =√7
3 1281
∴y= ± ∴ y + 2 = ± √7
2 6
9 439 ∴ y = −2 ± 7
When y = 0, (x + 1)2 + =
4 12 When y = 0, (x − 3)2 + 4 = 16
412
∴ (x + 1)2 = ∴ (x − 3)2 = 12
√
√12 ∴ x − 3 = ±2√ 3
309
∴ x = −1 ± ∴ x=3±2 3
3
y
−1, 3 3 1 427
+
2 2 2 3
103
−1
3
x
103 0
−1 − 3 1 427
3 −
2 2 3
e x2 + y2 ≤ 16 and x ≤ 2
4 a x2 + y2 ≤ 16
f x2 + y2 ≤ 9 and y ≥ −1
b x2 + y2 ≥ 9
c (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 < 4 5 Length of diameter

p
= (8 − 2)2 + (4 − 2)2
√
= 36 + 4
√
= 40
√
= 2 10
√
∴ r = 10
29
The centre of the circle lies at the 8 4x2 + 4y2 − 60x − 76y + 536 = 0
midpoint of the diameter and has ∴ x2 + y2 − 15x − 19y + 134 = 0
8 + 2 4 + 2 15 2 19 2 25
coordinates , i.e. (5, 3) ∴ x− + y− =
2 2 2 2 √2
√ 15 19 5 2
centre (5, 3), radius 10 centre , , radius
2 2 2
x2 + y2 − 10x − 14y + 49 = 0 1
6 centre (2, −3), radius 3
∴ (x − 10x + 25) + (y − 14y + 49) + 49 =
2 2
∴ (x − 2)2 + (y + 3)2 = 9
74
∴ (x − 5)2 + (y − 7)2 = 25
7 (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = r2 centre (5, 7), radius 5
At (3, 1), (3 − h)2 + (1 − k)2 = r2 To find points of intersection, let
∴ 9 − 6h + h2 + 1 − 2k + k2 = r2 x2 + y2 − 15x − 19y + 134 =
∴ 10 − 6h + h2 − 2k + k2 = r2 1 x2 + y2 − 10x − 14y + 49
At (8, 2), (8 − h)2 + (2 − k)2 = r2 ∴ 5x + 5y = 85
∴ 64 − 16h + h2 + 4 − 4k + k2 = r2 ∴ x + y = 17
∴ 68 − 16h + h2 − 4k + k2 = r2 2 ∴ y = 17 − x 2
At (2, 6), (2 − h)2 + (6 − k)2 = r2 Substituting 2 in 1 yields
∴ 4 − 4h + h2 + 36 − 12k + k2 = r2 x2 + (17 − x)2 − 10x − 14(17 − x) + 49 = 0
∴ 40 − 4h + h2 − 12k + k2 = r2 3 ∴ x2 + 289 − 34x + x2 − 10x − 238 +
1 − 2 − 58 + 10h + 2k = 0 14x + 49 = 0
∴ k = 29 − 5h 4 ∴ 2x2 − 30x + 100 = 0
3 − 1 30 + 2h − 10k = 0 ∴ x2 − 15x + 50 = 0
∴ 15 + h − 5k = 0 5 ∴ (x − 5)(x − 10) = 0
Substituting 4 in 5 yields ∴ x = 5 or x = 10
15 + h − 5(29 − 5h) = 0 When x = 5, y = 17 − 5 = 12
∴ 15 + h − 145 + 25h = 0 When x = 10, y = 17 − 10 = 7
∴ 26h = 130
∴h=5 The points of intersection of the two
Substituting h = 5 in 4 yields circles are (5, 12) and (10, 7)
k = 29 − 5 × 5 TI: Type
= 29 − 25 solve(4x2 + 4y2 − 60x − 76y + 536 =
0 and x2 + y2 − 10x − 14y + 49 = 0, x)
=4
Substituting h = 5, k = 4 in 1 yields CP: Type
10 − 6 × 5 + 52 − 2 × 4 + 42 = r2 solve ({4x2 + 4y2 − 60x − 76y + 536 =
∴ r2 = 10 − 30 + 25 − 8 + 16 0, x2 + y2 − 10x − 14y + 49 = 0}, {x, y})
= 13
∴ (x − 5)2 + (y − 4)2 = 13 is the circle
passing through (3, 1), (8, 2) and (2, 6)
30
9 a Substituting y = x into x2 + y2 = 25 y = 2x
yields Hence√
x2 + x2 = 25 = ±2 5
∴ 2x2 = 25 The
√ points
√ of intersection
√ are
√
25 ( 5, 2 5) and (− 5 − 2 5)
∴ x2 =
2 √
5 5· 2 TI: Type
∴x=±√ =± solve(x2 + y2 = 25 and y = x, x)
2 2
√
5 2 CP: Type
Hence y = x = ±
2 solve ({x2 + y2 = 25, y = x}, {x, y})
The points of intersection
5 · √2 5 · √2
are , and
√ 2 2√
−5 · 2 −5 · 2
,
2 2
b Substituting y = 2x into x2 + y2 = 25
yields
x2 + 4x2 = 25
∴ 5x2 = 25
∴ x2 = 5
31
Solutions to Exercise 1G
x2 y2 y
1 a + =1
9 16
ellipse, centre (0, 0)
(4, 1)
y x
4
0
4 + 3 15
4 – 3 15 4
–3 3 4
0 x
(y − 2)2
d x2 + =1
–4 9
b 25x2 + 16y2 = 400 (y − 2)2
When x = 0, =1
x2 y2 9
∴ + =1 ∴ (y − 2)2 = 9
16 25 ∴y=2±3
= −1, 5
y 4
5 When y = 0, x2 + = 1
9
5
∴x = 2
–4 4 9
0 x √
± 5
∴x=
3
–5 y
5
(x − 4)2 (y − 1)2
c + =1
9 16 (0, 2)
0
16 (y − 1)2 – 5 5 x
When x = 0, + =1 3 –1 3
9 16
(y − 1)2 −7
∴ = e 9x2 + 25y2 − 54x − 100y = 44
16 9
∴ no y axis intercepts ∴ 9(x2 − 6x + 9)
(x − 4)2 1 + 25(y2 − 4y + 4) = 225
When y = 0, + =1
9 16 ∴ 9(x − 3)2 + 25(y − 2)2 = 225
2
(x − 4) 15
∴ = (x − 3)2 (y − 2)2
9 16 ∴ + =1
9 × 15 25 9
∴ (x − 4) =
2
√ 16
3 15 9 (y − 2)2
∴ x=4± When x = 0, + =1
4 25 9
(y − 2)2 16
∴ =
9 25
9 × 16
∴ (y − 2)2 =
25
32
12 25
∴y=2± ∴ (y − 1)2 =
5 9
−2 22 5
= , ∴y=1±
5 5 3
36 −2 8
∴ (x + 2)2 = = ,
5 3 3
(x − 3)2 4 (x + 2)2 1
When y = 0, + =1 When y = 0, + =1
25 9 9 5
(x − 3)2 5 (x + 2)2 4
∴ = ∴ =
25 9 9 5√
25 × 5 6 5
∴ (x − 3)2 = ∴ x = −2 ±
√ 9 5
5 5 y
∴ x=3± 8
3 3
y
22 (–2, 1)
5 0 x
(3, 2)
– 2 –2 + 6 5
x –2 – 6 5
0 5 3 5
3– 5 5 –2
3+ 5 5 h 16x2 + 25y2 − 32x + 100y − 284 = 0
3 5 3
∴ 16(x2 − 2x + 1) + 25(y2 + 4y + 4) −
f 9x2 + 25y2 = 225 284 − 116 = 0
x2 y2 ∴ 16(x − 1)2 + 25(y + 2)2 = 400
∴ + =1 (x − 1)2 (y + 2)2
25 9 ∴ + =1
ellipse, centre (0, 0) 25 16
y ellipse, centre (1, −2)
3 1 (y + 2)2
When x = 0, + =1
25 16
(y + 2) 2
24
–5 0 5 x ∴ =
16 25
–3 16 × 24
∴ (y + 2) =2
25
g 5x2 + 9y2 + 20x − 18y − 16 = 0 384
=
∴ 5(x2 + 4x + 4) + 9(y2 − 2y + 1) − 25
√
16 − 29 = 0 ∴ y = −2 ±
8 6
∴ 5(x + 2)2 + 9(y − 1)2 = 45 5
(x + 2)2 (y − 1)2 (x − 1)2 1
∴ + =1 When y = 0, + =1
9 5 25 4
2
(x − 1) 3
ellipse, centre (−2, 1) ∴ =
4 (y − 1)2 25 4
When x = 0, + =1 75
9 5 ∴ (x − 1)2 =
4
(y − 1)2 5 √
∴ = 5 3
5 9 ∴ x=1±
2
33
y y2 x2
∴ = −1
–2 + 8 6 9 16
5
1+ 5 3 9x2
2
0 ∴ y2 = −9
1– 5 3 x 16
2
(1, –2)
9x2 16
= 1− 2
16 x
–2 – 8 6
5 16
As x → ±∞, 2 → 0
x
(x − 2)2 (y − 3)2 9x 2
i + =1 ∴ y2 →
4 9 16
±3x
y ∴y→
4
6 3x
Equations of asymptotes: y = ±
4
3 When y = 0, x2 = 16
(2, 3)
∴ x = ±4
0 2 4 x centre (0, 0)
y = –3 x y
4 y = 34 x
j 2(x − 2)2 + 4(y − 1)2 = 16
(x − 2)2 (y − 1)2
∴ + =1
8 4
ellipse, centre (2, 1) 4
–4 x
1 (y − 1)2 0
When x = 0, + =1
2 4
2
(y − 1) 1
∴ =
4 2
∴ (y − 1)2 = √ 2 y2 x2
∴y=1± 2 b − =1
16 9
(x − 2)2 1 x2 y2
When y = 0, + =1 This is the reflection of − =1
8 4 16 9
2
(x − 2) 3 in the line
∴ =
8 4 y=x
24 3
∴ (x − 2) =
2
=6 Asymptotes are x = ± y
√ 4 4
∴ x=2± 6 4
∴y=± x
y 3
The y axis intercepts are (0, 4) and
1+ 2 (0, −4)
(2, 1)
2– 6 x
0
1– 2 2+ 6
x2 y2
2 a − =1
16 9
34
2
y As x → ±∞, →0
x2
y = 43 x ∴ y2 → 2x 2
y = –34 x √
4 ∴ y → ± 2x √
Equations of asymptotes: y = ± 2x
0 x When y = 0, 2x2 = 4
∴ x2 = 2√
–4 ∴x=± 2
centre (0, 0)
y
y=– 2x y= 2x
c x −y =4
2 2
x2 y2
∴ − =1
4 4
2 2
y x
∴ = −1
4 4 – 2 0 2 x
4x2
∴ y2 = −4
4
4
= x 1− 2
2
x
4 e x2 − 4y2 − 4x − 8y − 16 = 0
As x → ±∞, 2 → 0
x ∴ (x2 − 4x + 4) − 4(y2 + 2y + 1) − 16 =
∴ y2 → x2
0
∴ y → ±x
∴ (x − 2)2 − 4(y + 1)2 = 16
Equations of asymptotes: y = ±x
(x − 2)2 (y + 1)2
When y = 0, x2 = 4 ∴ − =1
16 4
∴ x = ±2 (y + 1)2 (x − 2)2
centre (0, 0) ∴ = −1
4 16
y = –x y
(x − 2)2
y=x ∴ (y + 1)2 = −4
4
(x − 2)2 16
= 1−
4 (x − 2)2
–2 2 16
0 x As x → ±∞, →0
(x − 2)2
(x − 2)2
∴ (y + 1)2 →
4
x−2
∴y+1→±
d 2x2 − y2 = 4 2
x2 y2 x−2
∴ − =1 ∴ y → −1 ±
2
2 4 Equations of asymptotes:
2 2
y x
∴ = −1 x−2
4 2 y = −1 ±
∴ y = 2x − 4
2 2 2
2
= 2x2 1 − 2
x
35
x−4 −x Equations of asymptotes:
i.e. y = and y =
2 2 3(x − 5)
y=3+
1 1 5
= x−2 =− x
2 2 15 + 3x − 15
(x − 2)2 =
When y = −1, =1 5
16 3
∴ (x − 2) = 16
2
= x
5
∴ x − 2 = ±4 3(x − 5)
and y = 3 −
∴ x = −2, 6 5
centre (2, −1) 15 − 3x + 15
(x − 2)2 1 =
When y = 0, − =1 5
16 4 30 − 3x
(x − 2)2 5 =
∴ = 5
16 4 3
∴ (x − 2) =√20
2
=6− x
∴ x=2±2 5 5
(x − 5)2
y
When y = 3, =1
1 1 25
y=– 2x y= 2x–2 ∴ (x − 5)2 = 25
∴ x − 5 = ±5
–2 0 2 4 6
∴ x = 0, 10
2–2 5 –1 2+2 5 x
centre (5, 3)
–2 (x − 5)2
When y = 0, −1=1
25
(x − 5)2
∴ =2
f 9x2 − 25y2 − 90x + 150y = 225 25
∴ 9(x2 − 10x + 25) ∴ (x − 5)2 =√50
− 25(y2 − 6y + 9) = 225 ∴ x=5±5 2
∴ 9(x − 5)2 − 25(y − 3)2 = 225 y
(x − 5)2 (y − 3)2 6
∴ − =1
25 9
(y − 3)2 (x − 5)2
∴ = −1 3 (10, 3)
9 25
9(x − 5)2 5–5 2 5+5 2
∴ (y − 3)2 = −9 0 5 10 x
25
3 3
9(x − 5)2 25 y = 5x y=6– 5x
= 1−
25 (x − 5)2
25 (x − 2)2 (y − 3)2
As x → ±∞, →0 g − =1
(x − 5)2 4 9
2
(y − 3) (x − 2)2
9(x − 5)2 ∴ = −1
∴ (y − 3)2 → 9 4
25 9(x − 2)2
3(x − 5) ∴ (y − 3)2 = −9
∴y−3→± 4
5
9(x − 2)2 4
3(x − 5) = 1−
∴y→3± 4 (x − 2)2
5
36
4 h 4x2 − 8x − y2 + 2y = 0
As x → ±∞, →0
(x − 2)2 ∴ 4(x2 − 2x + 1) − (y2 − 2y + 1) = 3
9(x − 2)2
∴ (y − 3)2 → ∴ 4(x − 1)2 − (y − 1)2 = 3
4 4(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2
∴y−3→±
3(x − 2) ∴ − =1
2 3 3
2 2
3(x − 2) (y − 1) 4(x − 1)
∴y→3± ∴ = −1
2 3 3
Equations of asymptotes: ∴ (y − 1)2 = 4(x − 1)2 − 3
3(x − 2) 3
y=3+ = 4(x − 1)2 1 −
2 4(x − 1)2
6 + 3x − 6 3
= As x → ±∞, →0
2 4(x − 1)2
3 ∴ (y − 1)2 → 4(x − 1)2
= x ∴ y − 1 → ±2(x − 1)
2
3(x − 2) ∴ y → 1 ± 2(x − 1)
and y = 3 −
2 Equations of asymptotes:
6 − 3x + 6 y = 1 + 2(x − 1)
=
2
12 − 3x = 1 + 2x − 2
=
2 = 2x − 1
3 and y = 1 − 2(x − 1)
=6− x
2
(x − 2)2 = 1 − 2x + 2
When y = 3, =1
4 = 3 − 2x
∴ (x − 2)2 = 4
4(x − 1)2
∴ x = 2 ± 2 = 0, 4 When y = 1, =1
3
centre (2, 3) ∴ 4(x − 1)2 = 3
(x − 2)2 3
When y = 0, −1=1 ∴ (x − 1)2 =
4 4
(x − 2) 2 √
∴ =2 3
4 ∴ x=1±
∴ (x − 2)2 =√8 2
∴ x=2±2 2 centre (1, 1)
4(x − 1)2 1
y When y = 0, − =1
y = 6 – 23 x y = 23 x 3 3
4(x − 1)2 4
6 ∴ =
3 3
∴ (x − 1)2 = 1
∴ x = 1 ± 1 = 0, 2
3 (4, 3) 4 (y − 1)2
When x = 0, − =1
3 3
2
2–2 2 2+2 2
(y − 1) 1
∴ =
0 2 4 x 3 3
∴ (y − 1)2 = 1
∴ y = 1 ± 1 = 0, 2
37
y
3(x − 1)
y = 3 – 2x y = 2x – 1 and y = 1 −
4
4 − 3x + 3
3 =
3 4
(1 – , 1) 2
2 7 − 3x
1 (1 +
3
, 1) =
2 4
0
1 13 2 7 3
–1 2 2
x = − x
4 4
(x − 1)2
When y = 1, =1
i 9x2 − 16y2 − 18x + 32y − 151 = 0 16
∴ (x − 1)2 = 16
∴ 9(x2 − 2x + 1) − 16(y2 − 2y + 1) −
∴ x = 1 ± 4 = −3, 5
151 + 7 = 0
centre (1, 1)
∴ 9(x − 1)2 − 16(y − 1)2 = 144 (x − 1)2 1
(x − 1)2 (y − 1)2 When y = 0, − =1
∴ − =1 16 9
16 9 (x − 1)2 10
(y − 1) 2
(x − 1) 2 ∴ =
∴ = −1 16 9
9 16 160
9(x − 1)2 ∴ (x − 1)2 =
∴ (y − 1)2 = −9 9
16 √
9(x − 1)2 16 4 10
= 1− ∴ x=1±
16 (x − 1)2 3
16 y
y = 74 – 34 x y = 34 x + 14
As x → ±∞, →0
(x − 1)2
7
9(x − 1)2
2
4
∴ (y − 1) → 1
16 (–3, 1) 4 1 (5, 1)
3(x − 1) 0 1 7 4 10
∴y−1→± 1 – 4 10 –1 3 1+ x
3 3
4 3
3(x − 1) 3
4
∴y→1±
4
Equations of asymptotes: j 25x2 − 16y2 = 400
3(x − 1)
y=1+ x2 y2
4 ∴ − =1
16 25
4 + 3x − 3 y2 x2
= ∴ = −1
4 25 16
1 + 3x 25x2
= ∴ y2 = − 25
4 16
3 1 25x2 16
= x+ = 1− 2
4 4 16 x
16
As x → ±∞, 2 → 0
x
2 25x2
∴y →
16
5
∴y→± x
4
38
5 x2 1 2
Equations of asymptotes: y = ± x + x =1
4 4 2
When y = 0, 25x2 = 400 2
x x2
∴ x2 = 16 ∴ + =1
4 4
∴ x = ±4
x2
centre (0, 0) ∴ =1
2
y ∴ x2 = 2√
y = – 54 x y = 54 x
∴x=± 2 √
√ 2
When x = 2, y =
2 √
√ − 2
When x = − 2, y =
–4 0 4 x 2
The points of intersection√are
√ √2 √ − 2
2, and − 2,
2 2
1 y2
3 a Substituting y = x into x2 − y2 = 1 4 Substituting y = x + 5 into x2 + =1
2 4
gives gives
1 2
x − x =1
2 (x + 5)2
2 x2 + =1
4
1 ∴ 4x2 + x2 + 10x + 25 = 4
∴ x2 − x2 = 1
4 ∴ 5x2 + 10x + 21 = 0
3 2 ∴ 5(x2 + 2x + 1) + 16 = 0
∴ x =1
4 ∴ 5(x + 1)2 = −16
4
∴ x2 = −16
3 √ ∴ (x + 1)2 =
2 3 5
∴x=± But (x + 1)2 ≥ 0 ∴ there is no
3 intersection point.
1
Now y = x
√2 √
3 2 3 x2 y2
∴y= when x = 5 Since + = 1 is a reflection of the
3 √ 3 √ 9 4
− 3 −2 3 x2 y2
and y = when x = ellipse + = 1 in either of the lines
3 3 4 9
The√points of intersection are y = ±x, the points of intersection of the
2 3 √3 two ellipses occur when y = ±x.
, and x2 y2
3√ 3 √ Substituting y = ±x into + =1
−2 3 − 3 9 4
, gives
3 3 x2 x2
+ =1
1 x2 9 4
b Substituting y = x into + y2 = 1 ∴ 4x + 9x2 = 36
2
2 4
gives ∴ 13x2 = 36
39
36 x2
∴ x2 = ∴ =1
13 √ 8
6 6 13 ∴ x2 = 8 √
∴x=±√ =±
13 13 ∴ x = ±2 2 √
Hence the points of intersec-
−6 √13 −6 √13 When x = ±2 2, √
tion are , , 5 √ 5 2
13 13 y = × ±2 2 = ±
6 √13 6 √13 −6 √13 −6 √13 4 2
, , , The points of√intersection are √
13 √ 13 √ 13 13 √ −5 2 √ 5 2
6 13 −6 13
and , . −2 2, and 2 2,
13 13 2 2
These four points are all equidistant
from the origin and hence form the 7 x2 + y2 = 9
vertices of a square. A circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 3
x2 y2
x2 − y2 = 9 ∴ − =1
9 9
5 A hyperbola with centre (0, 0) and
6 5x = 4y ∴y= x
4 asymptotes at y = ±x
5 x2 y2
Substituting y = x into + =1 When y = 0, x2 = 9
4 16 25
gives ∴ x = ±3
5 2
y
x y = –x y=x
x2 4
+ =1
16 25
x2 + y2 = 9
x2 25x2
∴ + =1
16 16 × 25
x2 x2 –3 0 3 x
∴ + =1
16 16
x2 – y2 = 9
40
Solutions to Exercise 1H
x − 2 2 y − 3 2
1 x = 2 cos 3t and y = 2 sin 3t ∴ + =1
ran(x) = [−2, 2] 3 −2
(x − 2)2 (y − 3)2
= dom(cartesian equation) That is, + =1
9 4
ran(y) = [−2, 2]
= ran(cartesian equation) 4 x = 2 sec t
x y
∴ = cos 3t and = sin 3t x
2 2 ∴ sec t =
Squaring both sides of each equation 2
x y2 y = 3 tan t
gives = cos2 3t and = sin2 3t
4 4 y
Adding these two equations together ∴ tan t =
gives
x2 y2
+ =1 y32 x 2
4 4 ∴ +1=
∴ x2 + y2 = 4, dom = [−2, 2] 3 2
2 2
x y
ran = [−2, 2] That is, − = 1, x ≤ 2, y ∈ R
4 9
2 x = 4t2 , y = 8t 5 a x = 4 cos 2t, y = 4 sin 2t

y2 y x y
a x=4× since t = ∴ cos 2t = and sin 2t =
64 8 4 4
y2 x 2
y 2
∴x= or y2 = 16x ∴ + = cos2 2t + sin2 2t = 1
16 16 16
b When t = 1, x = 4, y = 8 ∴ x2 + y2 = 16
When t = −1, x = 4, y = −8
Therefore equation of line x = 4 b x = 2 sin 2t, y = 2 cos 2t
x y
∴ sin 2t = and cos 2t =
c When t = −3, x = 36, y = −24 4 4
2 2
Length PR of chord joining P(4, 8) x y
∴ + = cos2 2t + sin2 2t = 1
√ −24) is given by
and R(36, 4 4
PR = 322 + 322 ∴ x2 + y2 = 4
√
= 32 2
c x = 4 cos t, y = 3 sin t
x y
∴ cos t = and sin t =
3 x = 2 + 3 sin t 4 3
2 2
x−2 x y
∴ sin t = ∴ + = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
3 16 9
y = 3 − 2 cos t x2 y2
∴ + =1
16 9
y−3
∴ cos t =
−2
41
d x = 4 sin t, y = 3 cos t y2 x2
− =1
x y 16 4
∴ sin t = and cos t =
4 3
2 2
π 3π
!
x y
∴ + = cos2 t + sin2 t = 1 6 a x = sec t and y = tan t, t ∈ ,
16 9 2 2
x2 y2 Squaring both sides of each equation
∴ + =1 gives
16 9
x = sec2 t 1 and y2 =
e x = 2 tan 2t tan2 t 2
x 1 - 2
∴ tan 2t =
2 x2 − y2 = sec2 t − tan2 t
y = 3 sec 2t
∴ x2 − y2 = 1
y
∴ sec 2t = π 3π
!
3 For the function x = sec t, t ∈ ,
2 2
2 2
y x the range is (−∞, −1]. Hence the
∴ − =1
9 4 domain of the cartesian equation is
f x = 1 − t, y = t2 − 4 (−∞, −1]
∴ t = 1 − x and which corresponds to the left branch
∴ y = (x − 1)2 − 4 = x2 − 2x − 3 of the hyperbola.
1 Equations of asymptotes: y = ±x
g x = t + 2, y= y
t
∴ t = x − 2 and 5
1
∴y= 4
x−2 3 y=x
h x = t2 − 1, y = t2 + 1 2
1
∴ t2 = x + 1 and
1 x
∴y= Note: x ≥ −1 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4 5
x−2
-2
1 1
i x=t− , y = 2(t + ) -3
y= –x
t t -4
1
x = t − 2 + 2 and
2 2 -5
t
1
y = 4(t + 2 + 2 )
2 2
b x = 3 cos 2t and y = −4t sin 2t
t
1 ran(x) = [−3, 3]
∴ x2 = t2 − 2 + 2 and
t = dom(cartesian equation)
y2 1
= t2 + 2 + 2
4 t ran(y) = [−4, 4]
1 1 y2
t + 2 = x + 2 and t2 + 2 = − 2
2 2
= ran(cartesian equation)
t t 4 x y
y2 ∴ = cos 2t and = − sin 2t
∴ −2= x −2
2
3 4
4 Squaring both sides of each equation
42
x2 y2
gives = cos2 2t and = sin2 2t y
9 16 6
Adding these two equations together
x2 y2
gives + =1 5
9 16
2 2
x y 4
∴ + = 1, dom = [ −3, 3]
9 16 3
ran = [−4, 4]
2
y
5 1
4
3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
1
A CAS calculator has the capability
x
to sketch parametric equations.
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
In order to sketch a graph for part c:
-2
-3 Note: ensure your handheld unit is

-4 set to radian/Rad mode.
-5
TI: Open a Graphs page. Press
c x = 3 − 3 cos t and y = 2 + 2 sin t Menu → 3: Graph
ran(x) = [−3 + 3, 3 + 3] Entry/Edit → 3: Parametric
= [0, 6] Now type the following information:

x1(t) = 3 − 3 cos t
= dom(cartesian equation)
ran(y) = [−2 + 2, 2 + 2] y1(t) = 2 + 2 sin t
= [0, 4] 0 < f < 2π tstep = 0.13

and press ENTER
= ran(cartesian equation) Set the window to:
∴ x − 3 = (−3 cos t and y − 2 = 2 sin t Xmin = −0.5
Squaring both sides of each equa- Xmax = 8
tion gives (x − 3)2 = 9 cos2 t and Ymin = −0.5
(y−2)2 = 4 sin2 t Ymax = 6
(x − 3)2
∴ = cos2 t and
9
(y − 2)2
= sin2 t Adding these
4
two equations together gives
(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2
+ =1
9 4
(x − 3)2 (y − 2)2
∴ + = 1, dom = [0 6]
9 4
ran = [0, 4]
43
CP: In the Graph & Table application tan2 t 2
tap n and select xt =. Input the 1 − 2
equations into the corresponding x2 − y2 = sec2 t − tan2 t
positions followed by EXE. ∴ x2 − y2 = 1
Tap $ to see the graph. For the !function x = sec t, t ∈
π π
− , the range is [1, ∞). Hence
d "x = 3 sin# t and y = 4 cos t, t ∈ 2 2
π π the domain of the cartesian equation
− ,
2 2 is [1, ∞) which corresponds to the
π π
" #
right branch of the hyperbola.
ran(x) = [−3, 3] for t ∈ − ,
2 2
Equations of asymptotes: y = ±x
= dom(cartesian equation) y
π π 5
" #
y= –x
ran(y) = [0, 4] for t ∈ − , 4
2 2
3
= ran(cartesian equation) 2
x y
∴ = sin t and = cos t 1
3 4 x
Squaring both sides of each equation -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x2 y2
gives = sin2 t and = cos2 t -2
9 16 -3
Adding these two equations together
x2 y2 y=x -4
gives + =1 -5
9 16
x2 y2
∴ + = 1, dom = [−3, 3] f x = 1 − sec(2t) and
9 16 ! y = 1 + tan(2t),
π 3π
ran = [0, 4] where t ∈ ,
4 4
∴ x − 1 = − sec(2t) and y − 1 = tan(2t)
y
5
Squaring both sides of each equation
gives
4
(x−1)2 = sec2 (2t) 1
3 and (y − 1) = tan (2t)
2 2
2
1 − 2
2
(x−1)2 − (y−1)2 = 1
1
For the function x! = 1 − sec(2t)
π 3π
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x where t ∈ , the range is [2, ∞).
4 4
Hence the domain of the cartesian
π π equation is [2, ∞) which corresponds
e x = sec t and y = tan t, t ∈ − , to the right branch of the hyperbola.
2 2
Squaring both sides of each equation Equations of asymptotes:
gives y = 1 ± (x − 1)
x2 = sec2 t 1 and y2 =
44
∴ y = x and y = 2 − x x2 y2
In general for 2 − 2 = 1 the most
y a b
basic parametric equations have the
5
4
form x = a sec t and y = a tan t
3 Hence the parametric equations are
2
x = 3 sec t and y = 2 tan t
1
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 x c (x −1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 9
-1
∴ (x −1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 32
-2
centre (1, −2) radius is 3
-3
-4
In general for (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2
-5
the parametric equations have the
form
x = h + a cos t and y = k + a sin t
8π
7 a x = 2 cos = −1 Hence the parametric equations are
38π √ x = 1 + 3 cos t and y = 3 sin t − 2
y = −2 sin =− 3
3
The point P has coordinates (x − 1)2 (y + 3)2
√ d + =9
(−1, − 3) 9 4
(x − 1) 2
(y + 3)2
∴ + =1
b The circle has centre 92 62
√ O(0, 0). The (x − h)2 (y − k)2
gradient of OR = 3 In general for + =1
1 a2 b2
Therefore gradient of tangent = − √ the parametric equations have the
3 form x = h + a cos t and y = k + b sin t
Equation of tangent:
√ 1 Hence the parametric equations are
y + 3 = − √ (x + 1)
√ 3 x = 1 + 9 cos t and y = 6 sin t − 3
√ 3y + 3 = −x −1
3y + x = −4
9 centre (1, 3) and radius 2
∴ (x−1)2 + (y−3)2 = 22
8 a x2 + y2 = 16 As the parametric equations are
∴ x2 + y2 = 42 in the form x = a + b cos(2πt) and
In general for x2 + y2 = a2 the most y = c + d sin(2πt)
basic parametric equations have the ∴ x = 1 + 2 cos(2πt)and
form x = a cos t and y = a sin t
y = 3 + 2 sin(2πt)
Hence the parametric equations are ∴ a=1, b=2, c=3 and d=2
x = 4 cos t and y = 4 sin t
x2 y2 10 Ellipse: x–intercepts at (−4, 0) and (4, 0)

b − =1 y −intercepts at (0, 3) and (0, −3)
9 4
x2 y2 Hence a possible cartesian equation for
∴ 2 − 2 =1
3 2
45
x2 y2 (x, y) → (x − 3, y − 2)
this ellipse is + =1
16 9
Let (x0 , y0 ) be the coordinates of
Thus a possible pair of parametric
the image of (x, y) so x0 = x − 3,
equations for the above ellipse is
y0 = y − 2
x = 4 cos t and y = 3 sin t
Rearranging gives x = x0 + 3 and
y = y0 + 2 !
11 x = 2 cos(2t) and y = 2 sin(2t) t
So x = 3 − 2 cos becomes
2
a For a dilation of factor 3 from the
!
t
x + 3 = 3−2 cos
0
x-axis the point (x, y) is mapped onto 2
!
(x, 3y) t
∴ x0 = − cos
i.e. (x, y) → (x, 3y) 2
!
Thus to find the equation of the t
and y = 4 + 3 sin becomes
image curve under the dilation 2
y !
(x, y) → (x, 3y), replace y with . t
3 y0 + 2 = 4 + 3 sin
y 2
∴ = 2 sin(2t) !
3 t
∴ y0 = 2 + 3 sin
∴ y = 6 sin(2t) 2
Hence one possible pair of parametric Thus the parametric equations of the
equations for the image curve is image curve are ! !
x = 2 cos(2t) and y = 6 sin(2t) t t
x = −2 cos and y = 2 + 3 sin
2 2
b x = 2 cos(2t) and y = 6 sin(2t)
x y
! !
∴ = cos(2t) and = sin(2t) t t
2 6 b x = −2 cos and y = 2 + 3 sin
2 2
Squaring both sides of each equation ! !
x2 y2 x t y −2 t
gives = cos2 (2t) and = sin2 (2t) ∴ = − cos and = sin
4 36 2 2 3 2
Adding these two equations Squaring both sides of each !
x2 y2 x2 t
together gives + = 1 as equation gives = cos2 and
4 36 4 2
cos2 (kt) + sin2 (kt) = 1 (y − 2)2
!
t
Hence the cartesian equation is = sin2
9 2
x2 y2 Adding these two equations together
+ =1
4 36 x2 (y − 2)2
gives + =1
4 9
! ! Hence the cartesian equation is
t t x2 (y − 2)2
12 x = 3−2 cos and y = 4 + 3 sin + =1
2 2 4 9
a For a translation of 3 units in the
negative direction of the x-axis and a 13 x = 2 + 3 sin(2πt) and y = 4 + 2 cos(2πt)
translation of 2 units in the negative
direction of the y-axis:
46
" #
1
a ran(x) = [2, 5] for t ∈ 0,
4
" #
1
ran(y) = [4, 6] for t ∈ 0,
4
and the cartesian equation is
(x − 2)2 (y − 4)2
+ =1
9 4
(x − 2)2 (y − 4)2
∴ + = 1, dom = [2, 5]
9 4
ran = [4, 6]
" #
3
c ran(x) = [−1, 5] for t ∈ 0,
2
" #
3
ran(y) = [2, 6] for t ∈ 0,
2
4 (y − 4)2
When x = 0, + =1
9 4
(y − 4)2 5
∴ =
4 9
20
∴ (y −4) =
2
9√
"
1
# 2 5
b ran(x) = [2, 5] for t ∈ 0, ∴y−4=±
2 √ 3
2 5
= dom(cartesian equation) y=4±
3
" #
1
ran(y) = [2, 6] for t ∈ 0,
2
(x − 2)2 (y − 4)2
∴ + = 1, dom = [2, 5]
9 4
ran = [2, 6]
47
Solutions to Exercise 1I
Answers will vary according to your dot plot
48
Solutions to Technology-free questions
1 fn = 5 fn−1 , f0 = 1
Therefore fn =
= 5n
2 AP = 10 cm. Form Triangle PAO which is right-angled at A.

A
°
O • P
°
Triangle AOP is congruent to triangle BOP as AO = BO (radii of a circle) and

AP = BP (tangents from a common point). Also PO is a common side.
AP 10
Therefore PO bisects angle APB. Then = cos α and OP =
OP cos α
3 y
(−2, 7)
•
• (0, 3)
0 x
The centre of the ellipse is (−2, 3). The minor axis has length 4 and the major axis
(x − h)2 (y − k)2
length 8. Hence using the general equation + =1
a2 b2
(x + 2)2 (y − 3)2
gives + =1
a2 b2
4
(0, 3) is on the ellipse. Hence 2 = 1 and a2 = 4.
a
16
Also (−2, 7) is on the ellipse. Hence 2 = 1 and b2 = 16
b
(x + 2)2 (y − 3)2
Hence the equation is + =1
4 16
49
4
8 7
°
√ √
The triangle is right-angled and so the hypotenuse has length 49 + 64 = 113.
7
Therefore sin(θ◦ ) = √
113
x
5 = sin(30◦ )
9
9
Therefore x = 9 sin(30◦ ) =
2
6 a
A B
X
X is the midpoint of AB and OX is perpendicular to AB.

OA2 = Ax2 + 0X 2
√ √
Hence OA = 25 + 9 = 34 cm
b Let angle AOX have magnitude θ◦ .

5 5
Then tan θ = and θ = tan−1
3 3
Angle AOB = 2θ
5
= 2 tan−1
3
7 a cos(315◦ ) = cos(360 − 45)◦

√
2
= cos(45 ) =
◦
2
50
3
b If tan(x◦ ) =and 180 < x < 270,
4
use 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
9
sec2 (x◦ ) = 1 +
16
25
sec2 (x◦ ) =
16
5
and sec(x◦ ) = ±
4
4
Hence cos(x◦ ) = −
5
as 180 < x < 270.
c sin A = sin 330◦ .
8 One possible answer is A = 210◦ . The entire set of solutions is 330 + 360n where n is
an integer, and 210 + 360n where n is an integer.
C B
A
O x°
a Triangle ABD is isosceles with BD = AB (given).

Therefore angle BDA = x◦
By the alternate segment theorem angle BCD = x◦
b Triangle ABD is similar to triangle CDA.

AD BD
and =
CA AD
y a
That is, =
a+b y
Hence y2 = a(a + b)
and y = a(a + b)
p
51
9 P
B
C
A
and AB = BC = 1 cm.
The triangle ABC is right-angled at B, √
Pythagoras’ theorem gives that AC = 2.
Triangle ABC is isosceles, and X is the midpoint
r of AC. √
1 2
Using Pythagoras’ theorem again gives BX = 1 − =
2 2
B
A x C
Let angle BXP have√magnitude θ◦ .

2
Then tan θ◦ = 3 ÷
2
6
= √
2
√
=3 2
√
Therefore θ = tan−1 (3 2)
◦
10 a 2 cos(2x + π) − 1 = 0
implies −2 cos(2x) = 1
1
and therefore cos(2x) = −
2
−4π −2π 2π 4π
2x = . . . , , , , ,...
3 3 3 3
−2π −π π 2π
X= , , or
3 3 3 3
52
b y
4
2
( 2 , 1) ( 2 , 1)
2 0 2 x
3 3 3 3
(0, 3) ( , 3)
( , 3)
4
−π π
! " ! #
−2π 2π
c From the graph, 2 cos(2x + π) < 1 for −π, ∪ , ∪ ,π
3 3 3 3
11 D
C
B
a Triangle ABC is a right-angled triangle at C as AC 2 + CB2 = AB2 .
b In triangle DAC, AC = DC = 9 cm.

The triangle is isosceles with a right angle at C.
3
Therefore ∠DAC = 45◦ The third angle is tan−1
4
9
For angle DBC, tan (∠DBC) =
12
3
=
4
3
and hence ∠DBC = tan−1
4
53
12 a B
33
60°
P 24 A
The cosine rule gives AB2 = 242 + 332 − 2 × 24 × 33 cos (60◦ ) = 873
√
AB = 3 97 km
√
The distance apart after the hours is 3 97 nautical miles.
b The speeds are 8 nautical miles per hour and 11 nautical miles per hour.
Therefore the distances travelled are 40 nautical miles and 55 nautical miles
respectively.
5
The new triangle formed is similar to the triangle of part a, with a scale factor of .
√ 3
The distance apart is 5 97 nautical miles after 5 hours.
13 x cm
18 cm
30° 45°
x 18
Using the sine rule gives =
sin(30 ) sin(45◦ )
◦
18
Therefore x = × sin(30◦ )
sin(45◦ )
√ 1 √
= 18 2 × = 9 2
2
14 a 480 km
B A
45 °
45°!
b The triangle ABC is right-angled at C.

AC
= cos (45◦ )
480
√
Therefore AC = 240 2
√
c The triangle is isosceles and so the total distance flown = 480 2 km.
54
(y − 2)2
15 For x2 − = 15
9
(y − 2)2
Rearrange to give = x2 − 15
√9
and hence y − 2 = 3 x2 − 15
!1
15 2
and hence y − 2 = ±3x 1 − 2
x
It now can be observed that the asymptotes will have equations
y = ±3x + 2
or y = 3x + 2 and y = −3x + 2
16 For x = 3 cos(2t) + 4 and y = sin(2t) − 6, first rearrange each of the equations.

x−4
cos(2t) = and sin(2t) = y + 6
3
Square each of these equations and add
(x − 4)2
cos2 (2t) + sin2 (2t) = + (y + 6)2
9
(x − 4)2
Therefore the cartesian equation is + (y + 6)2 = 1
9
17 a
2x°
x°
The quadrilateral is cyclic and therefore 3x = 180 which implies x = 60.
b P
60° X
B a°
b°
c° R
O d°
D
Firstly d = 60 by the alternate segment theorem. The angle at X subtended by the
diameter is 90◦ . Angle OXD is 60◦ as triangle DOX is isosceles (radii of a circle).
Therefore a = 90 − 60 = 30.
Triangle BOX is also isosceles. Therefore b = a = 30.
Angle c = 120 (angle sum of a triangle).
55
18 For x = 2 cos(πt) and y = 2 sin(πt) + 2,
x y−2
first rearrange; cos(πt) = and sin(πt) =
2 2
Squaring and adding gives
x2 (y − 2)2
cos2 (πt) + sin2 (πt) = +
4 4
Hence the cartesian equation is
x2 + (y − 4)2 = 4
19 a y
4
0 3 7 2 x
5 3
4 2 4 4 2 4
π
!
b −2 cos x − =0
4
π
!
implies cos x − =0
4
π π 3π
x− = or or . . .
4 2 2
3π 7π
x= or
4 4
c −2 cos x ≤ 0 is equivalent to cos x ≥ 0
π
"
# " #
3π
From the graph for x ∈ [0, 2π], cos x ≥ 0 for 0, ∪ , 2π
2 2
1
20 a sin θ =
2
π 5π
θ = or
6 6
56
√
3
b cos θ =
2
π 11π
θ = or
6 6
c tan θ = 1
π 5π
θ= or
4 4
21 For x = a + b cos(2πt) and y = c + d sin(2πt) rearranging gives

x−a y−c
= cos(2πt) and = sin(2πt)
b d
(x − a)2 (y − c)2
+ =1
b2 d2
The centre of the circle is (1, 2) and the radius is 3.
Hence a = 1, c = 2 and b = d = 3
22
A
E O •
40 ° B
C
D
a ∠ADB = 180 − (90◦ + 40◦ )

= 50◦ (angle sum of triangle)
as BA is a tangent to the circle at A, and perpendicular to AD.
b ∠AEC = 50◦ , as ∠ADB and ∠AEC are subtended by the same arc at the circle.
c In ∆DAC, right-angled at C,
∠DAC = (90 − 50)◦
= 40◦
23 x2 + 8x + y2 − 12y + 3 = 0
Completing the square gives
x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 − 12y + 36 + 3 = 52
(x + 4)2 + (y − 6)2 = 49
The centre of the circle is the point with coordinates (−4, 6) and the radius is 7.
57
x2 y2
24 + =1
81 9
When x = 0, y2 = 9
and y = 3 or − 3
When y = 0, x2 = 81
and x = 9 or − 9
25 a i Use tn = a + (n − 1)d
17p + 17 = 3p + 5 + 2(n − 1)
14p + 12 = 2(n − 1)
Therefore n = 7p + 7
ii The sum of the sequence,

7p + 7
Sn = (3p + 5 + 17p + 17)
2
= 7(p + 1)(10p + 11)
= 7(10p2 + 21p + 11)
= 70p2 + 147p + 77
b sum = 7(p + 1)(10p + 11)

If p is even, p + 1 is odd and 10p + 1 is odd. Therefore the sum is not divisible
by 14.
If p is odd, p + 1 is even and hence the sum is divisible by 14.
26 a The nth term is 3n−1
b 30 × 31 × 32 × . . . × 3n−1 = 30 + 1 + 2 + ... +(n−1)

= 31+2+3+...+(n−1)
19(19 + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 19 =
2
= 190
Therefore the product of the first 20 terms is 3190 .
27 a 9
1
b
400
58
c 4
d 4
e π−3
f 4−π
1
28 a (0, )
104
b (100, ∞)
 − 3x| = x
2
29 |x
 x − 3x = x
2

 if x2 − 3x ≥ 0
−(x2 − 3x) = x


if x2 − 3x < 0

 x − 4x = 0
2

 if x ≥ 3 or x ≤ 0
−x2 + 2x = 0


if 0 < x < 3 < 0
∴ x = 0, 2, 4
30 a Range [0, 2]
y
x
0 π π 3π 2π
2 2
b Range [−3, ∞)
y
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3
c Range (−∞, 3]
59
y
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3
60
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 B t3 = 4 and t8 = 128 Clearly, the given graph has
For a geometric sequence tn = arn−1 period π. Thus response B and E are
Using t3 : 4 = ar2 1 also incorrect.
Using t8 : 128 = ar 7
2 The graph also has a y-intercept of
2 ÷ 1 gives −1. Response C clearly does not
r5 = 32 pass through the point (0, −1) while
∴r=2 response A does Hence !the given
Hence tn = a(2)n−1 π
graph is y = sin 2 x − A quick
As t3 = 4 then 4 = a(22 ) 4
∴a=1 sketch of response A on your CAS
Thus the first term of the sequence calculator will alleviate all doubt.
is 1
2 D The first term of the arithmetic

sequence is not known thus the
following sequence should be used.
tn = tn−1 + d
If 5, x and y are in arithmetic
sequence then
x=5+d 1
y= x+d 2
π π
! ! !
Rearranging 1 for d gives: 2π
5 C sin × cos × tan
d = x−5 3 3
√
4
√
6
π
!
Substituting 3 into 2 gives 2 3
∴ sin π− × ×
y = x + (x − 5) 3
! √
2 3
∴ y = 2x − 5 π 6
∴ sin ×
√ 3 6
√ √
3 C 2 cos x◦ − √2 = 0 3 6
2 ∴ ×
∴ cos x◦ = 2 6
2 √
∴ x◦ = 45◦ for x◦ ∈ [0◦ , 90◦ ] 18
∴
12
4 A As the range of the given graph is √
3 2
[−1, 1], response D is incorrect. ∴
12
√
2
∴
4
61
6 C ∠BAX = 180◦ − (100◦ + 35◦ ) = 45◦ 8 C Using the cosine rule,
(angles of a triangle, ∆BAX) c2 = 302 + 212 − 2(30)(21) cos C
∴ ∠XDC = 45◦ 51
!
(angle subtended by arc BC) = 1341 − 260 ×
53
7 B t2 = 24 and t4 = 54 64260
= 1341 −
A geometric sequence is given by 53
tn = arn−1 6813
=
Using t2 : 24 = ar 1 53
r
6813
Using t4 : 54 = ar3 2 ∴c= as c > 0
53
2 ÷ 1 gives ∴ c = 11.33786 . . .
9
r =
2 Thus c = 11 rounded to the nearest
4
3 whole number.
∴ r = as r > 0
2
3
!n−1 9 D x2 − 8x + y2 − 2y = 8
Hence tn = a ∴ (x2 − 8x + 16) + (y2 − 2y + 1) = 25
2
3
!1 ∴ (x − 4)2 + (y − 1)2 = 25
As t2 = 24 then 24 = a centre (4, 1)
2
∴ a = 16
10 D From the graph:
Thus the geometric sequence is given
!n−1 1 The centre occurs at (2, 0)
3
by tn = 16 ∴ Responses A, C and E are
2
The sum of the first 5 terms of this incorrect
sequence is 2 The vertices occur at (−7, 0) and
S 5 where (11, 0)
n
a(r − 1) Generally the vertices of a hyperbola
Sn =
r−1 ! occur at
5 !
16
3
−1 (±a + h, k)
2 For response B: a = 3, h = 2 and
∴ S5 =
3 k = 0 So the vertices are (±3 + 2, 0)
−1
2 i.e. (−1, 0) and (5, 0)
211 ∴ Response B is incorrect
= ×2
2 For response D: a = 9, h = 2 and
= 211 k = 0 So the vertices are (±9 + 2, 0)
Hence the sum of the first 5 terms i.e. (−7, 0) and (11, 0)
is 211 Thus response D is correct.
62
Solutions to extended-response questions
1
1 a sin 45◦ =
a
1 1
∴ √ =
2 √a
∴a= 2
45 + z = 60
∴ z = 15
m
30°
x+w
3
45°
z° a 1
45°
1
1
sin 30◦ =
2
1 1
∴ =
x+w 2
∴ x + w = 2√
3
cos 30◦ =
2√
1+m 3
∴ =
2 √2 √
∴ 1 + m = 3, so m = 3 − 1
w 30°
3–1
y √
3
cos 30◦ =
2√
w 3
∴ √ =
3 −√1 √ 2 √
3( 3 − 1) 3 − 3
∴w= =
2 2
Now x + w = 2
63
∴ x=2−w
3 − √3
=2−
2
√
4 − (3 − 3)
=
2
√
1+ 3
∴x=
2
1
sin 30 =
◦
2
y 1
∴ √ =
3 −√1 2
3−1
∴y=
2
b 3 –1
1+ 3 2
2 75°
15°
2
√
3−1 √
sin(15 ) =
◦
÷ 2
2
√
3−1 1
= × √
2 2
√ √
3−1 2
= √ × √
2 2 2
√ √
6− 2
=
4
√
1+ 3 √
cos(15◦ ) = ÷ 2
2
√ √
1+ 3 2
= ×
2 2
√ √
2+ 6
=
4
64
√ √
3−1 1+ 3
tan(15 ) =
◦
÷
2 2
√
3−1 2
= × √
2 3+1
√ √
3−1 3−1
= √ × √
3+1 3−1
√ 2
( 3 − 1)
=
2
√
4−2 3
=
2
√
=2− 3
CAS:
Change to Degree/Deg mode
√
1+ 3 √
c sin(75 ) =
◦
÷ 2
2
√ √
1+ 3 2
= ×
2 2
√ √
2+ 6
=
4
√
3−1 √
cos(75◦ ) = ÷ 2
2
√ √
3−1 2
= √ × √
2 2 2
√ √
6− 2
=
4
65
√ √
1+ 3 3−1
tan(75 ) =
◦
÷
2 2
√
1+ 3 2
= × √
2 3−1
√ √
1+ 3 3+1
= √ × √
3−1 3+1
√
(1 + 3)2
=
2
√
4+2 3
=
2
√
=2+ 3
2 B
75°
115°
10°
°
a AB2 = 25 + 49 − 70 cos(115◦ )
Therefore AB = 10.2 km, correct to two decimal places.
7 AB
b Then using the sine rule, =
sin θ sin(115◦ )
7 sin(115◦ )
Therefore sin θ =
AB
which gives θ = 38.56 . . .
and the bearing of B from A is given by 10 + 38.56 . . .
The bearing is 049◦ .
66
c B
75°
115°
10°
°
P
i The magnitude of angle BAP = (80 − (θ + 10))◦ = (31.43 . . .)◦

Using the cosine in triangle APB gives
BP2 = AB2 + 42 − 8 AB cos(31.43 . . .)◦
Therefore BP = 7.079 . . .
The total distance travelled by the second hiker
= 4 + 7.079 . . .
= 11.08 km, correct to two decimal places.
ii Use the cosine rule to find the size of angle APB.

AB2 − AP2 − PB2
cos P =
−2AP × PB
and so the magnitude of angle APB is 131.42◦
The bearing is therefore given by 131.42 − 100
d B
75°
°
115°
10°
°
° C
A"
In this diagram, AC = CB and the bearing of C from A is 80◦ .
Triangle ACB is isosceles,
AX
therefore cos(α◦ ) =
AC
AX
and AC =
cos(α◦ )
1
AX = AB
2
67
From the above, α = 31.43 . . . and AX = 5.088 . . .
Therefore AC = 5.963 . . .
The total distance travelled = 11.93 km, correct to two decimal places.
3 y
2 1 0 1 2 x
√
a i The centre
√ of the ellipse is (0, −3) and
√ √ so the minor axis has endpoints ( 2, −3)
and (− 2, −3). The domain is [− 2, 2]
√ √
ii The major axis has endpoints
√ √(0, −3 + 5) and (0, −3 − 5).
The range is [−3 − 5, −3 + 5]
iii The centre is (0, −3)
b The centre of the! ellipse has coordinates

−3 + 1 −1 + 5
, = (−1, 2)
2 2
The major axis (parallel to y axis) has length 6 and the minor axis (parallel to x axis)
length 4.
(x − 1)2 (y − 2)2
Hence the equation of the ellipse is + = 1.
4 9
So a = 2, b = 3, h = 1, k = 2.
(x − 1)2 (y − 2)2
c The line y = x − 2 intersects the ellipse + = 1 at the point (1, −1)
4 9
and another point.
Substituting, 9(x − 1)2 + 4(x − 4)2 = 36
Expanding and simplifying gives
9(x2 − 2x + 1) +4(x2 − 8x + 16) = 36
and 13x2 − 50x + 37 = 0(x − 1) is a factor.
Therefore (x − 1)(13x − 37) = 0
!
37 11
The line intersects the ellipse at (1, −1) and ,
13 13
68
!
37 11
P has coordinates , .
13 13
d The line!perpendicular to the line with equation y = x − 2, and which passes through
37 11
, ,has equation
13 13
!
11 37
y− =−1 x−
13 13
48
Rearranging gives y = − x +
13!
48
The coordinates of Q are 0,
13
e There is a right angle at P and hence AQ is a diameter.! !

37 11 48
The coordinates of A, P and Q are (1, −1), , and 0, respectively.
13 13 13
!
1 35
The centre of AQ is ,
2 26
s
!2
61
The diameter = +1
13
√
3890
=
13
!2 !2
1 35 3890
The equation of the circle is x − + y− =
2 26 676
4 a x2 + y2 − 2ax − 2ay + a2 = 0
Completing the square gives
x2 − 2ax + a2 + y2 − 2ay + a2 + a2 = 2a2
(x − a)2 + (y − a)2 = a2
The centre is at (a, a) and the radius is a.
Therefore the circle touches both axes at (0, a) and (a, 0).
b Suppose (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2 touches both axes.

Then, when y = 0, there is only one solution to (x − h)2 + k2 = a2
This only happens if k2 = a2 , i.e., k = ±a
In the same way, h = ±a. Any combination these is possible as the circle can be in
any one of the four quadrants. Therefore the forms could be
(x − a)2 + (y − a)2 = a2 or (x − a)2 + (y + a)2 = a2
or (x + a)2 + (y − a)2 = a2 or (x + a)2 + (y + a)2 = a2
c If the circles pass through the point (2, 4) then
69
(4 − a)2 + (2 − a)2 = a2
Expanding gives a2 − 12a + 20 = 0
Therefore a = 10 or a = 2
So the equations are x + y − 20x − 20y + 100 = 0 and x2 + y2 − 4x − 4y + 4 = 0
2 2
d (10, 10) and radius 10, and (2, 2) and radius 2
e For a = 2, the gradient is undefined. The point (2, 4) is ‘the top of the circle’.
3
For a = 10, the centre is (10, 10). The line joining (10, 10) to (2, 4) has gradient .
4
f For a = 2, the tangent is y = 4
4
For a = 10, the gradient of the tangent is therefore − .
3
4
The equation of the tangent is y = − x + c
3
8
When x = 2, y = 4 and therefore 4 = − + c
3
20 4 20
Hence c = , and y = − x +
3 3 3
5 a Gradient of a line which passes through (a cos θ, a sin θ) and the origin is
sin θ
= tan θ. The equation of the straight line is y = (tan θ)x.
cos θ
b The other point is the reflection through the origin and has coordinates
(−a cos θ, −a sin θ).
cos θ
c The tangent at P is perpendicular to the radius and hence has gradient −
sin θ
cos θ
Therefore the equation is y − a sin θ = − (x − a cos θ)
sin θ
d When y = 0, −a sin2 θ = −x cos θ + a cos2 θ

Therefore x cos θ = a(sin2 θ + cos2 θ)
a
Therefore x =
cos θ
!
a
The coordinates are ,0
cos θ
cos θ
When x = 0, y − a sin θ = − (− cos θ)
sin θ
Therefore y sin θ = a(sin2 θ + cos2 θ)
a a
Therefore y = and the coordinates are 0,
sin θ sin θ
1 a a a2
e The area of the triangle is × × =
2 cos θ sin θ sin 2θ
70
π
The triangle has minimum area when sin 2θ = 1 or when θ =
4
This can also be completed by using your CAS calculator to sketch the graph of y =
!
1 a a
× ×
2 cos θ sin θ
6 a y
B
X
Z O
A x
x =−a
Y
Note that AX = AY = XB = YC = CZ = ZB (equal tangents from point) and the

triangle is equilateral. Let the equal lengths be b.
Then AZ 2 =4b2 − b2 (Pythagoras’ theorem in triangle AZB)
√
Therefore AZ = 3b
1 1
The gradient of line BA = − √ and the gradient of CA = √
3 3
Note also that triangle BZA is similar to triangle AXO.
a 1 √
Therefore = √ and b = 3a
b 3
For line BA: Using the form y = mx + c,
√ √ 1
when x = −a, y = 3a, ∴ 3a = − √ × −a + c
√ 3
√ a 2 3a
Therefore c = 3a − √ =
3 3
√ √
3 2 3a
Therefore the equation of line BA is y = − x+
√ √ 3 3
3 2 3a
For line CA: y = x−
3 3
b The circumcircle has centre O and radius OA. But from the equation of BA,
A has coordinates (2a, 0). Hence the equation is x2 + y2 = 4a2 .
71
7 A
70° B
30° ° 45°
P
a From the diagram, ∠APB = 100◦

∠PAB = 15◦
∠PBA = 65◦
b In triangle PBA, using the sine rule gives

PB 10
=
sin(15 ) sin(100◦ )
◦
10 sin(15◦ )
∴ PB =
sin(100◦ )
= 2.63 km, correct to two decimal places.
Use triangle PS B,
PS 2 = 25 + PB2 − 10 × PB cos(65◦ )
PS = 4.56 km, correct to two decimal places.
PS 5
c From triangle PS B, using the sine rule gives ◦
=
sin(65 ) sin P
5 sin(65◦ )
∴ sin P =
4.56 . . .
Therefore
P = 83.5◦ , correct to one decimal place.
Therefore, the bearing is given by 360◦ − (83.5 − 70)◦
72
d
A
70° B
30° 70° 45°

P
Reflex angle AOB = 200◦ (subtended angle at the centre is twice the angle at the
circumference). Therefore, angle AOB = 160◦ .
Triangle AOB is isosceles and so OS is perpendicular to AB.
SB
In triangle OS B, sin(80◦ ) =
OB
5 5 160π
Therefore OB = ◦
The length of the arc APB = ◦
×
sin(80 ) sin(80 ) 180
40π
=
9 sin(80◦ )
The length of the track is 14.18 km, correct to two decimal places.
8 f (x) = |x2 − ax|
a 0 = |x2 − ax|
= |x(x − a)|
x = 0, a
co − ords = (0, 0), (a, 0)
b f (0) = |0 − 0|
=0
co − ords = (0, 0)
73
c x ∈ [0, a]
f (x) = ax − x2
a2 a2
= −(x2 − ax + )+
4 4
2
a a
= −(x − )2 +
2 4
a2
maximum value is
4
d f (−1) = 4
4 = |(−1)2 − a(−1)|
= |1 + a|
1 + a = ±4
a = −1 ± 4
a = −5, 3
74
Chapter 2 – Vectors
1 b Let |a| = 1 and |b| = 2
!
" # i |OC| = |2b| = 2|b| = 4
! 2
OP = !
1 ii |OE| = |4a| = 4|a| = 4
! p p
|OP| = ( 2)2 + 1 = 5 ! 3
iii |OD| = 2a + b
2
" # " # p
! ! a 3 = 22 + 32
2 AB = OC = = p
b 2
= 4+9
) a = 3, b = 2 p
= 13
3 C
5 a
4
B
3
A E
3 cm long
O
2
! ! ! ! !
(OA + AB) + BC + CD + DE
1
! ! ! !
= (OB + BC) + CD + DE
0
! ! !
= (OC + CD) + DE
b
! !
5
= OD + DE
!
4
= OE
3
4 cm long
! !
4 a i OC = 2OB = 2b
2
! !
ii OE = 4OA = 4a
1
! ! 3 ! 3
iii OD = 2OA + OB = 2a + b
0
2 2
! ! 1 ! 1
iv DC = 2OA + OB = b 2a 6 a |2a| = 2 ⇥ |a|
2 2
! 3 ! ! 3 =2⇥3
v DE = OB + 2OA = 2a b
2 2 =6
1
3 3 ! ! !
b a = ⇥ |a| 9 a AB = OB OA = b a
2 2
3 ! 1 ! 1
= ⇥3 b AM = AB = (b a)
2 2 2
9 ! ! !
= c OM = OA + AM
2
1
1 1 = a + (b a)
c a = ⇥ |a| 2
2 2 1
1 = (a + b)
= ⇥3 2
2
3 ! ! ! !
= 10 a XY = XA + AB + BY
2
1 ! 1 !
= DA + a + BC
! 1 ! 1 2 2
7 a i OA0 = OA = a 1 ! !
4 4 =a (AD + CB) 1
2
! 1 ! 1 ! ! ! !
ii OB0 = OB = b Also XY = XD + DC + CY
4 4
1 ! 1 !
0!0 ! ! 1 = AD + b + CB
iii A B = OB0 OA0 = (b a) 2 2
4
1 ! !
! ! ! = b + (AD + CB) 2
iv AB = OB OA = b a 2
Adding 1 and 2 yields
! ! 1 1 ! 1 ! !
b i OA00 = 2OA0 = 2 ⇥ a = a 2XY = a (AD + CB)
4 2 2
1 ! !
! ! 1 1 + b + (AD + CB)
ii OB00 = 2OB0 = 2 ⇥ b = b 2
4 2 !
) 2XY = a + b
! ! ! 1
iii A00 B00 = OB00 OA00 = (b a) ! 1
2 ) XY = (a + b)
2
! ! ! ! 1
8 a XW = XY + YW = a + b b XY = (a + b)
2
! ! ! ! ! 1 ! !
b V X = VZ + ZW + WY + Y X = (AB + DC)
2
! ! ! !
= (ZV + WZ + YW + XY) Since AB and DC are parallel,
! ! !
= (a + b + c + d) AB + DC is a vector parallel to AB,
1 ! !
and (AB + DC) is a vector parallel
! ! ! 2
c ZY = ZW + WY !
to AB. Hence XY is parallel to AB.
! !
= (WZ + YW)
= (b + c)
2
! ! ! ! !
11 a OG = OA + AG iii AB = DC
! ! )b a=c d
= OA + BC
! ! ! ! ! !
= OA + OC OB b i BC = OC OB
=a+c b =c b
! ! ! ! ! !
b CD = BG ii MN = MC + CB + BN
! ! 1 ! ! 1 !
= OG OB
= DC BC + BO
2 2
=a+c b b
1 ! ! 1 !
=a+c 2b = AB BC OB
2 2
1 1
= (b a) (c b) b
! ! ! 2 2
12 a EF = CO = OC = c 1 1 1
= b a c+b b
! ! 2 2 2
b AB = OC = c
1
= a+b c
! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ! 2
c EM = ED = AO = OA
2 2 2
1 2 3 2 3 2 3
= a 6664777 666 2 777 666 4777
2 666 777 666 777 6 7
14 a a = 6661777 , b = 666 1777 , c = 66666 2 77777
! ! ! ! 4 5 4 5 4 5
d OM = OC + CD + DM 3 3 6
! ! ! Note that a and b are not parallel.
= OC + OG EM
✓ 1 ◆ Let c = ma + nb
=c+g a Then 4 = 4m + 2n
2
1 2=m n
=c+g+ a
2 6 = 3m + 3n
! ! ! ! Solving the first two equations using
e AM = AB + BE + EM a CAS calculator we have m = 0 and
! ! ! n= 2
= AB + OG + EM
1
=c+g a
2
! ! ! However when these values are

13 a i AB = OB OA
substituted in the third equation,
=b a 3m + 3n = 6 , 6
! ! ! There are no solutions which satisfy
ii DC = OC OD the three equations.
=c d Therefore the vectors are not linearly
3
dependent. Substituting these values into the
2 3 2 3 2 3 third equation,
6663777 6664777 6666777 m + 4n = 3 + 8 = 11
666 777 666 777 6 7
b a = 6661777 , b = 6662777 , c = 66666377777 As there exist real numbers m and n,
4 5 4 5 4 5
2 1 4 both not zero, such that c = ma + nb
Note that a and b are not parallel.
the set of vectors a, b and c are
Let c = ma + nb
linearly dependent.
Then 6 = 3m + 4n
3 = m + 2n
15 a If ka + lb = 3a + (1 l)b,
4 = 2m + n a, b non-zero, non-parallel
Solving the first two equations using
then k = 3 and l = 1 l
a CAS calculator we have
3 ) 2l = 1
m = 0 and n =
2 1
)l=
2
✓ l◆
b If 2(l 1)a + 1 b=
5
4
However when these values are ka + 3b, a, b non-zero, non-
5
substituted in the third equation, parallel
3 4
2m + n = , 4 then 2(l 1) = k 1
2 5
There are no solutions which satisfy l
the three equations. and 1 =3
5
Therefore the vectors are not linearly l
) = 2
dependent. 5
2 3 2 3 2 3 ) l = 10
666 1 777 666 3 777 666 3 777 Substituting l = 10 into 1 yields
666 777 666 777 6 7
c a = 666 1 777 , b = 666 1777 , c = 66666 577777 2( 10 1) =
4
k
4 5 4 5 4 5 5
1 4 11
Note that a and b are not parallel. 4
) 22 = k
Let c = ma + nb 5
Then 3 = m + 3n 55
)k=
2
5=m n
11 = m + 4n ! !
Solving the first two equations using 16 a i OS = kOP = k(2a b) = 2ka kb
a CAS calculator we have m = 3
and n = 2
4
! ! ! ! ! !
ii OS = OR + RS 17 a i OQ = OA + AQ
! ! 1 !
= a + 4b + mRQ = OA + AB
! ! 2
= a + 4b + m(OQ OR) ! 1 ! !
= OA + (OB OA)
= a + 4b 2
1 ! !
+ m(3a + b (a + 4b)) = (OA + OB)
2
= a + 4b + m(2a 3b) 1
= (a + b)
2
= (2m + 1)a + (4 3m)b
! 8 !
! ii OR = OQ
b Since OS = 2ka kb 5
! 8 1
and OS = (2m + 1)a + (4 3m)b = ⇥ (a + b)
5 2
2k = 2m + 1 1 4
= (a + b)
and k=4 3m 5
! ! !
) k = 3m 4 2 iii AR = OR OA
Substituting 2 into 1 yields 4
2(3m 4) = 2m + 1 = (a + b) a
5
) 6m 8 = 2m + 1 1
= (4b a)
5
) 4m = 9
! ! !
9 iv RP = OP OR
)m=
4 ! !
9 = 4OB OR
Substituting m = into 2 yields
4 4
9 = 4b (a + b)
k =3⇥ 4 5
4
4
27 16 = (4b a)
= 5
4 4
11 ! 4
= b RP = (4b a)
4 5
11 9 !
Hence k = and m = = 4AR
4 4
Hence RP is parallel to AR and R lies
on AP. AR : RP = 1 : 4
! ! !
c PS = OS OP
! !
= OQ 4OB
1
= ⇥ (a + b) 4b
2
✓ ◆
= a+ 4b
2 2
5
! !
If PS is parallel to AB,
! !
then PS = k AB, k 2 R\{0}
! !
= k(OB OA)
= k(b a)
= ka + kb
Equating coefficients
= k 1 and 4=k 2
2 2
From 1 , k =
2
Substituting k = into 2 gives
2
= 4
2 2
) =4
18 a xa = (y 1)b
x = 0 and y 1 = 0
) x = 0 and y = 1
b (2 x)a = 3a + (7 3y)b
2 x = 3 and 7 3y = 0
7
) x = 1 and y =
3
c (5 + 2x)(a + b) = y(3a + 2b)
) (5 + 2x)a + (5 + 2x)b = 3ya + 2yb
5 + 2x = 3y 1 and
5 + 2x = 2y 2
From 1 , 2x = 3y 5
) 5 + (3y 5) = 2y
)y=0
Substituting y = 0 into 1 gives
5 + 2x = 0
5
)x=
2
5
)x= and y = 0
2
6
!
1 a i OA = 3i + j d c 4a = 4k 4(2i + 2j k)
! = 8i 8j + 8k
ii OB = 2i + 3j
p p
! e |b| = ( 1)2 + 4 + 1 = 6
iii OC = 3i 2j
p
! f |c| = 16 = 4
iv OD = 4i 3j
! ! ! ! ! !
b i AB = OB OA 3 OA = 5i, OC = 2j, OG = 3k
= ( 2i + 3j) (3i + j) ! !
a i BC = OA = 5i
= 5i + 2j
! !
! ! ! ii CF = OG = 3k
ii CD = OD OC
! !
= (4i 3j) ( 3i 2j) iii AB = OC = 2j
! ! !
= 7i j iv OD = OA + AD = 5i + 3k
! ! ! ! ! ! !
iii DA = OA OD v OE = OA + AB + BE
! ! !
= (3i + j) (4i 3j) = OA + OC + OG
= i + 4j = 5i + 2j + 3k
! p p ! ! !
c i |OA| = 32 + 12 = 10 vi GE = GD + DE
! p p ! !
ii |AB| = ( 5)2 + 22 = 29 = OA + OC
! p p = 5i + 2j
iii |DA| = ( 1)2 + 42 = 17
! ! !
vii EC = EF + FC
2 a = 2i + 2j k, b = i + 2j + k, c = 4k ! !
= OA OG
a a + b = i + 4j = 5i 3k
b 2a + c = 2(2i + 2j k) + 4k ! ! !
viii DB = DE + EB
= 4i + 4j + 2k ! !
= OC OG
c a + 2b c = 2i + 2j k 2i = 2j 3k
+ 4j + 2k 4k
= 6j 3k
7
! ! ! ! ! ! !
ix DC = DG + GF + FC ii OM = OC + CM
! ! ! 5
= OA + OC OG = 2j + i
2
= 5i + 2j 3k 5
= i + 2j
! ! ! ! 2
x BG = BC + CO + OG
! ! ! !
! ! ! iii DM = DG + GO + OM
= OA OC + OG
! ! !
= 5i 2j + 3k = OA OG + OM
5
! ! ! ! = 5i 3k + i + 2j
xi GB = GD + DE + EB 2
! ! ! 5
= OA + OC OG = i + 2j 3k
2
= 5i + 2j 3k ! !
d FN = 2NG
! ! ! !
xii FA = FE + ED + DA G N F
! ! !
= OA OC OG ! 2 !
i FN = FG
= 5i 2j 3k 3
! !
and FG = CO = 2j
!
b i OD = 5i + 3j ! 2 ! 2 4
! p p ) FN = FG = ⇥ 2j = j
|OD| = (5)2 + (3)2 = 34 3 3 3
! 1 ! 1 ! 2
! ii GN = GF = FG = j
ii OE = 5i + 2j + 3k 3 3 3
! p
|OE| = (5)2 + (2)2 + (3)2 ! ! !
iii ON = OG + GN
p
= 38 2 2
= 3k + j = j + 3k
3 3
!
iii GE = 5i + 2j ! ! !
! p p iv NA = NO + OA
|GE| = (5)2 + (2)2 = 29 ! !
= ON + OA
c M is the midpoint of CB. ✓2 ◆
= j + 3k + 5i
! ! 3
i CB = OA = 5i
2
! 1 ! 1 5 = 5i j 3k
CM = CB = (5i) = i 3
2 2 2
8
! ! ! !
v N M = NF + FC + CM iii a = 6i + yj, b = xi 4j, a + 2b = 3i j
! ! ! a + 2b = 6i + yj + 2(xi 4j)
= FN OG + CM
= (6 + 2x)i + (y 8)j
4 5
= j 3k + i ) (6 + 2x)i + (y 8)j = 3i j
3 2 Equating coefficients
5 4
= i + j 3k ) 6 + 2x = 3 and y 8 = 1
2 3 3
s )x= and y = 7
✓ 5 ◆2 ✓ 4 ◆2 2
!
e i |N M| = + + ( 3)2
2 3 !
p 5 a i OA = 2i + 4j
613
= ! ! !
6 ii AB = OB OA
s
✓ 5 ◆2 = i + 6j ( 2i + 4j)
!
ii |DM| = + (2)2 + ( 3)2 = 3i + 2j
2
p
77 ! ! !
= iii BC = OC OB
2
= i 6j (i + 6j)
! !
iii |AN| = | NA|
s = 2i 12j
✓ 2 ◆2
= ( 5)2 + + (3)2 ! 1 !
3 b OF = OA
2
p
310 1
= = ( 2i + 4j)
3 2
= i + 2j
4 i a = 4i j, b = xi + 3yj, a + b = 7i 2j ! !
c AG = 3 BC
a + b = (4 + x)i + (3y 1)j
) (4 + x)i + (3y 1)j = 7i 2j = 3( 2i 12j)
Equating coefficients = 6i 36j
) 4 + x = 7 and 3y 1 = 2
1
) x = 3 and y = ! 1 ! !
3 6 OM = (OA + OB)
2
ii a = xi + 3j, b = 2i + 5yj, 1
= (i 6j + 7k + 5i j + 9k)
a b = 6i + j 2
a b = (x + 2)i + (3 5y)j 1
= (6i 7j + 16k)
) (x + 2)i + (3 5y)j = 6i + j 2
Equating coefficients 7
= 3i j + 8k
) x + 2 = 6 and 3 5y = 1 2
7
2 M(3, , 8)
) x = 4 and y = 2
5
9
!
7 a = i + 3j 2k, b = 5i + j 6k, ii BD = d b
c = 5j + 3k, d = 2i + 4j + k
= (2 5)i + (4 1)j
! ! !
a i AB = OB OA + (1 + 6)k
=b a = 3i + 3j + 7k
! p
= 4i 2j 4k ) | BD| = ( 3)2 + 32 + 72
p
! ! ! = 67
ii BC = OC OB
=c b !
c 2CD = 2(2i j 2k)
= (0 5)i + (5 1)j = 4i 2j 4k
+ (3 + 6)k !
= AB
= 5i + 4j + 9k ! !
) CD k AB
!
iii CD = d c
= (2 0)i + (4 5)j 8 a=i+j 5k, b = 3i 2j k
AM = 4MB
+ (1 3)k
A M B
= 2i j 2k
!
! a i AB = b a
iv DA = a d
= (3 1)i + ( 2 1)j
= (1 2)i + (3 4)j
+( 1 ( 5))k
+( 2 1)k
= 2i 3j + 4k
= i j 3k
! 4 !
! ii AM = AB
b i AC = c a 5
! 4
= (0 1)i + (5 3)j ) AM = (2i 3j + 4k)
5
+ (3 + 2)k ! ! !
iii OM = AM + OA
= i + 2j + 5k ✓8 ◆ ✓ 12 ◆
! p = +1 i+ +1 j
) |AC| = 1 + 4 + 25 5 5
p ✓ 16 ◆
= 30 + 5k
5
13 7 9
= i j k
5 5 5
1
= (13i 7j 9k)
5
10
✓ 13 7 9◆
b M= , , 10 Since a, b and c are linearly dependent
5 5 5 la + mb = c
) 2l + 4m = 2 1
9 a Assume la + mb = c
3l + 3m = 4 2
) 8l + 4m = 2 1
l 2m = x 3
5l 3m = 1 2
3⇥ 1 6l + 12m = 6 4
1
2l + m = 3
2⇥ 6l + 6m = 8
2 2 5
1 and 3 are identical equations.
4 + 5 yields 18m = 2
Solving 1 and 2 gives
1 9 1
l= and m = . )m=
22 22 9
1
Substituting m = in 1 gives
9
4
2l =2
9
11
)l=
9
Since there exists real numbers 11 2 13
l and m, not both zero, such that )x= =
9 9 9
la + mb = c, the set of vectors a, b
and c are linearly dependent. !
11 a i OA = 2i + j
b Assume la + mb = c ! ! !
) 8l + 4m = 2 1 ii AB = OB OA
5l 3m = 1 2 = (i 3j) (2i + j)
2l + m = 2 3 = i 4j
Since 1 and 3 are contradictory, a, b ! ! !
and c are linearly independent. iii BC = OC OB
= ( 5i + 2j) (i 3j)
= 6i + 5j
! ! !
iv BD = OD OB
= (3i + 5j) (i 3j)
= 2i + 8j
11
! ! ! !
b 2AB = 2( i 4j) ii BC = OC OB
= 2i + 8j = (2i + 5j + 3k) (3i + 3j)
! = i + 2j + 3k
= BD
! ! ! ! !
) BD = 2AB iii CD = OD OC
! !
) BD is parallel to AB = (6j + k) (2i + 5j + 3k)
c Points A, B and D are collinear. = 2i + j 2k
! ! !
! iv DA = OA OD
12 a i OB = 2i + 3j + k
= (i + 4j 2k) (6j + k)
! ! !
ii AC = OC OA =i 2j 3k
= ( j + 4k) (i + 4j 4k)
b ABCD is a parallelogram.
= i 5j + 8k
! ! ! ! ! !
iii BD = OD OB 14 a OD = OC + CD
! ! ! !
= (4i + 5j + 6k) = OC + AB since AB = CD
(2i + 3j + k) ! ! !
= OC + OB OA
= 2i + 2j + 5k = ( i) + (4j) (5i + j)
! ! ! = 6i + 3j
iv CD = OD OC
= (4i + 5j + 6k) ( j + 4k) ) D = ( 6, 3)
= 4i + 6j + 2k ! ! !
b OE = OA + AE
! ! !
b 2OB = 2(2i + 3j + k) = OA + ( BC)
! ! !
= 4i + 6j + 2k = OA (OC OB)
! ! ! !
= CD = OA OC + OB
! ! = (5i + j) ( i) + (4j)
) CD = 2OB
! !
) CD is parallel to OB = 6i + 5j
) E = (6, 5)
! ! !
13 a i AB = OB OA
= (3i + 3j) (i + 4j 2k)
= 2i j + 2k
12
! ! !
c OG = OC + CG ) x = 8 and y = 4
! 1 ! ) D = (8, 4)
= OC (2GC)
2
! 1 ! ! ! !
= OC AB 16 a AB = OB OA
2
! 1 ! ! = (2i j + 5k) (i + 4j + 3k)
= OC (OB OA)
2 = i 5j + 2k
! 1 ! 1 ! ! ! !
= OC OB + OA ) OM = OA + AM
2 2
1 1 ! 1 !
= OA + AB
= ( i) (4j) + (5i + j) 2
2 2 Since M is the midpoint of AB
3 3 ! 1
= i j ) OM = (i + 4j + 3k) + (i 5j + 2k)
2 2 2
✓3 3◆ ✓3 3 ◆
!
)G= , ) OM = , , 4
2 2 2 2
!
or Let OG = xi + yj ! ! !
! ! b XY = OY OX
Then AB = 2GC
implies 5i + 3j = 2(i xi yj) = (x2 , y2 , z2 ) (x1 , y1 , z1 )
5i + 3j = 2(x 1)i 2yj = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 )

! ! !
Equating coefficients ) OM = OX + XM
) 2(x 1) = 5 and 2y = 3 ! 1 !
3 3 = OX + XY
i.e. x = and y = 2
✓ 32 3 ◆ 2 Since M is
✓ x + x y + yof XY
the midpoint ◆
)G= , ! 1 2 1 2 z1 + z2
2 2 ) OM = , ,
2 2 2
! ! ! ! !
15 a i BC = OC OB 17 AM = 4 MB
! ! ! !
= (i + 7j) ( 5i + 4j) ) OM OA = 4(OB OM)
! !
= 6i + 3j = 4OB 4OM
! ! !
! ! ! ) 5OM = OA + 4OB
ii AD = OD OA
! 1 ! !
= (xi + yj) (2i + j) ) OM = (OA + 4OB)
5
= (x 2)i + (y 1)j 1
= ((5i + 4j + k) + 4(3i + j 4k))
5
! ! 1
b BC = AD since ABCD is a = (17i + 8j 15k)
parallelogram 5
) 6i + 3j = (x 2)i + (y 1)j 17 8
= j + j 3k
) x 2 = 6 and y 1 = 3 ✓ 17 5 8 5◆
)M= , , 3
5 5
13
! !
or Let OM = xi + yj + zk ✓ a 11to◆ 3i + j
OP is parallel
(x 5)i + (y 4)j + (z 1)k = ) ai + j = k(3i + j), k 2 R \ {0}
4[(3 x)i + (1 y)j + ( 4 z)k] 6
Equating coefficients = 3ki + kj
17 a 11
x 5 = 12 4x ) x = ) a = 3k and =k
5 ✓ a 11 ◆6
8 )a=3
y 4 = 4 4y )y= 6
5
a 11
z 1 = 16 4z ) z = 3 =
2
) 2a = a 11
11 11
! ! ) a = 11 and b =
18 AN = 3 BN 6
! ! ! !
) ON OA = 3(ON OB) 22
=
! ! 6
= 3ON 3OB 11
! ! ! =
) 2ON = 3OB OA ✓ 3
11 ◆
! 1 ! ! ) P = 11,
) ON = (3OB OA) 3
2
1
= (3(7i + j) (4i 3j)) ! !
2 20 AB = DC
1 ! ! ! !
= (17i + 6j) ) OB OA = OC OD
2 ! ! ! !
17 ) OB + OD = OA + OC
= j + 3j ) b + d = a + c, as required to show.
✓ 17 2 ◆
)N= ,3
2
! 21 a = 2i + 2j, b = 3i j, c = 4i + 5j
or Let ON = xi + yj
! !
Then as AN = 3 BN 1 1
! 1 a i a = (2i + 2j) = i + j
) OM = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) + (x2 x1 , 2 2
2
y2 y1 , z2 z1 )
ii b c = (3i j) (4i + 5j)
(x 4)i + (y + 3)j = 3[(x 7)i + (y 1)j]
Equating coefficients = i 6j
) x 4 = 3x 21 and y + 3 = 3y 3
17 iii
)x= and y = 3 3b a 2c
2
= 3(3i j) (2i + 2j) 2(4i + 5j)
x 11 = 9i 3j 2i 2j 8i 10j
19 x 6y = 11 )y=
6
Let P = (a, b) = i 15j
a 11
)b=
6
✓ a 11 ◆
) P = a,
6
14
b ka + lb = c iii
) k(2i + 2j) + l(3i j) = 4i + 5j 0.5a + 0.4b
) 2ki + 2kj + 3li lj = 4i + 5j 1 2
= (5i + j 4k) + (8i 2j + k)
2 5
) (2k + 3l)i + (2k l)j = 4i + 5j
5 1 16 4 2
Equating coefficients = i + j 2k + i j+ k
2 2 5 5 5
) 2k + 3l = 4 1 and 2k l = 5
57 3 8
) l = 2k 5 2
= i j k
10 10 5
Substituting 2 into 1 yields
= 5.7i 0.3j 1.6k
2k + 3(2k 5) = 4
) 2k + 6k 15 = 4 b ka + lb = c
) k(5i + j 4k) + l(8i 2j + k)
) 8k = 19
=i 7j + 6k
19
)k=
8 ) 5ki + kj 4kk + 8li 2lj + lk
19
Substituting k = in 2 yields =i 7j + 6k
8
19 ) (5k + 8l)i + (k 2l)j + (l 4k)k
l=2⇥ 5
8
19 20 = i 7j + 6k
= Equating coefficients
4 4
1 ) 5k + 8l = 1 1
=
4 k 2l = 7 2
19 1
)k= and l = and l 4k = 6
8 4
) l = 4k + 6 3
22 a = 5i + j 4k, b = 8i 2j + k, Substituting 3 in 1 yields
c = i 7j + 6k 5k + 8(4k + 6) = 1
) 5k + 32k + 48 = 1
a i 2a b
) 37k = 47
= 2(5i + j 4k) (8i 2j + k)
47
= 10i + 2j 8k 8i + 2j k )k=
37
47
= 2i + 4j 9k Substituting k = in 3 yields
37
47
ii a + b + c l=4⇥ +6
37
= (5i + j 4k) + (8i 2j + k) 188
= +6
+ (i 7j + 6k) 37
34
= 14i 8j + 3k =
37
Check in 2 :
15
47 34 two decimal places.
LHS = 2⇥
37 37
47 68 ii 9
=
37 θ°
115 4
=
37
a + 2b = 9i
✓ 9 ◆ 4j
RHS = 7
) LHS , RHS ✓ = tan 1
4
Hence there are no values for k and l
⇡ 23.96
such that ka + lb = c a + 2b makes an angle of 23.96
clockwise with the positive
23 a = 5i + 2j, b = 2i 3j, direction of the x axis, correct to
c = 2i + j + k and d = i + 4j + 2k two decimal places.
p p
a i |a| = 52 + 22 = 29 iii c d = 3i 3j k
p p z
ii |b| = 22 + ( 3)2 = 13 –3 O
y
iii |a + 2b| = |5i + 2j + 2(2i 3j)| c–d –1
θ
= |9i 4j| 3
p
= 92 + ( 4)2
p x
= 97 The above situation can be redrawn
as the following triangle in
iv |c d| = |2i + j + k
three-dimensions.
( i + 4j + 2k)| A O
= |3i 3j k|
p θ E
= 32 + ( 3)2 + ( 1)2 B C
p
= 19
G D
Consider triangle CDG.
b i
C
2 1
θ° G D
p3 p
✓ 25 ◆ CG = 32 + 12 = 10
1
✓ = tan Now consider triangle OCG with the
5
⇡ 21.80 required angle ✓.
a makes an angle of 21.80 O
θ
anticlockwise with the positive 3
direction of the x axis, correct to G C
10
16
✓ p10 ◆
1 angle with:
✓ = tan
3 x axis = 130 , y axis = 80 , z axis =
⇡ 46.51 41.75
a1 a2
c d makes an angle of 46.51 with cos 130 = , cos 80 = ,
|a| |a|
the positive direction of the x axis. a3
cos 41.75 =
|a|
a1 = |a| cos 130 = 6.43
24 a |a| = 10, x axis angle = 110 ,
a2 = |a| cos 80 = 1.74
y axis angle = 20
a1 a2 a3 = |a| cos 41.75 = 7.46
) cos 110 = cos 20 =
|a| |a| ) a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
a1 = |a| cos 110 = 3.42
a2 = |a| cos 20 = 9.40 = 6.43i + 1.74j + 7.46k
) a = a1 i + a2 j = 3.42i + 9.40j b |a| = 8,
angle with:
b
x axis = 50 , y axis = 54.52 ,
|a| = 8.5, x axis angle = 250 ,
z axis = 120
y axis angle = 160 a1 a2
cos 50 = , cos 54.52 = ,
a1 a2 |a| |a|
) cos 250 = cos 160 = a3
|a| |a| cos 120 =
a1 = |a| cos 250 = 2.91 |a|
a1 = |a| cos 50 = 5.14
a2 = |a| cos 160 = 7.99
) a = a1 i + a2 j = 2.91i 7.99j a2 = |a| cos 54.52 = 4.64
a3 = |a| cos 120 = 4.00
c |a| = 6, x axis angle = 40 ,
) a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
y axis angle = 50
a1 a2 = 5.14i + 4.64j 4.00k
) cos 40 = cos 50 =
|a| |a| c |a| = 7,
a1 = |a| cos 40 = 4.60
angle with:
a2 = |a| cos 50 = 3.86 x axis = 28.93 ,
) a = a1 i + a2 j = 4.60i + 3.86j y axis = 110 , z axis = 110
a1 a2
cos 28.93 = , cos 110 = ,
d |a| = 5, x axis angle = 300 , |a| |a|
a3
y axis angle = 210 cos 110 =
|a|
a1 a2 a1 = |a| cos 28.93 = 6.13
) cos 300 = cos 210 =
|a| |a| a2 = a3 = |a| cos 110 = 2.39
a1 = |a| cos 300 = 2.50 ) a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
a2 = |a| cos 210 = 4.33 = 6.13i 2.39j 2.39k
) a = a1 i + a2 j = 2.50 i 4.33j
d |a| = 12,
angle with:
25 a |a| = 10,
x axis = 121.43 ,
17
!
y axis = 35.5 , z axis = 75.2 BC = c b
a1 a2
cos 121.43 = , cos 35.5 =
|a| |a| = 2i + 4j + 5k (2j + 3k)
a3
cos 75.2 = = 2i + 2j + 2k
|a|
a1 = |a| cos 121.43 = 6.26 ! p
|AB| = 4 + 1 + 4 = 3
a2 = |a| cos 35.5 = 9.77 !
|AC| = 3
a3 = |a| cos 75.2 = 3.07 ! p p p
) a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k | BC| = 4 + 4 + 4 = 12 = 2 3
! ! !
) |AB| = |AC| , | BC|
= 6.26i + 9.77j + 3.07k
) 4ABC is isosceles
a1 a2 a3 b B
26 cos ↵ = , cos = , cos =
|a| |a| |a| M C
) cos2 ↵ + cos2 + cos2 ! ! !
OM = OB + BM
(a1 )2 (a2 )2 (a3 )2
= + + 1 !
|a|2 |a|2 |a|2 = 2j + 3k + BC
2
(a1 )2 + (a2 )2 + (a3 )2
= = 2j + 3k + ( i + j + k)
|a|2
= i + 3j + 4k
(a1 )2 + (a2 )2 + (a3 )2
=
(a1 ) + (a2 )2 + (a3 )2 ! !
c AM = m a where m = OM
=1
= ( i + 3j + 4k) ( 2i + j + 5k)
= i + 2j k
27 a = 2i + j + 5k, b = 2j + 3k,
c = 2i + 4j + 5k ! p
d |AM| = 1 + 4 + 1
! p
a AB = b a = 6
= (0 + 2)i + (2 1)j + (3 5)k ! !
Area = |AM| ⇥ | BM|
= 2i + j 2k p p
= 6 ⇥ ( ( 1)2 + 12 + 12 )
! p
AC = c a
= 18
= 2i + 4j + 5k ( 2i + j + 5k) p
=3 2
= 0i + 3j
= 3j
18
! ! !
28 OA = 5i, OC = 5j, MV = 3k 29 A
V
M B
N
C B O
M ! 1 ! 1
O A a OM = OA = a
2 2
! ! ! ! 1 ! 1
a OB = OA + AB ON = OB = b
2 2
! ! ! ! !
= OA + OC MN = ON OM
= 5i + 5j 1 1
= b a
2 2
! 1 ! 1
b OM = OB = (b a)
2 2
1 1 !
= (5i + 5j) = AB
2 2
! ! !
c OV = OM + MV ! ! 1
b MN k AB and MN = AB
5 5 2
= i + j + 3k
2 2
! ! ! 30 a The unit vector a = a1 i + a2 j makes
d BV = BM + MV angles of 30 and 120 from the
1 ! ! positive directions of the x and y axes
= OB + MV
2 respectively.
5 5 Now |a| = 1
= i j + 3k
2 2 ) cos( 30 ) = a1 and cos(120 ) = a2
s ) a1 = cos 30 a2 = cos 60
✓ 5 ◆2 ✓ 5 ◆2
! p
e |OV| = + + (3)2 3 1
2 2 = =
p 2 2
86 p
= 3 1
2 )a= i j
2 2
!
b Let OA = 3a be the position of
the runner with respect to her
starting point after she has run three
kilometres, p
✓ 3 1 ◆
!
) OA = 3 i j
2 2
p
3 3 3
= i j
2 2
19
! ! ! !
c Let AB = 5j ) OC = OB + BC
! ! !
) OB = OA + AB = ( 80i + 20j + 40k)
✓ 3 p3 3 ◆
= i j + 5j + (600j + 60k)
2 2
p = 80i + 620j + 100k,
3 3 7 the new position vector of the hang
= i+ j
2 2 p glider.
3 3 7
She is now at the position i+ j
2 2
from her starting point.
32 r1 = 1.5i + 2j + 0.9k
s p p
✓ 3 3 ◆2 ✓ 7 ◆2
! a |r1 | = 1.52 + 22 + 0.92
d Distance = |OB| = + p
2 2
r = 2.25 + 4 + 0.81
27 49 p
= + = 7.06
4 4
r ⇡ 2.66 km
76
= The distance from the origin is
4
p 2.66 kilometres, correct to two
= 19 decimal places.
p
The runner is 19 kilometres from
her starting point. b r2 = 2i + 3j + 0.8k
! i r1 r2 = (1.5i + 2j + 0.9k)
31 a OA = 50k
(2i + 3j + 0.8k)
! ! !
b i AB = OB OA = 0.5i j + 0.1k
= ( 80i + 20j + 40k) (50k) p
ii |r1 r2 | =(0.5)2 + (1)2 + 0.12
= 80i + 20j 10k p
= 0.25 + 1 + 0.01
! p p
ii |AB| = ( 80)2 + 202 + ( 10)2 = 1.26
p
= 6400 + 400 + 100 ⇡ 1.12
p
= 6900 The distance between the two aircraft
p
= 10 69 is 1.12 kilometres, correct to two
! p decimal places.
The magnitude of AB is 10 69
metres.
c The first aircraft must fly over the
c Let C be the new position of the hang point with position vector r3 = 0.9k
glider. ) it must fly in the direction
! r3 r1 = 0.9k (1.5i + 2j + 0.9k)
BC = 600j + 60k
= 1.5i 2j
20
! ! !
A unit vector in this direction is e OT = OQ + QT
given by p p
r3 r1 1.5i 2j = 100 2 i + (50 + 100 2) j
= p
|r3 r1 | ( 1.5)2 + ( 2)2 + 30k
1.5i 2j
= p
2.25 + 4 ! a1
34 a OP = a1 i + a2 j, where ! = cos ↵
1 |OP|
= p ( 1.5i 2j) a2
6.25 and ! = cos
1 |OP|
= ( 1.5i 2j) where ↵ and are the angles
2.5 !
OP makes with the easterly and
= 0.6i 0.8j
northerly directions respectively, and
!
|OP| = 100.
! a1 a1 a2
33 a OP = a1 i + a2 j, where ! = cos ↵ ) = cos 45 and = cos 45
100 p 200 p
|OP|
a2 2 2
and = cos ) a1 = 100 ⇥ a2 = 100 ⇥
|OP| 2 2
! p p
where ↵ and are the angles OP = 50 2 = 50 2
! p p
makes with the easterly and northerly ) OP = 50 2 i + 50 2 j,
directions the position vector of point P.
!
respectively, and |OP| = 200.
a1 a2 ! ! !
) = cos 135 and = cos 45 b i BP = OP OB
200 200 p p
) a1 = 200 cos 135 a2 = 200 cos 45 = (50 2 i + 50 2 j) (100i)
p p p
200 2 = (50 2 100) i + 50 2 j
= 200 cos 45 =
2
p ii
200 2 p P N
= = 100 2
2
p
= 100 2 50 2
! p p
) OP = 100 2i + 100 2j
α
B
! 100 – 50 2 p
b PQ = 50j ✓ ◆
1 50 2
! ! ! ↵ = tan p
c OQ = OP + PQ 100 50 2
p p
= ( 100 2 i + 100 2 j) + 50j = 67.5
p p Bearing = (270 + 67.5)
= 100 2 i + (50 + 100 2) j
= 337.5
! The bearing of P from B is
d QT = 30k
337.5 .
21
35 a, b and c are linearly dependent. b a, b and c are linearly dependent.
There exists real numbers p and q such There exist real numbers p and q
that: such that
a = pb + qc mi + 6j 12k = pa + qb
Therefore mi + 6j 12k = p(4i j 2k) + q(i j + k)
i j + 2k = p(i + 2j + mk) + q(3i + nj + k)
1 = p + 3q . . . (1) From 36a
1 = 2p + nq . . . (2) 2a 3b = i 8j + 16k
3 3
2 = mp + q . . . (3) ) 3b) = i + 6j
(2a 12k
From (2) and (3) 4 4
3
2n + 1 m+4 )m=
p= and q = 4
mn 2 mn 2
Substitute in (1) 37 a c = m(4i j 2k) + (1 m)(i j + k)
2n 9 ) c = (3m + 1)i j + (1 3m)k
m=
n+3
b If c = 7i j + pk
3m + 1 = 7 . . . (1)
36 a 2a 3b = 2(i j + 2k 3(i + 2j 4k
1 3m = p . . . (2)
= i 8j + 16k
From (1), m = 2
Substitute in (2),p = 5
22
1 a = i 4j + 7k, b = 2i + 3j + 3k,
c = i 2j + k
a a.a = (i 4j + 7k).(i 4j + 7k)

=1⇥1+ 4⇥ 4+7⇥7
= 1 + 16 + 49
= 66
b b.b = (2i + 3j + 3k).(2i + 3j + 3k)

=2⇥2+3⇥3+3⇥3
=4+9+9
= 22 e b + c = (2i + 3j + 3k) + ( i 2j + k)
= i + j + 4k
c c.c = ( i 2j + k).( i 2j + k) ) a.(b + c) = (i 4j + 7k).(i + j + 4k)
= 1⇥ 1+ 2⇥ 2+1⇥1 =1⇥1+ 4⇥1+7⇥4
=1+4+1 =1 4 + 28
=6 = 25
d a.b = (i 4j + 7k).(2i + 3j + 3k) f
=1⇥2+ 4⇥3+7⇥3 (a + b) = (i 4j + 7k) + (2i + 3j + 3k)
=2 12 + 21 = 3i j + 10k
= 11 (a + c) = (i 4j + 7k) + ( i 2j + k)
A CAS calculator has the capability = 6j + 8k
to compute the dot product of two (a + b).(a + c)
vectors.
TI: Press!7: Matrix & Vector! = (3i j + 10k).(0i 6j + 8k)
C:Vector!3: Dot Product = 3 ⇥ 0 + 1 ⇥ 6 + 10 ⇥ 8
CP: Tap Action!Vector!dotP = 6 + 80
The syntax for the Dot Product
between two vectors a and b is as = 86
follows.
dotP([a1 , a2 , a3 ], [b1 , b2 , b3 ])
Thus for part d
23
g (a + 2b) = (i 4j + 7k) e a + b = (2i j + 3k)
+ 2(2i + 3j + 3k) + (3i + 0j 2k)
= 5i + 2j + 13k = 5i j+k
(3c b) = 3( i 2j + k) a.(a + b) = (2i j + 3k).(5i j + k)
(2i + 3j + 3k) =2⇥5+ 1⇥ 1+3⇥1
= 5i 9j = 10 + 1 + 3
(a + 2b).(3c b) = 14
= (5i + 2j + 13k).( 5i 9j + 0k)
= 5 ⇥ 5 + 2 ⇥ 9 + 13 ⇥ 0 3 a a · b = |a||b| cos ✓
= 25 18 = 6 ⇥ 7 ⇥ cos 60
= 43 = 21
b a · b = |a||b| cos ✓
2 a = 2i j + 3k, b = 3i 2k, c = i + 3j k
= 6 ⇥ 7 ⇥ cos 120
a a.a = (2i j + 3k).(2i j + 3k)
= 21
=2⇥2+ 1⇥ 1+3⇥3
=4+1+9
4 a (a + 2b).(a + 2b)
= 14
= a.a + 2a.b + 2b.a + 4b.b
b b.b = (3i + 0j 2k).(3i + 0j 2k) = a.a + 4a.b + 4b.b
=3⇥3+0+ 2⇥ 2
b |a + b|2 |a b|2
=9+4
= (a + b).(a + b) (a b).(a b)
= 13
= a.a + a.b + b.a + b.b
c a.b = (2i j + 3k).(3i + 0j 2k) (a.a a.b b.a + b.b)
=2⇥3+0+3⇥ 2 = a.a + 2a.b + b.b a.a
=6 6 + 2a.b b.b
=0 = 4a.b
d a.c = (2i j + 3k).( i + 3j k) c a.(a + b) b.(a + b)

=2⇥ 1+ 1⇥3+3⇥ 1 = (a + b).(a b)
= 2 3 3 = a.a a.b + b.a b.b
= 8 = a.a b.b
24
a.(a + b) a.b
d
|a|
a.a + a.b a.b
=
|a|
a.a
=
|a|
|a|2
=
|a|
= |a|
5 a (i + 2j 3k).(5i + xj + k) = 6
6 a = i + 2j k, b = i + j 3k
) 5 + 2x 3= 6
!
) 2x = 8 a AB = b a
)x= 4 =( i+j 3k) (i + 2j k)

= 2i j 2k
b (xi + 7j k).( 4i + xj + 5k) = 10
! p
) 4x + 7x 5 = 10 b |AB| = ( 2)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 2)2
p
) 3x = 15 = 9
) x=5 =3
!
c (xi + 0j + 5k).( 2i 3j + 3k) = x a.AB
c cos ✓ = !
) 2x + 15 = x |a| |AB|
) 3x = 15 (i + 2j k).( 2i j 2k)
) cos ✓ = p
6⇥3
) x=5
2 2+2
) cos ✓ = p
d x(2i + 3j + k).(i + j + xk) = 6 3 6
2
) x(2 + 3 + x) = 6 ) cos ✓ = p
3 6
) x2 + 5x 6=0 p
6
) (x + 6)(x 1) = 0 ) cos ✓ =
9
) x = 6 or x = 1 ✓ p6 ◆
Using the solve and dot product ) ✓ = cos 1
9
commands a CAS calculator could be
) ✓ = 105.8
used for question 8
25
c.d ! !
7 cos ✓ = b OB.AC = (a + c).(c a)
|c| |d|
= a.c a.a + c.c c.a
4
) cos ✓ =
5⇥7 = c.c a.a
4 = |c|2 |a|2
) cos ✓ =
35 As a rhombus has all sides of equal
A visual representation of the
length
problem is:
) |c| = |a|
Hence,
! !
OB.AC = |c|2 |a|2 = 0
! !
OB.AC
c cos ✓ = ! !
|OB| |AC|
! !
) cos ✓ = 0 since OB.AC = 0
) ✓ = 90
Using the cosine rule, As the angle between the two
!
|CD|2 = |c|2 + |d|2 2|c| |d| cos ✓ diagonals is 90 , this implies that the
! ✓4◆ diagonals of a rhombus intersect at
| CD|2 = 52 + 72 2(5)(7) right angles.
35
✓4◆
= 74 70
35 9 a = i + 3j k, b = 4i + j + 2k,
= 66
c = 2i 2j 3k, d = i + j + k
! p
) |CD| = 66 e = 2i j k, f = i + 4j 5k
a.e = (i + 3j k).(2i j k)
8 A B
=1⇥2+3⇥ 1+ 1⇥ 1
=2 3+1
=0
O C
b.c = ( 4i + j + 2k).( 2i 2j 3k)
! ! = 4⇥ 2+1⇥ 2+2⇥ 3
a i AB = OC = c
! ! ! =8 2 6
ii OB = OA + AB = a + c
=0
! ! !
iii AC = OC OA = c a
d.f = ( i + j + k).( i + 4j 5k)
= 1⇥ 1+1⇥4+1⇥ 5
=1+4 5
=0
26
Hence the three pairs of perpendicular 12 Before attempting this question ensure
vectors are: a and e, b and c, d and f your calculator is set to radian mode.
(i + 2j k).(i 4j + k)
a cos ✓ = p p
10 a = i + 4j 4k, b = 2i + 5j k and 6 ⇥ 18
!
OP = qb 1 8 1
) cos ✓ = p
! ! ! 6 3
a AP = OP OA
4
= qb a ) cos ✓ = p
3 3
! ) ✓ = 2.45c
b AP = qb a
= q(2i + 5j k) (i + 4j 4k) ( 2i + j + 3k).( 2i 2j + k)
b cos ✓ = p
! ! 14 ⇥ 3
Using AP · OB = 0
4 2+3
(2q 1) ⇥ 2 + (5q 4) ⇥ 5 + (4 q) ⇥ ) cos ✓ = p
3 14
1=0
5
) 4q 2 + 25q 20 4 + q = 0 ) cos ✓ = p
3 14
) 30q = 26
13 ) ✓ = 1.11c
)q=
15
(2i j 3k).(4i + 0j 2k)
! 13 c cos ✓ = p p
c OP = (2i + 5j k) 14 ⇥ 20
15 8+6
26 13 13 ) cos ✓ = p
= i+ j k 2 70
15 3 15
✓ 26 13 13 ◆ 7
)P= , , ) cos ✓ = p
15 3 15 70
) ✓ = 0.580c
11 (xi + 2j + yk).(i + j + k) = 0 (7i + 0j + k).( i + j 3k)
d cos ✓ = p p
) x+2+y=0 50 ⇥ 11
) x+y= 2 1 7 3
) cos ✓ = p
5 22
(xi + 2j + yk).(4i + j + 2k) = 0
2
) 4x + 2 + 2y = 0 ) cos ✓ = p
22
) 4x + 2y = 2 2 ) ✓ = 2.01c
1 ⇥ 4 2 gives Using a CAS calculator for part c and
2y = 6 d we have
)y= 3
Substituting y = 3 into 1 gives
) x= 2+3=1
) x = 1 and y = 3
= [(2q 1)i + (5q 4)j + (4 q)k]
27
! !
OA · OM
b cos ✓ = ! !
|OA| |OM|
✓3 ◆
(i + j + k) · i + j + 0k
2
) cos ✓ = r
p 13
3⇥
4
3
+1
2
) cos ✓ = p
39
2
5
13 Given: a.b = 0, a , 0 and b , 0.
) cos ✓ = p2
Using the scalar product, 39
a.b = |a| |b| cos ✓ 2
) 0 = |a| |b| cos ✓ (since a.b = 0) 5
) cos ✓ = p
Now since a , 0 and b , 0 this implies 39
that |a| , 0 and |b| , 0. ) ✓ = 36.81
0 ! !
) cos ✓ = MB · MO
|a| |b| c cos ✓ = ! !
| MB| | MO|
) cos ✓ = 0(since |a| and |b| are both non-zero) ✓1 ◆✓ 3 ◆
) ✓ = 90 i + 0j k . i j + 0k
2 2
Thus, since the angle between the ) cos ✓ = r r
5 13
two vectors a and b is 90 , they are ⇥
4 4
perpendicular to each other.
3 4
) cos ✓ = ⇥ p
4 65
14 a = i + j + k, b = 2i + j k 3
) cos ✓ = p
and M is the midpoint of AB. 65
! ) ✓ = 111.85
a AB = b a
= (2i + j k) (i + j + k) ! ! !
15 a i GB = GF + FB
= i 2k ! !
! ! 1 ! = OA + DO
OM = OA + AB
2 ! !
= OA OD
1
= (i + j + k) + (i 2k)
2 = 3j i
! 3 = i + 3j
) OM = i + j
2
28
! ! ! ! ! 1 !
ii GE = GF + FE ii ON = OA + AC
! ! 2
= OA OC ✓ ◆
! 1 ! !
= OA + OC OA
= 3j 2k 2
1
! ! = 4i + ( 6i + 7k)
GB · GE 2
b cos ✓ = ! 7 1
|GB| |GE| ) ON = i + k = (2i + 7k)
( i + 3j + 0k).(0i + 3j 2k) 2 2
) cos ✓ = p p
10 ⇥ 13 b
! !
9 OM.ON
) cos ✓ = p cos ✓ =
130 |OM| |ON|
) ✓ = 37.87 ✓ ◆✓
5 7 ◆
! ! ! ! 2i + j + 0k . i + 0j + k
c CE = CG + GF + FE 2 2
) cos ✓ = r r
! ! ! 41 53
= OD + OA OC ⇥
4 4
= j + 3j 2k 4 8
! ! ! ! ) cos ✓ = 2 ⇥ p = p
GA = GF + FE + EA 2173 2173
) ✓ = 80.12
! ! !
= OA OC OD ! !
OM.OC
= 3j 2k i c cos ✓ =
|OM| |OC|
✓ 5 ◆
= i + 3j 2k 2i + j + 0k .( 2i + 0j + 7k)
! ! 2
CE.GA ) cos ✓ = r
cos ✓ = 41 p
|CE| |GA| ⇥ 53
4
(i + 3j 2k).( i + 3j 2k)
) cos ✓ = p p 2 8
14 ⇥ 14 ) cos ✓ = 4 ⇥ p = p
2173 2173
12 ) ✓ = 99.88
) cos ✓ =
14
6 ! ! ! !
) cos ✓ = 17 CE = CO + OA + AE
7
) ✓ = 31.00 ! ! !
= OC + OA + OD
! ! 1 ! = ( i + j + 2k) + 3j + (2i j)
16 a i OM = OA + AB
2 = 3i + j 2k
✓ ◆ ! ! ! !
! 1 ! ! DB = DO + OA + AB
= OA + OB OA
2 ! ! !
1 = OD + OA + OC
= 4i + ( 4i + 5j)
2 = (2i j) + 3j + ( i + j + 2k)
! 5 1
) OM = 2i + j = (4i + 5j) = 3i + 5j + 2k
2 2
Let M be the midpoint of CE.
!
CE = 3i + j 2k
29
! 1 Thus M is the midpoint of DB.
) CM = (3i + j 2k)
2 Therefore the diagonals bisect each
! ! !
MB = MC + CB other.
! !
1 CE.DB
= (3i + j 2k) + 3j cos ✓ =
2 |CE| |DB|
3 5 (3i + j 2k).( 3i + 5j + 2k)
= i+ j+k ) cos ✓ = p p
2 2 14 ⇥ 38
1
= ( 3i + 5j + 2k) 9+5 4
2 ) cos ✓ = p
! ! ! 2 133
DM = DE + EM
4
! ! ) cos ✓ = p
= OA CM 133
1 ) ✓ = 110.29
= 3j (3i + j 2k) Acute angle = 180 110.29 = 69.71
2
3 5
= i+ j+k
2 2
1
= ( 3i + 5j + 2k)
2
!
= MB
30
1 a a = j + 3j k 2 a = 3i + 4j k, b = i j k
p p p p
|a| = 1 + 9 + 1 = 11 a i |a| = 9 + 16 + 1 = 26
1 1
) â = p (i + 3j k) ) â = p (3i + 4j k)
11 26
p p
11 26
) â = (i + 3j k) ) â = (3i + 4j k)
11 26
b b = j + 2j + 2k p p
ii |b| = (1)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 1)2 = 3
p p
|b| = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 = 3 p
b If a vector is 3p⇥ â
1 p 78
) b̂ = (i + 2j + 2k) then 3 ⇥ â = (3i + 4j k)
3 26
!
c c = AB
3 a = 2i 2jk, b = 3i + 4k
=b a
p
= j + 3k a i |a| = 4 + 4 + 1 = 3
p p
) |c| = 1 + 9 = 10 1
) â = (2i 2j k)
1 3
) ĉ = p ( j + 3k) p
10 ii |b| = 9 + 16 = 5
p
10 1
) ĉ = ( j + 3k) ) b̂ = (3i + 4k)
10 5
A CAS calculator has the ability to
calculate a unit vector as follows: b Consider â + b̂ and let ✓ = \AOB
TI: Press Menu!7: Matrix &
â
Vector!C: Vector!1: Unit Vector θ
CP: Tap Action ! Vector ! unitV O b̂
For part a. type unitV([1,3,-1]) The resulting vector of adding â + b̂
will bisect \AOB.
1 1
θ 180 – θ
2
1 1
â + b̂ = (2i 2j k) + (3i + 4k)
3 5
5 3
= (2i 2j k) + (3i + 4k)
15 15
1
= (19i 10j + 7k)
15
31
1 p 2 a.b
) |â + b̂| = 19 + 102 + 72 5 scalar resolute =
15 |b|
p
510
= a a = 2i + j, b = i
15
) the unit vector that bisects \AOB is a.b = 2, |b| = 1
1
(19i 10j + 7k) ) scalar resolute = 2
15
p
510 b a = 3i + j 3k,pc = i 2j
15 a.c = 1, |c| = 5 p
1 1 5
= p (19i 10j + 7k) ) scalar resolute = p =
510 5 5
p
510 p
= (19i 10j + 7k) c b = 2j +pk, a = 2i p
+ 3j p
510
b.a = 2 3, |a| = 4 +p3 = 7p
2 3 2 21
4 a a = i + 3j, b = i 4j + k ) scalar resolute = p =
7 7
vector resolute of a in the direction of
a.b p
b= b d b=i 5 j, p
c = i + 4j
b.b p
a.b = 1 12 = 11 b.c = 1 4 5, |c| = 17 p
(1 + 4 5)
b.b = 1 + 16 + 1 = 18 ) scalar resolute = p
11 17
) vector = (i 4j + k) p p
18 17(1 + 4 5)
=
17
b a=i 3k, b = i 4j + k
a.b = 1 3= 2 6 a a = 2i + j + k, b = 5i k
b.b = 1 + 16 + 1 = 18 vector resolute of a in the direction of
a.b
vector resolute of a in the direction of b= b
a.b b.b
b= b a.b = 10 1 = 9
b.b
1 b.b = 25 + 1 = 26
= (i 4j + k)
9 9
) vector resolute = (5i k)
26
c a = 4i j + 3k, b = 4i k perpendicular component
9
a.b = 16 3 = 13 =a (5i k)
26
b.b = 16 + 1 = 17 9
vector resolute of a in the direction of = (2i + j + k) (5i k)
a.b 26
b= b 26 9
b.b = (2i + j + k) (5i k)
13 26 26
= (4i k) 1
17 = (7i + 26j + 35k)
26
32
Check: Check:
(7i + 26j + 35k).(5i k) = 35 35 = 0 (2i + 2j k).( 7i + 11j + 8k)
) rectangular components give = ( 14 + 22 8) = 0
9 1
a = (5i k) + (7i + 26j + 35k) ) rectangular components give
26 26 1
a= (2i + 2j k)
b a = 3i + j, b = i + k 9
vector resolute of a in the direction of 1
a.b + ( 7i + 11j + 8k)
b= b 9
b.b
a.b = 3
7 a = i + 3j k, b = j + k
b.b = 1 + 1 = 2
3 a vector resolute of a in the direction of
) vector resolute = (i + k) a.b
2 b= b
perpendicular component b.b
3 a.b = 3 1 = 2
=a (i + k)
2
b.b = 1 + 1 = 2
3 3
= 3i + j i k ) vector resolute = j + k
2 2
3 3 b perpendicular component
= i+j k
2 2 = a ( j + k)
Check: !
3 3 3 3 = (i + 3j k) ( j + k)
i+j k .(i + k) = =0
2 2 2 2
) rectangular components give = i + 2j 2k
! p
3 3 3 Magnitude = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3
a = (i + k) + i + j k
2 2 2 ) unit vector through A perpendicular
1
to OB is (i + 2j 2k)
c a = i + j + k, b = 2i + 2j k 3
vector resolute of a in the direction of
a.b
b= b 8 a a = 4i + j, b = i j k
b.b
a.b = 2 + 2 1 = 1 a.b = (4 ⇥ 1) + (1 ⇥ 1) + (0 ⇥ 1)
b.b = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9 =3
1 b.b = (1)2 + ( 1)2 + ( 1)2 = 3
) vector resolute = (2i + 2j k)
9 vector resolute of a in the direction of
perpendicular
" component # a.b
1 b = b
=a (2i + 2j k) b.b
9 3
= (i j k)
1 3
= ( i + j + k) + (2i + 2j k)
9 =i j k
9 1
= ( i + j + k) + (2i + 2j k)
9 9
1
= ( 7i + 11j + 8k)
9
33
!
b perpendicular component ! 3
= AB (i 5j)
= a (i j k) 13
= 4i + j (i j k) 3
= (i j 2k) (i 5j)
13
= 3i + 2j + k 1
= (10i + 2j 26k)
c magnitude of perpendicular 13
p p 2
component = 32 + 22 + 12 = 14 = (5i + j 13k)
13
2 p
magnitude = 25 + 1 + 169
9 a = i + 2j + k, b = 2i + j k, c = 2i 3j + k 13
2 p
! = 195
a i AB = b a 13 p
2 195
= (2i + j k) (i + 2j + k) ) shortest distance = units
13
=i j 2k
d B
!
ii AC = c a
C
= (2i 3j + k) (i + 2j + k) A
! p p
=i 5j |AC| = 1 + 25 = 26 p
1p 2 195
! ! ) area 4ABC = 26 ⇥
AB.AC ! 2 13
b vector resolute = ! ! AC p
AC.AC 5070
! ! =
AB.AC = 1 + 5 = 6 13
p
! ! = 30 square units
AC.AC = 1 + 25 = 26
6
) vector resolute = (i 5j)
26 10 a a = i 3j 2k, b = 5i + j + k
3 ) a.b = 5 3 2=0
= (i 5j)
13 )a?b
c B c.a
b i c = 2i k, d =a
a.a
C c.a = 2 + 2 = 4
A a.a = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
Shortest distance is perpendicular
2
distance. perpendicular component ) d = (i 3j 2k)
7
34
c.b 1
ii e = b d f .a = (i + 11j 16k).
b.b 21
c.b = (2i k).(5i + j + k) (i 3j 2k)
= 10 1 1
= (1 33 + 32)
=9 21
=0
b.b = 25 + 1 + 1 = 27
1 ) f? a
) e = (5i + j + k)
3 1
f .b = (i + 11j 16k).
21
c c=d+e+f
)f =c d e (5i + j + k)
2 1
= 2i k (i 3j 2k) = (5 + 11 16)
7 21
1 =0
(5i + j + k)
3 ) f? b
42 21 6 18 12
= i k i+ j+ k
21 21 21 21 21
35 7 7
i j k
21 21 21
1 11 16
= i+ j k
21 21 21
1
= (i + 11j 16k)
21
35
1 a
AR : RB = 2 : 1
! ! 2 !
) OR = OA + AB
3
2 !
= a + AB
3
2
= a + (b a)
3
1 2
= a+ b
3 3
b AR : RB = 3 : 2
! ! 3 !
) OR = OA + AB
5
3 !
= a + AB
5
3
= a + (b a)
5
2 3
= a+ b
5 5
! 1 !
2 a AR = AB
2
! 1 !
OR = a + AB
2
1
= a + (b a)
2
1 1
= a+ b
2 2
! 5 5
) OR = i j + k
2 2
36
! 4 !
b AR = AB
3
! 4 !
OR = a + AB
3
4
= a + (b a)
3
1 4
= a+ b
3 3
! 5 8
) OR = i j
3 3
! 1 !
c AR = AB
3
! 1 !
OR = a AB
3
1
=a (b a)
3
4 1
= a b
3 3
! 10 2
) OR = i + j + 5k
3 3
! ! !
3 OP = a, OQ = 3a 4b, OR = 4a 6b
! ! !
a PQ = OQ OP
= 2a 4b
! ! !
PR = OR OP
= 3a 6b
! 2!
) PQ = PR
3
) P, Q and R are collinear.
! ! !
b QR = OR OQ
=a 2b
!
PQ = 2a 4b
! !
) PQ = 2QR
) PQ : QR = 2 : 1
37
4
! 1
a OC = ((x + a)i + yj)
2
! !
b If OC ? AB then OC · AB = 0
1
( ((x + a)i + yj)) · (x a)i + yj = 0
2
x2 a2 + y2 = 0
x2 + y2 = a2
! 1
a OM = a
5
! ! !
OP = OM + MP
1 1 !
= a+ MB
5 6
1 1 1
= a+ ( a + b)
5 6 5
1 1
= a+ b
6 6
!
Also OU = a + b
) P is on diagonal OU.
b OP : PU = 1 : 5
38
6
!
OA = 4i + 3j
!
OC = 3i + 4j
! ! !
a OB = OA + OC = i + 7j
! 1 ! 1
b BD = BA = ( 3i 4j)
3 3
! ! !
OD = OA + AD
2
= ( 4i + 3j) + (3i + 4j)
3
17
= 2i + j
3
! ! !
c OE = (1 )OA + OC
= (7 4)i + (3 + )j
We can also write
! !
OE = µOD
! 17
) OE = µ( 2i + j)
3
)7 4 = 2µ . . . (1)
17
3+ = µ . . . (2)
3
2
Therefore =
5
! ! ! !
7 a OA · OB = |OA||OB| cos ✓ ) 5 = 5 ⇥ 3 cos ✓
1
cos ✓ =
3
) ✓ is obtuse.
! 1 ! 1 !
b i OP = OA + OB
2 2
= 2i + j + k
39
! ! !
ii AB = OB OA
= 2i + 2j 6k
Now P, A and B are collinear. Therefore there is a real number such that:
! ! !
OP = OA + (1 )OB
!
) OP = (1 + 2 )i + (2 2 )j + (6 2)k
! !
OP ? AB )OP · AB = 0
2(2 + ) + 2(2 2 ) 6(6 2) = 0
7
) =
22
! 18 15 1
) OP = i + j k
11 11 11
!
iii OP = (1 + 2 )i + (2 2 )j + (6 2)k
Because of the bisection of \AOB
! ! ! !
OA · OP OB · OP
! = !
|OA| |OB|
3(1 + 2 ) + 4(6 2) 1 + 2 + 2(2 2 ) 2(6 2)
) =
5 3
3
) =
8
! 7 5 1
) OP = i + j + k
4 4 4
40
1 Required to prove that the diagonals of a B R C
parallelogram bisect each other.
A B
Q S
M
A T D
D C ABCD is a rectangle.
ABCD is a parallelogram. Let Q, R, S and T be the midpoints of
!
Let AD = a AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
! !
Let AB = b Let AD = a
Let M be the midpoint of AC. ! 1 1
! ) AT = AD = a
AC = b + a 2 2
!
Let AB = b
! 1
) AM = (a + b) )
2 ! ! ! 1 1 1
! ! ! QT = AT AQ = a b = (a b)
BM = AB + AM 2 2 2
! ! 1
1 CR = AT = a
= b + (a + b) 2
2
! ! 1
1 CS = AQ = b
= (a b) 2
2 ! ! !
! ! ! RS = CS CR
MD = AM + AD !
1 1 1
(a + b) + a = b a
=
2 2 2
1 1
= (a b) = (a b)
2 2
! ! !
= BM ) QT = RS
Thus M is the midpoint BD. i.e. QT is parallel to RS and they are
Therefore the diagonals of a equal in length. ! !
parallelogram bisect each other. !2 1 1
QT = (a b) . (a b)
2 2
1
2 Required to prove that if the midpoints = (a b).(a b)
4
of the sides of a rectangle are joined 1
then a rhombus is formed. = (a.a 2a.b + b.b)
4
1
= (a.a + b.b)
4
since a.b = 0 (as they are perpendicular)
41
! ! ! ! ! !
T S = AT + AQ QR = QB + BR
1 1 ! !
= a+ b = OS OP
2 2 !
1 1 1
= (a + b) = b a
2 2 2
! !
! 2
1 1 1
T S = (a + b) . (a + b) = (b a)
2 2 2
! !
1 ) PS = QR
= (a + b).(a + b) i.e. PS is parallel to QR and they are
4
1 equal in length. ! !
= (a.a + 2a.b + b.b) !2 1 1
4 |PS | = (b a) . (b a)
1 2 2
= (a.a + b.b) 1
4 = (b a).(b a)
since a.b = 0 (as they are 4
perpendicular) 1
! ! ! ! = (b.b 2a.b + b.b)
) |QT |2 = |T S |2 ) |QT | = |T S | 4
1
So since = (a.a + b.b)
! ! ! ! 4
QT = RS and |QT | = |T S | since a.b = 0 (as they are
i.e. one pair of opposite sides are equal perpendicular)
and parallel and adjacent sides are of ! ! !
SR = OS + OP
equal length.
1
) QRS T is a rhombus. = (a + b)
2 ! !
!2 1 1
) |SR| = (a + b) . (a + b)
3 Required to prove that if the midpoints 2 2
of the sides of a square are joined then 1
= (a + b).(a + b)
another square are is formed. 4
Q 1
A B = (a.a + 2a.b + b.b)
4
1
= (a.a + b.b)
4
P R since a.b = 0 (as they are
perpendicular)
! ! ! !
) |PS |2 = |SR|2 ) |PS | = |S R|
O S C OABC is a square.
Let P, Q, R and S be the midpoints of So since
! ! ! !
OA, AB, BC and CO respectively. PS = QR and |PS | = |SR|, PSRQ is a
Let rhombus.
! !
OA = a and OC = b
! 1 ! 1
) OP = a and OS = b
2 2
! ! ! 1
) PS = OS OP = (b a)
2
42
!! 1 1 Thus the median to the base of an
PS .SR = (b a). (a + b)
2 2 isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the
1 base.
= (b.b a.a) ! ! ! 1
4 OM = OA + AM = a + (b a) =
1 2
= (|b|2 |a|2 ) 1
4 (b + a)
As a rhombus has all sides of equal 2
length. 5 Required to prove that if the diagonals
) |a| = |b| of a parallelogram are of equal length
Hence then the parallelogram is a rectangle.
!!
PS .SR = 0
C B
) \PSR = 90
Therefore PSRQ is a square.
4 Required to prove that the median

to the base of an isosceles triangle is
perpendicular to the base. O A
O OABC is a parallelogram.
! ! ! !
Let OA = a, OC = b and |OB| = |CA|
! ! !
OB = OA + OC = a + b
! ! !
CA = OA OC = a b
!
|OB|2 = (a + b).(a + b)
= a.a + 2a.b + b.b
A M B !
|CA|2 = (a b).(a b)
M is the midpoint of AB.
! ! = a.a 2a.b + b.b
Let OA = a and OB = b
! 1 ! 1 Since
AM = AB = (b a) ! ! !
2 2 |OB| = |CA| = |OB|2 = |CA|2
! ! 1 1 ) a.a + 2a.b + b.b = a.a 2a.b + b.b
AM.OM = (b a). (b + a) ) 4a.b = 0
2 2
1 ) a.b = 0
= (b.b a.a) ) \COA = 90
4
1 Hence the parallelogram OABC is a
= (|b|2 |a|2 )
4 rectangle.
As an isosceles triangle has two sides of
equal length.
) |b| = |a| 6 Required to prove that the midpoint of
Hence the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle
! ! is equidistant from the three vertices of
AM.OM = 0
) \OMA = 90 the triangle.
43
ABC is a triangle. 7 Required to prove that the sum of the
C squares of the lengths of the diagonals
of any parallelogram is equal to the sum
of the squares of the lengths of the sides.
M R Q
A B
Let M be the midpoint of BA.
! ! O P
Let AB = a and AC = b ! !
! ! ! Let OP = a and OR = b
CB = AB AC = a b !
OQ = a + b
! 1
) CM = (a b) !
2 RP = a b
! ! 1 So
BM = CM = (a b) ! !
2 |OQ|2 + |RP|2
! ! ! 1 = (a + b).(a + b) + (a b).(a b)
AM = AC + CM = (a + b)
2
! 1 1 = a.a + 2a.b + b.b + a.a 2a.b
|CM|2 = (a b). (a b)
2 2 + b.b
1
= (a.a 2a.b + b.b) = a.a + b.b + a.a + b.b
4
! ! ! !
1 = |OP|2 + |PQ|2 + |RQ|2 + |OR|2
= (a.a + b.b)
4 as required to prove.
(since a and b are perpendicular,
a.b = 0)
! 1 1 8 Required to prove that if the midpoints
| BM|2 = (a b). (a b)
2 2 of the sides of a quadrilateral are joined
1 then a parallelogram if formed.
= (a.a 2a.b + b.b)
4 A
1 P
= (a.a + b.b)
4 S B
a.b = 0)
! 1 1
|AM|2 = (a + b). (a + b) D
2 2
1 Q
= (a.a + b.b) R
4
a.b = 0)
! ! ! C
) |CM|2 = | BM|2 = |AM|2 ABCD is a quadrilateral. P, Q, R and S
Thus the midpoint of the hypotenuse is are the midpoints of the sides AB, BC,
equidistant from the three vertices.
44
CD and DA respectively. ! ! ! 1
DM = AM AD = a b
! 1 ! 2
AS = AD
2 ! 2 ! 2
DP = DM =
! 1 ! 3 3
AP = AB !
2 1 1
! ! ! a b = (a 2b)
S P = AP AS 2 3
1 ! 1 ! ! ! !
= AB AD AP = AD + DP
2 2 1
1 ! ! = (a + b)
= (AB AD) 3
2 1 !
1 ! = AC
= DB 3
2 ! ! !
! 1 ! PC = DC DP
) S P = DB
2 1
Similarly, =a (a 2b)
! 1 ! 3
CR = CD 2
2 = (a + b)
! 1 ! 3
CQ = CB 2 !
2 = AC
! ! ! 3
RQ = RC + CQ Therefore P is a point of trisection of
1 ! 1 ! AC nearer to A.
= CB CD
2 2 Since AP k PC k AC this implies that A,
1 ! ! P and C are collinear.
= (CB CD)2
2 Thus A, P and C are collinear and P is a
1 ! point of trisection of AC.
= DB
2 As required to prove.
! 1 !
) RQ = DB
2
! !
Thus SP = RQ meaning SP k RQ and 10 D C
SP = RQ
Hence PQRS is a parallelogram. Q
P
9 D C
A B
! !
Let AD = b and AB = a
P
A M B
! !
Let AD = b and AB = a
45
! ! ! !
AC = a + b AC = OA + OC
! ! !
DB = a b = OA OD
! 2 ! = d a
DP = DA ! !
3 AC.AD = ( d a).(d a)
2 ! 2
= ( AD) = b = d.d + d.a
3 3
! 1 ! 1 a.d + a.a
DQ = DB = (a b)
3 3
! ! ! = a.a d.d
PQ = DQ DP
✓ 2 ◆ = |a|2 |d|2
1 Since OA and OD are the radius of the
= (a b) b
3 3 circle
1 1 ) |a| = |d|
= a+ b
3 3 Hence
1 ! !
= (a + b) AC.AD = 0
3 ) \CAD = 90
1 !
= AC Therefore ACBD is a rectangle.
3
! 1 !
) PQ = AC
3 12 O
Thus PQ is parallel to AC.
11
a b
A C
O
A M B
D B
!
a i AB = b a
! 1 ! 1
Required to prove that ACBD is a ) AM = AB = (b a)
2 2
rectangle.
AB and CD are the diameters of the ! ! !
ii OM = OA + AM
circle, hence AB = CD.
! ! 1
Let OA = a and OD = d = a + (b a)
! ! ! 2
AD = OD OA = d a 1
! ! ! = (a + b)
CB = OA + OD = d a 2
! ! ! !
So since AD = CD ) AD = CB and ! ! 1 1
! ! b AM.AM = (b a). (b a)
AD⇤CB 2 2
) ACBD is a parallelogram. 1
= (b.b 2a.b + a.a)
4
46
! ! 1 1 ! ! !
OM.OM = (a + b). (a + b) PC = OC OP
2 2
1
1 = 2b (a + 4b)
= (a.a + 2a.b + b.b) 3
4
! ! ! ! 1 2
AM.AM + OM.OM = a+ b
✓1 ◆ ✓1 ◆ 3 3
= 2 a.a + 2 b.b 1
4 4 = (2b a)
3
1 1 ! ! !
= a.a + b.b AP = OP OA
2 2
1
1 = (a + 4b) a
= (a.a + b.b) 3
2
! ! ! ! 1 2 4
) AM.AM + OM.OM = (a.a + b.b) = a+ b
2 3 3
2
c Prove OA2 + OB2 = 2OM 2 + 2AM 2 = (2b a)
3
RHS !
2OM 2 + 2AM 2 = 2(OM 2 + AM 2 ) = 2PC
! !
Thus since AP = 2PC, A, P and C are
= 2(OM.OM + AM.AM)
! collinear.
1
= 2 (a.a + b.b)
2 b D, B and P are collinear if there exist
! !
a k 2 R \{0} such that DB = k BP
(from part b) ! ! !
DB = DO + OB = a + b
= a.a + b.b ! !
(Since DO = OA)
! ! !
= OA2 + OB2 BP = OP OB
1
= (a + 4b) b
13 A 3
1 1
= a+ b
3 3
1
= (a + b)
O C 3
B !
= DB
! !
D Thus since DB = 3 BP, D, B and P
O is the midpoint of AD and B is the are collinear.
midpoint of OC. ! !
c Since DB = 3BP
a A, P and C are collinear ifthere exist ) DB:BP = 3:1
a
! !
k 2 R \{0} such that AP = k PC
47
14 A 15 T V S
P Q
O v s
t U
B
u
! 2 ! ! !
AP = AB and OQ = 3OP
3
O r R
! ! !
a i OP = OA + AP
! ! !
2 ! a OS = OR + RS
= a + AB
3 ! !
= OR + OT
2
= a + (b a)
3 =r+t
2 1 )s=r+t
= b+ a
3 3
! 1 ! ! !
) OP = (a + 2b) b OV = OS + S V
3
1
! ! =s r
ii OQ = 3OP = a + 2b 2
1
! ! ! =s (s t) since s = r + t
iii AQ = AP + PQ 2
2 ! ! 1
= (b a) + (OQ OP) = (s + t)
3 2
2 1
= (b a) ) v = (s + t)
3 2
⇣ 1 ⌘ ! ! !
+ a + 2b (a + 2b) c OU = OR + RS
3
2 2 2 4 1
= b a+ a+ b =r+ t
3 3 3 3 2
1
= 2b = r + (s r) since s = r + t
2
! ! 1
b AQ = 2b = 2OB = (r + s)
! ! 2
) AQ = 2OB
! ! 1
Therefore AQ is parallel to OB ) u = (r + s)
2
48
!
1 1 ) 3x + y = 14 1
4(u + v) = 4 (r + s) + (s + t)
2 2 As the point F lies on the extended
= 2(r + s) + 2(s + t) line DC
! !
) DF = ↵DC
= 2r + 2s + 2s + 2t !
) DF = ↵(i j) = ↵i ↵j
= 2r + 3s + s + 2t Also,
!
= 2r + 3s + (r + t) + 2t DF = f d = (x + 2)i + (y 8)j
Hence
= 3r + 3s + 3t
↵ = x + 2 and ↵ = y 8
= 3(r + s + t) ) (x + 2) = y 8
as required. ) x+y=6
)y=6 x 2
16 a = i + 11j, b = 2i + 8j, c = i + 7j, Substituing 2 into 1 gives

2x = 8
d = 2i + 8j, e = 4i + 6j
)x=4
! Substituting x = 4 into 2 gives y = 2
a AD = d a = 3i 3j
! ) x = 4 and y = 2
AE = e a = 5i 5j Thus f = 4i + 2j
! 5 ! ! !
) AE = AD = AE⇤AD !
3 d FD = d f = 6i + 6j
) E lies on the line DA.
! ! !
BC = c b = 3i j EA = AE = 5i + 5j
! ! !
BE = e b = 6i 2j EB = BE = 6i + 2j
! ! ! ! !
) BE = 2 BC ) BE⇤ BC AF = f a = 3i 9j
) E lies on the line BC. ! !
FD.EA = ( 6i + 6j).(5i + 5j)
!
b AB = b a = i 3j = 30 + 30
!
DC = c d = i j
=0
! !
c Let the point F have position vector ) FD ? AF
! !
f = xi + yj. EB.AF = (6i + 2j)(3i 9j)
As the point F lies on the extended = 18 18
line AB
! ! =0
) AF = AB ! !
! ! ) EB ? AF
) AF = k AB
! as required.
) AF = k(i 3j) = ki 3kj
Also,
! e Since \EDF and \EBF are at
AF = f a = (x 1)i + (y 11)j
right-angles this implies that EF is
Hence
the diameter of the circle (angles in a
k = x 1 and 3k = y 11
semicircle).
) 3(x 1) = y 11
49
The centre of the circle is the 18 A
R B
midpoint of EF and has position
vector
e+f ( 4i + 6j) + (4i + 2j)
=
2 2
8j P
= Q
2
O
= 4j ! ! !
Hence the position vector of the OQ = OP + PQ
centre of the circle through E, D, B 1 ! !
= OA + RB
and F is 4j. 4
1 2 !
= a + AB
4 3
17 C D
1 2 ! !
= a + (OB OA)
4 3
1 2
= a + (b a)
E 4 3
2 5
= b b
3 12
Therefore the position vector of Q is
O A B 2 5
Given: b a
! ! ! ! 3 12
OA = a, OB = b, OC = c, OD = d,
! 1 ! 1 !
OE = e, e = d, AE = AC
3 3 19 E
A is the midpoint of OB.
! ! !
BD = OD OB = d b
! ! ! !
OC = OA + AE + EC B C
! ! ! !
= a + (OE OA) + (ED + DC)
✓2 ◆ Y X
= a + (e a) + d b
3
2 A
=e+ d b D
3
1 2
= d+ d b
3 3 F
=d b
Given:
!
= BD BE = AF = BC
! ! ! ! ! ! Let Y X k BC k AD.
) OC = BD ) OC = BD and OC⇤ BD
) OCDB is a parallelogram 4EBC is similar to 4EY X and since
! ! ! !
BC = BE ) Y E = Y X
Similarly, Y F = Y X.
! !
) YE = YF
50
! !
Now Given FX = µED
! ! ! k k+2
XE = Y E Y X )µ=1+ =
and 2 2
! ! !
XF = Y F Y X c A rhombus has all sides of equal
! ! ! ! ! !
XE.XF = (Y E Y X).(Y F Y X) length.
! ! !! ! !
= Y E.Y F Y E Y X ) |AB| = | BC|
! !
! ! !! Given |AB| = k| BC|, k = 1 if ABCD
Y X.Y F + Y X Y X is a rhombus.
! ! ! ! 3 3
= Y E.Y E Y E.Y X ) = and µ =
2 2
! ! ! ! ! ! !
+ Y X.Y E + Y X.Y X d XE = XY + Y E
! ! ! ! ! ! !
= Y E.Y E + Y X.Y X FX = FY + Y X
= |Y X|2 |Y E|2 ! ! ! ! !
|XE|2 = (XY.Y E).(XY.Y E)
=0 ! ! ! !
! ! = |XY|2 + 2XY.Y E + |Y E|2
(Since Y E = Y X) ! ! ! ! !
! ! |FX|2 = (FY.Y X).(FY.Y X)
) EX and FX meet at right angles.
! ! ! !
! ! ! ! = |FY|2 + 2FY.Y X + |Y X|2
b |AB| = k| BC| = k| BE| = k|FA| ! ! ! !
! ! ! ! Since |XY|2 = |Y X|2 , |FY|2 = |Y E|2
FE = FA + AB + BE
! ! ! and |XE|2 = |FX|2
= BE + k BE + BE ! ! ! !
) 2XY.Y E = 2FY.Y X
! ! ! ! ! !
= 2 BE + k BE ) XY.Y E = FY.Y X
! ! ! ! !
= (2 + k) BE ) Y X.Y E = Y F.Y X
1 ! 1 ! ! ! ! !
) Y E = FE = (2 + k) BE ) Y X.Y E = Y F.Y X
2 2
As 4EBC is similar to 4EY X ! !
Y E EX ) |Y X||Y E| cos(\XY E)
) =
BE EC ! !
! ! = |Y F||Y X| cos(\FY X)
Given EX = EC ! ! !
1 k+2 Since |Y X| = |Y E| = |Y F|
) = (2 + k) =
2 2 ) cos(\XY E) = cos(\FY X)
! ! !
FY = FA + AY
) \XY E = \FY X = 90
! 1 ! ! !
= FA + AB Since BC⇤Y X ) \Y BC = 90
2
) ABCD is a rectangle
! 1 !
= FA + (k FA)
2
✓ k◆ ! ! ! ! !
= 1 + FA 20 a OG = OD + DC + CG
2
As 4FAD is similar to 4FY X =d+b+e
FY FX =b+d+e
) =
FA FD
51
!
DF = DH + EF + EF |CE|2 = ( b d + e).( b d + e)
= OE OD + OB = b.b + b.d b.e
=e d+b + d.b + d.d d.e
=b d+e e.b e.d + e.e
! ! ! !
BH = BO + OD + DH = |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2
! ! !
= OB + OD + OE + 2(b.d b.e d.e)
= b+d+e
! ! ! ! c |OG|2 + |DF|2 + |BH|2 + |CE|2
CE = CD + DO + OE
= 4|b|2 + 4|d|2 + 4|e|2
! ! !
= OB OD + OE = 4(|b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2 )
= b d+e as required.
!
b |OG|2 = (b + d + e).(b + d + e)
21 A D
= b.b + b.d + b.e
+ d.b + d.d r
+ d.e + e.b + e.d + e.e
r O
= |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2
+ 2(b.d + b.e + d.e)
! P
|DF|2 = (b d + e).(b d + e) B C
= b.b b.d + b.e
! ! !
d.b + d.d d.e a AP = AO + OP
! ! !
+ e.b e.d + e.e ) AP = OP OA
! ! ! ! ! !
= |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2 AP.AP = (OP OA).(OP OA)
! ! ! ! ! !
+ 2( b.d + b.e d.e) = OP.OP 2OP.OA + OA.OA
! ! ! !
| BH|2 = ( b + d + e).( b + d + e) = r2 2OP.OA + |OA|2
= b.b b.d b.e ! !
= r2 2OP.OA + (r2 + r2 )
d.b + d.d + d.e ! !
= 3r2 2OP.OA
e.b + e.d + e.e
! ! !
= |b|2 + |d|2 + |e|2 b | BP|2 = 3r2 2|OP||OB|
! ! !
+ 2( b.d + d.e b.e) |CP|2 = 3r2 2|OP||OC|
! ! !
|DP|2 = 3r2 2|OP||OD|
52
! ! ! !
) |AP|2 + | BP|2 + |CP|2 + |DP|2
! ! ! !
= 4 ⇥ 3r2 2OP.OA 2OP.OB
! ! ! !
2OP.OC 2OP.OD
! !
= 12r2 2OP.OA
! ! !
+ OB + OC + OD
!
= 12r2 2OP.(0)
= 12r2
53
! ! ! !
1 a AD = BC = OC OB B C
= (4i k) (2i + j 2k) θ

A D
= 2i j+k
! ! !
b AB = OB OA
= (2i + j 2k) (i + 2j k)
=i j k
! !
AB.AD
cos ✓ = ! !
|AB||AD|
2+1 1
= p p
4+1+1⇥ 1+1+1
p
2 2
= p p =
6⇥ 3 3
!
! AB !
2 a i AM = ! ⇥ AC| B
|AB|
! ! ! M
AB = OB OA N
= ( i + j + 2k) (2i j 4k) A C
= 3i + 2j + 6k
! ! !
AC = OC OA
= (i 3j 2k) (2i j 4k)
= i 2j + 2k
p
! 1+4+4
) AM = ( 3i + 2j + 6k) p
9 + 4 + 36
3
= ( 3i + 2j + 6k)
7
54
! 1 ! !
ii AN = (AM + AC)
2
!
1 3
= ( 3i + 2j + 6k) + ( i 2j + 2k)
2 7
1
= ( 9i + 6j + 18k 7i 14j + 14k)
14
1
= ( 16i 8j + 32k)
14
1
= ( 8i 4j + 16k)
7
! ! !
ON = AN + OA
1
= ( 8i 4j + 16k) + 2i j 4k
7
1
= (6i 11j 12k)
7
! ! !
b CM = AM AC
3
= ( 3i + 2j + 6k) ( i 2j + 2k)
7
1
= ( 9i + 6j + 18k + 7i + 14j 14k)
7
1
= ( 2i + 20j + 4k)
7
! ! 1
AN.CM = (16 80 + 64) = 0
49
! !
) AN?CM
3 a a?b i↵ a.b = 0
) 8 3 x=0 ) x=5
b a?c 4y + 3z + 2 = 0 1
b?c 2y z 10 = 0 2
1 + 3 ⇥ 2 10y 28 = 0 ) y = 2.8
Substituting y = 2.8 into 2 gives 5.6 z 10 = 0
z = 4.4
55
4 a |a| cos ✓ = |b̂| = 1
1 1 1 a
) cos ✓ = = p = θ
|a| 1+4+4 3 b̂ b
b |b| cos ✓ = 2|â| = 2

2 1
) |b| = =2÷ =6
cos ✓ 3
a.b
5 a a a= b+c
c b.b
6 6 8
b c= (2i + j 2k) + (3i 6j + 4k)
4+1+4
8
= (2i + j 2k) + (3i 6j + 4k)
9
1
= (16i + 8j 16k + 27i 54j + 36k)
9
1
= (43i 46j + 20k)
9
c.a
b d= a
a.a
!
1 129 + 276 + 80
= (3i 6j + 4k)
9 9 + 36 + 16
485
= (3i 6j + 4k)
549
p p
c |a| = 9 + 36 + 16 = 61
485 p
|d| = ⇥ 61
549
485 ⇥ 61 485
|a||d| = =
549 9
1 4365 485
|c|2 = 2 (432 + 462 + 202 ) = 2 =
9 9 9
2
) |a||d| = |c|
!
6 a i CA = a c
= 2i + 3j 4k 2i (1 + 3t)j ( 1 + 2t)k
= (2 3t)j + ( 3 2t)k
56
!
ii CB = b c
= 2i j + 2k 2i (1 + 3t)j ( 1 + 2t)k
=( 2 3t)j + (3 2t)k
! !
b \BCA = 90 ) CB?CA ) CB.CA = 0
) (2 3t)( 2 3t) + ( 3 2t)(3 2t) = 0
4 + 9t2 + 4t2 9=0
13t2 13 = 0
t2 = 1 ) t = ±1
7 a i a c = (2i + 2j k) (2i 6j 3k) = 8j + 2k

p
) |a c| = 64 + 4
p p
= 68 = 2 17
ii a + c = 4i 4j 4k A B
p a θ
|a + c| = 4 3
O c C
iii (a c).(a + c) = 32 8 = 40
(a c).(a + c) 40 5
b cos ✓ = = p p = p
|a c||a + c| 4 3 ⇥ 2 17 51
1 5
✓ is obtuse, ) accute angle between diagonals = cos p
51
! 1 ! 1 3
8 a AB = OC = (6i 3j + 2k) = 3i j+k A B
2 2 2 θ
O C
! ! ! !
b OC = OA + AB + BC
! ! ! !
) BC = OC OA AB
3
= 6i 3j + 2k (2i j 3k) (3i j + k)
2
1
=i j + 4k
2
57
! !
AC.AB
c cos ✓ = ! !
|AC||AB|
! ! !
AC = OC OA
= 6i 3j + 2k 2i + j + 3k
= 4i 2j + 5k
12 + 3 + 5
) cos ✓ = r
p 9
16 + 4 + 25 ⇥ +1 9+
4
p
20 40 8 5
= r = p =
p 49 21 5 21
45 ⇥
4
! !
9 a AO = OA
= 6i 4j
! ! !
AB = OB OA
= 3i + pj 6i 4j
= 3i + (p 4)j
! !
AO.AB = 18 4(p 4)
= 34 4p
! ! ! !
b If AO ? AB, then ) AO.AB = 0
34 4p = 0
p = 8.5
! !
AO.AB
c cos \OAB = ! !
|AO||AB|
34 24
= p p
36 + 16 ⇥ 9 + 4
10 5
= p p =
52 ⇥ 13 13
58
10 To be collinear, A, B and C must lie on the same straight line.
! !
) AC = c(AB), c 2 R
! ! !
AC = OC OA
= 6p + mq p q = 5p + (m 1)p
! ! !
AB = OB OA
= 3p 2q p q
= 2p 3q
5 = 2c ) c = 2.5
m 1 = 3c ) m = 3 ⇥ 2.5 + 1 = 6.5
11 r + s + µt = 3i + 3j 6k + (i 7j + 6k) + µ( 2i 5j + 2k)
= (3 + 2µ)i + (3 7 5µ)j + ( 6 + 6 + 2µ)k
To be parallel to the x-axis, r + s + µt = ci, c 2 R
) 3+ 2µ = c
) 2u = c 3 1
3 7 5µ = 0
) 7 5µ = 3 2
6 + 6 + 2µ = 0
) 6 + 2µ = 6 3
6⇥ 2 +7⇥ 3 16µ = 24 4
3
µ=
2
3 ÷2 3 +µ=3 5
3
Substitute µ = in 5
2
3
3 =3
2
3
) =
2
59
!
12 AB = i j + 3k
!
DC = 2i 2j + 6k
! !
)DC = 2AB
) AB||DC, AB:CD = 1:2
ABCD is a trapezium.
13 a + b = 3i 2j + 5k
(a + b).b = 3 + 2 5
=0
) a + b?b
a b = i + 7k
(a + b).(a b)
cos ✓ =
|a + b||a b|
3 + 35
= p p
9 + 4 + 25 ⇥ 1 + 49
38
= p p
38 ⇥ 50
19
= p
19 ⇥ 5
p
19
=
5
! ! !
14 a OA = OC + OB
! ! !
) OC = OA OB = i + 10 j
) C( 1, 10)
60
! ! ! y
b If OD = hOA + kOB
A
4
then 1 = 3h + 4k 1
24 = 4h 6k 2
3 4
O x
4⇥ 1 3⇥ 2 68 = 34k
k= 2 −6 B
Substitute in 1 1 = 3h 8
3h = 9
h=3
!
15 a OD = 2c
! ! !
AD = OD OA
= 2c a
! !
! OA + OD 1
b b = OB = = a+c
2 2
! !
c OE = 4AE O
! ! a C
) a + AE = 4AE
A D
!
) a = 3AE B
E
! 1
AE = a
3
! 1
CB = a
2
1 k 3
) a= a )k = = 1.5
2 3 2
! ! ! 1 1
16 QS = OS OQ = hp + q q = hp q
2 2
! ! ! 1 1
QR = OR OQ = p + kq q = p + (k 1)q
3 3
! 1 ! !
QR = QS , since R is the midpoint of QS
2
1 1 2
) = h ) h=
3 2 3
61
1
and k 1=
4
3
) k=
4
!
17 AC = 2i + 4j A
!
AB = k(i + j), k 2 R\{0}
! ! ! B C
BC = AC AB
= (2i + 4j) (ki + kj)
= (2 k)i + (4 k)j
! !
Now BA. BC = 0, since \ABC = 90
) ( ki kj).((2 k)i + (4 k)j) = 0
) k(2 k) k(4 k) = 0
) 2k + k2 4k + k2 = 0
) 2k2 6k = 0
) k2 3k = 0
) k(k 3) = 0
) k 3 = 0, since k , 0
) k=3
!
) AB = 3(i + j)
! ! !
18 a DB = DA + AB
! !
= AD + OC
= a+c
! !
b Let OE = k OC
= kc, k 2 R+
! !
and DE = l DB, l 2 R+
= l(c a)
= lc la
62
! ! !
Now OD = OA + AD
! !
= 2 AD + AD
!
= 3 AD
= 3a
! ! !
OE = OD + DE
) kc = 3a + lc la
= (3 l)a + lc
Since a and c are non-parallel, non-zero vectors
(3 l) = 0, and l = k
) l = 3, and k = 3
!
OE = 3c
!
= 3OC, as required to prove.
! 1 ! 1
19 a i OD = OC = c E B
3 3 A
! ! !
ii OE = OA + AE
! 1 ! O
D C
= OA + AB
3
! 1 ! !
= OA + (OB OA)
3
1
= a + (b a)
3
2 1
= a+ b
3 3
! ! !
iii DE = OE OD
2 1 1
= a+ b c
3 3 3
!
! 2 1 1
b 3DE = 3 a + b c = 2a + b c
3 3 3
! ! ! ! !
2OA + CB = 2OA + OB OC = 2a + b c
! ! !
) 3DE = 2OA + CB, as required to prove.
63
! ! !
20 a OT = OA + AT B M
T
! 3 !
= OA + AB
4 A
O
! 3 ! !
= OA + (OB OA)
4
3
= a + (b a)
4
1 3
= a+ b
4 4
! ! !
b i BM = OM OB
! !
= OT OB
!
1 3
= a+ b b
4 4
!
3
= a+ 1b
4 4
! !
ii Let BM = kOA = ka, k 2 R\{0}
!
3
then ka = a + 1b
4 4
Since a and b are non-parallel, non-zero vectors
3 4
k= and 1=0 ) =
4 4 3
21 There exist real numbers p and q such that

a = pb + qc
) i + j + 3k = p(i 2j + mk) + q( 2i + nj + 2k)
1 = p 2q . . . (1)
1 = 2p + nq . . . (2)
3 = mp + 2q . . . (3)
Eliminate p and q
3(n 6)
m=
(n + 2)
64
a·b
22 Vector resolute = b
b·b
4
= (i + 3k)
5
4
Required vector v = a (i + 3k)
5
6 2
= i+j k
5 5
If a, b and v are linearly dependent then there exists p and q such that: v = pa + qb
Hence
6 2
i+j k = p(2i + j + 2k) + q(i + 3k)
5 5
= (2p + q)i + pj + (2p + 3q)k
Therefore
6
2p + q = . . . (1)
5
p = 1 . . . (2)
2
2p + 3q = . . . (3)
5
4
p = 1 and q = satisfy all three equations.
5
65
! ! !
1 C OB = OA + AB A
= (a + 2b) + (a b)
= 2a + b
O
! ! !
2 D EF = DC + 3AB
! !
= CD + 3AB B
It is also known that
= c + 3a ! ! ! !
AO.AB = BO. BA
= 3a c ! ! ! !
) AO.AB = BO. AB
3 B B C ! ! ! !
) AO.AB = BO.AB
! !
M ) AO = BO
! !
) AO = OB
A D
! ! ! ! !
DM = DA + AM ) |AO| = |OB|
! 1 ! Thus the side lengths AO and OB are
= BC + AB the same size.
2
1 Hence the triangle is isosceles as two
= u v sides are identical in length.
2
! ! !
4 B AB = OB OA 7 E x(a + b) = 2ya + (y + 3)b
) xa + xb = 2ya + (y + 3)b
= (11, 1) (3, 6)
= (8, 5) x = 2y 1 and x = y + 3 2
= 8i 5j Substituting 1 into 2 gives
p 2y = y + 3
(2, 1, 2).(5, 8, 0) )y=3
5 C cos ✓ = p p
7 ⇥ 89 Substituting y = 3 into 1 gives x = 6
10 + 8 ) x = 6 and y = 3
) cos ✓ = p
623
!
18 8 E |AB| = b a
) cos ✓ = p
623 = (5i 2j + 2k) (i + j)
) ✓ = 43.85 = 4i 3j + 2k
! !
6 C As |AB| , |OB| the side lengths AB
and OB of triangle OAB are di↵erent
in size.
66
! p
) |AB| = 42 + ( 3)2 + 22 Given:
p ! ! !
| BC| = 3|AB|, AB = a
= 16 + 9 + 4
p Using Pythagoras’ Theorem
! ! !
= 29 |AC|2 = |AB|2 + | BC|2
x.y ! !
9 D x.ŷ = = |AB|2 + (3|AB|)2
|y| ! !
(3, 2, 4).( 5, 1, 1) = |AB|2 + 9|AB|2
= p !
27 = 10|AB|2
15 2 + 4 ! p !
= p ) |AC| = 10|AB|
27 p
!
13 ) |AC| = 10|a|
= p
27
p 11 C
13 27
=
27 12 B
10 B B C 13 D
A D
67
! ! !
1 a i AB = OB OA
= (3i + 4j + 2k) (2i + 3j + k)
=i+j+k
!
ii Length = |AB|
p p
= 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
p
The strand is 3 units long.
! ! !
b i CQ = OQ OC
! ! !
= OA + AQ OC
! ! !
= OA + AB OC
= (2i + 3j + k) + (i + j + k) (2.5i + 4j + 1.5k)
=( 0.5)i + ( 1)j + ( 0.5)k
! !
ii CQ.AB = (( 0.5)i + ( 1)j + ( 0.5)k).(i + j + k)
=( 0.5) ⇥ 1 + ( 1) ⇥ 1 + ( 0.5) ⇥ 1
=3 2
! !
But CQ.AB = 0
) 3 2 =0
2
) =
3
! ! !
OQ = OA + AQ
! 2 !
= OA + AB
3
2
= (2i + 3j + k) + (i + j + k)
3
1
= (8i + 11j + 5k)
3
68
c Let P be the point of contact of AB and MN.
! !
Now AP = aAB, a 2 R+
! ! !
) OP OA = aAB
! ! !
) OP = aAB + OA
= a (i + j + k) + (2i + 3j + k)
= (a + 2)i + (a + 3)j + (a + 1)k 1
! !
and MP = b MN, b 2 R+
! ! !
) OP OM = b MN
! ! !
) OP = OM + b MN
! ! !
= OM + b(ON OM)
= (4i + 2j k) + b((6i + 10j + 9k) (4i + 2j k))
= (4i + 2j k) + b(2i + 8j + 10k)
= (4 + 2b)i + (2 + 8b)j + (10b 1)k
Equating coefficients:
a + 2 = 4 + 2b, a + 3 = 2 + 8b and a + 1 = 10b 1 2
) a = 2 + 2b
and a + 3 = 2 + 8b
) (2 + 2b) + 3 = 2 + 8b
) 5 + 2b = 2 + 8b
) 3 = 6b
1
) b=
2
2
) a=2+
2
=3 Check in 2
a+1=3+1
=4
10
10b 1= 1
2
=4
) LHS = RHS
Substituting a = 3 in 1 yields
69
!
OP = (3 + 2)i + (3 + 3)j + (3 + 1)k
= 5i + 6j + 4k, the position vector of the point of contact.
! p ! p
2 a i |OA| = 22 + 32 + 12 |OB| = 32 + ( 2)2 + 12
p p
= 4+9+1 = 9+4+1
p p
= 14 = 14
! ! !
ii AB = OB OA
= (3i 2j + k) (2i + 3j + k)
=i 5j
! ! !
b i OX = OA + AX
! 1 !
= OA + AB
2
1
= (2i + 3j + k) + (i 5j)
2
5 1
= i+ j+k
2 2
1
= (5i + j + 2k)
2
! ! 1
ii OX.AB = (5i + j + 2k).(i 5j + 0k)
2
1
= (5 ⇥ 1 + 1 ⇥ ( 5) + 2 ⇥ 0)
2
1
= (5 5)
2
=0
! !
Hence OX is perpendicular to AB.
c If OABC is a parallelogram
! ! !
OC = OA + AC C
! !
= OA + OB A
B
= 2i + 3j + k + 3i 2j + k
O
= 5i + j + 2k
!
i.e. OC = 5i + j + 2k, the position vector of C such that OACB is a parallelogram.
70
! !
d OC.AB = (5i + j + 2k).(i 5j + 0k)
= 5 ⇥ 1 + 1 ⇥ ( 5) + 2 ⇥ 0
=5 5
=0
) OC is perpendicular to AB.
p
e i Let p = ai + bj + ck, a, b, c 2 R, be the vector with magnitude 195 which is
! !
perpendicular to both
p OA and OB p
|p| = a2 + b2 + c2 and |p| = 195
) a2 + b2 + c2 = 195 1
!
Now OA.p = 0
) (2i + 3j + k).(ai + bj + ck) = 0
) 2a + 3b + c = 0 2
!
and OB.p = 0
) (3i 2j + k).(ai + bj + ck) = 0
) 3a 2b + c = 0 3
Subtracting 2 from 3 yields a 5b = 0
) a = 5b 4
From 3 c = 2b 3a
= 2b 3(5b)
= 13b
and from 1 c2 = 195 a2 b2
) ( 13b)2 = 195 (5b)2 b2
) 169b2 = 195 25b2 b2
) 195b2 = 195
) b2 = 1
) b = ±1
From 4 , when b = 1, a = 5 and when b = 1, 0 = 5
Substituting into 2 , when a = 5 and b = 1,
2(5) + 3(1) + c = 0
) 10 + 3 + c = 0
) c = 13
and when a = 1 and b = 1,
71
2( 5) + 3( 1) + c = 0
) 10 3+c=0
) c = 13
) p = 5i + j 13k or p = 5i j + 13k
!
ii When p = 5i + j 13k, AB.p = (i 5j + 0k).(5i + j 13k)
= 1 ⇥ (5) + ( 5) ⇥ (1) + 0 ⇥ ( 13)
=5 5=0
!
and OC.p = (5i + j + 2k).(5i + j 13k)
= 5 ⇥ (5) + 1 ⇥ (1) + 2 ⇥ ( 13)
= 25 + 1 26 = 0
!
When p = 5i j + 13k, AB.p = (i 5j + 0k).( 5i j + 13k)
= 1 ⇥ ( 5) + ( 5) ⇥ ( 1) + 0 ⇥ (13)
= 5+5=0
!
and OC.p = (5i + j + 2k).( 5i j + 13k)
= 5 ⇥ ( 5) + 1 ⇥ ( 1) + 2 ⇥ (13)
= 25 1 + 26 = 0
! !
Therefore p is perpendicular to both AB and OC.
! !
iii Since p is perpendicular to both AB and OC, it is perpendicular to the plane
containing OACB.
! ! ! ! ! ! !
3 a OX = OC + CY + Y X OY = OC + CY
! ! ! ! !
= OC + OB + OA = OC + OB
= (i + 4j) + (i + 3k) + 5i = (i + 4j) + (i + 3k)
= 7i + 4j + 3k = 2i + 4j + 3k
! ! ! ! ! !
OZ = OA + AZ OD = OA + AD
! ! ! !
= OA + OC = OA + OB
= 5i + (i + 4j) = 5i + (i + 3k)
= 6i + 4j = 6i + 3k
72
! p
Length of OD = |OD| = 62 + 32
p
= 36 + 9
p
= 45
p
=3 5
! p
Length of OY = |OY| = 22 + 42 + 32
p
= 4 + 16 + 9
p
= 29
! ! ! !
b ZO.ZY = |ZO| |ZY| cos \OZY
! ! !
1 ZO.ZY
) \OZY = cos ! !
|ZO| |ZY|
! ! ! !
Now ZO = 6i 4j and ZY = OY OZ
= (2i + 4j + 3k) (6i + 4j)
= 4i + 3k
! p ! p
) |ZO| = ( 6)2 + ( 4)2 and |ZY| = ( 4)2 + 32
p p
= 36 + 16 = 16 + 9
p p
= 52 = 25
p
= 2 13 =5
! !
and ZO.ZY = ( 6i 4j + 0k).( 4i + 0j + 3k)
= ( 6) ⇥ ( 4) + ( 4) ⇥ 0 + 0 ⇥ 3
= 24
!
1 24
) \OZY = cos p
2 13 ⇥ 5
p !
1 12 13
= cos
65
= (48.268 53 . . .)
Angle OZY is 48.27 , correct to two decimal places.
73
! ! !
c i OP = OC + CP
! !
= OC + CZ
+1
! ! !
= OC + (OZ OC)
+1
= i + 4j + ((6i + 4j) (i + 4j))
+1
= j + 4j + (5i)
+1
!
5
= + 1 i + 4j
+1
! !
! ! 5
ii OP.CZ = + 1 i + 4j .(5i + 0j)
+1
!
5
= +1 ⇥5+4⇥0
+1
!
5
=5 +1
+1
! ! ! !
If OP ? CZ, then OP.CZ = 0
!
5
) 5 +1 =0
+1
5
) +1=0
+1
5
) = 1
+1
) 5 = ( + 1)
= 1
) 6 = 1
1
) =
6
Note: P divides CZ extemally. C Z P
! ! !
4 a i AB = OB OA
=b a
! ! !
ii BC = OC OB
=c b
74
! ! !
iii CA = OA OC
=a c
! ! !
iv OP = OB + BP
! 1 !
= OB + BC
2
1
= b + (c b)
2
1
= (b + c)
2
! ! !
v OQ = OC + CQ
! 1 !
= OC + CA
2
1
= c + (a c)
2
1
= (a + c)
2
! ! !
vi OR = OA + AR
! 1 !
= OA + AB
2
1
= a + (b a)
2
1
= (a + b)
2
75
! ! 1
b OP. BC = (b + c).(c b)
2
1
= (c.c b.b)
2
1
= (|c|2 |b|2 )
2
! ! ! !
Now OR.AB = 0 and OQ.AC = 0
1 1
) (a + b).(b a) = 0 (a + c).(c a) = 0
2 2
1 1
) (a.a b.b) = 0 (c.c a.a) = 0
2 2
1 2 1 2
) (|a| |b|2 ) = 0 (|c| |a|2 ) = 0
2 2
) |a|2 |b|2 = 0 |c|2 |a|2 = 0
) |a|2 = |b|2 |c|2 = |a|2
Therefore |b|2 = |c|2
! ! 1
and OP. BC = (|c|2 |c|2 )
2
=0
Hence, OP is perpendicular to BC.
c OP ? BC, therefore the perpendicular bisectors are concurrent.
d From b, |a|2 = |b|2 and |c|2 = |a|2 A
) |a|2 = |b|2 = |c|2

|a|
) |a| = |b| = |c| |b| |c|
O
i.e. O is the circumcentre of the triangle. B C
! ! !
5 a OL = OB + BL
! 2 !
= OB + BC
3
! 2 ! !
= OB + (OC OB)
3
2
= b + (c b)
3
1 2
= b+ c
3 3
76
! !
b OL = OA
1 2
) b+ c= a
3 3
) b + 2c = 3a
) 3a + b + 2c = 0, as required to prove.
! !
c i BO = OB B
= b
! ! !
OM = OA + AM L
O
! 2 !
= OA + AC A
M
C
5
! 2 ! !
= OA + (OC OA)
5
2
= a + (c a)
5
3 2
= a+ c
5 5
1
= (3a + 2c)
5
1
= ( b) since 3a + b + 2c = 0
5
1 !
= BO
5
Therefore OM is parallel to BO and B, O and M are collinear.
1
ii BO : OM = BO : BO
5
1
=1:
5
=5:1
77
d C, O and N are collinear
! !
) ON = pCO, p 2 R+ B
!
= pOC
= pc N
O
L
1 A C
= p ⇥ 2c M
2
1
= p ⇥ (3a + b), since 3a + b + 2c = 0
2
3p p
= a+ b 1
2 2
! ! !
Also ON = OA + AN
! !
= OA + qAB, q 2 R+
! ! !
= OA + q(OB OA)
= a + q(b a)
= (1 q)a + qb 2
Equating coefficients yields

3p p
1 q= and q =
2 2
p 3p
) 1 =
2 2
4p
) 1=
2
1 1
) p= and q =
2 4
! 1 !
Therefore AN = AB, so AN: NB = 1 : 3
4
! ! !
6 a i OD = OA + AD
! 1 !
= OA + AB
2
! 1 ! !
= OA + (OB OA)
2
1
= a + (b a)
2
1
= (a + b)
2
78
! ! !
ii DE = OE OD
! !
= OB OD
!
1
= b a+b
2
!
1 1
= a+ b
2 2
! !
! ! 1 1
b DE.OB = a+ b .(0a + b)
2 2
!
1 1
= a.b + b.b
2 2
! !
If DE ? OB,
! !
then DE.OB = 0
!
1 1
) a.b + b.b = 0
2 2
!
1 1
) b.b = a.b
2 2
1 1
) b.b b.b = a.b
2 2
1
) b.b = (a.b + b.b)
2
1
(a.b + b.b)
) = 2 as required.
b.b
79
! !
c i If DE?OB,
1
(a.b + b.b)
then = 2
b.b
Let a = |a| and b = |b|
1
(ab cos ✓ + b2 )
) = 2
b2
1 2
(b cos ✓ + b2 )
= 2 since a = b
b2
1 2
b (cos ✓ + 1)
= 2
b2
1 1
= cos ✓ +
2 2
5
Now =
6
1 1 5
) cos ✓ + =
2 2 6
1 2
) cos ✓ =
2 6
1
=
3
2
) cos ✓ = , as required.
3
80
! ! ! ! ! !
ii OF = OE + EF and AE = OE OA
5 ! 1 ! 5 ! !
= OB + ED = OB OA
6 2 6
5 ! 1 ! 5
= OB DE = b a
6 2 6
! !
5 1 1 5 1
= b a+ b
6 2 2 6 2
5 1 1
= b+ a b
6 4 6
1 2
= a+ b
4 3
! !
! ! 1 2 5
OF.AE = a + b . b a
4 3 6
1 5 2 5 1 2
= a. b + b. b a.a b.a
4 6 3 6 4 3
11 1 5
= a.b a.a + b.b
24 4 9
11 11
= a.b + b.b, as |b| = |a|
24 36
2 2
As cos ✓ = , a.b = b.b
3 3
! !
) OF.AE = 0
! !
Since OF.AE = 0, OF?AE, as required.
! !
7 a i OA.OB = (3i 12j + 3k).(2i + aj + 2k)
= 3 ⇥ 2 + ( 12) ⇥ a + 3 ⇥ 2
=6 12a + 6 = 12(1 a)
! ! ! !
ii OA ? OB ) OA.OB = 0
) 12(1 a) = 0
) 1 a=0
) a=1
! ! ! !
b i OA ? OC ) OA.OC = 0
) (3i 12j + 3k).(xi + yj + 2k) = 0
) 3x 12y + 6 = 0
) x 4y + 2 = 0 1
81
! ! ! !
ii OB?OC ) OB.OC = 0
) (2i + j + 2k).(xi + yj + 2k) = 0
) 2x + y + 4 = 0
) y = 2x 4 2
Substituting 2 in 1 yields
x 4( 2x 4) + 2 = 0
) x + 8x + 16 + 2 = 0
) 9x + 18 = 0
18
) x= = 2
9
) y = 2( 2) 4 = 0
! ! !
c i OD = OB + BD
! !
= OB + OC
= (2i + j + 2k) + ( 2i + 2k) = j + 4k
! ! !
ii OX = OA + AX
! !
= OA + OC
= (3i 12j + 3k) + ( 2i + 2k)
=i 12j + 5k
! ! ! !
iii OY = OA + AZ + ZY
! ! !
= OA + OB + OC
= (3i 12j + 3k) + (2i + j + 2k) + ( 2i + 2k)
= 3i 11j + 7k
d The heights above ground are given by the k components.

Hence X is 5 units above the ground and Y is 7 units above the ground.
82
! 3 ! 3
8 a i BD = BC = c
4 4
! ! !
ii BE = BA + AE
!3 !
= BA AC
5
! 3 ! !
= BA + ( BC BA)
5
3
= a + (c a)
5
2 3
= a+ c
5 5
! ! !
iii AD = AB + BD
! 3 ! 3
= BA + BC = a + c
4 4
! ! ! ! !
b BP = µ BE and BP = BA + AP
!
2 3 ! !
=µ a+ c = BA + AD
5 5
!
2µ 3µ 3
= a+ c =a+ a+ c
5 5 4
3
= (1 )a + c
4
Equating coefficients:
2µ 3µ 3µ 4µ
=1 and = ) =
5 5 4 5
4µ
=1
5
6µ
) =1
5
5
) 6µ = 5 ) µ=
6
5
4⇥ 6 2
So = =
5 3
9 a a = pi + qj
b = qi pj
c = qi + pj
83
! ! ! ! ! !
b i AB = OB OA AC = OC OA
= i (xi + yj) =i (xi + yj)
= (x + 1)i yj = (1 x)i yj
! !
ii AE = yi + (1 x)j AF = yi + (x + 1)j
! !
(AC is rotated 90 (AB is rotated 90
anticlockwise about A.) clockwise about A.)
!
c i OA = xi + yj
! ! !
EF = AF AE
= ( yi + (x + 1)j) (yi + (1 x)j)
= 2yi + 2xj
= 2( yi + xj)
! !
OA.EF = (xi + yj).2( yi + xj)
= 2( xy + xy)
=0
! ! ! !
Since OA.EF = 0, OA is perpendicular to EF.
q q
! !
ii |EF| = ( 2y)2 + (2x)2 and |OA| = x 2 + y2
q
= 4y2 + 4x2
q
= 4(x2 + y2 )
q
= 2 x2 + y2
!
= 2|OA|, as required to prove.
!
10 a i BC = mv
!
BE = nv
!
CA = mw
!
CF = nw
84
! ! !
ii |AE| = |AB + BE| u
= |mu + nv| 120°

v
p
= (mu + nv)2
p
= m2 u.u + 2mnu.v + n2 v.v
p
= m2 |u|2 + 2mn|u||v| cos 120 + n2 |v|2
r
1
= m2 + 2mn ⇥ + n2 , since |u| = |v| = 1
2
p
= m2 mn + n2
! ! !
|FB| = |FC + CB| w
v
! ! 120°
= | CF BC|
= | nw mv|
p
= ( nw mv)2
p
= n2 |w|2 + 2mn|w||v| cos 120 + m2 |v|2
r
1
= n2 + 2mn ⇥ + m2 , since |v| = |w| = 1
2
p
= m2 mn + n2
! !
b AE.FB = (mu + nv).( nw mv)
= mnu.w n2 v.w m2 u.v mnv.v
= mn|u||w| cos 120 n2 |v||w| cos 120 m2 |u||v| cos 120 mn|v|2
1 1 1
= mn ⇥ n2 ⇥ m2 ⇥ mn, since |u| = |v| = |w| = 1
2 2 2
1 1 2 1 2
= mn + n + m mn
2 2 2
1
= (m2 mn + n2 ), as required.
2
85
! ! ! !
c AE.FB = |AE||FB| cos G
p p
= m2 mn + n2 m2 mn + n2 cos G
= (m2 mn + n2 ) cos G
! ! 1
But AE.FB = (m2 mn + n2 )
2
1
) (m2 mn + n2 ) cos G = (m2 mn + n2 )
2
1
) cos G =
2
) G = 60
By symmetry, H and K are also angles of 60 , hence 4GHK is equilateral.
! !
11 a In the diagram OC = c and OA = a O
! ! !
CF = CO + OF
1 F •H
= c+ a
2 • K
•
X
! 1
OE = (a + c)
2 A E
C
! !
b i OE is perpendicular to AC
! !
which implies OE.AC = 0
1
which can be written as (a + c)(c a) = 0
2
Hence c.c a.a = 0
which implies |c|2 = |a|2
and OA = OC
The triangle OAC is isosceles.
! !
ii Let \AOC = ✓. If CF is perpendicular to OA
1
|a| 1
then cos ✓ = 2 = , as oA = OC
|c| 2
Therefore ✓ = 60
Hence all angles are 60 and triangle AOC is equilateral.
86
! 1
c i OH = (a + c)
4
! 1 !
CK = CF
2
!
1 1
= c+ a
2 2
! ! ! !
Now HK = HO + OC + CK
!
1 1 1
= (a + c) + c + c+ a
4 2 2
1
= c
4
! 1
Since HK = c, =
4
! ! !
Also FE = FA + AE
1 1
= a + (c a)
2 2
1
= c
2
! 1
Since FE = µc, µ =
2
ii HK is parallel to FE
\XEF = \XHK (alternate angles)
\XFE = \XKH (alternate angles)
Therefore triangle HXK is similar to triangle EXF.
! !
iii As |HK| : |FE| = 1 : 2 (from c)
! !
|HX| : |XE| = 1 : 2 (similar triangles)
! 2 !
Therefore |XE| = |HE|
3
1 !
= |OE|
3
! 2 !
Therefore |OX| = |OE|
3
Hence OX : XE = 2 : 1
87
!
12 a OA = 2i 2j V
!
OB = 2i 2j
!
OC = 2i + 2j M
!
OD = 2i + 2j
N D C
k
j
i Q
O
A P B
! ! ! 1 !
b PM = PB + BC + CV
2
1
= 2i + 4j + ( 2i 2j + 2hk)
2
= i + 3j + hk
! ! ! 1 !
QN = QB + BA + AV
2
1
= 2j 4i + (2i + 2j + 2hk)
2
= 3i j + hk
! ! ! !
c Write OX = OA + AP + PM
= 2i 2j + 2i + (i + 3j + hk)
= i + (3 2)j + hk 1
! ! ! !
Also OX = OB + BQ + µQN
= 2i + µ( 3i j + hk)
= (2 3µ)i µj + µhk 2
From 1 and 2
= 2 3µ, 3 2 = µ and h = µh
=µ
Therefore
and 4 =2
1
which implies =
2
1
Therefore µ=
2
! 1 1 1
Therefore OX = i j + hk
2 2 2
88
! !
d i If OX is perpendicular to V B!
1 1 1
i j + hk .(2i 2j 2hk) = 0
2 2 2
Therefore 1+1 h2 = 0
p
Therefore h = 2 as h > 0
ii Let ✓ be the angle between PM and QM.

! ! ! !
Consider PM.QN = |PM||QN| cos ✓
p p
Therefore 3 3 + 2 = 12 12 cos ✓
4
Therefore cos ✓ =
12
1
=
3 !
1 1
✓ is obtuse. The acute angle between PM and QN is cos = 71 , to the
3
nearest degree.
e i PM and QN are diagonals of quadrilateral NMPQ and are of equal length and
bisect each other at X(c). Therefore NMPQ is a rectangle.
ii NMPQ is a square if the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.

! !
i.e. PM.QN = 0
This implies 3 3 + h2 = a
p
and therefore h = 6 as h > 0
13 A C
O B
! 1
a i OM = aj
2
! ! !
ii MC = MA + AC
1
= ai + aj
2
89
!
! 1
b MP = ai + aj
2
!
! 1 1
BP = aj ai + ai + aj
2 2
1 ! ! !
=( 1)ai + (1 + )aj Also OP = OB + BP
2
1
= ai + (1 + )aj
2
! ! 1
c i BP. MC = 0 implies a2 (1 + ) + a2 ( 1) = 0 (a , 0)
4
Therefore (1 + ) + 4( 1) = 0
which implies 5 =3
3
Therefore =
r p 5
! 4 2 16 2 2 5
| BP| = a + a = a
25 25 5
r
! 9 2 16 2
|OP| = a + a =a
25 25
!
|OB| = a
! ! ! !
ii BP. BO = | BP|| BO| cos ✓
p
2 2 5 2
a⇥ a= a cos ✓
5 5
p
5
Therefore cos ✓ =
5
! ap 2
d |OP| = 4 +1+2 + 2
2
ap 2
= 5 +2 +1
2
! ! ap 2
|OP| = |OB| implies a= 5 +2 +1
2
Squaring both sides gives 4=5 2+2 +1
3
which implies or = 1
=
5
3
P1 corresponds to = and P2 corresponds to = 1
5
90
A C
P1
M
P2 O B
e X
A
C
M P
O
B
! ! !
OP = OB + BP
1
= ai + (1 + )aj
2
3 ! 3 4
From c, = , therefore OP = ai + aj
5 5 5
! ! !
Now CX = CP + PX
2 !
= MC + ak
5
2 1
= ai aj + ak
5 5
! ! !
PY = PC + CY
! !
2 1 2 1
= ai + aj + µ ai aj + ak
5 2 5 5
2 1
= a(1 µ)j + a(1 µ)j + µak
5 5
! !
CX.PY = 0
91
4 2 1 2
) a (1 µ) a (1 µ) + µa2 = 0
25 25
4 2 4 2 1 2 1 2
) a + aµ a + a µ + µa2 = 0
25 25 25 25
2
a
) ( 4 + 4µ 1 + µ + 25µ) = 0
25
) 5 + 30µ = 0
) 30µ = 5
1
) µ=
6 !
! 1 2 1
Therefore OY = ai + aj + ai aj + ak
6 5 5
14 29 1
= ai + aj + ak
15 30 6
92
Chapter 3 – Circular functions
!
⇡ y
1 a The graph of y = cosec x +
4 6
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
y = sec ⎜ x – π⎟ ⎜2π, 2 3⎟
is a translation of the graph of 5
⎛ 2 3⎞
⎜0, ⎟
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⇡ 4 ⎝ 3⎠
y = cosec x, units in the negative 3
4
direction of the x axis. 2
1
The y axis ! intercept is:
⇡ p π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π x
cosec = 2. -1 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
4 -2
Asymptotes ! will occur when

-3
-4
⇡
sin x + =0 -5
4 -6
Therefore the asymptotes are at
3⇡ 7⇡ !
x= and x = . ⇡
4 4 c The graph of y = cot x +
y ⎛ ⎞
y = cosec ⎜x + π⎟
3
5 ⎝ 4⎠
is a translation of the graph of
(0, 2 )
(2π, 2 ) ⇡
4 y = cot x, units in the negative
3
3
direction of the x axis. p
2
⇡ 3
1 The y axis intercept is cot = .
3 3
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π x Asymptotes ! will occur when
-1 4 2 4 4 2 4 ⇡
tan x + =0
-2
3
-3 Therefore the asymptotes are at
-4 2⇡ 5⇡
x= and x = .
-5 3 3
y
! 5
⇡ ⎛ ⎞
y = cot ⎜x + π⎟
⎛ ⎞
⎜2π, 3 ⎟
b The graph of y = sec x 4
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
6 3 ⎛ 3⎞
is a translation of the graph of ⎜0, ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
⇡ 2
y = sec x, units in the positive
6 1
direction of the x axis. x

π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π
The y axis intercept
p is -1 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
!
⇡ 2 3 -2
sec = .
6 3 -3

-4
⇡ -5
cos x =0
6
2⇡ 5⇡
x= and x = .
3 3
1
!
2⇡ y
d The graph of y = sec x +
3 5
⎛ ⎞
y = cosec ⎜x – π ⎟
is a translation of the graph of 4 ⎝ 2⎠
2⇡ 3
y = sec x, units in the negative
3 2
direction of the x axis.
2⇡ 1
(0 , – 1) (2π, – 1)
The y axis intercept is sec = 2.
3 π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π x
Asymptotes! will occur when -1 4 2 4 4 2 4
2⇡ -2
cos x + =0
3 -3
Therefore the asymptotes are at -4
5⇡ 11⇡ -5
x= and x = .
6 6 !
y
3⇡
5 f The graph of y = cot x
4
⎛ ⎞
y = sec ⎜x + 2π⎟
4
⎝ 3⎠
3
3⇡
2 y = cot x, units in the positive
(2π, – 2) 4
1 direction of the x axis. !
3⇡
π π π 2π 5π π 7π 4π 3π 5π 11π 2π x
The y axis intercept is cot = 1.
-1 6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6 4
-2 Asymptotes! will occur when
-3
(0 , -2)
3⇡
tan x =0
-4 4
3⇡ 7⇡
! x= and x = .
⇡ 4 4
e The graph of y = cosec x y
2 5
is a translation of the graph of 4 y = cot ⎛⎜x – 3π⎞⎟
⇡ ⎝
4
⎠ (2π , 1)
y = cosec x, units in the 3
2
positive direction of the x axis. 2 (0 , 1)
The y axis!intercept is 1
⇡ x
cosec = 1. π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π 2π
2 -1 4 2 4 4 2 4

-2
⇡ -3
sin x =0
2 -4
⇡ 3⇡
x = and x = .
2 2
2 a The graph of y = sec 2x is obtained
from the graph of y = sec x by a
1
dilation of factor from the y axis.
2
The y axis intercept is sec(0) = 1.
Asymptotes will occur when
2
cos(2x) = 0 The y axis intercept is cot(0) which is
Therefore the asymptotes are at undefined.
⇡ 3⇡ Asymptotes will occur when
x = and x = .
4 4 tan(4x) = 0
y
5 Therefore the asymptotes are at

y = sec(2x)
⇡ ⇡ 3⇡
4
x = 0, x = , x = , x = and
3 4 2 4
(0 , 1) (π , 1) x = ⇡.
2
y
1
5
y = cot(4x)
π π 3π π x 4
-1 4 2 4
3
-2
2
-3
1
-4
π π 3π π 5π 3π 7π π x
-5
-1 8 4 8 2 8 4 8
-2
b The graph of y = cosec(3x) is -3
obtained from the graph of -4
1
y = cosec x by a dilation of factor -5
3
from the y axis. !
The y axis intercept is cosec(0) which ⇡
d The graph of y = cosec 2x +
is undefined. 2
!!
Asymptotes will occur when ⇡
= cosec 2 x +
sin(3x) = 0 4
Therefore the asymptotes are at is obtained from the graph of
⇡ 2⇡ y = cosec x by a dilation of factor
x = 0, x = , x = and x = ⇡. 1
3 3 from the y axis followed by a
y
2
⇡
5
translation units in the negative
4 y = cosec(3x) 4
3 ⇡
The y axis intercept is cosec = 1.
2
2
1 Asymptotes! will occur when
⇡
π π π 2π 5π π x sin 2x + =0
-1 6 3 2 3 6 2
⇡ 3⇡
-3
x = and x = .
-4 4 4 !
⇡
-5
Note : cosec 2x + = sec 2x
2
c The graph of y = cot(4x) is obtained
from the graph of y = cot x by a
1
dilation of factor from the y axis.
4
3
!
y ⇡
f The graph of y = cot 2x
5
y = cosec ⎛⎜2x + π⎞⎟
3
4 ⎝
2
⎠ !!
⇡
3 = cot 2 x
2
(0 , 1) (π , 1) 6
1
is obtained from the graph of
y = cot x by a dilation of factor
π π 3π π x
1
-1 4 2 4
from the y axis followed by a
2
-2
⇡
translation units in the positive
-3
6
-4 direction of the x axis.
-5 The y axis intercept
p is
!
⇡ 3
cot = .
e The graph of y = sec(2x + ⇡) 3 3
!! Asymptotes! will occur when
⇡
= sec 2 x + ⇡
2 tan 2x =0
is obtained from the graph of 3
y = sec x by a dilation of factor ⇡ 2⇡
1 x = and x = .
from the y axis followed by a 6 3
2 y
⇡
translation units in the negative 5
2 ⎛ ⎞
y = cot ⎜2x – π⎟
direction of the x axis. 4
⎝ 3⎠
3
The y axis intercept is sec(⇡) = 1.
2
Asymptotes will occur when
1
cos(2x + ⇡) = 0
x
π
12
π
6
π
4
π
3
5π
12
π
2
7π
12
2π
3
3π
4
5π
6
11π
12
π
⇡ 3⇡
x = and x = . -2 ⎛ ⎞
4 4 ⎜0, – 3⎟
⎝ 3⎠
⎛
⎜π , –
3⎞
3 ⎟⎠
Note : sec(2x + ⇡) = sec 2x -3 ⎝
-4
y
-5
5
y = sec(2x + π)
4
3 !
⇡
2 3 a The graph of y = sec 2x
1 (0 , -1) (π , – 1)
2
!!
x ⇡
π
4
π
2
3π
4
π
= sec 2 x
-1
4
-2
-3
y = sec x by a dilation of factor
-4 1
from the y axis followed by a
-5
2
⇡
4
4
!
⇡ y
The y axis intercept is sec ,
2 ⎛ ⎞
5
y = cosec ⎜2x + π⎟
which is undefined. ⎝ 3
⎠ 4
Asymptotes! will occur when 3
⇡ ⎛ 2 3⎞
⎜0 , ⎟
2 ⎛ 2 3⎞
⎜π , ⎟
cos 2x =0 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
2 1
Therefore the asymptotes are at – π – 5π – 2π – π –π –π π π π 2π 5π π x

⇡ ⇡ 6 3 2 3 6 -1 6 3 2 3 6
x = ⇡, x = , x = 0, x = and
2 2 ⎛
⎜– π ,
2 3⎞
⎟ -2
x = ⇡. ! ⎝ 3 ⎠
-3
⇡
Note : sec 2x = cosec(2x) -4
2
-5
y
5 !
⎛ ⎞ 2⇡
4 y = sec ⎜2x – π⎟
⎝
2 c The graph of y = cot 2x
3
⎠
3
2
!!
⇡
1 = cot 2 x
3
–π – 3π –π –π π π 3π π is obtained from the graph of
4 2 4 -1 4 2 4
y = cot x by a dilation of factor
-2
1
-3 from the y axis followed by a
2
-4 ⇡
-5 3
! The y axis intercept is
⇡ ! p
b The graph of y = cosec 2x + 2⇡ 3
3 cot = .
!! 3 3
⇡ Asymptotes !will occur when
= cosec 2 x +
6 2⇡
is obtained from the graph of tan 2x =0
3
y = cosec x by a dilation of factor Therefore the asymptotes are at
1 2⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 5⇡
from the y axis followed by a x= ,x= , x = and x = .
2 3 6 3 6
⇡
translation units in the negative y
6 5
direction of the x axis. ⎛ ⎞
4 ⎜π , 3 ⎟
⎛ ⎞
The y axis intercept is
⎛ ⎞
y = cot ⎜⎝2x – 2π ⎟⎠
⎜– π , 3 ⎟ ⎝ 3⎠
p
3
⎝ 3⎠ 3
⇡ 2 3
cosec = . 2
3 3 1
Asymptotes! will occur when
⇡ – π – 5π – 2π – π –π –π π π π 2π 5π π x
sin 2x + =0 6 3 2 3 6 -1 6 3 2 3 6
3 -2
Therefore the asymptotes are at ⎛ 3⎞
2⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 5⇡ ⎜0 ,
⎝
⎟
3⎠
-3
x= ,x= , x = and x = . -4
3 6 3 6
-5
5
4 a C So, p
x° 5 7 2
cot x = ,
A B 8 p
8 9 9 2
By Pythagoras’ theorem, sec x = , cosec x =
7 8
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2
) AC 2 = 25 + 64 = 89 !
2⇡ ⇡
p 5 a sin = sin ⇡
) AC = 89 3 3
So, p ⇡
= sin
5 89 3
cot x = , sec x = , p
8 p 5 3
89 =
cosec x = 2
8 !
3⇡ ⇡
b B b cos = cos ⇡
5
4 4
x°
⇡
A C = cos
7 4
By Pythagoras’ theorem, p
2
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 =
2
) AB2 = AC 2 BC 2 !
⇡ ⇡
) AB2 = 49 25 = 24 c tan = tan = 1
4 4
p
) AB = 24 ⇡ 1 1
p d cosec = ⇡ = =2
) AB = 2 6 6 sin 0.5
So, 6
p
2 6 ⇡ 1 1 p
cot x = , e sec = = p = 2
5p 4 cos ⇡ 2
7 6 7 4
sec x = , cosec x = 2
12 5
!
⇡ 1 1 p
c C f cot = = p = 3
6 ⇡
tan 3
9 6
3
B x° !
A 5⇡ ⇡
7
By Pythagoras’ theorem, g sin = sin ⇡ +
4 4
AC 2 = AB2 + BC 2 ⇡
= sin
) BC 2 = AC 2 AB2 4
p
2
) BC 2 = 81 49 = 32 =
p 2
) BC = 32
p
) BC = 4 2
6
!
5⇡ ⇡ 9⇡ 1
h tan = tan ⇡ k cot =
6 6 4 9⇡
tan
! 4
⇡
= tan 1
6 = !
p ⇡
3 tan 2⇡ +
= 4
3 1
! = ⇡
⇡ 1 tan
i sec = ⇡ 4
3 cos
3 1
=
1 1
= ⇡ =1
cos
3 ! !
1 7⇡ ⇡
= l cos = cos 2⇡
0.5 3 3
!
=2 ⇡
= cos
3
3⇡ 1 !
j cosec = ⇡
4 3⇡ = cos
sin 3
4
1 1
= ! =
⇡ 2
sin ⇡
4
1 1 sin2 x
= ⇡ 6 a sec2 x tan2 x =
sin cos2 x cos2 x
4 1 sin2 x
1 =
= ! cos2 x
1
p cos2 x
2 =
p cos2 x
= 2 =1
or
sec2 x tan2 x = 1 + tan2 x tan2 x
=1
7
" #
2 2 cos2 x 1 ⇡
b cot x cosec x = 7 tan x = 4, x 2 ,0
sin x sin2 x
2 2
1 cos2 x
= a sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x
sin2 x
sin2 x sec2 x = 1 + 16 = 17
= p
sin2 x sec x = ± 17
= 1 " #
p ⇡
or sec x = 17 as x 2 ,0
cot2 x cosec x 2 2
= cot2 x (1 + cot2 x) 1
b cos x =
sec x
= 1 p
1 17
cos x = p =
tan2 x + 1 sec2 x 17 17
c =
tan2 x tan2 x
1 c cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x
2 1
= cos2 x =1+
sin x tan2 x
cos2 x 1
=1+
1 16
= p
sin2 x 17
cosec x = ±
= cosec2 x 4
p " #
17 ⇡
sin2 x cos2 x + sin2 x cosec x = as x 2 ,0
d + cos x = 4 2
cos x cos x
1 " #
= 3⇡
cos x 8 cot x = 3, x 2 ⇡,
= sec x 2
e sin4 x cos4 x a cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x

p p
= (sin2 x cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x) ) cosec x = ± 1 + 32 = ± 10
" #
= sin2 x cos2 x p 3⇡
) cosec x = 10 as x 2 ⇡,
2
= cos 2x
1
f tan3 x + tan x = tan x(1 + tan2 x) b sin x =
cosec x
p
= tan x sec2 x 10
=
10
8
1 cos x
c sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1 + b cot x =
cot2 x sin x
s p p
!2 3 1
1 10 = ÷
) sec x = ± 1 + =± 2 2
3 3 p
p " # = 3
10 3⇡
) sec x = as x 2 ⇡,
3 2 1 1
c cosec x = = =2
sin x 0.5
" #
⇡
9 sec x = 10, x 2 ,0 12 cosec x = 3, 180 < x < 270
2
1 1
a tan2 x = sec2 x 1 a sin x = =
cosec x 3
p p
) tan x = ± 102 1 = ±3 11 s
!2
" # 1
p ⇡ b cos x = 1
) tan x = 3 11 as x 2 ,0 3
2 p
8
=
b sin x = tan x ÷ sec x 3
p p
3 11 2 2
) sin x = =
10 3
p
1 3 3 2
" # c sec x = = p =
3⇡ cos x 8 4
10 cosec x = 6, x 2 , 2⇡
2
a cot2 x = cosec2 x 1 13 cos x = 0.7, 0 < x < 180

p p p
) cot x = ± ( 6)2 1 = ± 35 a sin x = 1 (0.7)2
" # p
p 3⇡ = 0.51
) cot x = 35 as x 2 , 2⇡ p
2
51
p =
35 10
b cos x = cot x ÷ cosec x = p p
6 sin x 0.51 51
b tan x = = =
cos x 0.7 7
11 sin x = 0.5, 90 < x < 180 p
p 1 7 7 51
p c cot x = = p =
3 tan x 51 51
a cos x = 1 (0.5)2 =
2
14 sec x = 5, 180 < x < 360
1 1
a cos x = = = 0.2
sec x 5
9
s
!2 sec2 ✓ cosec2 ✓
1 d
b sin x = 1 tan2 ✓ cot2 ✓
5
p (1 + tan2 ✓) (1 + cot2 ✓)
24 =
= tan2 ✓ cot2 ✓
5 tan2 ✓ cot2 ✓
p =
2 6 tan2 ✓ cot2 ✓
=
5 =1
p p
1 2 6 1 6
c cot x = ÷ = p =
5 5 2 6 12 16 If x = sec ✓ tan ✓
1 sin ✓
2 2 2 2 =
15 a sec ✓ + cosec ✓ sec ✓ cosec ✓ cos ✓ cos ✓
1 1 1 1 sin ✓
= + =
cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓ cos ✓
1 cos ✓
sin2 ✓ + cos2 ✓ 1 then =
= x 1 sin ✓
cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓ and
1 1 1 1 sin ✓ cos ✓
= x+ = +
cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓ x cos ✓ 1 sin ✓
=0 (1 sin ✓) + cos2 ✓
2
=
cos ✓(1 sin ✓)
b (sec ✓ cos ✓)(cosec ✓ sin ✓) 1 2 sin ✓ + sin2 ✓ + cos2 ✓
! ! =
1 1 cos ✓(1 sin ✓)
= cos ✓ sin ✓ 1 2 sin ✓ + 1
cos ✓ sin ✓ =
! ! cos ✓(1 sin ✓)
1 cos2 ✓ 1 sin2 ✓
= 2(1 sin ✓)
cos ✓ sin ✓ =
! ! cos ✓(1 sin ✓)
sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓ 2
= =
cos ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓
= sin ✓ cos ✓ = 2 sec ✓, as required to prove.
1
= sin 2✓
2
(using a double angle formula)
c (1 cos2 ✓)(1 + cot2 ✓)

= (sin2 ✓)(cosec2 ✓)
!
2 1
= (sin ✓)
sin2 ✓
=1
10
1 1 sin ✓ cos ✓
x =
x cos ✓ 1 sin ✓
(1 sin ✓) cos2 ✓
2
=
cos ✓(1 sin ✓)
(sin2 ✓ + cos2 ✓) 2 sin ✓ + sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓
=
cos ✓(1 sin ✓)
2 sin2 ✓ 2 sin ✓
=
cos ✓(1 sin ✓)
2 sin ✓(1 sin ✓)
=
cos ✓(1 sin ✓)
2 sin ✓
=
cos ✓
= 2 tan ✓
1
)x = 2 tan ✓
x
11
! !
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
1 a sin = sin d tan = tan
12 3 4 12 3 4
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
= sin cos sin cos tan tan
3 4 4 3 3 4
p p p = ⇡ ⇡
3 2 21 1 + tan tan
= 3 4
2 2 2 2 p
p p 3 1
2( 3 1) = p
= 1+ 3
4 p p
p p
6 2 ( 3 1)(1 3)
= =
4 2
p
! 2 3 4
5⇡ ⇡ ⇡ =
b tan = tan + 2
12 4 6 p
=2 3
⇡ ⇡
tan + tan
= 4 6
⇡ ⇡
1 tan tan 2 a sin(2x 5y) = sin 2x cos 5y
4 6
p cos 2x sin 5y
3
1+
3
= p b cos(x2 + y) = cos(x2 ) cos y
3
1 sin(x2 ) sin y
3
p 2
(3 + 3) c
=
6 tan(x + (y + z))
p
=2+ 3 tan x + tan(y + z)
=
! ! 1 tan x tan(y + z)
7⇡ 6⇡ ⇡
c cos = cos + tan y + tan z
12 12 12 tan x +
! 1 tan y tan z
=
⇡ ⇡ tan y + tan z
= cos + 1 tan x ⇥
2 12 1 tan y tan z
⇡ tan x(1 tan y tan z) tan y tan z
= sin +
12 1 tan y tan z 1 tan y tan z
p p =
2( 3 1) 1 tan y tan z tan x(tan y + tan z)
= (see a)
4 1 tan y tan z 1 tan y tan z
p p
2(1 3) tan x tan x tan y tan z + tan y + tan z
= =
4 1 tan y tan z tan x tan y tan x tan z
p p tan x + tan y + tan z tan x tan y tan z
2 6 =
= 1 tan y tan z tan x tan y tan x tan z
4
A CAS calculator has the capability
to expand and collect some
12
trigonometric equations.
TI: Press
Menu ! 3 : Algebra !
B : Trigonometry ! 1 : Expand
CP : Tap Action !
For part b.
Transformation ! tCollect
Type tExpand(cos(x2 + y))
and complete the command as per the
TI instructions.
4 a sin(x + 2x) = sin x cos 2x + cos x sin 2x

CP : Tap Action !
Transformation ! tExpand b sin(3x) = sin x cos 2x + cos x sin 2x
and complete the command as per the = sin x(cos2 x sin2 x)
TI instructions.
+ cos x ⇥ 2 sin x cos x
= sin x cos2 x sin3 x
3 a sin x cos 2y cos x sin 2y = sin(x 2y)
+ 2 sin x cos2 x
b = 3 sin x cos2 x sin3 x
cos 3x cos 2x + sin 3x sin 2x = cos(3x 2x)
= 3 sin x(1 sin2 x) sin3 x
= cos x
= 3 sin x 4 sin3 x
c
tan A tan(A B)
= tan(A (A B))
1 + tan A tan(A B) 5 a cos(x + 2x) = cos x cos 2x
= tan B sin x sin 2x
d b cos(3x) = cos x(cos2 x sin2 x)

sin(A + B) cos(A B) + cos(A + B) sin(A B)
2 sin2 x cos x
= sin((A + B) + (A B))
= cos3 x 3 sin2 x cos x
= sin 2A
= cos3 x 3(1 cos2 x) cos x
e cos y cos( 2y) sin y sin( 2y) = 4 cos3 x 3 cos x
= cos(y + ( 2y))
" #
= cos( y) ⇡
6 sin x = 0.6, x 2 , ⇡ and
= cos y 2
" #
For part e. ⇡
tan y = 2.4, y 2 0,
TI : Press 2
Menu ! 3 : Algebra !
B : Trigonometry ! 2 : Collect
13
a cos2 x = 1 sin2 x e tan2 x = sec2 x 1
p
cos x = ± 1 0.62 1
= 1
cos2 x
= ±0.8 s
!2
# " 1
⇡ tan x = ± 1
) cos x = 0.8 as x 2 , ⇡ 0.8
2
0.6
=±
b sec2 y = 1 + tan2 y 0.8
p 3
sec y = ± 1 + 2.42 =±
4
= ±2.6 = ±0.75
" # # "
⇡ ⇡
) sec y = 2.6 as y 2 0, ) tan x = 0.75 as x 2 , ⇡
2 2
1 f cos(x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
c cos y =
sec y
4 5 3 12
1 = ⇥ + ⇥
= 5 13 5 13
2.6
20 36
10 = +
= 65 65
26
16
5 =
= 65
13
s
!2
d sin2 y = 1 cos2 y 16
g sin(x y) = ± 1
s
!2 65
5 63
sin y = ± 1 =±
13 65
⇡ ⇡
12 As  x  ⇡ and 0  y  ,
=± 2 2
13 0x y⇡
" # 63
12 ⇡ ) sin(x y) =
) sin y = as y 2 0, 65
13 2 or
sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y
!
3 5 4 12
= ⇥ ⇥
5 13 5 13
15 48
= +
65 65
63
=
65
14
tan x + tan y b
h tan(x + y) = q
1 tan x tan y
cos y = ± 1 sin2 y
3 12 p
+
4 5 = ± 1 (0.4)2
= p
3 12
1+ ⇥ = ± 0.84
4 5 p
33 5 2 21
= ⇥ =±
20 14 10
p " #
33 21 ⇡
= ) cos y = = 0.92 as x 2 0,
56 5 2
i tan(x + 2y) = tan((x + y) + y) tan x tan y
c tan(x y) =
33 12 1 + tan x tan y
+
= 56 5 sin x sin y
33 12 cos x cos y
1 ⇥ =
56 5 sin x sin y
837 70 1+ ⇥
= ⇥ cos x cos y
280 29 p
837 51 2
p
=
116 7 21
= p
51 2
" # 1+ ⇥
3⇡ 7 21
7 cos x = 0.7, x 2 ⇡, and p p
2 3 51 2 21
" # =
⇡ 21
sin y = 0.4, y 2 0, 49
2 ⇥ p
p 49 + 2 119
p p
a sin x = ± 1 cos2 x 21 51 14 21
p = p
= ± 1 ( 0.7)2 147 + 6 119
p = 0.40
= ± 0.51
p
51 d cos(x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
=± p p
10
p 7 21 51 2
51 = ⇥ + ⇥
) sin x = = 0.71 10 5 10 5
10 p p
" # 7 21 2 51
3⇡ = +
as x 2 ⇡, 50 50
2
= 0.36
1 1
8 a sin x cos x = (2 sin x cos x)
2 4
1
= sin 2x
4
15
b sin2 x cos2 x = (cos2 x sin2 x) a
= cos 2x sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
sin x = 0.8
tan x 1 2 tan x p
c = cos x = ± 1 (0.8)2
1 tan x 2 1 tan2 x
2
1 = ±0.6
= tan 2x
2 " #
3⇡
) cos x = 0.6 as x 2 ⇡,
sin4 x cos4 x 2
d
cos 2x
) sin 2x = 2 ⇥ ( 0.8) ⇥ ( 0.6) = 0.96
(sin2 x cos2 x)(sin2 x + cos2 x)
=
cos 2x b cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x
( cos 2x)(1)
= =1 2( 0.8)2
cos 2x
= 1 = 0.28
sin 2x
4 sin3 x 2 sin x c tan 2x =
e cos 2x
cos x cos 2x
0.96
2 sin x(2 sin2 x 1) =
= 0.28
cos x cos 2x 24
cos 2x =
= 2 tan x · 7
cos 2x
= 2 tan x " #
⇡
10 tan x = 3, x 2 0,
4 sin2 x 4 sin4 x 2
f
sin 2x 2 tan x
4 sin2 x(1 sin2 x) a tan 2x =
= 1 tan2 x
2 sin x cos x 6
2 sin x cos2 x =
= 1 9
cos x 6
=
= 2 sin x cos x 8
= sin 2x 3
=
4
" #
3⇡
9 sin x = 0.8, x 2 ⇡,
2
16
p
b tan 3x = tan(2x + x) a cos x = ± 1 sin2 x
tan 2x + tan x p
= = ± 1 ( 0.75)2
1 tan 2x tan x p
3 7
+3 =±
4 4
= !
3 = ±0.66 (correct to two
1 ⇥3
4 decimal places)
9 " #
= 3⇡
13 ) cos x = 0.66 as x 2 ⇡,
2
2 tan x b cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x

11 tan 2x =
1 tan2 x x
⇡ ) cos x = 1 2 sin2
Put x = 2
8 x 1 cos x
2 tan
⇡ sin2 =
⇡ 8 2 2
) tan = s
4 1 tan2 ⇡ p
x 4+ 7
8 sin = ±
⇡ ⇡ 2 8
1 tan2 = 2 tan
8 8 = ±0.91
⇡ " # " #
Let tan = x, 3⇡ x ⇡ 3⇡
8 as x 2 ⇡, ) 2 ,
) 1 x2 = 2x 2 2 2 4
x
x2 + 2x 1p= 0 ) sin = 0.91
2± 4+4 2
x=
2
p " #
= 1± 2 ⇡
⇡ ⇡ 13 cos x = 0.9, x 2 0,
as < , 2
8p 2 Since cos 2x = 2 cos2 x 1 then
x = 2 1p x
⇡ cos x = 2 cos2 1
) tan = 2 1 2
8 x 1 + cos x
cos2 =
2 2
" # r
3⇡ x 1 + 0.9
12 sin x = 0.75, x 2 ⇡, cos = ±
2 2 2
= ±0.97
" # " #
⇡ x ⇡
as x 2 0, ) 2 0,
2 2 4
x
) cos = 0.97
2
17
14 P Let tan x = z
12 2z
) =
5 1 z2
) 6 6z2 = 5z
) 6z2 + 5z 6=0
p
12 m 5± 25 + 144
) z=
12
T p
5 ± 169
=
! 12
⇡
as x 2 0, ,
2
G A 5 + 13 8 2
z= = =
5m 12 12 3
Since ) \AGT = \TGP = x 2
) tan x =
) \AGP = 2x 3
opp 12 c AT = GA tan x
a tan 2x = =
adj 5 2
=5⇥
2 tan x 3
b tan 2x = 10
1 tan2 x =
3
1
=3
3
1
Therefore the length of AT is 3
3
metres.
18
!
1 a The graph of y = tan 1 (x 1) 1 1
c The graph of y = 2 sin x + is
y = tan 1 (x), one unit in the positive a dilation of factor 2 from the x!axis
1
direction of the x axis. The x axis of the graph of y = sin 1 x + .
2
intercept is at 1, the y axis intercept That is why the range of the
⇡ !
is at tan 1 ( 1) = , the asymptotes 1 1
4 function y = 2 sin x + is
⇡ ⇡ 2
remain the same: y = and y = . " ! #
! 2 2 ⇡ ⇡
⇡ ⇡ 2⇥ ,2 ⇥ = [ ⇡, ⇡].
The range is , and the domain 2 2
2 2 !
1 1
is R. The graph of y = sin x +
y
2
π
1
y = sin 1 (x), unit in the negative
2
-1
y = tan (x – 1)
2
π
direction of the x axis. There-
4
fore the domain of! the function
1
y = 2 sin 1 x + is
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x 2
" # " #
1 1 3 1
1 ,1 = , .
–π
2 2 2 2
4 !
3 1 3 1
When x = , y = 2 sin +
2 2 2
–π
2
= 2 sin 1 ( 1)
b The graph of y = cos 1 (x + 1) ⇡
=2⇥
y = cos 1 (x) one unit in the negative = ⇡
direction of the x axis. The domain is !
1 1 1 1
[ 2, 0], the range is [0, ⇡] When x = , y = 2 sin +
y
2 2 2
π = 2 sin 1 (1)
-1 ⇡
y = cos (x + 1)
=2⇥
2
π
2 =⇡
-2 -1 1 x
–π
2
19
1 ⇡
x axis intercept is x = 2 tan 1 (x) =
2 2
! ⇡
1 1 ) tan 1 (x) =
y axis intercept is y = 2 sin 4
2 !
⇡
⇡ ) x = tan = 1
=2⇥ 4
6 y
⇡
= 3π
3 2
y
π
π
y = 2tan (x) + π
-1
2
-1
y = 2sin ⎛⎜ x + 12 ⎞⎟ 2π
⎝ ⎠
3
π
π 2
3
x
–3 -1 –1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
2 2 2
–π
3
–π
2
– 2π
3
–π e The graph of y = cos 1 (2x)

⇡ 1
d The graph of y = 2 tan 1 (x) + y = cos 1 (x) by a dilation of factor
2 2
is obtained from the graph of from the y axis.
y = tan 1 (x), by a dilation of The domain of the
factor 2 from the x axis followed function y = cos 1
⇡ " # (2x)
" is #
by a translation of units in 1 1 1 1
2 1 ⇥ ,1 ⇥ = , .
the positive direction of the y 2 2 2 2
axis. Therefore the domain of The range is [0, ⇡].
⇡ y
the function y = 2 tan 1 (x) +
2 π
is R, and the range is ! !
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 3⇡
2⇥ + ,2 ⇥ + = , . -1
y = cos (2x)
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇡ π
The asymptotes are at y = and 2
2
3⇡
y=
2
⇡ ⇡ x
y axis intercept is 2 tan 1 (0) + = –1
2
1
2
2 2
x axis intercept can be found from the
equation
–π
2
1 ⇡
f The graph of y = sin 1 (3x) + is
2 4
a consequence of a dilation of the
20
p !
1 3
graph of y = sin 1 (x) of factor d Evaluating cos 1
is equivalent
3 2
from the y axis, then a dilation of p
1 3
y = sin 1 (3x) of factor from the to solving the equation cos x = .
2 p 2
⇡ ⇡ 3
x axis and then a translation units cos =
4 6 2
in the positive direction of the y axis. ! p
Therefore the domain of " the function
# ⇡ 3
1 ⇡ 1 1 ) cos ⇡ =
1
y = sin (3x) + is , and 6 2
2 4 3 3 ! p
the 5⇡ 3
" range is # " # ) cos
6
=
2
⇡ 1 ⇡ ⇡ 1 ⇡ ⇡
⇥ + , ⇥ + = 0, . p !
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 3 5⇡
The y axis intercept is at ) cos 1 =
2 6
1 ⇡ ⇡
sin 1 (0) + = .
2 4 4 1 ⇡ ⇡
y e cos 0.5 = because cos = 0.5
3 3
π
2
1 ⇡ ⇡
y = 12 sin (3x) + π
-1
f tan 1= because tan = 1
4 4 4
π 1
p p
4 g tan ( 3) = tan p3 =
⇡ ⇡
because tan = 3
3 3
p ! p
–1 1 x
1 3 ⇡ ⇡ 3
3 3 h tan = because tan =
3 6 6 3
–π
4
i cos 1 ( 1) = ⇡ cos 1
1=⇡ 0=⇡
! p
1
2 a Evaluating sin 1 is equivalent to ⇡ 3
3 a sin(cos 1 0.5) = sin =
solving the equation sin x = 1. 3 2
⇡
sin = 1 ! !!
2 1 5⇡ 1 ⇡ 5⇡
⇡ b sin cos = sin sin
) sin 1 1 = 6 2 6
2 !!
1 ⇡
p ! = sin sin
1 2 ⇡ ⇡ 3
b sin = because sin
2 4 4 ⇡
p =
3
2
= p !! !
2 2 ⇡
! p c tan sin 1
= tan = 1
⇡ 2 2 4
) sin =
4 2 ! p
1 ⇡ 2
1 ⇡ ⇡ d cos(tan 1) = cos =
c sin 0.5 = because sin = 0.5 4 2
6 6
21
! !! ! p !
1 5⇡ 1 ⇡ 3⇡ 2 ⇡
e tan sin = tan sin 2⇡ + l sin 1
cos = sin 1
=
2 2 4 2 4
1
= tan 1
⇡ " #
⇡ 3⇡
=
4 4 f: , ! R, f (x) = sin x
2 2
1 ⇡ p
f tan(cos 0.5) = tan = 3 a The range of f (x) = sin x is [ 1, 1]
3
! !! ) the domain of f 1" is [ 1,# 1]
1 7⇡ 1 ⇡ ⇡ 3⇡
g cos cos = cos cos 2⇡ + The range of f 1 is , as it is a
3 3 2 2
! given domain of f (x).
1 ⇡
= cos cos ) f 1 (x) = ⇡ sin 1 (x)
3
!
⇡ ⇡
= b i f =1
3 2
! !!
1 2⇡ 1 ⇡ ! p
h sin sin = sin sin ⇡+ 3⇡ 2
3 3 ii f =
!! 4 2
1 ⇡ !
= sin sin 7⇡ 1
3 iii f =
⇡ 6 2
=
3
! !! iv f 1 ( 1) = ⇡ sin 1 ( 1)
1 11⇡ 1 ⇡ !
i tan tan = tan tan 3⇡ ⇡
4 4 =⇡
!! 2
⇡
= tan 1
tan 3⇡
4 =
2
⇡
=
4 v f 1 (0) = ⇡ sin 1 (0) = ⇡
!! p !
1 ⇡ 3 1 vi f 1 (0.5) = ⇡ sin 1 (0.5)
j cos sin = cos
3 2 ⇡
p ! =⇡
3 6
1
= ⇡ cos 5⇡
2 =
⇡ 6
=⇡
6
5⇡ 5 a The domain of sin 1 (x) is [ 1, 1]
=
6 ) 12 x1
!!
1 ⇡ 3 x 1
k cos tan = cos 1 ( 1) = ⇡
4 1x3
22
) the domain of sin 1 (2 x)
" is [1,#3] e The domain of cos x is [0, ⇡]
⇡ ⇡ ⇡
The range is unchanged at , . )0  x ⇡
2 2 6
⇡ 7⇡
" # x
⇡ ⇡ 6 6 !
b The domain of sin x is , ⇡
2 2 ) the domain of cos x is
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 6
)  x+  " #
2 4 2 ⇡ 7⇡
, , the range is [ 1, 1].
3⇡ ⇡ 6 6
) x
4 4 !
⇡ f The domain of cos 1 (x) is [ 1, 1]
Therefore the domain of sin x + is
4 ) 1 x+11
" #
3⇡ ⇡ 2x0
,
4 4 ) the domain of cos 1 (x + 1) is
The range is unchanged at [ 1, 1].
[ 2, 0] The range is unchanged at
c As in a, the domain of sin 1 (2x + 4) [0, ⇡].
can be defined from the inequality
g As in f, 1  x2  1
1  2x + 4  1
) 1x1
5  2x  3 ) the domain of cos 1 (x2 ) is [ 1, 1]
5 3 However, when x 2 [ 1, 1], x2 2
x 1 2
2 2 [0,
" 1],#so the range of cos (x ) is
The
" domain
# of sin 1 (2x" + 4) is# ⇡
5 3 ⇡ ⇡ 0, .
, , the range is , . 2
2 2 2 2
! 2⇡
h As in e, 0  2x + ⇡
⇡ 3
d As in b, the domain of sin 3x 2⇡ ⇡
3  2x 
can be defined from the inequality 3 3
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
 3x  x 
2 3 2 3 6 !
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 2⇡
+  3x  + ) the domain of cos 2x + is
2 3 2 3 3
" #
⇡ 5⇡ ⇡ ⇡
 3x  , , the range is [ 1, 1].
6 6 3 6
⇡ 5⇡
x i The domain of tan 1 (x) is R, so the
18 18 !
⇡ domain of tan 1 (x2 ) is also R.
So the domain of sin 3x is
3 However when x 2 R, x2 2 R+ [ {0},
" #
⇡ 5⇡ therefore 1 2
, , the range is [ 1, 1]. " ! the range of tan (x ) is
18 18 ⇡
0,
2
23
y
therefore the range of tan x2 is
π
2
R+ [ {0}.
-1 2
y = tan (x )
π " #
4
1 4 ⇡
6 a sin 2 0,
5 2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 x
5
–π
4
4
! x
⇡ ⇡
j The domain of tan(x) is , 3
2 2
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 4
) < 2x < Using a trigonometirc ratio, sin x =
2 2 2 5
1 4
0 < 2x < ⇡ ) x = sin
5
⇡ !
0<x< 4 3
2 ! ) cos sin 1 = cos(x) =
⇡ 5 5
) the domain of tan 2x is " #
2 5 ⇡
! 1
⇡ b cos 2 0,
0, , the range is R. 13 2
2
k Both the domain and the range of 13

tan 1 (2x + 1) are the same as those of 12
tan 1 (x):
! the domain is R, the range is x
⇡ ⇡
, 5
2 2
y " #
1 7 ⇡
π
c tan 2 0,
2
24 2
π
-1
y = cos (x )
2
25
4 7
x
24
-1 1 x
Using a trigonometirc ratio,
7
tan x =
–π
24
4 7
! ) x = tan 1
24
⇡ ⇡ !
l The domain of tan x is , , so 7 24
2 2 ) cos tan 1 = cos(x) =
r r ! 24 25
⇡ ⇡
the domain of tan x2 is , . " #
2 2 40 ⇡
" ! 1
⇡ d sin 2 0,
At the same time x2 2 0, , 41 2
2
24
y
1
x
x
41
2
40 5
x
9
Using a trigonometirc ratio, Using a trigonometirc ratio,
40 2
sin x = tan x =
41 1
40 2
) x = sin 1 ) x = tan 1
41 1
! 2
40 40 ) sin(tan 1 ( 2)) = sin(x) = p
) tan sin 1 = tan(x) = 5
41 9 p
! 2 5
1 ⇡ p =
e tan cos 1
= tan = 3 5
2 3 " #
1 3 ⇡
" # h sin 2 0,
1 2 ⇡ 7 2
f cos 2 0,
3 2
7
3 3
5
x
x
2 2 10
Using a trigonometirc ratio, 3
Using a trigonometirc ratio, sin x =
5 7
cos x =
13 1 3
) x = sin
5 7
) x = cos 1 ! p
13
! 1 3 2 10
5 12 ) cos sin = cos(x) =
) tan cos 1 = tan(x) = 7 7
13 5 " #
Using a trigonometirc ratio, 1 ⇡
2 i tan (0.7) 2 ,0
cos x = 2
3
2
) x = cos 1
3 149
! p 7
2 5
) sin cos 1 = sin(x) =
3 3 x
" # 10
⇡ Using a trigonometirc ratio,
g tan 1 ( 2) 2 ,0 7
2 tan x =
10
25
1 7 8 a The domain of cos x is [0, ⇡] and the
) x = tan
10 range is [ 1, 1]. As the domain of
1 7 sin 1 (x) is [ 1, 1], the range of the
) sin(tan 0.7) = sin(x) = p
149 composite function is the same as it is
p
7 149 for sin 1 (x).
=
149 ) the domain" of sin# 1 (cos x) is [0, ⇡],
⇡ ⇡
" # the range is ,
2 2
3 5 ⇡
7 sin ↵ = and sin = , ↵ 2 0, and
5 13 2 b The domain "of sin #1 (x) is [ 1, 1] and
" #
⇡ ⇡ ⇡
2 0, the range is , . As the domain
2 2 2
r of cos(x) is [0, ⇡], in this composite
p 9
a i cos ↵ = 1 2
sin ↵ = 1 function
" # it is only" #
25 ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
0, = [0, ⇡] \ , . So the
4 2 2 2
=
5 domain of the composite function is
r [0, 1] and the range is [0, 1].
25 12
ii cos = 1 = " #
169 13 ⇡ ⇡
c The domain of sin 2x is , and
4 4
b i To prove the equality we have to the range is [ 1, 1]. As the domain
16
prove that sin(↵ )= of cos 1 is [ 1, 1], the range of the
65
sin(↵ ) = sin ↵ cos composite function is the same as it is
for cos 1 (x).
cos ↵ sin
" the domain
) # of cos 1 (sin 2x) is
3 12 4 5 ⇡ ⇡
= ⇥ ⇥ , , the range is [0, ⇡].
5 13 5 13 4 4
36 20
= d sin( cos 1 (x)) = sin(cos 1 x)
65
16 The domain of cos 1 (x) is [ 1, 1], the
=
65 range
" is# [0, ⇡]. The domain of sin x is
⇡ ⇡
ii As in i, , . Therefore the domain of the
2 2
cos(↵ + ) = cos ↵ cos composite function is [0, 1] and the
sin ↵ sin range is [ 1, 0].
4 12 3 5
= ⇥ ⇥ e cos(2 sin 1 (x))
5 13 5 13
The domain "of sin #1 (x) is [ 1.1],
48 15
= ⇡ ⇡
65 the range is , . So the range of
2 2
33
= 2 sin 1 (x) is [ ⇡, ⇡]. However, the
65
domain of cos(x) is [0, ⇡]. Therefore
26
!
the domain of the composite function 1 1 1
9 a tan tan 3 tan
is [0, 1] and the range is [ 1, 1]. 2
!
1 11
f The domain of cos x is [0, ⇡] and the tan(tan 3) tan tan
2
range is [ 1, 1]. Since the domain = !
of tan 1 (x) is R, the domain of the 1 3)
11
1 + tan(tan ⇥ tan tan
composite 2
" function
# is [0, ⇡] and the
⇡ ⇡ 1
range is , . 3
4 4 = 2
1
1+3⇥
g The domain of tan !1 (x) is R and 2
⇡ ⇡ 2.5
the range is , . However, the =
2 2 2.5
domain of cos x is [0, ⇡]. Therefore
=1
the domain of the composite function ⇡
Since tan is 1 and tan is a 1–1
is R+ [ {0} and the range is (0, 1]. 4
function, the equality is proven.
h Since the range of tan 1 (x) is the
same as the( domain b As in a,
) of( sin) x excluding x 1
⇡ ⇡ x 2
the points and , the x+1 = x +x x+1 =1
2 2 x(x 1) x + 1 + x2 x
domain of the composite function is 1+
x+1
R and the range is ( 1, 1).
⇡
10 a sin 1 ( 0.5) =
6
However, the domain
! of cos x is
⇡
[0, ⇡], so cos does not exist.
6
! " #
1 ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
b cos ( 0.2) 2 , ⇡ < , .
2 2 2
So sin(cos 1 ( 0.2)) does not exist.
⇡
c tan 1 ( 1) = < [0, ⇡].
4
So cos(tan 1 ( 1)) does not exist.
27
p
1 a cosec x = 2 e cot x = 3
1 1
) sin x = ) tan x = p
2 3
7⇡ 11⇡ 5⇡ 11⇡
) x= or ) x= or
6 6 6 6
! !
⇡ ⇡
b cosec x = 2 f cot 2x = 1
4 3
! !
⇡ 1 ⇡
) sin x = ) tan 2x = 1
4 2 3
Now x 2 [0, 2⇡] Now x 2 [0, 2⇡]
" #
⇡ ⇡ 7⇡ ) 2x 2 [0, 4⇡]
) x 2 ,
4 4 4 " #
⇡ ⇡ 11⇡
⇡ ⇡ 7⇡ ) 2x 2 ,
) x = or 3 3 3
4 6 6
⇡ 17⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 3⇡ 7⇡ 11⇡
) x= or ) 2x = or or or
12 12 3 4 4 4 4
p ⇡ 13⇡ 25⇡ 37⇡
) 2x = or or or
c 3 sec x = 2 3 12 12 12 12
p ⇡ 13⇡ 25⇡ 37⇡
2 3 ) x= or or or
) sec x = 24 24 24 24
3 for part f.
p
3 3 CAS: type ! !
) cos x = p = ⇡
2 3 2 solve cot 2x = 1, x 0  x 
⇡ 11⇡ 3
) x = or 2⇡
6 6
d cosec(2x) + 1 = 2
) cosec(2x) = 1
) sin(2x) = 1
Now x 2 [0, 2⇡]
) 2x 2 [0, 4⇡]
⇡ 5⇡
) 2x = or
2 2
⇡ 5⇡
) x = or
4 4
28
p
2 a sin x = 0.5, x 2 [0, 2⇡] f cosec x = 2, x 2 [0, 2⇡]
⇡ ⇡ 1 p
) x = or ⇡ ) = 2
6 6 sin x
⇡ 5⇡ 1
) x = or ) sin x = p
6 6 2
p ⇡ ⇡
3 ) x = ⇡ + or 2⇡
b cos x = , x 2 [0, 2⇡] 4 4
2
⇡ ⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡
) x=⇡ or ⇡ + ) x= or
6 6 4 4
5⇡ 7⇡
) x= or
6 6 3 a In the interval [0, 2⇡], there
p are
p 2 ⇡
c tan x = 3, x 2 [0, 2⇡] two solutions to sin x = ,x=
2 4
⇡ ⇡ 3⇡
) x = or ⇡ + and x = . The period of sin x
3 3 4
is 2⇡, ) the solutions of the
⇡ 4⇡ ⇡
) x = or equation are x = ( 1)n + ⇡n, n 2 Z
3 3 4
Alternatively,
⇡
d cot x = 1, x 2 [0, 2⇡] x = + 2n⇡
4
1 3⇡
) = 1 or x = + 2n⇡, n 2 Z
tan x 4
) tan x = 1
b In the interval [0, 2⇡], sec x = 1
⇡ ⇡
) x=⇡ or 2⇡ when x = 0. The period of cos x is
4 4
2⇡. Therefore the solutions of the
3⇡ 7⇡
) x= or equation are x = 2⇡n, n 2 Z.
4 4
p
e sec x = 2, x 2 [0, 2⇡] c In the interval [0, ⇡], cot x = 3
⇡
when x = . The period of cot x
1 6
) =2 is ⇡. Therefore the solutions of the
cos x ⇡
1 equation are x = + ⇡n, n 2 Z.
) cos x = 6
2
⇡ ⇡ (12n 5)⇡ (4n + 1)⇡
) x = or 2⇡ d x= or x = ,
3 3 12 4
n2Z
⇡ 5⇡
) x = or
3 3
(2n 1)⇡ 2(3n + 1)⇡
e x= or x = ,
3 9
n2Z
2n⇡ (6n + 1)⇡
f x= or x = ,n2Z
3 9
29
(3n 2)⇡ ) cos x = 0 or cos x sin x = 0
g x= ,n2Z
6
) cos x = sin x
n⇡
h x= ,n2Z ) tan x = 1
2
⇡ 3⇡ ⇡ 5⇡
) x = or or x = or
(8n 5)⇡ 2 2 4 4
i x= ,n2Z
8 ⇡ ⇡ 5⇡ 3⇡
) x = or or or
2 4 4 2
4 a sec x = 2.5 b sin 2x = sin x
) cos x = 0.4 ) 2 sin x cos x = sin x
) x = ±1.16 ) 2 sin x cos x sin x = 0
b cosec x = 5 ) sin x(2 cos x 1) = 0

) sin x = 0 or 2 cos x 1 = 0
sin x = 0.2
) 2 cos x = 1
x = 0.20
1
or x = 3.14 + 0.20 = 2.94 ) cos x =
2
⇡ 5⇡
) x = 0 or ⇡ or 2⇡ or x = or
c cot x = 0.6 3 3
! ⇡ 5⇡
1 1 ) x = 0 or or ⇡ or or 2⇡
x = tan = 1.03 3 3
0.6
or x = 1.03 3.14 = 2.11 c sin 2x = cos x
CAS: Type in as shown below ) 2 sin x cos x = cos x
) 2 sin x cos x cos x = 0
) cos x(2 sin x 1) = 0
) cos x = 0 or 2 sin x 1 = 0
) 2 sin x = 1
1
) sin x =
2
⇡ 3⇡ ⇡ 5⇡
) x = or or x = or
2 2 6 6
⇡ ⇡ 5⇡ 3⇡
) x = or or or
6 2 6 2
5 a cos2 x cos x sin x = 0 d sin 8x = cos 4x

) cos x(cos x sin x) = 0 ) 2 sin 4x cos 4x = cos 4x
) 2 sin 4x cos 4x cos 4x = 0
) cos 4x(2 sin 4x 1) = 0
30
) cos 4x = 0 or 2 sin 4x 1=0 1
) a=
2
) 2 sin 4x = 1 1
1 ) cos x = or cos x = 1
) sin 4x = 2
2 2⇡ 4⇡
Now x 2 [0, 2⇡] ) 4x 2 [0, 8⇡] ) x= or or x = 0 or 2⇡
⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 9⇡ 11⇡ 3 3
) 4x = , , , , , , 2⇡ 4⇡
2 2 2 2 2 2 ) x = 0 or or or 2⇡
13⇡ 15⇡ 3 3
or
2 2 f cos 2x = sin x
⇡ 5⇡ 13⇡ 17⇡ 25⇡ 29⇡
or 4x = , , , , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6 ) 1 2 sin2 x = sin x
37⇡ 41⇡
or ) 2 sin2 x + sin x 1 = 0
6 6 Let a = sin x
⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 9⇡ 11⇡
) x= , , , , , , ) 2a2 + a 1 = 0
8 8 8 8 8 8
13⇡ 15⇡ ) (2a 1)(a + 1) = 0
or ) 2a 1 = 0 or a + 1 = 0
8 8
⇡ 5⇡ 13⇡ 17⇡ 25⇡ ) 2a = 1 )a= 1
or x= , , , , ,
24 24 24 24 24 1
29⇡ 37⇡ 41⇡ ) a=
, or 2
24 24 24 1
⇡ ⇡ 5⇡ 3⇡ 13⇡ 5⇡ 17⇡ ) sin x = or sin x = 1
) x= , , , , , , , 2
24 8 24 8 24 8 24 ⇡ 5⇡ 3⇡
7⇡ 25⇡ 9⇡ 29⇡ 11⇡ ) x = or or
, , , , , 6 6 2
8 24 8 24 8
37⇡ 13⇡ 41⇡ 15⇡ g sec2 x + tan x = 1
, , or
24 8 24 8 ) (1 + tan2 x) + tan x = 1
e cos 2x = cos x ) tan2 x + tan x = 0
) 2 cos2 x 1 = cos x ) tan x(tan x + 1) = 0
) 2 cos2 x cos x 1 = 0 ) tan x = 0 or tan x = 1
Let a = cos x 3⇡ 7⇡
) x = 0, ⇡ or 2⇡ or x = or
) 2a2 a 1 = 0 4 4
3⇡ 7⇡
)(2a + 1)(a 1) = 0 ) x = 0 or or ⇡ or or 2⇡
4 4
) 2a + 1 = 0 or a 1 = 0
) 2a = 1 )a=1 h tan x(1 + cot x) = 0
!
1
) tan x 1 + =0
tan x
1
) + 1 = 0 or tan x = 0
tan x
Note that if tan x = 0 then cot x is
31
undefined, thus we only consider the sin y = 0 gives y = 0, ⇡
case when ⇡
tan y = 1 gives y =
tan x = 1 4
Hence x = 2y, so solutions for
3⇡ 7⇡ ⇡
) x= or x are 0, , 2⇡.
4 4 2
i cot x + 3 tan x = 5 cosec x

6 a 1  sin ✓  1
cos x 3 sin x 5
) + = ) 1  2 + sin ✓  3
sin x cos x sin x
3 sin x 5 cos x
) = The maximum and minimum values
cos x sin x of 2 + sin ✓ are 3 and 1 respectively.
) 3 sin2 x = cos x(5 cos x)
= 5 cos x cos2 x b 1  2 + sin ✓  3
) 3(1 cos2 x) = 5 cos x cos2 x 1 1
)  1
3 2 + sin ✓
) 3 3 cos2 x = 5 cos x cos2 x
The maximum and minimum values
) 2 cos2 x + 5 cos x 3 = 0 1 1
of are 1 and respectively.
Let a = cos x 2 + sin ✓ 3
) 2a2 + 5a 3 = 0
c 1  sin ✓  1
) (2a 1)(a + 3) = 0
) 0  sin2 ✓  1
) 2a 1 = 0 or a + 3 = 0
) 4  sin2 ✓ + 4  5
) 2a = 1 or a = 3
The maximum and minimum values
1
) a= of sin2 ✓ + 4 are 5 and 4 respectively.
2
1 d 4  sin2 ✓ + 4  5
) cos x = or cos x = 3
2
⇡ 5⇡ 1 1 1
) x = or )  2

3 3 5 sin ✓ + 4 4
The maximum and minimum
(as cos x , 3) 1 1 1
values of are and
j sin x + cos x = 1 sin2 ✓ + 4 4 5
respectively.
Let x = 2y and use double angle
formula. e cos2 ✓ + 2 cos ✓
sin 2y + cos 2y = 1 = (cos2 ✓ + 2 cos ✓ + 1) 1
2
2 sin y cos y + 1 2 sin y = 1 = (cos ✓ + 1)2 1
2 sin y(cos y sin y) = 0 Now 1  cos ✓  1
2 sin y = 0 or tan y = 1
0  x  2⇡ so 0  y  ⇡
32
) 0  cos ✓ + 1  2 The maximum and minimum values
) 0  (cos ✓ + 1)2  4 of cos2 ✓ + 2 cos ✓ + 6 are 9 and 5
respectively.
) 1  (cos ✓ + 1)2 13
) 1  cos2 ✓ + 2 cos ✓  3
The maximum and minimum values 7 Using a CAS calculator sketch both
of cos2 ✓ + 2 cos ✓ are 3 and 1 equations and change the Window
respectively. settings so that that all points of
intersections can be seen.
f cos2 ✓ + 2 cos ✓ + 6 TI: Change the Document settings to
2
= (cos ✓ + 2 cos ✓ + 1) + 5 Fix2 and Approximate
= (cos ✓ + 1)2 + 5 Press Menu !6: Analyze
Now 1  cos ✓  1 Graph !4: Intersection
) 0  cos ✓ + 1  2 CP: Change the Number Format to Fix2
) 0  (cos ✓ + 1)2  4 and set the mode to Decimal.
Tap Analysis ! G-Solve ! Intersect
) 5  (cos ✓ + 1)2 + 5  9
) 5  cos2 ✓ + 2 cos ✓ + 6  9 a y = 2x and y = 3 sin(2x)
Therefore the points of intersection

are
( 1.14, 2.28), (0, 0) and (1.14, 2.28)
33
b y = x and y = 2 sin(2x) d y = x and y = tan x x 2 [0, 2⇡]
Therefore the points of intersection Therefore the points of intersection

are are (0, 0) and (4.49, 4.49)
( 1.24, 1.24), (0, 0) and (1.24, 1.24)
c y=3 x and y = cos x 8 cos x = a, a , 1, x 2 [0, 2⇡]

Since cos q = cos(2⇡ q), 2⇡ q is
the second solution of the equation
cos x = a.
" #
⇡
9 sin ↵ = a, ↵ 2 0,
2
a Since sin ↵ = sin(⇡ + ↵) and

sin ↵ = sin(2⇡ ↵), x = ⇡ + ↵
and x = 2⇡ ↵ are solutions of the
Therefore the point of intersection is equation sin x = a.
(3.79, 0.79) !
⇡
b Since sin ↵ = cos ↵ and
2
!!
⇡
sin ↵ = cos 2⇡ ↵
2
!
3⇡
= cos +↵ ,
2
⇡
the solutions are x = ↵ and
2
3⇡
x= + ↵.
2
"#
⇡
10 sec = b, 2 , ⇡
2
34
a Since sec(⇡ ) = sec and when 3⇡ 3⇡ ⇡
⇡ ⇡ When ⇡   ,0  
  ⇡, 0  ⇡  , then 2 2 2
2 2 5⇡ 3⇡
x=⇡ . and ⇡   .
2 2
Also sec( ⇡) = sec and when 3⇡ 5⇡
⇡ ⇡ So x = and x =
  ⇡,  ⇡  0. 2 2
2 2
Therefore there are two solutions,
x=⇡ and x = ⇡. ✓
12 sin2 ✓ = , ✓ 2 [0, ⇡]
! ⇡
⇡ CAS: Type
b Since cosec = sec and when !
2 2 x
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ solve sin(x) = , x 0  x  ⇡
  ⇡,   0, then ⇡
2 2 2 ) ✓ = 0, 0.33 or 2.16,
⇡
x= . Also
2
cosec x = cosec(⇡ + x)
= cosec( ⇡ x).
!
⇡ 3⇡
Therefore x = ⇡ = +
2 2
3⇡
is a solution if ⇡ < + <⇡
2 13 tan 1 x = 4x 5
⇡ ⇡ 3⇡ 3⇡ CAS: Type
As   ⇡,  
2 2 2 2 solve(tan 1 (x) = 4x 5, x)
3⇡
⇡ ) x = 1.50
2
3⇡ ⇡
) ⇡ 
2 2
Therefore there are two solutions:
⇡ 3⇡
x= and x =
2 2
14
" #
3⇡ r
11 tan = c, 2 ⇡, 135 m
2 θ°
300 m
θ°
a tan = tan(2⇡ ) 135 m
3⇡ 3⇡
As ⇡   ,   ⇡,
2 2
⇡ a circumference = 2⇡r
and  2⇡  ⇡.
2 360
So x = 2⇡ is the solution. Also, circumference = ⇥ 300
Also tan(x) = tan(⇡ + x) 2✓
) x = ⇡ + 2⇡ = 3⇡ is the 54 000
=
second solution. ✓
! !
3⇡ 5⇡
b tan = cot = cos
2 2
35
54 000 1
) 2⇡r = 18 = ⇥ 62 (✓ sin ✓)
✓ 2
54 000 27 000 = 18(✓ sin ✓)
)r= =
2⇡✓ ⇡✓
135 )1=✓ sin ✓
Now sin ✓ =
r ) sin ✓ = ✓ 1
1 CAS: Type
= 135 ⇥
r solve(sin(x) = x 1, x)|0  x  2⇡
⇡✓ ) ✓ = 1.93, correct to two decimal
= 135 ⇥
27 000 places.
⇡
= ✓,
200
as required to show.
⇡
b sin ✓ = ✓, ✓ 2 (0, 360)
200 17 a O
CAS: Set to Degree/Deg mode and θ
r
then type !
⇡x A X
solve sin(x) = , x 0 < x < 360 Consider 4AOX.
200 1
) ✓ = 45.07 Area of 4AOX = base ⇥ height
2
1
= ⇥ AX ⇥ r
2
AX
and tan ✓ =
r
) AX = r tan ✓
1 1
15 tan x = , x 2 [0, ⇡] ) AOX = (r tan ✓) ⇥ r
x 2
CAS: Type ! 1
1 = r2 tan ✓
solve tan(x) = , x 0  x  ⇡ 2
x
1
) x = 0.86, correct to two decimal Area AOBX = 2 ⇥ r2 tan ✓
2
places. 2
= r tan ✓
Now, area of remaining region of
circle !
2⇡ 2✓ 2
= ⇡r
2⇡
Ensure your calculator is set to Radian
mode. 2(⇡ ✓)⇡r2
=
2⇡
1 = (⇡ ✓)r2
16 A = r2 (✓ sin ✓) ) r2 tan ✓ = (⇡ ✓)r2
2
When A = 18, r = 6
) tan ✓ = ⇡ ✓, as required to show.
36
!
⇡ Consider the sector OAP.
b tan ✓ = ⇡ ✓, ✓ 2 0,
2 AP = r↵
CAS: Type !
⇡ ⇡
solve(tan(x) = ⇡ x, x)|0 < x < = 10 ✓
2 2
) ✓ = 1.113, correct to three decimal ⇡
since ) \AOP + \POB0 =
places. 2
O B′
θ
10 cm
P
0
Consider 4OPB
0
.
PB
18 xA = 0.5 sin t and xB = 0.25t2 + 0.05t tan ✓ =
10
When xA = xB , 0.5 sin t = 0.25t2 + 0.05t AB AP
=
) sin t = 0.5t2 + 0.1t 10
!
Using the CAS calculator procedure ⇡
20 10 ✓
outlined in question 7, the points of 2
intersection are (0, 0) and (1.29, 0.96). =
10
The positions of particles A and B are !
⇡
the same at the start (t = 0) at the origin 10 2 +✓
2
(xA = xB = 0), and after 1.29 seconds =
10
when they are 0.48 cm from the origin, ⇡
=2 +✓
correct to two decimal places. 2
⇡
) ✓ + tan ✓ = 2, as required to
2
show.
!
⇡ ⇡
b ✓ + tan ✓ = 2, ✓ 2 0,
2 2
CAS: Type !
⇡
solve x + tan(x) = 2, x 0 <
2
⇡
x<
2
) ✓ = 0.94, correct to two decimal
places.
19 a O
α 10 cm
10 cm
P
37
p
1 a sin ✓ = 1 cos2 ✓
r
16 3
= 1 =
25 5
cos 2✓ = 2 cos2 ✓ 1
32 7
= 1=
25 25
24
b sin 2✓ = 2 cos ✓ sin ✓ =
25
sin 2✓ 24
c tan 2✓ = =
cos 2✓ 7
1 5
d cosec ✓ = =
sin ✓ 3
cos ✓ 4
e cot ✓ = =
sin ✓ 3
2 a 2 sin x cos x = sin x

) sin x (2 cos x 1) = 0
Either sin x = 0
) x = 0, ⇡, 2⇡
or 2 cos x = 1
1
) cos x =
2
⇡ 5⇡
) x=± ,
3 3
b cos x 1 = 2 cos2 x 1
) cos x (2 cos x 1) = 0
Either cos x = 0
⇡ 3⇡
) x=± ,
2 2
or 2 cos x = 1
1
) cos x =
2
⇡ 5⇡
) x=± ,
3 3
38
c 2 sin x cos x = 2 cos x
) cos x (sin x 1) = 0
⇡ 3⇡
Either cos x = 0, ) x=± ,
2 2
⇡
or sin x = 1, ) x=
2
d sin2 x cos3 x = cos x

cos x (sin2 x cos2 x 1) = 0
⇡ 3⇡
Either cos x = 0, )x=± ,
2 2
or sin2 x cos2 x = 1.
1
But sin2 x cos2 x = (sin 2x)2
4
and 1  sin 2x  1
) 0  (sin 2x)2  1
1 1
) 0  (sin 2x)2 
4 4
1
) 0  sin2 x cos2 x 
4
) sin2 x cos2 x , 1
1 1
e sin2 x sin x =0
2 2
1 1
Let sin x = t, then t2 t =0
2 2
2t2 t 1=0
p
1± 1+8 1±3
t= =
4 4
1
t=1 or t=
2
1
) sin x = 1 or sin x =
2
⇡ ⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 11⇡
x= or x= , , ,
2 6 6 6 6
39
f Let cos x = t
then 2t2 3t + 1 = 0
p
3± 9 8 3±1
t= =
4 4
1
t=1 or t =
2
1
) cos x = 1 or cos x =
2
⇡ 5⇡
x = 0, 2⇡ or x = ± ,
3 3
3 a The equation 2 sin ✓ = cos2 ✓ + 7 sin2 ✓

is rearranged to the form
7 sin2 ✓ + 1 sin2 ✓ + sin ✓ 2=0
) 6 sin2 ✓ + sin ✓ 1=0
p
1± 1 + 24 1±5
sin ✓ = =
12 12
1 1
sin ✓ = , or sin ✓ =
2 3
1 7⇡ 11⇡
If sin ✓ = , ✓= or ✓ =
2 6 6
1 1 1
or, if sin ✓ = , ✓ = sin 1 or ✓ = ⇡ sin 1
3 3 3
b sec 2✓ = 2
⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 11⇡
2✓ =, , ,
3 3 3 3
⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 11⇡
✓= , , ,
6 6 6 6
40
1
c (5 cos ✓ 3 sin ✓) = sin ✓
2
5 cos ✓ 3 sin ✓ = 2 sin ✓
5 cos ✓ = 5 sin ✓
cos ✓ = sin ✓
sin ✓
1=
cos ✓
tan ✓ = 1
⇡ 5⇡
✓= ,
4 4
d sec ✓ = 2 cos ✓
2 cos2 ✓ = 1
1
cos2 ✓ =
2
1
cos ✓ = ± p
2
⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡
✓= , , ,
4 4 4 4
! !
5⇡ ⇡
4 a sin = sin 2⇡
3 3
! p
⇡ 3
= sin =
3 2
!
5⇡ 1
b cosec = !
3 5⇡
sin
3
p
2 2 3
= p =
3 3
! !
7⇡ ⇡
c sec = sec 2⇡ +
3 3
!
⇡ 1
= sec = ! =2
3 ⇡
cos
3
41
! !
5⇡ ⇡
d cosec = cosec ⇡
6 6
!
⇡ 1
= cosec = ! =2
6 ⇡
sin
6
! ! !
3⇡ 5⇡ ⇡
e cot = cot = cot =1
4 4 4
! !
⇡ ⇡ 1 p
f cot = cot = != 3
6 6 ⇡
tan
6
5 a tan( ↵) = tan ↵
= p
b tan(⇡ ↵) = tan ↵
= p
!
⇡
c tan ↵ = cot ↵
2
1
=
p
! !
3⇡ 3⇡
d tan + ↵ = tan +↵ 2⇡
2 2
!
⇡
= tan ↵
2
!
⇡ 1
= tan ↵ =
2 p
e tan(2⇡ ↵) = tan ↵ = p
p ! p
1 3 ⇡ ⇡ 3
6 a sin = , because sin =
2 3 3 2
!!
1 1 1
b cos cos = under the definition.
2 2
42
!!
1 2⇡ 2⇡
c cos cos = under the definition.
3 3
!! !
1 4⇡ 1 1
d cos cos = cos
3 2
!
2⇡ 2⇡ 1 2⇡
= since cos = and 2 [0, ⇡]
3 3 2 3
!! ! p
1 1 ⇡ 3
e cos sin = cos =
2 6 2
! p
1 ⇡ 2
f cos(tan ( 1)) = cos =
4 2
7 a The graph of y = 2 tan 1 x is obtained from the graph of y

y = tan 1 x by a dilation of factor 2 from the x-axis. π
The domain is R and the range is ( ⇡, ⇡).
Asymptotes are y = ⇡ and y = ⇡. 0 x
The graph intersects the origin.
−π
b The graph of y = sin 1 (3 x) is a translation of the graph

π
of y = sin 1 ( x), three units in the positive direction of 2
the x axis. The graph of y = sin 1 ( x) is a reflection in
the y axis of the graph of y = sin 1 (x). The domain can be 0 2 3 4 x
obtained from the inequality π

−2
13 x1
) 1x 31
2x4
" #
⇡ ⇡
The domain is [2, 4], the range is , .
2 2
The x-axis intercept is at x = 3.
43
c The graph of y = 3 cos 1 (2x + 1) is obtained from the graph y
of y = cos 1 (2x + 1) by a dilation of factor 3 from the x axis. 3π
So the range is [0, 3⇡]. The graph touches the origin, so
y = 3 cos 1 (2 ⇥ 0 + 1) = 3 cos 1 1 = 0
The graph of y = cos 1 (2x + 1) is a translation of the graph of
y = cos 1 2x one unit in the negative direction of the x axis, −1 0 x
1
and the graph of y = cos 1 2x is a dilation of factor from the
2
y axis of the graph of y = cos 1 x.
The domain can be obtained from the inequality
1  2x + 1  1
) 2  2x  0
1x 0
The domain is [ 1, 0].
d The graph of y = cos 1 (2 x) is a reflection in the x axis of y

the graph of y = cos 1 (2 x), which is the reflection in the 0 1 2 3 x
y axis and translation two units in the positive direction of the

x axis, of the graph of y = cos 1 x.
The domain is [1, 3]. −π
The range is [ ⇡, 0].
e The graph of y = 2 tan 1 (1 x) is obtained from the graph of y = tan 1 (1 x) by a

dilation of factor 2 from the x axis.
The range of the given function is ( ⇡, ⇡).
Asymptotes are y = ⇡ and y = ⇡.
⇡ ⇡
The y-axis intercept is 2 tan 1 (1) = 2 ⇥ = y
4 2 π
The graph of the function y = tan 1 (1 x) is the
π
reflection in the y axis and translation, one unit in 2
the positive direction of the x axis, of the graph of 0 1 x
1
y = tan (x).
−π
The x-axis intercept is at x = 1.
The domain is R.
44
p
1 C Recall that the graph of y = cos 1 (x) 1 3 11
) cot(x) = ÷
has domain [ 1, 1] and range [0, ⇡] 10 10
⇡ 1 10
When x = 0, y = cos 1 (0) = ) cot(x) = ⇥ p
2 10 3 11
When y = 0, x = cos(0) = 1
p
Therefore response A, B and E are 11
) cot(x) =
incorrect. 33
The graph of y = cos 1 (x) is the !
⇡ 7⇡
result of reflecting the graph of 4 D y = 2 + sec(3x), x 2 ,
6 6
y = cos(x) in the line y = x
The graph of y = sec(3x) has range
R\( 1, 1)
Thus the range of y = 2 + sec(3x)
is R\(1, 3). Which implies that
stationary points occur when y = 1
and y = 3
In this instance the CAS calculator
will be used to solve the following
equations !
⇡ 7⇡
for x over ,
6 6
2 2 + sec(3x) = 1 1
2 C cos x = , 2⇡ < x < 3⇡
3
Since cosine is negative we are 2 + sec(3x) = 3 2
looking in the
s second quadrant.
!2
2
) sin x = + 1
3
p
5
) sin x =
3
!
1 ⇡
3 E cos(x) = ,x 2 ,⇡
10 2
As we are in the second quadrant
cot(x) will be
s negative.
!2
1 Therefore the stationary points are
sin(x) = + 1
10 at:
p ⇡ 2⇡
3 11 x = 0, , , ⇡
sin(x) = 3 3
10
cos(x)
cot(x) =
sin(x)
45
1
5 A sin x =
3 s
!2
1
) cos x = ± 1
3
p
2 2
) cos x = ±
3
6 A For y = cos 1 (1 5x) to be defined
1  1 5x  1
) 2  5x  0
2 Use the right arrow key to view all
)0x
5 solutions.
Therefore
" # the implied domain is Therefore there are 6 solutions.
2
0, sin(2✓)
5
tan(2✓) cos(2✓)
9 E =
7 E (1 + tan x)2 + (1 tan x)2 1 + sec(2✓) 1
1+
= 1 + 2 tan x + tan2 x + 1 cos(2✓)
sin(2✓)
2 tan x + tan2 x = !
1
= 2 + 2 tan2 x cos(2✓) 1+
cos(2✓)
= 2(1 + tan2 x) sin(2✓)
=
= 2 sec2 x cos(2✓) + 1
2 sin ✓ cos ✓
=
1 (2 cos2 ✓ 1) + 1
8 D cos2 (3x) = , 0  x  ⇡
4 2 sin ✓ cos ✓
=
) 0  3x  3⇡ 2 cos2 ✓
1 sin ✓
) cos(3x) = + =
2 cos ✓
⇡ 2⇡ 4⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 8⇡
) 3x = , , , , , = tan ✓
3 3 3 3 3 3
⇡ 2⇡ 4⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 8⇡
)x= , , , , , ⇡ ⇡
9 9 9 9 9 9 10 E < A < ⇡, 0 < B < ,
Using solve on CAS yields: 2 2
sin A = t and p
cos B = t
) cos A = 1 t2 and
p
sin B = 1 t2
cos(B + A)
= cos B cos A sin B sin A
p p
=t⇥ 1 t2 1 t2 ⇥ t
p p
= t 1 t2 t 1 t2
p
= 2t 1 t2
46
p
1 a Consider 4AB1C as shown. AC = 1 x2
x
i sin ↵ = = x B1
1 1m
p xm
1 x2 p α
ii cos ↵ = = 1 x2 A C
1
x
iii tan ↵ = p
1 x2
Now consider
p 4AB2 D as shown.
AD = 1 4x2
2x
iv sin = = 2x B2
1
p 1m
1 4x2 p (2x) m
v cos = = 1 4x2
1 β
D
2x A
vi tan = p
1 4x2
b i sin( ↵) = sin cos ↵ cos sin ↵

p p
= 2x 1 x2 x 1 4x2
ii cos( ↵) = cos cos ↵ + sin sin ↵

p
= (1 4x2 )(1 x2 ) + 2x2
sin( ↵)
iii tan( ↵) =
cos( ↵)
p p
2x 1 x2 x 1 4x2
= p
(1 4x2 )(1 x2 ) + 2x2
47
2 tan ↵
iv tan(2↵) =
1 tan2 ↵
!2 !
2x x
= p ÷ 1 p
1 x2 1 x2
!
2x x2
= p ÷ 1
1 x2 1 x2
2x 1 x2 x2
= p ÷
1 x2 1 x2
p
2x 1 x2 2x 1 x2
= p ⇥ 2
=
1 x2 1 2x 1 2x2
p
v sin(2↵) = 2 sin ↵ cos ↵ = 2x 1 x2
vi cos(2↵) = 1 2 sin2 ↵ = 1 2x2
c \B2 AB1 = ↵
p
= cos 1 ( (1 4x2 )(1 x2 ) + 2x2 )
p
= cos 1 ( (1 4(0.3)2 )(1 0.32 ) + 2(0.3)2 )
p
= cos 1 ( 0.5824 + 0.18)
= cos 1 (0.943 15 . . .) = 0.338 80
2↵ = cos 1 (1 2x2 )
= cos 1 (1 2(0.3)2 )
= cos 1 (0.82) = 0.609 38 . . .
\B2 AB1 = 0.34 and 2↵ = 0.61, correct to two decimal places.
2 a y
i y = cosec x
y = cot x
ii
iii y = cosec x − cot x
0 π 2π
48
1 cos x
cosec x cot x =
sin x sin x
!!
1 2
1 1 2 sin x !
1 cos x 2 1
= = ! ! = tan x
sin x 1 1 2
2 sin x cos x
2 2
b i Given 0<x<⇡
1 ⇡
then 0< x<
2 2
!
1
) tan x > 0
2
) cosec x cot x > 0
) cosec x > cot x for all x 2 (0, ⇡)
ii Given ⇡ < x < 2⇡

⇡ 1
then < x<⇡
2 2
!
1
) tan x < 0
2
) cosec x cot x < 0
) cosec x < cot x for all x 2 (⇡, 2⇡)
!
x
c y = cot y
2
or y = cosec x + cot x
0 π 2π x
49
1 cos ✓
d i cosec ✓ + cot ✓ = + , sin ✓ , 0
sin ✓ sin ✓
1 + cos ✓
=
sin ✓
!
✓
1 + cos 2
2
= !
✓
sin 2
2
!
2 ✓
1 + 2 cos 1
2
=
✓ ✓
2 sin cos
2 2
✓
2 cos2
= 2
✓ ✓
2 sin cos
2 2
✓
cos
= 2 = cot ✓ , as required to prove.
✓ 2
sin
2
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
ii cot = cosec + cot cot = cosec + cot
8 4 4 12 6 6
p p
= 2+1 =2+ 3
⇡ ⇡
iii 1 + cot2 = cosec 2
8 8
p 1
) 1 + ( 2 + 1)2 = ⇡
sin2
8
p 1
) 1+2+2 2+1= ⇡
sin2
8
⇡ 1
) sin2 = p
8 4+2 2
s
⇡ 1
) sin = p
8 4+2 2
⇡
The negative square root is not appropriate since is in the first quadrant.
8
⇡ 1
) sin = q
8 p
4+2 2
50
✓
e cosec ✓ + cot ✓ = cot 1
2
) cosec 2✓ + cot 2✓ = cot ✓ 2
and cosec 4✓ + cot 4✓ = cot 2✓ 3
Adding 1 , 2 and 3 yields
✓
cosec ✓ + cot ✓ + cosec 2✓ + cot 2✓ + cosec 4✓ + cot 4✓ = cot + cot ✓ + cot 2✓
2
✓
) cosec ✓ + cosec 2✓ + cosec 4✓ = cot cot 4✓
2
CD
3 a i sin ✓ = ) CD = 10 sin ✓
10
AD
cos ✓ = ) AD = 10 cos ✓
10
Area of rectangle = AD ⇥ CD
= 100 sin ✓ cos ✓
= 50 sin 2✓
ii R
50
0 π π θ
4 2
iii From the graph, the maximum value of R is 50 square units.

⇡
iv The maximum occurs when ✓ = (when the rectangle is a square).
4
AD CD ✓ CG
b i cos ✓ = , sin ✓ = and tan =
AC AC 2 AC
✓
) AD = AC cos ✓ CD = AC sin ✓ and CG = AC tan
2
✓
= 10 cos ✓ = 10 sin ✓ = 10 tan
2
Volume, V = AD ⇥ CD ⇥ CG
✓
= 1000 cos ✓ sin ✓ tan , as required.
2
51
! !
✓ ✓ ✓
ii V = 1000 cos 2 ⇥ sin 2 ⇥ tan
2 2 2
! ✓
✓ ✓ ✓ sin
= 1000 1 2 sin2 ⇥ 2 sin cos ⇥ 2
2 2 2 ✓
cos
2
!
✓ ✓
) V = 1000 1 2 sin2 ⇥ 2 sin2
2 2
✓ ✓
) V = 2000 sin2 4000 sin4
2 2
) a = 2000 and b = 4000
✓
iii Let p = sin2
2
then V = 2000p 4000p2
⇡
iv For 0<✓<
2
✓ ⇡
0< <
2 4
p
✓ 2
) 0 < sin <
2 2
✓ 1
) 0 < sin2 <
2 2
1
) 0<p<
2
v V V
250 250
0 π π θ 0 1 1 p
3 2 4 2
vi From the graph of V against p, the axis of symmetry gives the maximum volume
1
as 250 cubic units when p = .
4
52
1 ✓ 1
When p = , sin2 =
4 2 4
✓ 1 ✓
) sin = as sin >0
2 2 2
✓ ⇡ ✓ ⇡
) = as 0 < <
2 6 2 4
⇡
) ✓=
3
c i If \CAD = \GAC = ✓
then V = 1000 cos ✓ sin ✓ tan ✓ (from b i)
sin ✓
= 1000 cos ✓ sin ✓ ⇥
cos ✓
2 ⇡
= 1000 sin ✓, 0 < ✓ <
2
ii V
1000 ( π , 1000)
2
0 π θ
2
iii V is an increasing function. As the angle ✓ gets larger, so does the volume of the
⇡
cuboid. 0 < ✓ < for the cuboid to exist.
2
4 a Consider 4AOB. B
Let M be the midpoint of AB. 1
−
Consider 4AMO. 2
1 M θ
sin ✓ = 2 1
−
θ O
AO 2
1
) AO = A
2 sin ✓
= radius of the circle.
Consider 4AOE. O
1 1 1
EO = AO = 2 sin θ 2(π − 4θ) 2 sin θ
2 sin ✓
\AOE = 2⇡ 4 ⇥ 2✓ A E
= 2⇡ 8✓
= 2(⇡ 4✓)
53
⇡
Note: ⇡ 4✓ > 0 which implies 0 < ✓ < .
4
Let N be the midpoint of AE. O
1
Consider 4ANO. 2 sinθ π − 4θ
AO
sin(⇡ 4✓) =
1
A N
2 sin ✓
sin(⇡ 4✓) sin 4✓
) AN = =
2 sin ✓ 2 sin ✓
Now AE = 2AN and AE = p
sin 4✓ sin 4✓
) p=2⇥ = , as required.
2 sin ✓ sin ✓
sin 4✓
b p=
sin ✓
2 sin 2✓ cos 2✓
=
sin ✓
2(2 sin ✓ cos ✓)(2 cos2 ✓ 1)
=
sin ✓
= 4 cos ✓ (2 cos2 ✓ 1)
= 8 cos3 ✓ 4 cos ✓
c i If x = cos ✓, p = 8x3 4x
p p
If p = 3, 3 = 8x3 4x
p
) 8x3 4x 3 = 0, as required.
p
3 p
ii If x = , 8x3 4x 3 becomes
p !32 p ! p !
3 3 p 3 3 p p
8 4 3=8 2 3 3
2 2 8
p p
=3 3 3 3
=0
p p
3 p 3
Therefore x = is a solution to the equation 8x3 4x 3 = 0 and x is
2 p 2
a factor of 8x3 4x 3
Dividing to find the quadraticp factor yields
!
p 3 p
8x3 4x 3= x (8x2 + 4 3x + 2)
2
p 2
The discriminant 4 = (4 3) 4(8)(2)
= 48 64, which is < 0
54
p
3
Therefore the quadratic factor is irreducible and is the only solution.
2
p
p 3
iii If p = 3, then x=
2
p
3
) cos ✓ =
2
⇡
) ✓=
6
1
iv radius =
2 sin ✓
1
= ⇡
2 sin
6
=1
#
sin 4✓ ⇡
d p= , ✓ 2 0, p
sin ✓ 4 4
0 π θ
4
e If A = E, then 4 ⇥ 2✓ = 2⇡
⇡
) ✓=
4
f i If AE = 1, then p = 8x3 4x
becomes 1 = 8x3 4x
) 8x3 4x 1=0
Also 5 ⇥ 2✓ = 2⇡
⇡
) ✓=
5
!
⇡
sin 4 ⇥
5
) p= ⇡ =1
sin
5
55
⇡
ii 8x3 4x 1 = 0, x = cos
5
1 p
If x = ( 5 + 1)
4
!3 !
3 1 p 1 p
then 8x 4x 1 = 8 ( 5 + 1) 4 ( 5 + 1) 1
4 4
p
8( 5 + 1)3 p
= ( 5 + 1) 1
43
p p
8(5 5 + 15 + 3 5 + 1) p
= 5 1 1
64
p
16 + 8 5 p
= 5 2
8
p p
=2+ 5 5 2=0
1 p
) 8x3 4x 1 = 0 when x = ( 5 + 1)
4
1 p ⇡
and ( 5 + 1) = cos
4 5
sin x cos x
5 a i tan x + cot x = + , cos x , 0, sin x , 0
cos x sin x
sin2 x + cos2 x
=
sin x cos x
1
=
1
(2 sin x cos x)
2
2
= = 2 cosec 2x
sin 2x
sin x cos x
ii tan x = cot x ) = , cos x , 0, sin x , 0
cos x sin x
) sin2 x = cos2 x
=1 sin2 x
) 2 sin2 x = 1
1
) sin2 x =
2
1
) sin x = ± p
2
⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡
) x = ± ,± ,± ,± ,...
4 4 4 4
⇡
= n⇡ ± , n 2 Z
4
56
iii y
y = tan x
y = cot x
2
y = 2cosec (2x)
1
0 π π 3π 2π x
2 2
−1
−2
cos 2x sin x
b i cot 2x + tan x = + , sin 2x , 0, cos x , 0
sin 2x cos x
cos 2x cos x + sin x sin 2x
=
sin 2x cos x
cos(2x x)
=
sin 2x cos x
1
= = cosec 2x, as required to prove.
sin 2x
ii cot 2x = tan x
cos 2x sin x
) = , sin 2x , 0, cos x , 0
sin 2x cos x
) cos 2x cos x = sin 2x sin x
) (1 2 sin2 x) cos x = (2 sin x cos x) sin x
) cos x 2 sin2 x cos x = 2 sin2 x cos x
) cos x = 4 sin2 x cos x
) 4 sin2 x = 1
1
) sin2 x =
4
1
) sin x = ±
2
⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 11⇡ ⇡
) x = ± ,± ,± ,± , . . . = n⇡ ± , n 2 Z
6 6 6 6 6
57
iii
y
y = cot 2x
1 y = tan 2x
3
3 y =2 cosec 2x
0 π π 2π x
3π
3 2 2
−
3
−1
cos(mx) sin(nx)
c i cot(mx) + tan(nx) = + , sin(mx) , 0, cos(mx) , 0
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos(mx) cos(nx) + sin(mx) sin(nx)
=
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos(mx nx)
=
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos((m n)x)
= , as required to prove.
sin(mx) cos(nx)
cos((6 3)x)
ii From c i, cot(6x) + tan(3x) =
sin(6x) cos(3x)
cos(3x) 1
= =
sin(6x) cos(3x) sin(6x)
= cosec (6x), as required.
6 a i \BAE = \BEA (isosceles 4)

) 2\BAE + 36 = 180
!
180 36
) \BAE = = 72
2
\AEC = \BEA = \BAE = 72
\ACE = \AEC = 72 (isosceles 4)
ii \BAC = \BAE \CAE

= \BAE (180 2\AEC)
= 72 (180 2 ⇥ 72) = 36
58
b Consider 4ABC C
\ABC = \BAC = 36 1
72°
) 4ABC is isosceles with BC = AC = 1
Consider 4ACD
A D
\CAD = 180 (90 + 72) = 18
CD
sin 18 =
1
Now BD = BC + CD
= 1 + sin 18 , as required.
c Consider 4ADE D
\DAE = \CAE (isosceles 4ACE) = 18
DE
sin 18 = A E
1 1
Now BE = BD + DE
= (1 + sin 18 ) + sin 18
= 1 + 2 sin 18
Since 4ABE is isosceles, B
AB = 1 + 2 sin 18 also. 36°
1 + 2 sin 18°
Now consider 4ABD 1 + sin 18°
1 + sin 18
cos 36 =
1 + 2 sin 18 A D
as required to prove.
1 + sin 18
d cos 36 =
1 + 2 sin 18
1 + sin 18
) 1 2 sin2 18 =
1 + 2 sin 18
2
) (1 2 sin 18 )(1 + 2 sin 18 ) = 1 + sin 18
) 1 2 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 4 sin3 18 = 1 + sin 18
) 4 sin3 18 + 2 sin2 18 sin 18 = 0
) sin 18 (4 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 1) = 0
) 4 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 1 = 0, as required.
e Let a = sin 18 ) 4 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 1=0

4a2 + 2a 1=0
Using the general quadratic formula
59
p
2± 22 4(4)( 1)
a=
2⇥4
p p
2 ± 20 1± 5
= =
8 4
p
1+ 5
) sin 18 = since sin 18 > 0
4
1
7 a i Volume of a pyramid, V = Ah, where A is the area of V
3
the base and h is the height of the pyramid, V X.
Since ABCD is a rectangle,
A = AD ⇥ CD = AC cos ✓ ⇥ AC sin ✓
= 10 cos ✓ ⇥ 10 sin ✓ θ°
A 5 X
= 100 cos ✓ sin ✓
1
Consider 4AV X AX = AC = 5
2
VX
tan ✓ =
5
) V X = 5 tan ✓
) h = 5 tan ✓
1
Therefore V= ⇥ 100 cos ✓ sin ✓ ⇥ 5 tan ✓
3
500 sin ✓
= cos ✓ sin ✓ ⇥
3 cos ✓
500 2
= sin ✓ , as required.
3
ii V
200 (90, 500 )
3
100
0
45 90 θ°
iii V is an increasing function. As the angle ✓ gets larger, so does the volume of the
pyramid. 0 < ✓ < 90 for the pyramid to exist.
60
✓ VX
b i tan =
2 5
✓
✓ 5 sin
) V X = 5 tan )h= 2
2 ✓
cos
2
From a i, A = 100 cos ✓ sin ✓
! !
2 ✓ ✓ ✓
= 100 1 2 sin 2 sin cos
2 2 2
!
✓ ✓ ✓
= 200 sin cos 1 2 sin2
2 2 2
1
Now V= Ah
3
! ✓
1 ✓ ✓ ✓ 5 sin
= ⇥ 200 sin cos 1 2 sin 2 ⇥ 2
3 2 2 2 ✓
cos
2
!
1000 2 ✓ ✓
= sin 1 2 sin2 , as required.
3 2 2
ii The maximal domain is ✓ 2 (0, 90)

✓
iii Let a = sin2
2
1000 2000 2 1000
) V= ⇥ a(1 20) = a + a
3 3 3
iv V is a concave down parabola with a local maximum tuming point at the axis of
symmetry, when !
1000 2000
a= ÷ 2⇥
3 3
1000 4000 1000 3 1
= ÷ = ⇥ =
3 3 3 4000 4
!2 !
1 2000 1 1000 1
When a = , V = +
4 3 4 3 4
2000 1000
= +
48 12
2000 125
= =
48 3
61
1 ✓ 1
When a = , sin2 =
4 2 4
✓ 1 ✓
) sin = since 0 < < 45
2 2 2
✓
) = 30
2
) ✓ = 60
125
The maximum value of V is cubic units and the value of ✓ for which this
3
occurs is 60 .
!
1000 2 ✓ 2 ✓
v V= sin 1 2 sin V
3 2 2 50 (60, 125 )
3
40
30
20
10
0 θ°
30 60 90
1
8 a i V= Ah Y
θ° X
3
As in 7 a i, A = 100 cos ✓ sin ✓ and h = vx
Consider 4AY X 5
\AXY = \XAD = ✓ (alternate angles)

A
XY
cos ✓ =
5
) XY = 5 cos ✓
Now consider 4VY X V
VX
tan ✓ =
5 cos ✓
) V X = 5 cos ✓ tan ✓
θ°
sin ✓ Y
= 5 cos ✓ ⇥ 5 cos θ° X
cos ✓
) h = 5 sin ✓
1
) V= ⇥ 100 cos ✓ sin ✓ ⇥ 5 sin ✓
3
500
= cos ✓ sin2 ✓
3
ii Using a CAS calculator to graph V against ✓, 0 < ✓ < 90, the maximum volume
62
is given as 64.15 cubic units when ✓ = 54.74 (correct to two decimal places).
V
70 (54.74, 64.15)
50
30
10
0
90 θ°
1
b i V= Ah V
3
As in 7 a i, A = 100 cos ✓ sin ✓ and h = V X
As in 8 a i, XY = 5 cos ✓ θ°
−
Consider 4VY X Y
2
5 cos θ° X
✓ VX
tan =
2 5 cos ✓
) h = VX
✓
) = 5 cos ✓ tan
2
1 ✓
Therefore V= ⇥ 100 cos ✓ sin ✓ ⇥ 5 cos ✓ tan
3 2
✓
500 ✓ ✓ sin
= cos2 ✓ ⇥ 2 sin cos ⇥ 2
3 2 2 ✓
cos
2
500 ✓
= cos2 ✓ ⇥ 2 sin2
3 2
500
= cos2 ✓ (1 cos ✓ ), as required.
3
ii The implied domain is 0 < ✓ < 90 for the pyramid to exist.
c Let a = cos ✓
Since 0 < ✓ < 90
0 < cos ✓ < 1
) 0<a<1
The CAS calculator gives a maximum volume of 24.69 cubic units when
a = 0.666 66 . . . ⇡ 0.67
63
i.e., cos ✓ = 0.666 66 . . .
) ✓ = 48.19 (correct to two decimal places)
a+b
9 a tan(✓ + ↵) =
x
!
1 a+b
) ✓ + ↵ = tan
x θ
α
b
tan ↵ =
x
!
1 b
) ↵ = tan
x
✓ = (✓ + ↵) ↵
! !
1 a+b 1 b
) ✓ = tan tan , as required.
x x
! !!
1 a+b 1 b
b tan ✓ = tan tan tan
x x
!! !!
1 a+b 1 b
tan tan tan tan
x x
= !! !!
1
a+b 1
b
1 + tan tan tan tan
x x
a+b b
= x x
a+b b
1+ ⇥
x x
a + b b x2 + b(a + b)
= ÷
x x2
a x2
= ⇥ 2
x x + ab + b2
ax
= , as required.
x2 + ab + b2
64
⇡ ax
c i If ✓ = , tan ✓ =
4 x2
+ ab + b2
⇡ ax
becomes tan = 2
4 x + ab + b2
ax
) 1= 2
x + ab + b2
) x2 + ab + b2 = ax
) x2 ax + ab + b2 = 0
Using the general quadratic
p formula
( a) ± ( a) 4(1)(ab + b2 )
2
) x=
2(1)
p
a ± a2 4(ab + b2 )
=
2
p
a ± a2 4b(a + b)
=
2
p
ii If a = 2(1 + 2) and b = 1,
p q p p
2(1 + 2) ± (2(1 + 2))2 4(1)(2(1 + 2) + 1)
then x =
2
p q p p
2(1 + 2) ± 4(1 + 2)2 4(2(1 + 2) + 1)
=
2
p q p p
2(1 + 2) ± 2 (1 + 2)2 (2(1 + 2) + 1)
=
2
q
p p p
= (1 + 2) ± 1 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 1
p
) x=1+ 2
65
p
d If a = 2(1 +
2), b = 1 and x = 1
! !
1 a+b 1 b
then ✓ = tan tan
x x
p ! !
1 2(1 + 2) + 1 1 1
= tan tan
1 1
p
) ✓ = tan 1 (2 + 2 2 + 1) tan 1 (1)
p
= tan 1 (3 + 2 2) tan 1 (1)
⇡
= 1.400 87 . . .
4
= 0.615 47 . . .
⇡ 0.62
e i a = 1, x = 5
! !
1 b+1 1 b
) ✓ = tan tan
5 5
5
) tan ✓ =
25 + b + b2
θ
−
tan θ
ii a = 1, x = 10
! !
1 b+1 1 b
) ✓ = tan tan
10 10
10
) tan ✓ =
100 + b + b2
66
θ
−
tan θ
iii a = 1, x = 20
! !
1 b+1 1 b
) ✓ = tan tan
20 20
20
) tan ✓ =
400 + b + b2
θ
−
! !
1 bb+1 1
f In general, the graph of ✓ = tan tan has the b axis as a horizontal
x x
!!
1 1
asymptote. The domain is R and the range is 0, tan
+
. The graph approaches
x
!!
1
0, tan 1 as b ! 0. The function is decreasing as b increases.
x
θ
−
x
In general, the graph of tan ✓ = has the b axis as a horizontal asymptote,
x2 + b + b2
67
!
1
and approaches 0, on the vertical axis. The domain is R+ and the range is
x
!!
1
0, . The function is decreasing as b increases.
x
θ
All the graphs have the same shape.
10 a 4ACD and 4ACB have a common angle \CAD and each has a right angle, therefore
they are similar triangles.
b Consider 4OCD
OC = 1
since the hemisphere shown has radius 1
OD = x = cos 2✓
2θ
CD = y = sin 2✓
The coordinates of C are (cos 2✓, sin 2✓)
c i Consider 4ABC
AB = 2
as AB is a diameter of the circle x2 + y2 = 1
CA θ
cos ✓ = ) CA = 2 cos ✓
2
CB
ii sin ✓ = ) CB = 2 sin ✓
2
d Consider 4ACD
CD
sin ✓ = θ
2 cos ✓
) CD = 2 sin ✓ cos ✓ θ
From b, CD = sin 2✓
) sin 2✓ = 2 sin ✓ cos ✓, as required.
AD
e From 4ACD, cos ✓ =
2 cos ✓
) AD = 2 cos2 ✓
and OD = AD AO = 2 cos2 ✓ 1
68
since AO is a radius of the circle x2 + y2 = 1
From b, OD = cos 2✓
) cos 2✓ = 2 cos2 ✓ 1, as required.
69
Chapter 4 – Complex numbers
1 a Re(z) = 6 d x + iy = (2 + 3i) + 7(1 i)
) x + iy = 9 4i
b Im(z) = 7
) x = 9, y = 4
c Re(z) Im(z) = 13
e 2x + 3 + 8i = 1 + (2 3y)i
p p p
2 a 25 = 25 ⇥ 1 = 5i ) 2x + 3 + 8i = 1 + 2i 3yi
p p p p ) 2x + 3yi = 4 6i
b 27 = 27 ⇥ 1 = 3 3i
) 2x = 4, 3y = 6
c 2i 7i = 5i ) x = 2, y = 2
p
d 5 16 7i = 20i 7i = 13i f x + iy = (2y + 1) + (x 7)i
p p p p
e 8+ 18 = 2 2i + 3 2i = 2y + 1 + xi 7i
p ) (x 2y) + (y x)i = 1 7i
= 5 2i Equating corresponding components
p ✓ p ◆ p gives:
f i 12 = i 2 3i = 2 3i2 x 2y = 1 1
p p
=2 3⇥ 1= 2 3 y x= 7 2
1 + 2 gives
g i(2 + i) = 2i + i2 = 1 + 2i y= 6
p ) y=6
h Im(2 4) = 4
Substituting y = 6 into 1
p x 2(6) = 1
i Re(5 49) = Re(5 ⇥ 7i)
= Re(35i) = 0 ) x 12 = 1
) x = 13
3 a x + iy = 5 + 0i
4 a z1 + z2 = (2 i) + (3 + 2i) = 5 + i
) x = 5, y = 0
b z1 + z2 + z3 = (2 i) + (3 + 2i)
b x + iy = 0 + 2i
+ ( 1 + 3i)
) x = 0, y = 2
= 4 + 4i
c x = iy
) x iy = 0 + 0i
) x = 0, y = 0
1
c 2z1 z3 = 2(2 i) ( 1 + 3i) 6 a i z1 = 1 + 2i
=4 2i + 1 3i
ii z2 = 2 i
=5 5i
iii 2z1 + z2 = 2 + 4i + (2 i)
d 3 z3 = 3 ( 1 + 3i) = 4 3i
= 4 + 3i
e 4i z2 + z1 = 4i (3 + 2i)
iv z1 z2 = (1 + 2i) (2 i)
+ (2 i)
= 1 + 3i
= 1+i
f Re(z1 ) = Re(2 i) = 2
g Im(z2 ) = Im(3 + 2i) = 2
h Im(z3 z2 ) = Im(( 1 + 3i)

(3 + 2i))
= Im( 4 + i)
=1
i Re(z2 ) iIm(z2 ) = 3 i(2) = 3 2i
5
Im(z)
−2 + 3i
2 (1 + i )
( −3)
Re(z)
3−i
− ( 3 + 2i )
( −4i )
2
Im(z)
z1 − z2 2 z1 + z 2
z1
Re(z)
z2
Im(z)
2z1
2z1 + z2
z1
Re(z)
z2
3
Im(z)
z1 − z2
z1
− z2
Re(z)
z2
e (2 i)2 = 4 4i + i2
=4 1 4i
=3 4i
7 a (5 i)(2 + i) = 10 + 5i 2i i2
= 10 ( 1) + 3i f Recall (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
So,
= 11 + 3i
(1 + i)3 = 13 + 3 ⇥ 12 ⇥ i + 3 ⇥ i2 + i3
b (4 + 7i)(3 + 5i) = 12 + 20i = 1 + 3i + 3i2 + i3
+ 21i + 35i2 = 1 + 3i 3 i
= 23 + 41i = 2 + 2i
= 47 i
g i4 = i2 ⇥ i2 = 1 ⇥ 1 = 1
c (2 + 3i)(2 3i) = 4 6i + 6i 9i2 h i11 (6 + 5i) = i10 ⇥ i(6 + 5i)
=4 ( 9) + 0i = i(6 + 5i)
=4+9 = 6i 5i2
= 13 =5 6i
d (1 + 3i)2 = 1 + 6i + 9i2 i i70 = (i2 )35
=1 9 + 6i = ( 1)35
= 8 + 6i = 1
4
8 a 2x + (y + 4)i = (3 + 2i)(2 i) 9
y= [3]
x
) 2x + yi + 4i = 8 + i Substitute [3] into [1]:
81
) 2x + yi = 8 3i x2 = 2
x
) 2x = 8, y = 3 ) x4 = 81
) x = 4, y = 3 ) x = ±3
When x = 3, y = 3
b
and when x = 3, y = 3
(x + yi)(3 + 2i) = 16 + 11i
) x = 3, y = 3 or x = 3, y = 3
) 3x + 2xi + 3yi 2y = 16 + 11i
e i(2x 3yi) = 6(1 + i)
) (3x 2y) + (2x + 3y)i = 16 + 11i
Equating corresponding components ) 3y + 2xi = 6 + 6i
gives: Equating components gives:
3x 2y = 16 [1] 3y = 6 and 2x = 6
) x = 3, y = 2
2x + 3y = 11 [2]
2 ⇥ [1] 3 ⇥ [2]:
) 13y = 65 9 a i 1+i
) y=5
Substituting y = 5 into [2] yields ii (1 + i)2 = 2i
x= 2
iii (1 + i)3 = 2 + 2i
) x = 2, y = 5
iv (1 + i)4 = 4
c (x + 2i)2 = 5 12i Im(z)
2
) x + 4xi 4=5 12i
) (x2 4) + 4xi = 5 12i (1 + i )
3
Equating components gives: (1 + i )

2
x2 4 = 5 [1]
1+ i
(1 + i )
4
4x = 12 [2] Re(z)
From [2], x = 3
From [1], x = ±3
) x= 3
d (x + iy)2 = 18i
) x2 + 2xyi y2 = 18i
(x2 y2 ) = 2xyi = 18i
Equating components gives:
x2 = y2 [1]
2xy = 18 [2]
From [2]:
5
! ! !
10 Im(z)
a PQ = OP + OQ
P " # " #
Q 2 1
= +
3 2
" #
3
=
Re(z) 1
!
R
= OR
! !
b QP = PQ
" #
3
P = z1 = 2 + 3i =
1
Q = z2 = 1 + 2i " #
3
R = z2 z1 =
1
p p
= ( 1 + 2i) (2 + 3i) and |QP| = QP = 32 + 12 = 10
= 3 i
6
p p p p p
1 a 3= 3 + 0i = 3 3 + i ( 3 + i)( 1 + i)
e =
1 i 2
p p
b 8i = 8i 3 + 3i i 1
=
2
c 4 3i = 4 + 3i p p
1 3 3 1
= + i
d (1 + 2i) = 1 2i = 1 + 2i 2 2
17 17(4 + i)
e 4 + 2i = 4 2i f =
4 i 16 + 1
68 + 17i
f 3 2i = 3 + 2i =
17
=4+i
2 + 3i (2 + 3i)(3 + 2i)
2 a =
3 2i 9+4
6 + 4i + 9i 6 3 a z + w = a + bi + c + di
=
13
13i = (a + c) + (b + d)i
=
13 = (a + c) (b + d)i
=i = (a bi) + (c di)
i i( 1 3i) =z+w
b =
1 + 3i 1+9
3 i b zw = (a + bi)(c + di)
=
10 = ac + bdi2 + (ad + bc)i
3 1
= i = ac + bdi2 (ad + bc)i
10 10
= (a bi)(c di)
4 3i i( 4 3i)
c = = 3 + 4i = zw
i 1
3 + 7i (3 + 7i)(1 2i) !
d = z (a + bi)(c di)
1 + 2i 1+4 c =
w c2 + d 2
3 6i + 7i + 14
=
5 (a + bi)(c di)
= (see b)
17 + i c2 + d 2
=
5 (a bi)(c + di)
=
17 1 c2 + d 2
= + i
5 5 a bi
=
c di
z
=
w
7
d |zw|2 = |(a + bi)(c + di)|2 e (z i)2 = (2 2i)2
= |ac bd + (ad + bc)i|2 =4 8i + 4i2
= (ac bd)2 + (ad + bc)2 = 8i
= (a2 c2 2acbd + b2 d2
f (z + 1 + 2i)2 = (3 + i)2
2 2 2 2 2
+ a b + 2adbc + b c )
= 9 + 6i + i2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= (a c + b d + a b + b c )
= 8 + 6i
= ((a2 + b2 )(c2 + d2 ))2
= |z|2 |w|2
5 a zz = (a + ib)(a ib)
z
2
(a + bi)(c di) 2 = a2 abi + abi b2 i2
e =
w c2 + d 2 = a2 + b2
✓ |(a + bi)(c di)| ◆2
= c z + z = (a + bi) + (a bi) = 2a
c2 + d2
✓ |(a + bi)||(c di)| ◆2
= d z z = (a + bi) (a bi) = 2bi
c2 + d2
✓ |a + bi| ◆2 z a + bi
e =
=
|c di| z a bi
(a + bi)(a + bi)
|z|2 =
= a2 + b2
|w|2
a2 + 2abi b2
=
a2 + b2
4 a z(z + 1) = (2 i)(3 i) a2 b2 2ab
= 2 2
+ 2 i
=6 2i 3i + i2 a +b a + b2
=5 5i z a bi
f =
z a + bi
b z+4=6 i=6+i (a bi)(a bi)
=
a2 + b2
c z 2i = 2 3i = 2 + 3i a2 2abi b2
=
z 1 1 i a2 + b2
d =
z+1 3 i a2 b2 2ab
= 2 i
(1 i)(3 + i) a +b 2 a + b2
2
=
9+1
3 + i 3i i2
=
10
4 2i
=
10
2 i
=
5
8
6 |z1 + z2 |2 = (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
= (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
= z1 z1 + z2 z1 + z1 z2 + z2 z2
= |z1 |2 + 2Re(z1 z2 )) + |z2 |2
 |z1 |2 + 2|z1 z2 | + |z2 |2
= |z1 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2
= (|z1 | + |z2 |)2
This implies |z1 + z2 |  |z1 | + |z2 |
9
1 a | 3| = 3 and Arg( 3) = ⇡ 8
Then cos ✓ = p ,
⇡ 64 + 225
b |5i| = 5 and Arg(5i) = 15
2 sin ✓ = p
p p 64 + 225
c |i 1| = 1 + 1 = 2 and !
3⇡ ⇡
Arg(i 1) = ✓2 , ⇡
4 2
8
p p so ✓ = cos 1 ⇡ 2.06
d | 3 +pi| = 3 + 1 = 2 and 17
⇡
Arg ( 3 + i) = c Let z = 4 3i and ✓ = Arg z
6
4
p p Then cos ✓ = p ,
e |2 2 3i| =p 4 + 12 = 4 and 16 + 9
⇡
✓ = tan 1 ( 3) = 3
3 sin ✓ = p
Since complex number is situated in 16 + 9
the fourth quadrant !
p ⇡ ⇡
) Arg(2 2 3i) = ✓ 2 ⇡,
3 2
4
p so ✓ = cos 1 ⇡ 2.50
f z = (2 2 3i)2 5
p p
= 4 8 3i 12 d Let z = 1 2i and ✓ = Arg z
p 1
= 8 8 3i Then cos ✓ = p
p p 3
|z| = 64 + 192 = 256 = 16 p
Because z is situated 2
sin ✓ = p
in the third quadrant: 3
p ⇡ 4⇡ !
✓ = ⇡ + tan 1 ( 3) = ⇡ + = ⇡
3 3 ✓2 ,0
2⇡ 2
!
) Arg z = * ⇡ < Arg(z)  ⇡ 1 1
3 so ✓ = cos p ⇡ 0.96
3
2 a Let z = 5 + 12i and ✓ = Arg z p p
e Let z = 2 + p3i and ✓ = Arg z
5
Then cos ✓ = p 2
25 + 144 Then cos ✓ = p ,
5
12 p
sin ✓ = p 3
25 + 144 sin ✓ = p
5 r 5!
✓ = cos 1 ⇡ 1.18 2
13 so ✓ = cos 1 ⇡ 0.89
5
b Let z = 8 + 15i and ✓ = Arg z
10
f Let z = (3 + 7i) and ✓ = Arg z f Im (z)
3
Then cos ✓ = p ,
9 + 49
7 0 Re (z)
sin ✓ = p
9 + 49
3 3⇡
so ✓ = cos 1 p ⇡ 1.98 ) ✓=
58 2
p 5⇡ 3⇡
1 3 4 a 2⇡ = 2 ( ⇡, ⇡]
3 a cos ✓ = , sin ✓ = , 4 4
2 2
⇡ 5⇡ 17⇡ 5⇡
) ✓ = 2⇡ = b 2⇡ = 2 ( ⇡, ⇡]
3 3 6 6
b Im (z) 15⇡ ⇡
c + 2⇡ = 2 ( ⇡, ⇡]
8 8
Re (z) 5⇡ ⇡
d + 2⇡ = 2 ( ⇡, ⇡]
3⇡ 2 2
) ✓=
2
p
3 3 5 a |z| = | 1 i| = 2
c cos ✓ = p = p
9+3 12 1
p sin ✓ = p
3 3 2
= p = p r
2 3 2
p 1 3 1 3
b |z| = i = + =1
3 1 2 2 4 4
sin ✓ = p = p
12 2 3
5⇡ sin ✓ =
) ✓= 2
6 1
Im (z) cos ✓ =
2
2 p !
1 3 ⇡
✓ = Arg i =
2 2 3
0 2 Re (z) !
⇡ ⇡
) ✓= ) z = cis
4 3
e Im (z)
1
0 3 Re (z)
⇡ 11⇡
) ✓ = 2⇡ + =
6 6
11
p p p p !
c |z| = | 3 3i| = 3+3= 6 3⇡ 3⇡ 3⇡
6 a 2cis = 2 cos + i sin
p 4 4 4
3 1 p p !
sin ✓ = p = p 2 2
6 2 =2 +i
p 2 2
3 1 p p
cos ✓ = p = p
6 2 = 2 + 2i
p p ⇡ p !
✓ = Arg ( 3 3i) = ✓ ⇡◆ 1 3
4 b 5cis =5 i
! 3 2 2
p ⇡
) z = 6cis p
4 5 5 3
= i
r 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 !
d |z| = p + i = + = p ⇡ p ⇡ ⇡
3 3 3 9 3 c 2 2cis = 2 2 cos + i sin
4 4 4
1 p p
sin ✓ =
2 2 2
p sin ✓ = p = p
3 8 8
cos ✓ = p p
2 6 3
! cos ✓ = p =
1 1 ⇡ 8 2
✓ = Arg p + i =
3 3 6 ⇡
! ✓=
2 ⇡ 6
) z = cis !
3 6 p ⇡
) z = 8cis
p p p 6
e |z| = | 6 2i| = 8 !
p ⇡
1 ) z = 2 2cis
cos ✓ = 6
p
2 ! !
3⇡ 5⇡ 5⇡
✓ = Arg ( 1 i) = d 3cis = 3 cos
4 6 6
! !!
p 3⇡ 5⇡
) z = 2cis + i sin
4 6
p !
p p 3 1
f |z| = | 2 3 + 2i| = 12 + 4 = 4 =3 i
2 2
1 p
sin ✓ = 3 3 3
2 = i
p 2 2
3
cos ✓ = !
2 ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
e 6cis = 6 cos + i sin
5⇡ 2 2 2
✓=
6
! = 6(0 + i)
5⇡
) z = 4cis = 6i
6
12
f 4cis ⇡ = 4(cos ⇡ + i sin ⇡) 3⇡
8 a Let z = 2cis ,
4 !
= 4( 1 + 0i) 3⇡
then z = 2cis
= 4 4
!
2⇡
b Let z = 7cis ,
7 a |z| = | cos ✓ + i sin ✓| 3
p 2⇡
= cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓ then z = 7cis
3
=1 2⇡
p
p ! c Let z = 3cis ,
p 2 2 3 !
=2 2 + i 2⇡ ⇡
2 2 then z = 3cis = 3cis
3 3
= 2 + 2i
!
⇡
1 z d Let z = 5cis ,
b = 2 = z since |z| = 1 4
z |z| ⇡
If z = cis ✓, z = cis( ✓) then z = 5cis
4
1
) = z = cis( ✓)
z
13
!
1 ✓⇡◆ ✓ 2⇡ ◆ ✓⇡◆ ✓⇡◆ ⇡
4cis !
cis + 6cis = 4 cos + 4 sin i 4 ⇡ 7⇡
6 3 6 6 d ! = 8cis
✓ 2⇡ ◆ ✓ 2⇡ ◆ 1 7⇡ 4 10
cis
+6 cos +6 sin i 2 10
3 3 !
p p 19⇡
= (2 3 + 2i) + ( 3 + 3 3i) = 8cis
p p 20
= (2 3 3) + (2 + 3 3i)
!
2⇡
4cis !
3 1 2⇡ ⇡
2 4 e ! = cis +
⇡ 8 3 3
2⇡ 3⇡ 32cis
a 4cis ⇥ 3cis 3
3 4
! 1
2⇡ 3⇡ = cis(⇡)
= 12cis + 8
3 4
! 1
17⇡ = (cos ⇡ + i sin ⇡)
= 12cis 2⇡ 8
12 1
=
17⇡ 8
Note : < ( ⇡, ⇡]
12
!
7⇡
= 12cis
12
p ⇡
2cis !
b 2 = 1 cis ⇡ 5⇡
p 5⇡ 2 2 6
8cis
6
! ! !!4
1 ⇡ 5⇡ p 7⇡
= cis 3 a 2cis ⇥ 2cis
2 3 6 8
! ! ! !
1 2⇡ 7 ⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡
c cis ⇥ cis = 2cis ⇥ 4cis
2 5 3 3 6 2
! !
7 2⇡ ⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡
= cis = 8cis +
6 5
+
3 6 2
! !
7 ⇡ 13⇡
= cis = 8cis 4⇡
6 15 3
!
⇡
= 8cis
3
14
1 ! !!3
b 3⇡ ⇡
!!3 e 2cis ⇥ 3cis
3 5⇡ 2 2
cis
2 8 !!3
3⇡ ⇡
!! 3 = 6cis +
3 5⇡ 2 6
= cis
2 8 !!3
! 5⇡
8 15⇡ = 6cis 2⇡
= cis + 2⇡ 3
27 8 !!3
! ⇡
8 ⇡ = 6cis
= cis 3
27 8
= 216cis( ⇡)
!!8 !!6
⇡ p ⇡ = 216cis(⇡)
c cis ⇥ 3cis
6 4
! ! = 216(cos(⇡) + i sin(⇡))
4⇡ 3⇡
= cis ⇥ 27cis = 216
3 2
! !! 6 !!2
4⇡ 3⇡ 1 ⇡ ⇡
= 27cis + f cis ⇥ 4cis
3 2 2 8 3
! ! !
17⇡ 6⇡ 2⇡
= 27cis 2⇡ = 64cis ⇥ 16cis
6 8 3
! !
5⇡ 2⇡ 3⇡
= 27cis = 1024cis
6 3 4
!
!! 5 ⇡
1 ⇡ = 1024cis
d cis 12
2 2
! !!3
5⇡ 2⇡
= 32cis + 2⇡ 6cis
2 5
! g !! 5
⇡ 1 ⇡
= 32cis cis
2 2 4
! !! !!3 !!5
⇡ ⇡ 2⇡ 1 ⇡
= 32 cos + i sin = 6cis ⇥ cis
2 2 5 2 4
= 32i ! !
6⇡ 1 5⇡
= 216cis ⇥ cis
5 32 4
!
27 6⇡ 5⇡
= cis
4 5 4
!
27 ⇡
= cis
4 20
15
!
⇡ ⇡ 7⇡ Z1
4 a Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) = + = ) Arg = (✓1 ✓2 )
! 4 3 ! 12 Z2
⇡ ⇡ 7⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
z1 z2 = cis + = cis ) < ✓1 < and < ✓2 <
4 3 12 2 2 2 2
7⇡ ) ⇡ < ✓1! ✓2 < ⇡
Arg (z1 z2 ) = Z1
12 ) Arg = Arg (z1 ) Arg (z2 ) = ✓1 ✓2
) Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) Z2
2⇡ 3⇡
b Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) =
3 4 6 a Arg (z) = Arg (1 + i)
17⇡ 1
= cos ✓ = p
! 12 2
2⇡ 3⇡ 1
z1 z2 = cis sin ✓ = p
3 4 2
! ⇡
17⇡ ) ✓=
= cis + 2⇡ 4
12
! ⇡
7⇡ ) Arg (1 + i) =
= cis 4
2
7⇡ b Arg ( z) = Arg ( 1 i)
Arg (z1 z2 ) = 1
12 cos ✓ = p
) Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) + 2⇡ 2
1
2⇡ ⇡ 7⇡ sin ✓ = p
c Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) = + = 2
! 3 2 6
2⇡ ⇡ 3⇡
z1 z2 = cis + ) ✓=
3 2 4
! 3⇡
7⇡ ) Arg ( 1 i) =
= cis 2⇡ 4
6 ! !
! 1 1
5⇡ c Arg = Arg
= cis z 1+i
6 !
5⇡ 1 1
Arg (z1 z2 ) = = Arg i
6 2 2
) Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) 2⇡
1 ! p
cos ✓ = 2 = 2
5 Let z1 = r1 cis ✓1 and z2 = r2 cis ✓2 1 2
p
Then, z1 z2 = r1 r2 cis(✓1 + ✓2 ) 2
and Arg (z2 z2 ) = ✓1 + ✓2 1
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ p ! p
Since < ✓1 < and < ✓2 < 2 2
2 2 2 2 sin ✓ = =
) ⇡ < ✓1 + ✓2 < ⇡ 1 2
) Arg (z1 z2 ) = Arg (z1 ) + Arg (z2 ) = ✓1 + ✓2 2
⇡
Also, ) ✓=
z1 r1 4
= cis(✓1 ✓2 )
z2 r2
16
!
1 ⇡ 8 a cos ✓ i sin ✓ = cos( ✓) + i sin( ✓)
) Arg =
1+i 4
= cis( ✓)
7 a sin ✓ + i cos ✓ b i (cos ✓ i sin ✓)5 = (cis( ✓))5

! ! = cis( 5✓)
⇡ ⇡
= cos ✓ + i sin ✓
2 2 3 3
! ii (cos ✓ sin ✓) = (cis( ✓))
⇡
= cis ✓ = cis(3✓)
2
!!7 iii = cis( ✓) ⇥ cis(✓)
7⇡
b i (sin ✓ + i cos ✓) = cis ✓ = cis0
2
!
7⇡ =1
= cis 7✓
2
! iv (cos ✓ i sin ✓)(sin ✓ + i cos ✓)
3⇡ !
= cis 7✓ ⇡
2 = cis( ✓) ⇥ cis ✓
2
ii (sin ✓ + i cos ✓)(cos ✓ + i sin ✓) (from question 5)
! !
⇡ ⇡
= cis ✓ ⇥ cis ✓ = cis 2✓
2 2
!
⇡
= cis
2 !
⇡
9 a sin ✓ i cos ✓ = cos ✓
=i 2
!
4 ⇡
iii (sin ✓ + i cos ✓) + i sin ✓
!! 2
4
⇡ !
= cis ✓ ⇡
2 = cis ✓
! 2
4⇡
= cis + 4✓ !!6
2 6 ⇡
b i (sin ✓ i cos ✓) = cis ✓
= cis( 2⇡ + 4✓) 2
!
6⇡
= cis(4✓) = cis 6✓
2
iv (sin ✓ + i cos ✓)(sin + i cos )
ii !!
! ! 2
⇡ ⇡ 2 ⇡
= cis ✓ ⇥ cis (sin ✓ i cos ✓) = cis ✓
2 2 2
= cis (⇡ ✓ ) = cis ( 2✓ + ⇡)
= cis (⇡ 2✓)
17
iii (sin ✓ i cos ✓)2 (cos ✓ i sin ✓) 1 i
iii
sin ✓ cos ✓
= cis (2✓ ⇡) ⇥ cis ( ✓)
= cosec ✓ sec ✓cis( ✓)
(from question 6)
= cis (✓ ⇡) p p
11 a |1 + i 3|p= 1 + 3 = 2
! 3 1
⇡ sin ✓ = , cos ✓ =
cis ✓ 2p 2
sin ✓ i cos ✓ 2 ⇡
iv = ) Arg (1 + i 3) = ✓ =
cos ✓ + i sin ✓ cis (✓) 3!
! p 6 6⇡
⇡ ) (1 + i 3) = 26 cis
= cis 3
2
= 64cis(2⇡)
= i
= 64cis 0
p p
10 a i |1 + i tan ✓| = 1 + tan2 ✓ = sec ✓ b |1 i| =
2
1 1
1 + i tan ✓ = sec ✓(cos ✓ + i sin ✓) sin ✓ = p , cos ✓ = p
2 2
⇡
= sec ✓cis ✓ ) Arg (1 i) = ✓ =
4 !
p 5
p 5 5⇡
ii |1 + i cot ✓| = 1 + cot2 ✓ ) (1 i) = ( 2) cis 2⇡
4
= cosec ✓ p !
2 3⇡
= cis
1 + i cot ✓ = cosec ✓ 8 4
⇥ (sin ✓ + i cos ✓) p p
! c | 3 i| = 3 + 1 = p 2
⇡ 1 3
= cosec ✓ cis ✓ sin ✓ = , cos ✓ =
2
p 2 2
⇡
) Arg ( 3 i) = ✓ =
iii
1 i cos ✓ + i sin ✓ ! 6
+ = p ⇡
sin ✓ cos ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓ ) 3 i = 2cis
cis ✓ 6
= !
sin ✓ cos ✓ ⇡
and i = cis
= cosec✓ sec ✓ cis ✓ 2
!
p 7 7 7⇡ ⇡
b i (1 + i tan ✓)2 = sec2 ✓ cis 2✓ ) i( 3 i) = 2 cis +
6 2
!
ii (1 + i cot ✓) 3 4⇡
= 128cis
! 6
3 3⇡ !
= sin ✓ cis 3✓ 2⇡
2 = 128cis
3
18
p 3
p p p p p
d ( 3 + i 3) = ( 3( 3 + i)) 3 ( 1 + i 3)4 ( 2 i 2)3
! ) p
p 5⇡ 3 3 3i
= (2 3cis ) !
6 2⇡ ⇡
p 128cis
! 3 4
3 5⇡ = !
= cis ) p ⇡
72 2 2 3cis
(add II to argument in part c) 3
p !
! 64 3 2⇡ ⇡ ⇡
p ⇡ = cis +
e 1 + i 3 = 2cis 3 3 4 3
3
! p !
⇡ 64 3 3⇡
i = cis = cis
2 3 4
(see part
p a and b) !
p 3⇡
(1 + i 3)3 8cis(⇡) g 1 + i = 2cis
) = ! 4
i(1 i) 5 p 5⇡ ⇡ !!
( 2)5 cis + 5 1 ⇡
4 2 ) ( 1 + i) cis
! 2 4
p 5⇡ ⇡ !
= 2cis ⇡ + p 1 15⇡ 3⇡
4 2 = 4 2 ⇥ cis +
! 8 4 4
p 7⇡ p !
= 2cis 2⇡ 2 9⇡
4 = cis 4⇡
! 2 2
p ⇡ p !
= 2cis 2 ⇡
4 = cis
2 2
!
p 2⇡ !
f 1 + i 3 = 2cis p ⇡
3 h 1 i 3 = 2cis
! 3
p 4 8⇡ !!3
) ( 1 + i 3) =16cis 2⇡ 2⇡
3 cis !
! 5 1 6⇡ 2⇡
2⇡ ) p = cis +
= 16cis (1 i 3)2 4 5 3
3 !
! 1 28⇡
p p 3⇡ = cis 2⇡
2 i 2 = 2cis 4 15
4 !
! 1 2⇡
p p 3 9⇡ = cis
) ( 2 i 2) = 8cis + 2⇡ 4 15
4
! !
⇡ p ⇡
= 8cis i 1 i = 2cis
4 4
! !
! 2⇡ p ⇡ 2⇡
p p ⇡ ) (1 i)cis = 2cis +
3 3i = 2 3cis 3 4 3
3 !
p 5⇡
= 2cis
12
19
!!7
2⇡
) (1 i)cis
3
!
p 7 35⇡
= ( 2) cis
12
!
p 35⇡
= 8 2cis 2⇡
12
!
p 11⇡
= 8 2cis
12
20
1 a z2 + 16 = z2 (4i)2 = (z 4i)(z + 4i) 2 a x2 + 25 = 0
p p x2 = 25
b z2 + 5 = (z i 5)(z + i 5) x = ±5i
c z2 + 2z + 5 = (z2 + 2z + 1) + 4 b x2 + 8 = 0
= (z + 1)2 (2i)2 x2 = 8 p
x = ±2i 2
= (z + 1 2i)(z + 1 + 2i)
! c x2 4x + 5 = p
0
2 2 9 9
d z 3z + 4 = z 3z + +4 ( 4) ± ( 4)2 4 ⇥ 1 ⇥ 5
4 4 x=
p ! 2⇥1
p
3 i 7 4 ± 16 20
= z + =
2 2 2
p ! 4 ± 2i
3 i 7 =
⇥ z 2
2 2 x=2±i
" #
2 2 1 d 3x2 + 7x +p5 = 0
e 2z 8z + 9 = 2 (z 4z + 4) +
2 7 ± 49 3 ⇥ 4 ⇥ 5
p ! x=
i 2 6
=2 z 2 p
2 7± 11
p ! =
6
i 2 p
⇥ z 2+ 7 ± i 11
2 x=
6
" #
1
2
f 3 (z + 2z + 1) + e x2 = 2x 3
3
p ! p ! ) x2 2x +p3 = 0
i 3 i 3 2 ± 4 12
=3 z+1+ z+1 x=
3 3 2
p
" ! # 2± 8
2 1 5 =
g 3 z + z+ 2
+ 2
3 9 9 p
p ! p ! x=1±i 2
1 i 5 1 i 5
=3 z+ + z+ f 5x2 + 1 = 3x
3 3 3 3
) 5x2 3x + 1 = 0
" ! # p
1 1
2 3 1 3± 9 4⇥5
h 2 z z+ + x=
2 16 2 16 10
p ! p ! p
1 i 23 1 i 23 3± 11
=2 z z + =
4 4 4 4 10
p
3 + i 11
x=
10
21
g z2 + (1 + 2i)z + ( 1 + i) = 0 h z2 + z + (1 i) = 0
p p
1 2i ± (1 + 2i)2 4( 1 + i) 1 2i ± 1 4(1 i)
z= z=
2 2
p p
1 2i ± 3 + 4i 4( 1 + i) 1 2i ± 3 + 4i
z= z=
2 2
p 1 2i ± (1 + 2i)
1 2i ± 1 z=
z= 2
2
z = i or z = 1 i z = i or z = 1 i
22
1 a Let P(z) = z3 4z2 4z 5 (Only ± 2 needs to be tried because
Possible factors are ±1, ±5 of 3 of 4 odd coefficients.)
P(1) = 1 4 4 5 , 0 Use a CAS calculator to help find the
P( 1) = 1 4+4 5,0 ‘first’ factor.
P(2) = 8 4 2 + 10 , 0
P(5) = 125 100 20 5=0
) (z 5) is a factor. P( 2) = 8 4 + 2 + 10 = 0
By long division ) (z + 2) is a factor.
z2 + z + 1 By long division
z2 + 3z + 5
z 5 z3 4z2 4z 5
z3 5z2 z + 2 z3 z2 z + 10
z2 4z z3 + 2z2
z2 5z 3z2 z
z 5 3z2 6z
z 5 5z + 10
0 5z + 10
0
P(z) = (z5)(z2 + z + 1)
!
2 2 1 3 P(z) = (z + 2)(z2 3z + 5)
z +z+1= z +z+ + !
4 4 9
p !2 2 2
!2 z 3z + 5 = z 3z + +5
1 i 3 4
= z+ !2 p !2
2 2 3 i 11
p ! = z
1 i 3 2 2
= z+ p !
2 2 3 i 11
p ! ) P(z) = (z + 2) z
1 i 3 2 2
⇥ z+ + p !
2 2 3 i 11
p ! ⇥ z +
1 i 3 2 2
) P(z) = (z 5) z +
2 2
p ! c Using a CAS calculator, the graph of
1 i 3 the function of y = 3x3 13x2 + 5x 4
⇥ z+ +
2 2 is as shown. Therefore, the most
probable factor of the polynomial
b Let P(z) = z3 z2 z + 10 P(z) = 3z3 13z2 + 5z 4 is (z 4).
Possible factors are ±1, ±2, ±5
23
y y
x
15
–3
x
A table of values also helps. A table of values also helps.
P(4) = 3 ⇥ 64 13 ⇥ 16 + 20 4 P( 3) = 2 ⇥ 27 + 3 ⇥ 9 + 4 ⇥ 3+15
= 192 208 + 20 4 = 54 + 27 + 12 + 15
=0 =0
) z 4 is a factor. ) z + 3 is a factor.
By long division By long division
3z2 z + 1 2z2 3z + 5
z 4 3z3 13z2 + 5z 4 z + 3 2z3 + 3z2 4z + 15
3z3 12z2 2z3 + 6z2
z2 + 5z 3z2 4z
z2 + 4z 3z2 9z
z 4 5z + 15
z 4 5z + 15
0 0
P(z) = (z + 3)(2z2 3z + 5)
P(z) = (z 4)(3z2 z + 1) " !
" ! 2 2 3 9
2 2 1 1 2z 3z + 5 = 2 z z+
3z z + 1 = 3 z z+ 2 16
3 36 #
# 5 9
1 1 +
+ 2 16
3 36 p !2 #
p !2 # " !2
" !2 3 i 31
1 i 11 =2 z
=3 z 4 4
6 6 p !
p ! 3 i 31
1 i 11 ) P(z) = 2(z + 3) z
) P(z) = 3(z 4) z 4 4
6 6 p !
p ! 3 i 31
1 i 11 ⇥ z +
⇥ z + 4 4
6 6
d Using a CAS calculator, the graph of e z3 (2 i)z2 + z 2+i

the function of y = 2x3 + 3x2 4x + 15 = z2 (z 2 + i) + z 2+i
is as shown. Therefore, the most
(factorise by grouping)
probable factor of the polynomial
P(z) = 2z3 + 3z2 4z + 15 is (z + 3). = (z 2 + i)(z2 + 1)
= (z 2 + i)(z2 i2 )
= (z 2 + i)(z + i)(z i)
24
2 a P(1 + i) = (1 + i)3 + 4(1 + i)2 c (z + 2 i)(z + 2 + i) = (z + 2)2 + 1 =
10(i + 1) + 12 z2 + 4z + 5
) P(z) = (z2 + 4z + 5)(2z + 1) by
= 1 + 3i2 + 3i + i3 division.
+ 4(1 + 2i + i2 ) ) P(z) = (2z + 1)(z + 2 i)(z + 2 + i)
10i 10 + 12
= 7 + 7i2 + i + i3 4 a P(1 3i) = (1 3i)4 + 8(1 3i)2
=7 7+i i=0 + 16(1 3i) + 20
) z (1 + i) = z 1 i is a factor. = (1 3i)2 [(1 3i)2 + 8]
b z (1 i) = z 1 + i is another factor + 16 48i + 20
because of the rule of conjugate pairs. = (1 6i 9)(1 6i 9+8)
c (z 1 i)(z 1 + i) = (z 1)2 + 1 = + 36 48i

z2 2z + 2 =( 8 6i)( 6i) + 36 48i
By long division
= 48i 36 + 36 48i = 0
z+6 ) z (1 3i) = z 1 + 3i is a factor.
z2 2z + 2 z3 + 4z2 10z + 12
z3 2z2 + 2z b z (1 + 3i) = z 1 3i is another
6z2 12z + 12 factor because of the rule of
6z2 12z + 12 conjugate pairs.
0
P(z) = (z + 6)(z 1 i)(z 1 + i)
3 a P( 2 + i) = 2(i 2)3 + 9(i 2)2

+ 14(i 2) + 5
= 2(i3 6i2 + 12i 8)
+ 9(i2 4i + 4)
+ 14i 28 + 5
= 2i3 3i2 + (24 36+14)i
+ ( 16 + 36 28 + 5)
= 2i3 3i2 + 2i 3
= 2i + 3 + 2i 3=0
b Another factor of P(z) can be

obtained by conjugate pairs rule
z ( 2 + i) = z ( 2 i) = z + 2 + i
25
c (z 1 + 3i)(z 1 3i) = (z 1)2 + 9 z2 + z + 1
= z2 2z + 10 z i z3 + (1 i)z2 + (1 i)z i
z + 2z + 2 z3 iz2
2 z2 + (1 i)z
z 2z + 10 z4 + 8z2 16z + 20
z2 iz
z4 2z3 + 10z2
z i
2z3 2z2 + 16z
z i
2z3 4z2 + 20z
0
2z2 4z + 20 2
2z2 4z + 20 ) P(z) = (z i)(z + z + 1)
!2 !
0 1 3
2 = (z i) z + +
) P(z) = (z + 2z + 2) 2 4
!2 p !2 !
⇥ (z2 2z + 10) 1 3
= (z i) z + i
z2 + 2z + 2 = (z + 1)2 + 1 2 2
p !
= (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 i) 1 3
= (z i) z + + i
2 2
) P(z) = (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 i) p !
⇥ (z 1 + 3i)(z 1 3i) 1 3
⇥ z+ i
2 2
5 a z4 81 = (z2 9)(z2 + 9) b z2 + 2z 1
= (z 3)(z + 3)(z 3i)(z+3i) z + i z3 (2 i)z2 (1 + 2i)z i
z3 + iz2
b z6 64 = (z3 8)(z3 + 8) 2z2 (1 + 2i)z
2z2 2zi
= (z 2)(z2 + 2z + 4)(z + 2)
z i
⇥ (z2 2z + 4) z i
= (z + 2)(z 2)[(z2 + 2z + 1) 0
2
) P(z) = (z + i)(z 2z 1)
+ 3][(z2 2z + 1) + 3] p
p = (z + i)((z 1)2 ( 2)2 )
= (z + 2)(z 2)(z + 1 + i 3) p
p = (z + i)(z 1 + 2)
⇥ (z + 1 i 3)(z 1 p
p p ⇥ (z 1 2)
+ i 3)(z 1 i 3)
c P(z) = z3 (2 + 2i)z2 (3 4i)z + 6i
6 a P(z) = z3 + (1 i)z2 + (1 i)z i
26
z2 + 2z 3 7 a Let P(z) = z3 + 3z2 + pz + 12
z 2i z3 (2 + 2i)z2 (3 4i)z + 6i P( 2) = 0 because z + 2 is a factor.
z3 2z2 i P( 2) = 8 + 12 2p + 12 = 2p + 16
2z2 (3 4i)z ) 2p + 16 = 0
2z2 + 4zi p=8
3z + 6i
3z + 6i b Let P(z) = z3 + pz2 + z 4
0 P(i) = 0 because z i is a factor of
) 2
P(z) = (z 2i)(z 2z 3) P(z).
P(i) = (i)3 + pi2 + i 4 = p 4
= (z 2i)((z 1)2 4) ) p 4=0
= (z 2i)((z 1)2 22 ) p= 4
= (z 2i)(z 1 + 2)(z 1 2)
c Let P(z) = 2z3 + z2 2z + p
= (z 2i)(z + 1)(z 3) P(i 1) = 0 because
z (i 1) = z + 1 i is a
d P(z) = 2z3 + (1 2i)z2 (5 + i)z + 5i factor.
2z2 + z 5 P(i 1) = 2(i 1)3 + (i 1)2
z i 2z3 (1 2i)z2 (5 i)z + 5i
2(i 1) + p
2z3 2z2 i
z2 (5 + i) = (i 1)2 (2i 2 + 1)
z2 zi 2i + 2 + p
5z + 5i
= ( 2i)(2i 1)
5z + 5i
0 2i + 2 + p
2
) P(z) = (z i)(2z + z 5) = 4i2 + 2i 2i + 2 + p
!
2 1 5 =6+ p
= 2(z i) z + z
2 2 ) 6+ p=0
!2 !
1 41 p= 6
= 2(z i) z +
4 16
!2 p !2 !
1 41 8 a Let P(x) = x3 + x2 6x 18
= 2(z i) z +
4 4 Possible factors are
p !
1 41 ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, ±18
= 2(z i) z + + Using a CAS calculator, the graph of
4 4
p ! the function of y = x3 + x2 6x 18
1 41
⇥ z+ is as shown.
4 4
Therefore, the most probable real
solution of the equation
x3 + x2 6x 18 = 0 is x = 3
27
y y
5 x
3 x
) x = 5 is a solution of the equation

P(3) = 33 + 32 6⇥3 18 x3 6x2 + 11x 30
= 27 + 9 18 18 = 0 ) x 5 is a factor of P(x)
) x = 3 is a solution of the equation To find two other solutions, find the
) x 3 is a factor of the polynomial. quadratic polynomial
To find two other solutions, find the P1 (x) = P(x) ÷ (x 5)
quadratic polynomial x2 x + 6
P1 (x) = P(x) ÷ (x 3) x 5 x3 6x2 + 11x 30
x2 + 4x + 6 x3 5x2
x 3 x3 + x2 6x 18 x2 + 11x
x3 3x2 x2 + 5x
4x2 6x 6x 30
4x2 12x 6x 30
6x 18 0
6x 18 ) P1 (x) = x 2
x+6
0 x 2
x + 6p= 0
2
P1 (x) = x + 4x + 6 1 ± 1 24
x=
) x2 + 4x + 6 = 0 2
p p
4 ± 16 4 ⇥ 6 1 ± i 23
x= =
2 2 p
p 1 ± i 23
4± 8 x = 5, are the solutions of
= 2
2 the equation x3 6x2 + 11x 30 = 0
p
= 2±i 2
The solutions of the given
p equation c The equation
are x = 3, x = 2 ± i 2 2x3 + 3x2 = 11x2 6x 16
is rearranged to the form
b Let P(x) = x3 6x2 + 11x 30 2x3 8x2 + 6x + 16 = 0
Using a CAS calculator, the graph of Using a CAS calculator, the graph of
the function of y = x3 6x2 + 11x 30 the function of y = 2x3 8x2 + 6x + 16
is as shown. From the graph, the real is as shown. Therefore, x = 1 ap-
solution appears to be x = 5. pears to be a real solution of the
P(5) = 125 6 ⇥ 25 + 55 30 equation.
= 180 150 30
=0
28
y y
16
–2 3 x
–1
x
–36
In fact, 2( 1)3 8( 1)2 + 6( 1) +
In fact, ( 2)4 2( 2)3 + ( 2)2 36 =
16 = 2 8 6 + 16 = 0
16 + 16 + 4 36 = 0
) x = 1 is a solution, so x + 1 is a
) x = 2 is a solution and x + 2
factor of the polynomial.
is a factor of the polynomial
To find two other solutions, use long
P(x) = x4 2x3 + x2 36
division as before.
Also 34 2 ⇥ 33 + 32 36 =
2x2 10x + 16
81 54 + 9 36 = 0
x + 1 2x3 8x2 + 6x + 16
) x = 3 is a solution and x 3 is a
2x3 + 2x2
factor of P(x)
10x2 + 6x
) (x + 2)(x 3) = x2 x 6 is a
10x2 10x
quadratic factor of P(x)
16x + 16
Another quadratic factor of P(x) can
16x + 16
be obtained by long division.
0
2 x2 x + 6
) 2x 10x + 16 = 0
x2 5x +p8 = 0 x2 x 6 x4 2x3 + x2 36
5 ± 25 32 x4 x3 6x2
x= x3 + 7x2
2
p x3 + x2 + 6x
5±i 7
=
2 6x2 6x 36
The solutions
p are x = 1, x = 6x2 6x 36
5±i 7 0
2 ) x 2
x + 6p= 0
1 ± 1 24
d The equation x4 + x2 = 2x3 + 36 x=
2
is rearranged to the form p
1 ± i 23
x4 2x3 + x2 36 = 0 =
According to the graph (using a 2
The solutions of the given equation
p
CAS calculator), the equation of 1 ± i 23
y = x4 2x3 + x2 36 has two real are x = 2, x = 3, x =
2
solutions, x = 2 and x = 3
9 a If one of the solutions is 2i, the other
is 2i according to the conjugate
factor theorem. Therefore, the
polynomial P(z) = z2 + az + b can be
29
factorised as also a solution (the conjugate factor
P(z) = (z 2i)(z + 2i) = z2 + 4 theorem).
) z2 + az + b = z2 + 4 Then (z + 2 + i)(z + 2 i) =
) a = 0, b = 4 (z + 2)2 + 1 = z2 + 4z + 5 is a
quadratic factor of the polynomial
b If one of the solutions is 3 + 2i, P(z) = z4 5z2 + 4z + 30
the other is 3 2i according to the Another quadratic factor is obtained
conjugate factor theorem. by long division.
Therefore, the polynomial z2 4z + 6
P(z) = z2 + az + b can be factorised as
z2 + 4z + 5 z4 5z2 + 4z + 30
P(z) = (z 3 2i)(z 3 + 2i) z4 + 4z3 + 5z2
= (z 3)2 + 4 4z3 10z2 + 4z
= z2 6z + 13 4z3 16z2 20z
) z2 + az + b = z2 6z + 13 6z2 + 24z + 3
) a = 6, b = 13 6z2 + 24z + 3
0
2
c If one of the solutions is 1 + 3i, the ) z 4z + 6 = 0
other is 1 3i p
4 ± 16 24
So z2 + az + b = (z + 1 3i) z=
2
p
⇥ (z + 1 + 3i) =2±i 2
= (z + 1)2 + 9 Therefore thepsolutions are z = 2 ± i
and z = 2 ± i 2
= z2 + 2z + 10
) a = 2, b = 10
11 P(0) = 10 ) d = 10
P(1) = 0
10 a If 1 + 3i is a solution of the equation
3z3 7z2 + 32z 10 = 0 then 1 3i P(2 + i) = 0
is also a solution (the conjugate factor ) (z (2 i)) is also a factor
theorem). ) (z (2 i))(z (2 + i)) is a factor
Then (z 1 3i)(z 1 + 3i) = i.e. z2 4z + 5 is a factor.
(z 1)2 + 9 = z2 2z + 10 is a Also z 1 is a factor.
quadratic factor of the polynomial ) P(z) = k(z 1)(z2 4z + 5)
P(z) = 3z3 7z2 + 32z 10 = k(z3 5z2 + 9z 5)
The linear factor !of P(z) will be in
But P(0) = 10
1
this case 3 z = 3z 1 and the ) k= 2
3
1 ) P(x) = 2x3 + 10x2 18x + 10
third solution is z =
3 Since P(2 + i) = 0 and the coefficients
b If 2 i is a solution of the equation are real, then P(2 i) = 0
z4 5z2 + 4z + 30 = 0 then 2 + i is Hence the solutions to the equation
30
P(x) = 0 are x = 1 or x = 2 ± i 2z + (a + 8)
2
z 4z + 5 2z3 + az2 + bz + 5
2z3 8z2 + 10z
12 P(1 + i) = 0 (a + 8)z2 + (b 10)z + 5
) (1 + i)3 + a(1 + i)2 (a + 8)z2 4(a 8)z + 5(a + 8)
(b 10 + 4(a + 8))z + 5 5(a + 8)
+ b(1 + i) + 10 6i = 0 Now (b 10 + 4(a + 8))z + 5 5(a +
) 1 + 3i + 3i2 + i3 + a(1 + 2i + i2 ) 8) = 0
) b 10 + 4(a + 8) = 0 and
+ b + bi + 10 6i = 0
5 5(a + 8) = 0
) 1 + 3i 3 i + a(1 + 2i 1) ) b 10 + 4a + 32 = 0 5 = 5(a + 8)
+ b + bi + 10 6i = 0 ) b + 22 + 4a = 0 1=a+8
) 8 4i + 2ai + b + bi = 0 ) a= 7
) b + 22 + 4( 7) = 0
) (b + 8) + (2a + b 4)i = 0
) b + 22 28 = 0
) b+8=0 ) b 6=0
) b= 8 ) b=6
) P(z) = 2z3 7z2 + 6z + 5
) 2a + b 4=0
) 2a 8 4=0 b P(z) = 0
) a=6 ) 2z3 7z2 + 6z + 5 = 0
) P(z) = z + 6z3 2
8z + 10 6i ) (z (2 + i))(z (2 i))(2z + 1) = 0
since 2z + (a + 8)
= 2z + ( 7 + 8)
13 a 2 + i is another zero of P(z) since the = 2z + 1
coefficients of P(z) are real and 2 i 1
) z = 2 ± i or z =
is a zero of P(z). 2
Hence a quadratic factor of P(z) is
given by 14 a P(1 + i) = a(1 + i)4 + a(1 + i)2
(z (2 + i))(z (2 i))
2(1 + i) + d
2
=z (2 + i)z (2 i)z
= a(1 + 4i + 6i2 + 4i3 + i4 )
+ (2 + i)(2 i)
+ a(1 + 2i + i2 )
2 2
=z 2z iz 2z + iz + 4 i
2 2i + d
2
= z 4z + 5
= a(1 + 4i 6 4i + 1)
Hence 2z3 + az2 + bz + 5 =
(z2 4x + 5)Q(z) where Q(z) is a + a(1 + 2i 1)
linear factor. 2 2i + d
Hence Q(z) = 2z + 1 and
= 4a + 2ai
2z3 + az2 + bz + 5 = 2z3 7z2 + 6z + 5
) a = 7 and b = 6 2 2i + d
Alternatively, consider: = ( 4a + d 2) + 2(a 1)i
31
b Given P(1 + i) = 0, then P(z) = (z (1 + i))(z (4 + 3i))
4a + d 2 = 0 and 2(a 1) = 0 = z2 (1 + i)z (4 + 3i)z
) d = 4a + 2 a=1 + (1 + i)(4 + 3i)
= 4(1) + 2 = z2 (1 + i + 4 + 3i)z + 4
=6 + 4i + 3i + 3i2
4 2
P(z) = z + z 2z + 6
= z2 (5 + 4i)z + 4 + 7i 3
c P(1 i) = 0 as P(1 + i) = 0 and the = z2 (5 + 4i)z + (1 + 7i)
coefficients of P(z) are real.
) p = (5 + 4i) and q = 1 + 7i
Hence a factor of P(z) is given by
(z (1 i))(z (1 + i))
= z2 (1 i)z (1 + i)z 16 Let P(z) = z3 4z2 + 6z 4
Since the coefficients are all real, and
+ (1 i)(1 + i)
P(1 i) = 0, then P(1 + i) = 0
= z2 z + iz z iz + 1 i2 ) (z (1 i))(z (1 + i))
= z2 2z + 2 = z2 (1 i)z (1 + i)z + (1 i)(1 + i)
z2 + 2z + 3 = z2 (1 i + 1 + i)z + 1 i2
2
z 2z + 2 + z42z + 6z2
= z2 2z + 2
z 2z + 2z2
34
z 2
2z3 z2 2z
2z3 4z2 + 4z z2 2z + 2 z3 4z2 + 6z 4
3z2 6z + 6 z3 2z2 + 2z
3z2 6z + 6 2z2 + 4z 4
0 2z2 + 4z 4
) 2 2
P(z) = (z 2z + 2)(z + 2z + 3) 0
Hence for P(z) ) P(z) = (z (1 i))(z (1 + i))(z 2)
p = 0, z = 1 ± i When P(z) = 0, z = 1 ± i or z = 2
2 ± 22 4(1)(3)
or z =
2
p
2 ± 4 12 17 a For z2 (6 + 2i)z + (8 + 6i) = 0, use
=
2 the general quadratic formula
p
2 ± 8i2 where a = 1,pb = (6 + 2i), c = 8 + 6i
= 6 + 2i ± (6 + 2i)2 4(8 + 6i)
2 ) z=
p 2
2 ± i2 2 p
= 6 + 2i ±
36 + 24i 4 32 24i
2 =
p 2
= 1±i 2 p
6 + 2i ± 0
=
2
15 Since P(1 + i) = 0 and P(4 + 3i) = 0, =3+i
where P(z) = z2 + pz + q
32
Alternatively, note (3 + i)2 Also observe
= 9 + 6i 1 P(z)
= 8 + 6i = z3 8 (z2 2z)
2
) z (6 + 2i)z + (8 + 6i) = 0 implies = (z 2)(z2 + 2z + 4) (z 2)z
2
(z (3 + i)) = 0 = (z 2)(z2 + z + 4)
) z=3+i !
2 1 15 2
= (z 2) z + z + i
4 4
b z3 2iz2 6z + 12i = 0 p !2 !
!2
Factorise by grouping 1 15
= (z 2) z + i
z2 (z 2i) 6(z 2i) = 0 2 2
) (z2 6)(z 2i) p !
p p =0 1 15
) z= 6 or 6 or 2i = (z 2) z + + i
2 2
p !
c Let P(z) = z3 z2 + 6z 6 1 15
⇥ z+ i
P(1) = 0 ) z 1 is a factor of P(z) 2 2
p
Also observe 1 15
If P(z) = 0, then z = 2 or i
P(z) = z2 (z 1) + 6(z 1) p 2 2
1 15
= (z 1)(z2 + 6) or +i
p p 2 2
= (z 1)(z + i 6)(z i 6) p
p e 6z2 3 p2z + 6 != 0
IfpP(z) = 0, then z = 1 or i 6 or 2
i 6 ) 6 z2 z+1 =0
2
p !
d Let P(z) = z3 z2 + 2z 8 2 2 1 72
) 6z z+ i =0
P(2) = 0 ) z 2 is a factor of P(z) 2 8 8
p !2 p !2
2 i 7
) 6 z p =0
4 2 2
p !2 p !2 !
2 i 14
) 6 z =0
4 4
p p ! p p !
2 i 14 2 i 14
) 6z + z =
4 4 4 4
0 p p p p
2 i 14 2 i 14
) z= or +
4 4 4 4
f z3 + 2z2 + 9z = 0
) z(z2 + 2z + 9) = 0
) z(z2 + 2z + 1 p8i2 ) = 0
) z((z + 1)2 p(2 2i)2 ) = 0 p
) z(z + 1 + 2 2i)(zp + 1 2 2i)p= 0
) z = 0 or 1 2 2i or 1 + 2 2i
33
1 a z2 + 1 = 0 9⇡
When k = 2, z = 3cis
) z2 = 1 6
) (rcis ✓)2 = cis ⇡ where z = r cis ✓ 3⇡
= 3cis
) r2 cis 2✓ = cis ⇡ 2
!
) r2 = 1 and 2✓ = ⇡ + 2⇡k, k 2 Z ⇡
⇡ = 3cis
) r = 1 and ✓ = + ⇡k, k 2 Z 2
2! 13⇡ ⇡
⇡ When k = 3, z = 3cis = 3cis
) z = cis + ⇡k , k 2 Z 6 6
2 p ! p !
⇡ 3 i 3 i
When k = 0, z = cis ) z=3 + or z = 3 +
2 2 2 2 2
! or z = 3i
3⇡ ⇡
When k = 1, z = cis = cis Im(z)
2 2
5⇡ ⇡ z = 3cis 5π 3
When k = 2, z = cis = cis 6
2
Note: There are, at most, two
2 z = 3cis π
6
solutions of a!quadratic equation. -3 3 Re(z)
!
⇡ ⇡
Also cis and cis are π
2 2 -3 z = 3cis – 2
conjugate
) z = ±i
p
Im(z) c z2 = 1 + 3i
⇡
) (rcis ✓)2 = 2cis where z = rcis ✓
1 z = cis π 3
2 ⇡
) r2 cis 2✓ = 2cis
3
-1 1 Re(z) ⇡
) r2 = 2 and 2✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z
3
π p
-1 z = cis – 2 ⇡
) r = 2 and ✓ = + ⇡k, k 2 Z
6
!
b z3 = 27i p ⇡
) z = 2cis + ⇡k , k 2 Z
) (rcis ✓)3 = 27cis where z = r cis ✓ 6
⇡
) r3 cis 3✓ = 27cis p ⇡
2 When k = 0, z = 2cis
⇡ 6
) r3 = 27 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z p 7⇡
2 When k = 1, z = 2cis
⇡ 2⇡k 6
) r = 3 and ✓ = + , k2Z !
6 3 p 5⇡
= 2cis
⇡ 6
When k = 0, z = 3cis p
6 13⇡
When k = 2, z = 2cis =
5⇡ p 6
When k = 1, z = 3cis ⇡
6 2cis
6
34
p !
p 3 i e z3 = i
) z= 2 + or ⇡
2 2 ) (rcis ✓)3 = cis where z = rcis ✓
p ! 2
p 3 i ⇡
z= 2 ) r3 cis 3✓ = cis
2 2 2
Im(z) 3 ⇡
) r = 1 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z
2
2 ⇡ 2⇡k
) r = 1 and ✓ = + , k2Z
z = 2 cis π 6 3
– 2 6 !
Re(z) ⇡ 2⇡k
2 ) z = cis + , k2Z
z = 2 cis – 5π 6 3
6 ⇡
– 2 When k = 0, z = cis
6
p
d z2 = 1 3i 5⇡
! When k = 1, z = cis
⇡ 6
) (rcis ✓)2 = 2cis where z = rcis ✓ 9⇡ 3⇡
3 When k = 2, z = cis = cis
! 6 2
⇡ !
) r2 cis 2✓ = 2cis ⇡
3 = cis
2 ⇡ 2
) r = 2 and 2✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z
3 13⇡ ⇡
p ⇡ When k = 3, z = cis = cis
) r = 2 and ✓ = + ⇡k, k 2 Z p 6 6
6! 3 i
p ⇡ Solutions are z = + or
) z = 2cis + ⇡k , k 2 Z p 2 2
6 3 i
! z= + or z = i
p ⇡ 2 2
When k = 0, z = 2cis Im(z)
6
p 5⇡
When k = 1, z = 2cis z = cis 5π 1
6 6
p 11⇡ z = cis π
When k = 2, z = 2cis 6
6 -1 1 Re(z)
!
p ⇡
= 2cis π
6 -1 z = cis – 2
p !
p 3 i
Solutions are z = 2 or
2 2 f z3 + i = 0
p !
p 3 i ) z3 = i !
z= 2 + ⇡
2 2 ) 3
(rcis ✓) = cis where z = rcis ✓
2
Im(z) !
3 ⇡
) r cis 3✓ = cis
z = 2 cis 5π 2 2
6
⇡
) r3 = 1 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z
Re(z) 2
– 2 2 ⇡ 2⇡k
) r = 1 and ✓ = + , k2Z
z = 2 cis – π 6 3
– 2 6
35
!
⇡ 2⇡k 15⇡
) z = cis + , k2Z When k = 2, z = 2cis =
6 3
! ! 12
⇡ 5⇡ 3⇡
When k = 0, z = cis 2cis = 2cis
6 4 4
23⇡
3⇡ ⇡ When k = 3, z = 2cis =
When k = 1, z = cis = cis ! 12
6 2 ⇡
! 2cis
7⇡ 5⇡ 12
When k = 2, z = cis = cis p p
6 6 Hence the cube! roots of 4 2 4 2i
! ⇡ 7⇡
11⇡ ⇡ are 2 cis , 2 cis and
When k = 3, z = cis = cis 12 12
6 6 !
p 3⇡
3 i 2 cis
Solutions are z = or z = i 4
p 2 2
3 i
or z = b Let z = rcis ✓
2 2 p p 3⇡
Also 4 2 + 4 2i = 8cis
Im(z) 4
3⇡
π ) (rcis ✓)3 = 8cis
1 z = cis 4
2 3 3⇡
) r cis 3✓ = 8cis
4
Re(z) 3 3⇡
-1 1 ) r = 8 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z
4
z = cis – π ⇡ 2⇡k
z = cis – 5π -1 6 ) r = 2 and ✓ = + , k2Z
6 4 ! 3
⇡ 2⇡k
) z = 2cis + , k2Z
4 3
2 a Let z = rcis ✓ ! ⇡
p p ⇡ When k = 0, z = 2cis
Also 4 2 4 2i = 8cis 4
4 11⇡
! When k = 1, z = 2cis
⇡ 12
) (rcis ✓)3 = 8cis 19⇡
4 When k = 2, z = 2cis =
! ! 12
⇡ 5⇡
3
) r cis 3✓ = 8cis 2cis
4 12
⇡ 9⇡ ⇡
) r3 = 8 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z When k = 3, z = 2cis = 2cis
4 4 4
Hence the cube roots of
⇡ 2⇡k p p ⇡ 11⇡
) r = 2 and ✓ = + , k2Z 4 2 + 4 2i are 2cis , 2cis
12 3 ! 4 12
! 5⇡
⇡ 2⇡k and 2cis
) z = 2cis + , k2Z 12
12 3
!
⇡ c Let z = r cis ✓ !
12 p 5⇡
Also 4 3 4i = 8cis
7⇡ 6
When k = 1, z = 2cis !
12 3 5⇡
) (rcis ✓) = 8cis
6
36
!
5⇡ 11⇡
) 3
r cis 3✓ = 8cis When k = 1, z = 2cis
6 18
5⇡ 23⇡
) r3 = 8 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z When k = 2, z = 2cis =
6 ! 18
5⇡ 2⇡k 13⇡
) r = 2 and ✓ = + , k2Z 2cis
18 3 18
!
5⇡ 2⇡k 35⇡
) z = 2cis + , k2Z When k = 3, z = 2cis =
18 3 ! 18
! ⇡
5⇡ 2cis
When k = 0, z = 2cis 18
18 p
Hence the! cube roots of 4 3 4i are!
7⇡ ⇡ 11⇡ 13⇡
When k = 1, z = 2cis 2cis , 2cis and 2cis
18 18 18 18
19⇡
! 18 e Let z = rcis ✓ !
17⇡ ⇡
2cis Also 125i = 125cis
18 2
!
31⇡ ⇡
When k = 3, z = 2cis = ) 3
(rcis ✓) = 125cis
! 18 2
5⇡ ) 3
r cis 3✓ = 125cis( )
2cis
18 ⇡
p ) r3 = 125 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z
Hence the cube! roots of 4 3 4i 2
5⇡ 7⇡ ⇡ 2⇡k
are 2cis , 2cis and ) r = 5 and ✓ = + , k2Z
18 18 6 3
! !
17⇡ ⇡ 2⇡k
2cis ) z = 5cis , k2Z
18 6
+
3
!
d Let z = r cis ✓ ⇡
! When k = 0, z = 5cis
p ⇡ 6
Also 4 3 4i = 8cis 3⇡ ⇡
6 When k = 1, z = 5cis = 5cis
!
⇡ 6 2
) (rcis ✓)3 = 8cis 7⇡
6 When k = 2, z = 5cis =
! ! 6
⇡ 5⇡
3
) r cis 3✓ = 8cis 5cis
6 6
⇡ 11⇡
) r3 = 8 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z When k = 3, z = 5cis =
6 ! 6
⇡
⇡ 2⇡k 5cis
) r = 2 and ✓ = + , k2Z 6
18 3 Hence the
! ! cube✓ roots of 125i are !
⇡ 2⇡k ⇡ ⇡◆ 5⇡
) z = 2cis + , k2Z 5cis , 5cis and 5cis
18 3 6 2 6
!
⇡ f Let z = rcis ✓
When k = 0, z = 2cis 1 3⇡
18 Also 1 + i = 2 2 cis
4
37
1 3⇡ ) a2 = 1 or 4
) (rcis ✓)3 = 2 2 cis
4 ) a2 = 4 as a 2 R
1 3⇡ ) a = ±2
) r3 cis 3✓ = 2 2 cis
4 2
When a = 2, b = = 1
1 3⇡ 2
) r3 = 2 2 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z ) z=2+i
4 2
1 ⇡ 2⇡k When a = 2, b = = 1
) r = 2 6 and ✓ = + , k2Z 2
4 3 ) z = 2 + ( 1)i
!
1 ⇡ 2⇡k = (2 + i)
) z = 2 6 cis + , k2Z
4 3 ) z = ±(2 + i),
1 ⇡ the square roots of 3 + 4i
When k = 0, z = 2 6 cis
4
1 11⇡
When k = 1, z = 2 6 cis 4 a Let z = a + bi and z2 = 15 8i
12
1 19⇡ ) z2 = (a2 b2 ) + 2abi
When k = 2, z = 2 6 cis = ) a2 b2 = 15 and 2ab = 8
! 12 4
1 5⇡ ) b=
2 6 cis a !
12 4
2
2
1 9⇡ 1 ⇡ ) a = 15
When k = 3, z = 2 6 cis = 2 6 cis a
4 4 16
Hence the cube roots of l + i are ! ) a2 = 15
1 ⇡ 1 11⇡ 1 5⇡ a2
2 6 cis , 2 6 cis and 2 6 cis
4 12 12 ) a4 16 = 15a2
) a4 + 15a2 16 = 0
Let x = a2 ) x2 + 15x 16 = 0
3 a z2 = (a + ib)2
) (x + 16)(x 1) = 0
= a2 + 2abi + b2 i2 ) x = 1 or 16
= (a2 b2 ) + 2abi ) a2 = 1 or 16
Now z2 = 3 + 4i ) a = ±1 as a 2 R
4
) a2 b2 = 3 and 2ab = 4 When a = 1, b = = 4
2 1
) b= ) z = 1 4i
a ! 4
2
2 When a = 1, b = =4
) a 2
=3 1
a ) z = 1 + 4i
4 Hence z = ±(1 4i)
) a2 =3
a2
) a4 4 = 3a2 b Let z = a + bi and z2 = 24 + 7i
) a4 3a2 4 = 0 ) z2 = (a2 b2 ) + 2abi
) a2 b2 = 24 and 2ab = 7
b Let x = a2 7
) x2 3x + 4 = 0 ) b=
2a
) (x 4)(x + 1) = 0
) x = 1 or 4
38
!2 !2
2 7 2 2
) a = 24 ) a = 3
2a a
49 4
) a2 = 24 ) a2 = 3
4a2 a2
) a 4 = 3a2
4
) 4a4 49 = 96a2 ) a4 + 3a2 4 = 0
) 4a4 96a2 49 = 0 Let x = a2 , ) x2 + 3x 4 = 0
Let x = a2 ) 4x2 96x 49 = 0 ) (x + 4)(x 1) = 0
!
2 49 ) x = 4 or 1
) 4 x 24x =0
4 ) a2 = 4 or 1
49
) x2 24x + 122 122 = 0 ) a2 = 1 as a 2 R
4
625 ) a = ±1
) (x 12)2 =0 2
4 When a = ±1, b = ± = ±2
625 1
) (x 12)2 = Hence z = ±(1 + 2i)
4
25
) x 12 = ± d Let z = a + bi and z2 = 7 + 24i
2
25 ) z2 = (a2 b2 ) + 2abi
) x = 12 ± ) a2 b2 = 7 and 2ab = 24
2
49 1 12
) x= or ) b=
2 2 a !
2
49 1 12
) a2 = or ) a2 = 7
2 2 a
49 144
) a2 = as a 2 R ) a2 = 7
2 a2
p ) a4 144 = 7a2
7 7 2
) a=±p =± ) a4 + 7a2 144 = 0
2 2
p ) (a2 + 16)(a2 9) = 0
7 2 7
When a = ± , b= p != ) a2 = 16 or 9
2 7 2
2± ) a2 = 9 as a 2 R
2
p ) a = ±3
1 2 12
±p =± When a = ±3, b = ± = ±4
2 2 3
p p ! Hence z = ±(3 + 4i)
7 2 2
Hence z = ± + i=
2 2
p
2 5 Let x = z2 ) x2 2x + 4 = 0
± (7 + i)
2 ) x2 2x + 1 + 4 1 = 0
) (x 1)2 + 3 = 0
c Let z = a + bi and z2 = 3 + 4i
) (x 1)2 = p3
) z2 = (a2 b2 ) + 2abi
) x 1=± 3
) a2 b2 = 3 and 2ab = 4
2 p
) b= = ± 3i
a p
) x = 1 ± 3i
39
p
) z2 = 1 ± 3i Hence the solutions of z4 ! 2z2 + 4 = 0!
Let z = rcis ✓ p p ⇡ p 5⇡ p ⇡
are 2cis , 2cis , 2cis
When z2 p= 1 + 3i 6 6 6
⇡ p 5⇡
and 1 + 3i = 2cis and 2cis
3 6
2 ⇡
(rcis ✓) = 2cis
3
) r2 cis 2✓ = 2cis
⇡ 6 z2 = i !
3 2 ⇡
⇡ ) (rcis ✓) = cis where
) r2 = 2 and 2✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z 2
!
3 ⇡
p ⇡ ) r2 cis 2✓ = cis
) r = 2 and ✓ = + ⇡k, k 2 Z 2
6! ⇡
p ⇡ ) r2 = 1 and 2✓ = + 2k⇡, k 2 Z
) z = 2cis + ⇡k , k 2 Z 2
6 ⇡
p ) r = 1 and ✓ = + k⇡, k 2 Z
⇡ 4
When k = 0, z = 2cis !
6 ⇡
p 7⇡ ) z = cis + k⇡ , k 2 Z
When k = 1, z = 2cis = 4
!
! 6 ⇡
p 5⇡ When k = 0, z = cis
2cis 4
6 ! !
5⇡ 3⇡
p 13⇡ p ⇡ When k = 1, z = cis = cis
When k = 2, z = 2cis = 2cis 4 4
p 6 6 2
Hence !solutions !of z i =!0 are:
2
When z = 1 3i ! ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
p ⇡ cis = cos + i sin
and 1 3i = 2cis 4 4 4
3 p p
! 2 2
⇡ = + i and
(rcis ✓)2 = 2cis ! 2 2 ! !
3 3⇡ 3⇡ 3⇡
! cis = cos + i sin
⇡ 4 4 4
) 2
r cis 2✓ = 2cis p p
3 2 2
⇡ = i
) r2 = 2 and 2✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z 2 2 p p !
3 2 2 2
p ⇡ Hence z i = z i
) r = 2 and ✓ = + ⇡k, k 2 Z 2 2
6! p p !
p ⇡ 2 2
) z = 2cis + ⇡k , k 2 Z ⇥ z+ + i
6 2 2
!
p ⇡
6 7 z8 = 1
p 5⇡
When k = 1, z = 2cis ) (rcis ✓)8 = cis ( ⇡) where z = rcis ✓
6
p 11⇡ ) r8 cis 8✓ = cis ( ⇡)
! 6 ) r8 = 1 and 8✓ = ⇡ + 2k⇡, k 2 Z
p ⇡ ⇡ k⇡
2cis ) r = 1 and ✓ = + , k2Z
6 8 4
40
!
⇡ k⇡ 1
) z = cis + , k2Z ) b=
8 4 2a
! !2
⇡ 1
When k = 0, z = cis ) a2
=1
8 2a
!
⇡ 1
When k = 1, z = cis ) a2 =1
8 4a2
!
3⇡ ) 4a4 1 = 4a2
When k = 2, z = cis
8 ) 4a4 4a2 1 = 0
! Let x = a2 ) 4x2 4x 1 = 0
5⇡ !
When k = 3, z = cis 1
8 ) 4 x 2
x =0
! 4
7⇡
When k = 4, z = cis !2 !2
8 1 1 1
! ! ) x2 x + =0
9⇡ 7⇡ 2 4 2
When k = 5, z = cis = cis !2
8 8 1 1
) x =0
! ! 2 2
11⇡ 5⇡ r
When k = 6, z = cis = cis 1 1
8 8 ) x =±
! ! 2 2
13⇡ 3⇡ 1 1
When k = 7, z = cis = cis ) x= ± p
8 8 2 2
! ! p
15⇡ ⇡ 1 2
When k = 8, z = cis = cis = ±
8 8 2 2
p
Hence solutions of z8 + 1 = 0 are: 1± 2
! ! ! ! =
⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 2p
cis , cis , cis , cis , 1 ± 2
8 8 8 8 ) a2 =
! ! !
9⇡ 11⇡ 13⇡ s2 p
cis , cis , cis and
8 8 8 1± 2
! ) a=±
15⇡ 2
cis s p
8
1± 2
Factors are: ! ! ! but a 2 R ) a = ±
⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡ 2
z cis , z cis , z cis ,
8 8 8
! ! !
7⇡ 9⇡ 11⇡
z cis , z cis , z cis ,
8 8 8
! !
13⇡ 15⇡
z cis and z cis
8 8
8 a i Let z = a + bi, a, b 2 R and

z2 = 1 + i
) z2 = (a2 b2 ) + 2abi
) a2 b2 = 1 and 2ab = 1
41
When a 1 9⇡
When k = 1, z = 2 4 cis =
s ! 8
p 1 7⇡
1± 2 2 4 cis
=± , 8
2
1 17⇡
±1 When k = 2, z = 2 4 cis =
b= s 8
p 1 ⇡
1± 2 2 4 cis
2 8
2 Hence the square roots of! 1 +i are
±1 1 ⇡ 1 7⇡
= r p 2 4 cis and 2 4 cis
8 8
4(1 ± 2)
2 1 ⇡
±1 b 2 cis
= q 4 8
p !
1 ⇡ ⇡
2(1 ± 2) = 24 cos + i sin
s p 8 8
1 1 2 1 ⇡ 1 ⇡
=± p ⇥ p = 2 4 cos + 2 sin i
2(1 + 2) 1 2 8 4 8
s s s
p p p
1 2 1± 2 2 1
=± = + i
2(1 2) 2 2
s
p (from part a)
1 2 p !1
=±
2 1 ⇡ 1± 2 2
s ) 24 cos = and
p 8 2
2 1 p !1
=± 1 ⇡ 2 1 2
s 2 p sp 2 4 sin =
8 2
!
1+ 2 2 1 p !1
) z=± + i, 1± 2 2
2 2
the square roots of 1 + i ⇡ 2
) cos = 1
8
ii Let z = rcis ✓pand z2 = 1 + i 24
⇡
Also 1 + i = 2cis
p 4
⇡
) (rcis ✓)2 = 2cis
4
2 1 ⇡
) r cis 2✓ = 2 cis
2 4
1 ⇡
2
) r = 2 and 2✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z
2
4
1 ⇡
) r = 2 4 and ✓ = + ⇡k, k 2 Z
8!
1 ⇡
) z = 2 4 cis + ⇡k , k 2 Z
8
1 ⇡
When k = 0, z = 2 4 cis
8
42
p ! 12 p p !1
2 1 1± 2 2 2
= p ⇥ p
⇡ 2 2 2 2
and sin = 1
8 p p !1
24 2 1 2 2
p p = p ⇥ p
1 ± 2 !1 2 1 !1 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 p 1 p 1
= = p
2 2 (2 ± 2) 2 (2 2) 2
p = =
2 2 2
p !1 p !1
1± 2 2 2 1 2
= p = p
2 2 2 2
43
1 a Let z = x + yi d |z i| = 4
then 2Im(z) = 2y a circle with centre (0, 1) and radius 4
Im(z)
and Re(z) = x
5
) 2y = x
–4 + i 1 4+i
x
) y= 0 Re(z)
2
Im(z) –3
5 p
10 + 5i
e |z (1 + 3i)| = 2 p
0 10 a circle with centre (1, 3) and radius
Re(z)
2 Im(z) 1 + ( 3 + 2) i
b Let z = x + yi
then Im(z) = y –1 + 3 i 3+ 3i
1+ 3i
and Re(z) = x
0 Re(z)
) y+x=1 1 + ( 3 – 2)i
) y=1 x f |z (1 i)| = 6
Im(z) a circle with centre (1, 1) and radius
1 6 Im(z) 1 + 5i
Re(z)
0 1 Re(z)
–5 – i 0 1–i 7–i
c |z 2| = 3
a circle with centre (2, 0) and radius 3 1 – 7i
Im(z) 2 + 3i
2 z = iz
–1 0 2 5 Re(z) Let z = x + yi
) z=x yi
2 – 3i
) x + yi = i(x yi)
= xi yi2
= xi + y
) (x y) + (y x)i = 0
) x y=0
) x=y
44
Im(z) c Im z
1+i
0 Re(z) Re z
0
3 |z 1| = |z + 1| 5 We are required to prove that

Let z = x + yi 3|z 1|2 = |z + 1|2 and |z 2|2 = 3 are
equivalent statements.
) |x + yi 1| = |x + yi + 1|
i.e. 3|z 1|2 = |z + 1|2 , |z 2|2 = 3
) |(x 1) + yi| = |(x + 1) + yi| Let z = x + yi
q q
) (x 1) + y = (x + 1)2 + y2
2 2 then 3|z 1|2 = 3|x + yi 1|2
) (x 1)2 + y2 = (x + 1)2 + y2 = 3|(x 1) + yi|2

q
) x2 2x + 1 = x2 + 2x + 1 = 3( (x 1)2 + y2 )2
) 0 = 4x = 3((x 1)2 + y2 )
) x=0 = 3(x2 2x + 1 + y2 )
Im(z)
x=0
= 3x2 6x + 3 + 3y2
(the imaginary axis) and |z + 1|2 = |x + yi + 1|2
0 Re(z) = |(x + 1) + yi|2
q
= ( (x + 1)2 + y2 )2
= (x + 1)2 + y2
4 a Im z
= x2 + 2x + 1 + y2
If 3|z 1|2 = |z + 1|2
then 3x2 6x + 3 + 3y2 = x2 + 2x + 1 + y2
π ) 2x2 8x + 2 + 2y2 = 0
4
Re z
0 ) 2(x2 4x + 1 + y2 ) = 0
b Im z
) x2 4x + 1 + y2 = 0
2 ) x2 4x + 4 + y2 = 3
Re z
0
) (x 2)2 + y2 = 3
Thus 3|z 1|2 = |z + 1|2 represents ap
circle with centre (2, 0) and radius 3
and
45
|z 2|2 = 3 Im(z)
4
2
) |x + yi 2| = 3
) |(x 2) + yi|2 = 3 – 2 + 2i 2 2 + 2i
q
) ( (x 2)2 + y2 )2 = 3
0 Re(z)
) (x 2)2 + y2 = 3
Thus |z 2|2 = 3 represents b Im(z)
p a circle with
centre (2, 0) and radius 3
Hence 3|z 1|2 = |z + 1|2 and |z 2|2 = 3 0
Re(z)
are equivalent statements

−2
Im(z) 2+ 3 i
2– 3 2+ 3
c z+z=5
0 2 Re(z)
Let z = x + yi
2– 3i
then z = x yi
) x + yi + x yi = 5
6 a |z + 2i| = 2|z i| ) 2x = 5
Let z = x + yi 5
) x=
2
) |x + yi + 2i| = 2|x + yi i| Im(z)
) |x + (y + 2)i| = 2|x + (y 1)i|

q q
) x + (y + 2) = 2 x2 + (y 1)2
2 2
0 5 Re(z)
2
) x2 + (y + 2)2
= 4(x2 + (y 1)2 ) d zz = 5
) x2 + y2 + 4y + 4 Let z = x + yi
= 4(x2 + y2 2y + 1) then z = x yi
= 4x2 + 4y2 8y + 4 ) (x + yi)(x yi) = 5
) 0 = 3x2 + 3y2 12y ) x2 + y2 = 5
apcircle with centre (0, 0) and radius
= 3(x2 + y2 4y) 5
= x2 + y2 Im(z)
5
4y + 4 4
) 4 = x2 + (y 2)2
a circle with centre (0, 2) and radius 2 – 5 0 5 Re(z)
– 5
46
e Re (z2 ) = Im (z) z 2
7 a =1
z
Let z = x + yi
) |z 2| = |z|
) z2 = (x + yi)2
Let z = x + iy
= x2 + 2xyi + y2 i2
) |x + iy 2| = |x + iy|
= (x2 y2 ) + 2xyi
) |(x 2) + iy| = |x + iy|
) Re (z2 ) = x2 y2 q q
) x2 y2 = y ) (x 2) + y = x2 + y2
2 2
) x2 = y2 + y ) (x 2)2 + y2 = x2 + y2
1 1 ) x2 4x + 4 = x2
= y2 + y +
4 4
!2 ) 4 = 4x
1 1
= y+ ) x=1
2 4
!2 Im(z)
1 1
) y+ x2 =
2 4
!2 0 1 Re(z)
1 21
y+ =x +
2 4
!2 !
1 2 1 z 1 i
y+ = x 1+ 2 b =1
2 4x z
The equations of the asymptotes are
1 ) |z 1 i| = |z|
y = ±x
2 ) |x + iy 1 i| = |x + iy|
Im(z)
1
0 y=x– 2 ) |(x 1) + (y
1)i| = |x + iy|
q q
Re(z)
) (x 1) + (y 1) = x2 + y2
2 2
–1 y = –x – 12
) (x 1)2 + (y 1)2 = x2 + y2
⇡ ) x2 2x + 1 + y2 2y + 1 = x2 + y2
f Arg (z i) =
3 p ) 2x 2y + 2 = 0
The equation is y = 3x + 1 for x > 0
) x+y=1
Im(z) Arg(z – i) = π
3 ) y= x+1
Im(z)
π 1
1
0 1 Re(z)
Re(z)
47
z+1 ) 4((x 2)2 + y2 ) = x2 + (y 6)2
8 Let z1 = where z = x + yi
z 1
x + yi + 1 ) 4(x2 4x + 4 + y2 )
) z1 =
x + yi 1
= x2 + y2 12y + 36
(x + 1) + yi
=
(x 1) + yi ) 4x2 16x + 16 + 4y2
(x + 1) + yi (x 1) yi
= ⇥ = x2 + y2 12y + 36
(x 1) + yi (x 1) yi
(x + 1)(x 1) + (x 1)yi (x + 1)yi + y2 ) 3x2 16x + 3y2 + 12y = 20
= !
(x 1)2 + y2
16 64 64
x2 1 + xyi yi xyi yi + y2 ) 3 x2 x+
= 3 9 9
(x 1)2 + y2
(x2 + y2 1) 2yi + 3(y2 + 4y + 4 4) = 20
= !2
(x 1)2 + y2
Now Re (z1 ) = 0 8 64
) 3 x + 3(y + 2)2 12 = 20
x2 + y2 1 3 3
) =0 !2
(x 1)2 + y2 8 160
) 3 x + 3(y + 2)2 =
) x2 + y2 1=0 3 3
!2
) x2 + y2 = 1 8 160
a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 1 ) x + (y + 2)2 =
3 9
!
8
a circle with centre , 2 and radius
9 Let z = x + yi 3
p
4 10
then 2|z 2| = 2|x + yi 2|
3
= 2| (x 2) + yi|
q
= 2 (x 2)2 + y2 10 Let z = x + yi
) z=x yi
and |z 6i| = |x + yi 6i|
1 1
= |x + (y 6)i| and =
q z x + yi
= x2 + (y 6)2 1 x yi
= ⇥
If 2|z 2| = |z 6i| x + yi x yi
q q x yi
= 2
then 2 (x 2)2 + y2 = x2 + (y 6)2 x + y2
z
= 2
x + y2
Im(z) x
x2 + y2
O x Re(z)
y
y x2 + y2
Q
48
Hence O,
q P and Q are collinear. Im(z)
OP = x2 + y2
1
= |z| 0 Re(z)
s
!2 !2 –1
x y
OQ = + 2 ⇡
x2 + y2 x + y2 c Arg (z 1) =
1
q 2
= 2 x2 + y2 ) x = 1, y > 0
x + y2
|z| Im(z)
= 2
x + y2 Arg(z – 1) = π
2
|z|
= 2
|z|
1
=
|z|
1
) OP : OQ = |z| : = |z|2 : 1 1 Re(z)
|z|
⇡
d Arg (z + i) =
11 a |z (1 + i)| = 1 4
Im(z) ) y = x 1, x > 0
1 + 2i Im(z)
1 2+i
Arg(z + i) = π
4
0 1 Re(z)
a circle of centre (1, 1) and radius 1
1
(x 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 1 Re(z)
π
4
b |z 2| = |z + 2i| -1
Let z = x + yi
then |x + yi 2| = |x + yi + 2i|
12 If w = 2z then w describes a circle with
) |(x 2) + yi| = |x + (y + 2)i| centre (2, 4) and radius 6.
q q
) (x 2) + y = x2 + (y + 2)2
2 2 Im(z)
(2, 10)
2 2 2 2
| w – (2 + 4i) | = 6
) (x 2) + y = x + (y + 2) | z – (1 + 2i) | = 3
(1, 5)
) x2 4x + 4 + y2 = x2 + y2 + 4y + 4 (– 4, 4) (8, 4)
(– 2, 2) (4, 2)
) 4x = 4y 0
(1, –1) Re(z)
) y= x (2, – 2)
49
p
13 a z2 + 2z + 4 = 0 then z = 1 ⌥ 3i
) z2 + 2z + 1 + 3 = 0 and z + z = 2
) (z + 1)2 3i2 = 0 c |z| = 2

p p a circle with
) (z + 1 + 3i)(z + 1 3i) = 0 p centre (0, 0) and radius 2
p |z 1| = 7
) z = 1 ± 3i
apcircle with centre (1, 0) and radius
q p 7
b i |z| = ( 1)2 + (± 3)2
p z+z= 2
= 1+3 a straight line with equation x = 1
=2 Im(z)
p z + z = –2 |z|=2
ii z 1= 1± 3i 1
p –1 + 3 i |z–1|= 7
= 2± 3 2
q 1– 7 Re(z)
p
|z 1| = ( 2)2 + (± 3)2 –2 –1 0 1 2 1+ 7
p –2
= 4+3
p
–1 – 3 i
= 7
p
iii If z = 1 ± 3i
50
1 a 3 + 2i + 5 7i = (3 + 5) + (2i 7i) 3i 3i 2 i
g = ⇥
2+i 2+i 2 i
=8 5i 3i(2 i)
=
(2 + i)(2 i)
b i3 = i2 ⇥ i
6i 3i2
= 1⇥i= i =
5
3 + 6i 3 6
c (3 2i)(5 + 7i) = or + i
5 5 5
= 3(5 + 7i) 2i(5 + 7i)
2
h (1 3i)2 = (1 3i)(1 3i)
= 15 + 21i 10i 14i
= 1(1 3i) 3i(1 3i)
= 29 + 11i
=1 3i 3i + 9i2
d (3 2i)(3 + 2i) = 32 (2i)2 = 8 6i
2
=9 4i = 13
(5 + 2i)2
i
2 2 3 + 2i 3 i
e = ⇥
3 2i 3 2i 3 + 2i 5(5 + 2i) + 2i(5 + 2i) 3 + i
= ⇥
2(3 + 2i) 3 i 3+i
= 2
(3 2i)(3 + 2i) 25 + 10i + 10i + 4i 3+i
= ⇥
6 + 4i 6 4 3 i 3+i
= or + i
13 13 13 (21 + 20i)(3 + i)
=
(3 i)(3 + i)
5 i 5 i 2 i
f = ⇥ 21(3 + i) + 20i(3 + i)
2+i 2+i 2 i =
(5 i)(2 i) 32 i2
=
(2 + i)(2 i) 63 + 21i + 60i + 20i2
=
5(2 i) i(2 i) 10
= 43 + 81i 43 81
22 i2 = or + i
10 10 10
10 5i 2i + i2
=
5
9 7i 9 7 2 a (z 2)2 + 9 = 0
= or i
5 5 5 ) (z 2)2 9i2 = 0
) (z 2)2 (3i)2 = 0
) ((z 2) + 3i)((z 2) 3i) = 0
) (z 2 + 3i)(z 2 3i) = 0
) z 2 + 3i = 0 or z 2 3i = 0
) z=2 3i or z = 2 + 3i
51
z 2i ⇡
b =2 ) z = 3cis ,
z + (3 2i) 4
! !
) z 2i = 2(z + (3 2i)) 3⇡ 3⇡ ⇡
cis , 3cis or 3cis
4 4 4
) = 2z + 6 4i !
1 1
) 2i 6 + 4i = 2z z or z = 3 p + p i ,
2 2
) z = 6 + 2i ! !
1 1 1 1
3 p + p i, 3 p p i
2 2 2 2
c z2 + 6z + 12 = 0 !
1 1
) z2 + 6z + 9 + 3 = 0 or 3 p p i
2 2
) (z + 3)2 3i2 = 0 p p
p 3 2 3 2
= (1 + i), ( 1 + i),
) (z + 3)2 ( 3i)2 = 0 2 2
p p p p
) ((z + 3) + 3i)((z + 3) 3i) = 0 3 2 3 2
(1 + i) or (1 i)
p p 2 2
) (z + 3 + 3i)(z + 3 3i) = 0
p p e z3 27 = 0
) z + 3 + 3i = 0 or z + 3 3i = 0
p p ) z3 33 = 0
) z= 3 3i or z = 3 + 3i
) (z 3)(z2 + 3z + 9) = 0
4
d z + 81 = 0 !
2 9 27
) (z 3) z + 3z + + =0
) z4 = 81 4 4
Let z = rcis ✓, !2 !
3 27 2
) (z 3) z + i =0
) (rcis ✓)4 = 81cis ⇡ 2 4
!2 p !2 !
) r4 cis 4✓ = 34 cis ⇡ 3 3 3
) (z 3) z + i =0
) r4 = 34 and 4✓ = ⇡ + 2k⇡, k 2 Z 2 2
p !
= ⇡(2k + 1) 3 3 3
) (z 3) z + + i
⇡(2k + 1) 2 2
) r = 3 and ✓ = p !
4 3 3 3
⇡ z+ i =0
When k = 0, ✓ = 2 2
4
p
3⇡ 3 3 3
When k = 1, ✓ = ) z 3 = 0 or z + + i=0
4 2 2
5⇡ 3⇡ p
When k = 2, ✓ = or 3 3 3
4 4 or z + i=0
2 2
7⇡ ⇡ p
When k = 3, ✓ = or 3 3 3
4 4 ) z = 3 or z = i
2 2
p
3 3 3
or z = + i
2 2
52
f 8z3 + 27 = 0 the equation z3 2z2 3z + 10 = 0.
) (2z)3 + 33 = 0 By the conjugate factor theorem, 2 + i
is also a root of P(z).
) (2z + 3)(4z2 6z + 9) = 0 Therefore two linear factors of P(z)
!
2 39 27 are z (2 i) and z (2 + i).
) 4(2z + 3) z z++ =0
2
16 16 Multiply these two factors
!2 ! to get the quadratic factor:
3 27 2
) 4(2z + 3) z i =0 (z (2 i))(z (2 + i))
4 16
!2 p !2 ! = z2 (2 + i)z (2 i)z
3 3 3
) 4(2z + 3) z i =0 + (2 i)(2 + i)
4 4
p !
3 3 3 = z2 (2 + i + 2 i)z + 4 i2
) 4(2z + 3) z + i
4 4 = z2 4z + 5
p ! By division, P(z) = (z2 4z + 5)(z + 2)
3 3 3
z i =0 Therefore P(z) = 0 implies
4 4
p z = 2, 2 i or 2 + i.
3 3 3
) 2z + 3 = 0 or z + i=0
4 4 b Let P(x) = x3 5x2 + 7x + 13.
p
3 3 3 If 3 2i is a root of the equation
or z i=0
4 4 P(x) = 0, then P(3 2i) = 0.
p
3 3 3 3 P(3 2i)
) z= or z = i
2 4 4 = (3 2i)3 5(3 2i)2
p
3 3 3
or z = + i + 7(3 2i) + 13
4 4
3 p 3 p = 33 54i + 36i2 (2i)3
= (1 3i) = (1 + 3i)
4 4 5(9 12i + 4i2 ) + 21 14i + 13
= 27 54i 36 + 8i 45 + 60i
3 a Let P(z) = z3 2z2 3z + 10.
+ 20 + 34 14i
If 2 i is a root of the equa-
tion P(z) = 0, then P(2 i) = 0 =0
P(2 i) Since P(3 2i) = 0, 3 2i is a root of
the equation x3 5x2 + 7x + 13 = 0.
= (2 i)3 2(2 i)2 3(2 i) + 10
By the conjugate factor theorem,
= 23 12i + 6i2 i3 2(4 4i + i2 ) 3 + 2i is also a root of P(x).
6 + 3i + 10 Therefore two linear factors of P(x)
are x (3 2i) and x (3 + 2i).
=8 12i 6+i 8 + 8i
Multiply these two factors
+ 2 + 4 + 3i to get the quadratic factor:
=0
Since P(2 i) = 0, 2 i is a root of
53
(x (3 2i))(x (3 + 2i)) 4 a 2x2 + 3x + 2
!
= x2 (3 + 2i)x (3 2i)x 23 9 9
=2 x + x+ +1
+ (3 2i)(3 + 2i) 2 16 16
!2 !
= x2 (3 + 2i + 3 2i)x + 9 4i2 3 7
=2 x+ +
4 16
= x2 6x + 13 p ! p !
By division, P(x) = 3 i 7 3 i 7
=2 x+ + x+
(x2 6x + 13)(x + 1) 4 4 4 4
Therefore P(x) = 0 implies
z = 1, 3 2i or 3 + 2i. b Let P(x) = x3 x2 + x 1
P(1) = 1 1 + 1 1 = 0
c Let P(z) = z3 4z2 + 6z 4. ) x 1 is a factor
If 1 + i is a root of the equation P(x) = (x 1)(x2 + 1)
P(z) = 0, then P(1 + i) = 0. = (x 1)(x + i)(x i)
P(1 + i)
c Let x3 + 2x2 4x 8 = P(x)
= (1 + i)3 4(1 + i)2 + 6(1 + i) 4
Possible solutions of the equation
= 13 + 3i + 3i2 + i3 4(1 + 2i + i2 ) P(x) = 0 are ±1, ±2, ±4, ±8
+ 6 + 6i 4 A check shows that
= 1 + 3i 3 i 4 8i + 4 + 2 + 6i P( 2) = 0, ) x + 2 is a fac-
tor of P(x).
=0 By division, P(x) = (x + 2)(x2 4)
Since P(1 + i) = 0, 1 + i is a root of
) P(x) = (x + 2)(x + 2)(x 2) or
the equation z3 4z2 + 6z 4 = 0. By
(x + 2)2 (x 2)
the conjugate factor theorem, 1 i is
also a root of P(z).
Therefore two linear factors of P(z) 5 (a + ib)2 = 3 4i
are z (1 + i) and z (1 i). ) a2 + 2iab b2 = 3 4i
Multiply these two factors
) (a2 b2 ) + 2abi = 3 4i
to get the quadratic factor:
By equating real and imaginary
(z (1 + i))(z (1 i))
parts, a2 b2 = 3 and 2ab = 4
2
= z (1 i)z (1 + i)z 2
) b=
a
+ (1 + i)(1 i)
4
= z2 (1 i + 1 + i)z + 1 i2 ) a2 =3
a2
= z2 2z + 2 ) a4 4 = 3a2
By division, P(z) = (z2 2z + 2)(z 2) ) a4 3a2 4 = 0
Therefore P(z) = 0 implies z = 2, 1 + i
) (a2 4)(a2 + 1) = 0
or 1 i.
) a2 = 4 since a 2 R
) a = ±2
54
When a = 2, b = 1 and when a = 2, 5
) b=
b=1 a
25
) a2 = 24
a2
6 a z̄ = x iy a4 25 = 24a2
) (iv) take the conjugate
a4 + 24a2 25 = 0
) (a2 1)(a2 + 25) = 0
) a2 = 1 since a 2 R
−
a = ±1
When a = 1, b = 5 and when a = 1,
b i(x + iy) = ix y b=5
) (ii) multiply by i
8 If z = 1 2i is a solution of the
−
equation f (z) = 0, then 1 + 2i is also a
θ
θ solution (conjugate factor theorem).
Therefore f (z) = z2 + az + b
= (z + 1 + 2i)(z + 1 2i)
c 1(x + iy) = x iy
) (i) multiply by l = (z + 1)2 + 4
= z2 + 2z + 5
) a = 2, b = 5
p p
1 i 3 1 i 31
− − 9 p ⇥ p =
1+i 3 1 i 3 1+3
p
d Anticlockwise rotation about O 1 3
through 270 is a sequence of = i
4 4
anticlockwise rotation about O by r
1 3 1
90 and then 180 (see b and c). ) r= + = ,
16 16 2
Therefore it is equivalent to sequence 1
of multiplication by i and l cos ✓ = ,
2
) (iii) multiply by i p
3
sin ✓ =
2
7 (a + ib)2 = 24 10i ⇡
) ✓ =
3
) a2 + 2iab b2 = 24 10i !
1 1 ⇡
) (a2 b2 ) + 2abi = 24 10i ) p = cis
1+i 3 2 3
By equating real and imaginary parts,
a2 b2 = 24 and 2ab = 10
55
! ! !
10 |OP| = |OQ| = |PQ|
!
and |OP|2 = 12 + 32
= 10 °
!
|QO|2 = a2 + b2
!
) |PQ|2 = (a 3)2
+ (b 1)2 11 a 2 ⇥ (1 + i) = 2(1 + i)
a2 + b2 = 10, = 2 + 2i
! ! 1 11+i
because |OP| = |OQ| b = ⇥
1 i 1 1 1+i
(a 3)2 + (b 1)2 = 10,
1+i 1 1
! ! = = + i
because |OP| = |PQ| 1+1 2 2
a2 + b2 = 10 !
1 p ⇡
c 1 i = 2cis ,
a2 60 + 9 + b2 2b + 1 = 10 4
!
) a2 6a + b2 2b = 0 2 7
p 7 7⇡
) (1 i) = ( 2) cis
1 2 gives 4
6a + 2b = 10 p ⇡
= 8 2cis
) b = 30 + 5 4
7
p
Substitute in 1 ) |z | = 8 2
a2 + ( 3a + 5)2 = 10
⇡
d Arg (z7 ) =
10a2 30a + 15 = 0 4
a2 3a + 1.5 = 0
p p p
3± 9 4⇥1.5 12 a i |1 + i| = 1 + 1 = 2
a= p p
2
p ii |1 i 3| = 1 + 3 = 2
3 3 p p
= ±
2 2 2 2
p p iii cos ✓1 = , sin ✓1 =
3 3 9 3 3 2 2
When a = + , b= +5 ⇡
2 2 2 2 ) ✓1 =
p 4
1 3 3
= p
2 2 1 3
but b > 0 so thispis not a solution. p iv cos ✓2 = , sin ✓2 =
3 3 9 3 3 2 2
When a = , b= +5+ ⇡
2 2 2 2 ) ✓2 =
p 3
1 3 3 p
= + w 2 ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
2 2 b = , Arg (wz) = =
z 2 4 3 12
56
! p !
p 3 1 ⇡ 9
p 9 9⇡
13 3+i=2 + i = 2cis (1 i) = ( 2) cis
2 2 6 4
p !
7⇡ p ⇡
( 3 + i)7 = 27 cis = 16 2cis
6 4
! !
5⇡ p
1 1
= 128cis = 16 2 p p i
6
p ! 2 2
3 1 = 16 16i
= 128 i
2 2
p
= 64 3 64i
16 k3 (i)3 + (2 + i)k2 (i)2 + (2 + 2i)ki + 4 = 0
) ( k3 k2 + 2k)
4 4 3 3
14 r (i) 2r (i)
+ ( 2k2 2k + 4)i = 0 + 0i
2 2
+ 11r (i) 18ri + 18 = 0 By equating real and imaginary parts,
) (r4 11r2 + 18) + (2r3 18r)i = 0 + 0i k3 k2 + 2k = 0 and 2k2 2k + 4 = 0
) k2 + k 2 = 0
By equating real and imaginary parts,
k = 2, k = 1
r4 11r2 + 18 = 0 and 2r3 18r = 0 Therefore z = 2i and z = i are the
) r = ±3 and roots of the given equation, and
) z = ±3i are solutions. (z + 2i)(z i) = z2 + iz + 2 is a quadratic
factor of the polynomial.
(z 3i)(z + 3i) = z2 + 9 By division, P(z) = (z + 2i)(z i)(z + 2)
By division (z2 + 9)(z2 2z + 2) are Therefore the three roots are 2i, i, 2.
factors,
) (z 3i)(z + 3i)(z 1 + i)(z 1 i) are
3
factors, and the solutions of the equation 17 a P(z) = z 2z + 4
z4 2z3 + 11z2 18z + 18 = 0 are Now P( 2) = 0, ) z + 2 is a factor
z = ±3i, 1 ± i of P(z).
By division,
p 1
! P(z) = (z + 2)(z2 2z + 2)
1
15 1 i = 2 p p i ) P(z) = (z + 2)(z 1 + i)(z 1 i)
2 2
!
p ⇡
= 2cis b P(3) = 27 6 + 4
4
= 25
) 25 is a remainder when P(z) is
divided by z 3
57
18 a = x + 2i, b = 1 + iy 20 |z + i| = |z i|
a+b= x 1 + (2 + y)i Let z = x + iy
ab = (x + 2i)( 1 + iy) then |x + iy + i| = |x + iy i|
= x 2y 2i + ixy ) |x + (y + 1)i| = |x + (y 1)i|
q q
x 1 + (2 + y)i = x + 2y + 2i ixy
) x + (y + 1) = x2 + (y 1)2
2 2
since a + b = ab
) x2 + (y + 1)2 = x2 + (y 1)2
x 1 = x + 2y
) x2 + y2 + 2y + 1 = x2 + y2 2y + 1
1
therefore y = ) 2y = 2y
2
2+y=2 xy ) 4y = 0
therefore x = 1 ) y=0
So the set describes the Re(z) axis.
) a = 1 + 2i
1 ( )
b= 1 i ⇡
2 21 a S = z : z = 2cis ✓, 0  ✓ 
2
Im(z)
19 a |z (1 + i)|  1 can be represented by
a disc with centre (1, 1) and radius 1,
2
i.e., (x 1)2 + (y 1)2  1
Re(z)
b 0 2
b w = z2
= (2cis ✓)2
= 22 cis 2✓
= 4cis 2✓
⇡
Now 0  ✓ 
2
) 0  2✓  ⇡
Im(z)
Re(z)
−4 0 4
58
2 5
c v= Substituting h = into 4 yields
Z 6
2 5
= 3 + 4k + 2 ⇥ = 0
2cis✓ 6
1 5
= ) 3 + 4k + = 0
cis✓ 3
14
= cis( ✓) ) 4k + =0
3
⇡
Now 0  ✓  14
2 ) 4k =
⇡ 3
)  ✓0 7
2 ) k=
Im(z) 6 !
5 7
The centre of the circle is , .
6 6
1
Re(z)
0
−1
23 a i(a b) = i((5 + 2i) (8 + 6i))
= i( 3 4i)
= 3i 4i2
22 (0, 2), (1, 0) and (2, 1) are all points
on the circle with cartesian equation = 3i + 4
(x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 = 4 3i
i.e. (0 2
h) + ( 2 2
k) = r 2 Let Z be the point 4 3i.
The triangles in the diagram are
) h2 + 4 + 4k + k2 = r2 1
congruent since they are both
(1 h)2 + (0 k)2 = r2 right-angled and have two pairs of
) 1 2h + h2 + k2 = r2 2 side lengths the same, ) OZ = AB.
and (2 h)2 + ( 1 k)2 = r2 •
2 2 2
) 4 4h + h + 1 + 2k + k = r 3
Subtracting 2 from 1 yields

3 + 4k + 2h = 0 4 •
Subtracting 3 from 1 yields

2k + 4h 1=0
) 4k + 8h 2=0 5
• −
Subtracting 4 from 5 Using Pythagoras’ theorem,
yields 6h 5=0
) 6h = 5
5
) h=
6
59
! !
|OZ| = |AB| d = 1 + 5i, it can be shown that CD
p is parallel to AB and that ABCD is a
= 32 + 42
square.
=5
! 4
Now gradient of AB = = m1 24 a z3 = 8
3
! 3 Let z = rcis ✓
and gradient of OZ = = m2
4 ) z3 = r3 cis 3✓
!
Since m1 m2 = 1, AB is perpendi-
! Now 8 = 8cis ⇡
cular to OZ, the vector that represents
the point i(a b) and is the same ) r3 cis 3✓ = 8cis ⇡
!
length as AB. ) r3 = 8 and 3✓ = ⇡ + 2⇡k,
b Since OZ is perpendicular to AB, k2Z

let d = a ± z ⇡ 2⇡k
) r = 2 and ✓ = +
3 3
and c = b ± z where z = 4 3i ⇡
= (1 + 2k)
) d = (5 + 2i) ± (4 3i) 3
Therefore the solutions are in the
and c = (8 + 6i) ± (4 3i) ⇡
form z = 2 cis (1 + 2k), k 2 Z
3
=9 i or 1 + 5i ⇡
3
= 12 + 3i or 4 + 9i
Now AD and BC are both perpen- k = 1, z = 2cis ⇡
dicular to AB, and using 5⇡
p Pythagoras’ k = 2, z = 2cis
theorem AD = 32 + 42 = 5 3
p !
⇡
and BC = 32 + 42 = 5 = 2cis
Hence CD is parallel to AB and 3
ABCD is a square. 7⇡
k = 3, z = 2cis
3
⇡
= 2cis as before.
3
⇡
The three solutions are 2cis , 2cis ⇡
! 3
⇡
and 2cis
3
Similarly, for c = 4 + 9i and
60
p !2 !2
b z2 = 2 + 2 3i 2 2 1 1
p x x+1= x x+ +1
⇡ 2 2
and 2 + 2 3i = 4cis
3 !2
⇡ 1 1
) z2 = 4cis = x +1
3 2 4
!2
Now if z = rcis ✓, 1 3
= x +
z2 = r2 cis 2✓ 2 4
! !2
2 ⇡ 1 32
and r cis 2✓ = 4cis + 2⇡k , k 2 Z = x i
3 2 4
2 ⇡ !2 p !2
) r = 4 and 2✓ = + 2⇡k
3 1 3
⇡ = x i
) r = 2 and ✓ = + ⇡k 2 2
6 p !
⇡ 1 3
= (1 + 6k) = x + i
6 2 2
Therefore the solutions are in the p !
⇡ 1 3
form z = 2 cis (1 + 6k), k 2 Z ⇥ x i
6 2 2
⇡
When k = 0, z = 2cis !2
6 2 2 1
7⇡ x +x+1= x +x+
k = 1, z = 2cis 2
6 !2
! 1
5⇡ +1
= 2cis 2
6
⇡ !2
The two solutions are 2cis and 1 3
! 6 = x+ +
2 4
5⇡
2cis !2 p !2
6 1 3
= x+ i
2 2
p !
25 a x6 1 = (x3 + 1)(x3 1) 1 3
= x+ + i
2 2
= (x + 1)(x2 x + 1) p !
1 3
⇥ (x 1)(x2 + x + 1) ⇥ x+ i
2 2
The discriminant of x2 x + 1 is p !
1 3
( 1)2 4(1)(1) = 3 < 0 ) 6
x 1 = (x + 1)(x 1) x + i
Similarly, the discriminant of 2 2
p !
x2 + x + 1 is (1) 4(1)(1) = 3 < 0 1 3
⇥ x i
So the factors (x2 x + 1) and 2 2
(x2 + x + 1) are irreducible for R. p !
1 3
⇥ x+ + i
2 2
b (x2 x + 1) and (x2 + x + 1) p !
can be further factorised for C. 1 3
⇥ x+ i
2 2
61
c Let x6 = 1 where x represents the c Let z = rcis ✓
sixth roots of unity, 1 1
then x6 1 = 0 then = cis( ✓)
p ! z r
1 3 1
) (x + 1)(x 1) x + i ) Arg z + Arg = ✓ ✓
2 2 z
p !
1 3 =0
⇥ x i
2 2
p !
1 3 27
⇥ x+ + i
2 2 π
Arg (z − 3) = 2
p !
1 3
⇥ x+ i =0 π
2 2 •
Arg z = 4
p p
1 3 1 3
) x = 1 or 1 or ± i or ± i
2 2 2 2 π
26 Let z = x + iy
From the diagram, z = 3 + 3i
z x iy therefore z 6i = 3 + 3i 6i
a Then =
z x + iy
=3 3i
|(x iy)2 |
= 2 Arg (z 6i) = Arg (3 3i)
x + y2 !
|(x iy)|2 1 3
= 2 = tan
x + y2 3
x2 + y2 = tan 1 ( 1)
=
x2 + y2 ⇡
=
=1 4
p p
or |z| = x2 + y2 and |z| = x2 + y2 ,
z |z| π
therefore = =1
z |z|
or let z = rcis ✓
− •
then z = rcis( ✓) −
z z
= cis 2✓ and =1
z z
⇡
i(Re (z) z) i(x (x + iy)) 28 a From the diagram, y = 2 tan
b = 3
Im (z) y p
=2 3
i ⇥ ( iy) p
=
y ) z = 2 + 2 3i
=1
62
p
b i a2 = 22 + (2 3)2
π = 4 + 12
Arg (z + 2) = 2
2π • = 16
Arg z = 3
Therefore a = 4
π
Therefore a r=4 2
− =2
b From the diagram, z = 3 6i The least possible value of |z| is 2
−
π
−π − −3π
Arg (z + 3) = 2 Arg (z − 3) = 4
• −
•
p
29 a |z + 2 2 3i|  2 −
p
|z ( 2 + 2 3i)|  2 ii
The distance between z and the p
point with coordinates ( 2, 2 3)
is less than or equal to 2. This may
be represented
p by a disc with centre
( 2, 2 3) and radius 2.
θ
θ
−
−
2
sin ✓ =
4
1
=
2
⇡
Therefore ✓ =
6
The maximum value of Arg (z) is
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 5⇡
+ + =
2 6 6 6
63
!
⇡ 3⇡ 4 E u=1 i
1 E ) z1 z2 = 10cis +
3 4 1 1
! =
13⇡ 3 u 3 (1 i)
= 10cis
12 1
! =
11⇡ 2+i
= 10cis 2 i
12 =
4+1
⇡ < Arg (z)  ⇡ 2 i
=
2 C 5
2 1
z = 3 + 4i = i
5 5
Using the TI-nspire CAS calculator Alternatively, using a CAS calculator
to convert 3 + 4i into polar form 1
to determine we have:
) z = 5e2.21i = 5cis(2.21) 3 u
3 D (x + iy)2 = 32i 5 D The linear factors of z2 + 6z + 10

) (x2 y2 ) + 2xyi = 32i can be obtained by using the cFactor
) x2 y2 = 0 (1) and command on the TI-nspire CAS
calculator.
2xy = 32 (2)
16
From (2): y =
x
!2
16
) x2 =0
x 6 B z3 = 8i !
256 3 ⇡
) x2 = 2 ) (rcis ✓) = 8cis where z = rcis ✓
x 2
⇡
) 4
x = 256 ) r3 = 8 and 3✓ = + 2k⇡, k 2 Z
2
⇡ 2k⇡
) x = ±4 ) r = 2 and ✓ = + , k2Z
When x = 4, y = 4 6 ! 3
⇡ 2k⇡
When x = 4, y = 4 ) z = 2cis + , k2Z
6 3
When k = 0,
64
!
⇡ as a response. Look for an al-
z = 2cis
6 ternate form
! !! ! for the argument.
!
p ⇡ p 7⇡
⇡ ⇡ ) 3cis = 3cis
= 2 cos + i sin 4 4
6 6
p !
3 1
=2 i
2 2
p
= 3 i
When k = 1, 8 C If z = 1 + i is a solution to the equa-
! tion z4 = a then a = (1 + i)4 = 4.
⇡ 2⇡
z = 2cis + Hence solutions to the equation
6 3
! z4 = 4 using the TI-nspire CAS
⇡ calculator are
= 2cis
2
= 2i
When k = 2,
!
⇡ 4⇡
z = 2cis + 9 B
6 3 p
! z2 = 2 2 j 3 p
7⇡
= 2cis ) (rcis ✓)2 = 2 2i !3
6 2⇡
! ) r2 cis 2✓ = 4cis
5⇡ 3
= 2cis 2⇡
6 ) r2 = 4 and 2✓ = + 2k⇡, k 2 Z
p ! 3
3 1 ⇡
=2 i ) r = 2 and ✓ = + k⇡, k 2 Z
2 2 3!
p ⇡
= 3 i ) z = 2cis + k⇡ , k 2 Z
3
Hence 3 !
p the cubep roots of z + 8i = 0 ⇡
are 3 i, 3 i and 2i When k = 0, z = 2cis
3
(Alternatively, use the cSolve !
2⇡
command To solve the equation with When k = 1, z = 2cis
3
p
a TI-Nspire CAS calculator) Hence the square roots of 2 2i 3
! !
⇡ 2⇡
7 B are 2cis and 2cis
3 3
Using
p a CAS calculator to convert
6 10 A Using a CAS calculator to calculate
(1 + i) into polar form we have
p2 ! |↵ | where ↵ and are the roots
6 p ⇡i p ⇡ of the equation 2x2 + 6x + 7 = 0 we
) (1 + i) = 3e 4 = 3cis
2 4 have
!
p ⇡
Note that 3 cis is not listed
4
65
p
) |↵ |= 5
66
!7
7 5⇡
1 a z = 4cis
6
!
7 5⇡
= 4 cis 7 ⇥
6
35⇡
= 16 384cis
6
!
⇡
= 16 384cis
6
) |z7 | = 16 384
⇡
and Arg(z7 ) =
6
b Im (z)
π
0 6 Re (z)
z7 = 8192 3 − 8192i
5⇡
z 4cis
c = p 6
w ⇡
2cis
4
!
4 5⇡ ⇡ p 7⇡
= p cis = 2 2cis
2 6 4 12
5⇡
d z = 4cis
6
!
5⇡ 5⇡
= 4 cos + i sin
6 6
p !
3 1 p
=4 + i = 2 3 + 2i
2 2
p ⇡
w = 2cis
4
!
p 1 1
= 2 p + p =1+i
2 2
67
p
z 2 3 + 2i
=
w 1+i
p
2 3 + 2i 1 i
= ⇥
1+i 1 i
p p
2 3 + 2i + 2 3 + 2
=
2
p p
2((1 3) + i(1 + 3))
=
2
p p
= (1 3) + (1 + 3)i
z p 7⇡ p 7⇡ p 7⇡
e = 2 2cis = 2 2 cos + 2 2 sin i
w 12 12 12
p 7⇡ p p 7⇡ p
) 2 2 cos =1 3 and 2 2 sin =1+ 3
12 12
p p
7⇡ 1 3 7⇡ 1 + 3
) cos = p ) sin = p
12 2 2 12 2 2
7⇡
7⇡ sin
Now tan = 12
12 7⇡
cos
12
p p
1+ 3 1 3
= p ÷ p
2 2 2 2
p p
1+ 3 1+ 3
= p ⇥ p
1 3 1+ 3
p
1+2 3+3
=
2
p
2(2 + 3) p
= = 2 3
2
68
!
7⇡ 7⇡
f tan = tan 2 ⇥
6 12
7⇡
2 tan
= 12
7⇡
1 tan2
12
p
4 2 3
= p
1 ( 2 3)2
p
4 2 3
= p
1 (7 + 4 3)
p
4+2 3
= p
6+4 3
p p p
2+ 3 3 2 3 3
= p ⇥ p =
3+2 3 3 2 3 3
2 a P(2 + i) = (2 + i)3 7(2 + i)2 + 17(2 + i) 15

= 8 + 12i + 6i2 + i3 7(4 + 4i + i2 ) + 34 + 17i 15
= 8 + 12i 6 i 7(4 + 4i 1) + 17i + 19
= 11i + 2 7(3 + 4i) + 17i + 19
= 28i + 21 21 28i = 0
b Since the coefficients of P(z) are real and 2 + i is a solution then so must 2 i be a
solution.
(z (2 + i))(z (2 i)) = z2 (2 + i)z (2 i)z + (2 + i)(2 i)
= z2 2z iz 2z + iz + 4 i2
= z2 4z + 5
By division, P(z) = (z2 4z + 5)(z 3)
) P(z) = (z (2 + i))(z (2 i))(z 3)
and z = 3, 2 ± i are solutions of P(z) = 0. The other two roots are 2 i and 3.
c Multiply 1 2i by i to produce a complex number that is a rotation of B anticlock-

⇡
wise by about the origin
2
) (1 2i)i = i 2i2 = 2 + i
! !
This corresponds to A, and hence OA is perpendicular to OB.
d A polynomial P(z) with real coefficients and with 3, 1 2i, and 2 + i as roots must
have 1 + 2i and 2 i as other roots (by the conjugate factor theorem).
69
) P(z) = (z 3)((z (1 2i))(z (1 + 2i))(z (2 + i))(z (2 i))
= (z 3)(z2 (1 2i)z (1 + 2i)z + (1 2i)(1 + 2i))
⇥ (z2 (2 + i)z (2 i)z + (2 + i)(2 i))
= (z 3)(z2 (1 2i + 1 + 2i)z + 1 4i2 ) ⇥ (z2 (2 + i + 2 i)z + 4 i2 )
= (z 3)(z2 2z + 5)(z2 4z + 5)
= (z 3)(z4 4z3 + 5z2 2z3 + 8z2 10z + 5z2 20z + 25)
= (z 3)(z4 6z3 + 18z2 30z + 25)
= (z5 6z4 + 18z3 30z2 + 25z 3z4 + 18z3 54z2 + 90z 75
= z5 9z4 + 36z3 84z2 + 115z 75
p
3 a z2
2 3z + 4 = 0
p p p
) z2 2 3z + ( 3)2 + 4 ( 3)2 = 0
p 2
) (z 3) + 4 3 = 0
p 2
) (z 3) + 1 = 0
p 2 2
) (z 3) i = 0
p p
) (z 3 + i)(z 3 i) = 0
p
) z= 3±i
b i Im (z)
1 z= 3+i
0 3 Re (z)
–1 z= 3−i
q p
ii r = ( 3)2 + 12 Im (z)
p
= 3+1 ( 3 , 1)
r
=2
0 Re (z)
) x2 + y2 = 4 r
( 3 , −1)
70
iii a = r Im (z) (0, ai)
) a=2
0 Re (z)
(0, −ai)
iv Q(z)P(z) = z6 + 64
z6 + 64
) P(z) =
Q(z)
z6 + 64
= p
(z2 + 4)(z2 2 3z + 4)
z4 4z2 + 16
z2 + 4 z6 + 64
6 4
z + 4z
4z4 + 64
4 2
4z 16z
16z2 + 64
16z2 + 64
0
2 4 2
(z + 4)(z 4z + 16)
) P(z) = p
(z2 + 4)(z2 2 3z + 4)
z4 4z2 + 16
= p
z2 2 3z + 4p
z2 + 2 3z
p
z2 2 3z + 4 z4 4z2 + 16
4
p 3 2
z 2 3z + 4z
p
2 3z3 8z2 + 16
p 3 2
p
2 3z 12z + 8 3z
p
4z2 8 3 + 16
p
4z2 8 3 + 16
0
p
) P(z) = z2 + 2 3z + 4
p p
So z6 + 64 = (z2 + 4)(z2 2 3z + 4)(z2 + 2 3z + 4)
When z6 + 64 = 0
p p
(z2 + 4)(z2 2 3z + 4)(z2 + 2 3z + 4) = 0
p p p p
) (z + 2i)(z 2i)(z 3 + i)(z 3 i)(z + 3 + i)(z + 3 i) = 0
71
p p
) z = ±2i, 3 ± i, 3±i
On an Argand diagram, these solutions are equally spaced around the circumfer-
ence of the circle x2 + y2 = 4, and represent the sixth roots of 64. Three of these
solutions are the conjugates of the other three solutions.
Im (z)
2i
− 3+i 3+i
0 Re (z)
− 3–i 3–i
–2i
4 a Let z = x + yi
p p
Also z = 4 3 4i ) x = 4 3, y = 4
p y
When z = r cis ✓, r = x2 + y2 and tan ✓ =
q x
p
) r = ( 4 3)2 + ( 4)2
p
= 48 + 16
p
= 64 = 8
4 1
and tan ✓ = p = p
4 3 3
5⇡ p
) ✓= since 4 3 4i is in the third quadrant
6
!
5⇡
) z = 8cis
6
!
3
p 5⇡
b Now let z = 4 3 4i = 8cis
6
!
3 5⇡
If z = r cis ✓, then (r cis ✓) = 8cis
6
!
3 5⇡
) r cis 3✓ = 8cis
6
72
5⇡
) r3 = 8 and 3✓ = + 2⇡k, k 2 Z
6
5⇡ 2⇡k
) r = 2 and ✓ = + , k2Z
18 3
!
5⇡ 2⇡k
) z = 2cis + , k2Z
18 3
!
5⇡
18
7⇡
18
!
17⇡
18
! !
p 5⇡ 7⇡ 17⇡
Hence the cube roots of 4 3 4i are 2cis , 2cis , 2cis
18 18 18
c Im (z) 7π
2 cis 18
–2 2
0 Re (z)
−17π
2 cis ( 18 )
−5π
2 cis ( 18 )
–2
d i (z w)3 = z3
3z2 w + 3zw2 w3 =p z3 3wz2 + 3w
p
2
z w3
3 3 2
Let (z w) = z 3 3iz 9z + 3 3i
p
Equating coefficients 3w = 3 3i
p
) w = 3i
3w2 = 9
) w2 = 3
p
) w = 3i
p p
and w3 = 3 3i = 3 3i3
p
) w3 = 3 3i3
p
) w = 3i
p 3 p
So (z 3i) = 4 3 4i
p p p
ii z3 3 3iz2 9z + (3 3 + 4)i + 4 3 = 0
p p p
) z3 3 3iz2 9z + 3 3i = 4 3 4i
73
p p
) (z 3i)3 = 4 3 4i
!
p 5⇡
) z 3i = 2cis
18
! ! !
5⇡ 5⇡ p
) z = 2 cos + 2 sin + 3i
18 18
p 7⇡
or z 3i = 2cis
18
!
7⇡ 7⇡ p
) z = 2 cos + 2 sin + 3i
18 18
!
p 17⇡
or z 3i = 2cis
18
! ! !
17⇡ 17⇡ p
) z = 2 cos + 2 sin + 3i
18 18
5 a Let i be the unit vector in the positive direction Im (z)

4 Z
of the Re(z) axis and let j be the unit vector in the
3
positive direction of the Im(z) axis. X
! p 2
) OX = 4 3i + 2j 1 Y
! p
OY = 5 3i + j O 4 3 5 3 6 3 Re (z)
! p
OZ = 6 3i + 4j
! ! !
XY = OY OX
p p p
= (5 3i + j) (4 3i + 2j) = 3i j
! ! !
XZ = OZ OX
p p
= (6 3i + 4j) (4 3i + 2j)
p
= 2 3i + 2j
74
p
b z1 = 3 i
p
z2 = 2 3 + 2i
z2
z3 =
z1
p p
2 3 + 2i 3+i
= p ⇥ p
3 i 3+i
p p
6 + 2 3i + 2 3i 2
=
4
p
4 + 4 3i p
= = 1 + 3i
4
c Let z3 = r cis ✓
q p
then |z3 | = 12 + ( 3)2
=2
p
3
tan ✓ =
1
⇡
) ✓=
3
⇡
) z3 = 2cis
3
!
The geometric interpretation is an enlargement of XY by a →
Z
! ⇡ 2 XY
factor of 2 and a rotation of XY, units anticlockwise about
3
! π
X, to produce the vector XZ. X
3
Y
⇡
Hence \ZXY = and XZ = 2XY, so XYZ is half Im (z)
3 2 3
an equilateral triangle. 2 X
! ! –2
Now XW = 2XY
p
so 2z1 = 2( 3 i) W
p 0 4 3 6 3 Re (z)
= 2 3 2i
The
p complex number to which W corresponds is
6 3.
75
d Let X 0 be the new position of X.
! !
The vector Y X = pXY can be represented by the complex X
number z1 = ( 3 i)
p π
= 3+i 3
! X′ Y
⇡
= 2cis
6
! ⇡
Y X 0 is produced by rotating Y X, anticlockwise about Y, and can be represented by
3
the complex
! number
!! !
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
cis 2cis = 2cis = 2cis
3 6 3 6 6
p
= 3 i as X 0 is below and to the left of Y.
Im (z)
− 3
1 Y
–1
X′
0 4 3 5 3 Re (z)
p
The new position of X can be represented by the complex number 4 3.
( )
⇡ ⇡
6 a First sketch S = {z : Re(z)  2} \ {z : Im(z) < 2} \ z : < Arg(z) <
6 3
Im (z)
2
S
π
6 π
6
0 2 Re (z)
Now |z + i| = |z 1|
Let z = x + yi
) |x + yi + i| = |x + yi 1|
) |x + (y + 1)i| = |(x 1) + yi|
76
q q
) x2 + (y + 1)2 = (x 1)2 + y2
) x + (y + 1)2 = (x 1)2 + y2
) x2 + y2 + 2y + 1 = x2 2x + 1 + y2
) 2y = 2x
) y= x
Im (z)
2
π
6 π
6
–2 0 2 Re (z)
T
y = −x
–2
( )
5⇡ 2⇡
b T = {z : Re(z) > 2} \ {z : Im(z) 2} \ Z : < Arg(z) <
6 3
7 x2 + 4x 1 + k(x2 + 2x + 1) = 0
) x2 + 4x 1 + kx2 + 2kx + k = 0
) (k + 1)x2 + 2(k + 2)x + (k 1) = 0 1
The discriminant is given by
4 = (2(k + 2))2 4(k + 1)(k 1)
= 4(k2 + 4k + 4) 4(k2 1)
= 4(k2 + 4k + 4 k2 + 1)
= 4(4k + 5)
a For real and distinct roots 4 > 0

) 4(4k + 5) > 0
) 4k + 5 > 0
) 4k > 5
5
) k>
4
b For real and equal roots 4 = 0
5
) k=
4
77
c For complex roots 4 < 0
5
) k<
4
Using the generalpquadratic formula in 1
2(k + 2) ± (2(k + 2))2 4(k + 1)(k 1)
x=
2(k + 1)
p
2(k + 2) ± 4k2 + 16k + 16 4k2 + 4
=
2(k + 1)
p
2(k + 2) ± 2 4k + 5
=
2(k + 1)
p
(k + 2) ± (4k + 5)i2
=
k+1
p
(k + 2) (4k + 5) 5
= ± i, with k < for complex solutions
k+1 k+1 4
(k + 2) 5
) Re(x) = , k<
k+1 4
p
± (4k + 5) 5
Im(x) = , k<
k+1 4
If Re(x) > 0
(k + 2)
then >0
k+1
) k + 2 > 0, as k + 1 < 0
) k> 2
5
) Re(x) > 0 for 2<k<
4
5
Hence for complex roots with positive real part, 2 < k < .
4
8 a If z = cos ✓ + i sin ✓
1+z 1 + cos ✓ + i sin ✓
=
1 z 1 (cos ✓ + i sin ✓)
!
2 ✓ ✓ ✓
1 + 2 cos 1 + 2i sin cos
2 2 2
= !
✓ ✓ ✓
1 1 2 sin2 2i sin cos
2 2 2
78
!
✓ ✓ ✓
2 cos cos + i sin
1+z 2 2 2
) = !
1 z ✓ ✓ ✓
2 sin sin i cos
2 2 2
!
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
cos cos + i sin sin + i cos
2 2 2 2 2
= ! ⇥
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
sin sin i cos sin + i cos
2 2 2 2 2
!
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
cos cos sin + i sin2 + i cos2 + i2 sin cos
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= !
✓ ✓ 2 ✓
sin sin2 i cos2
2 2 2
! !
✓ ✓ ✓ 2 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
cos cos sin + i sin + cos2 cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= !
✓ ✓ ✓
sin sin2 + cos2
2 2 2
✓
cos ⇥ i
= 2
✓
sin
2
✓
= i cot
2
b Im (z)
sin θ Z P
j
i
θ A
O 1 − cos θ cos θ 1 1 + cos θ Re (z)
−sin θ Q
! !
c OP · OQ = ((1 + cos ✓)i + sin ✓j)((1 cos ✓)i sin ✓j)
=1 cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓
=1 (cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓)
=1 1
=0
Hence OP is perpendicular to OQ.
79
⇡
) \POQ = , as required.
2
q
Now |OP| = (1 + cos ✓)2 + sin2 ✓
p
= 2 + 2 cos ✓
p
= 2(1 + cos ✓)
q
Also |OQ| = (1 cos ✓)2 + sin2 ✓
p
= 2 2 cos ✓
p
= 2(1 cos ✓)
p
|OP| 2(1 + cos ✓)
= p
|OQ| 2(1 cos ✓)
p
1 + cos ✓
= p
1 cos ✓
r
1 + cos ✓ 1 + cos ✓
= ⇥
1 cos ✓ 1 + cos ✓
s
(1 + cos ✓)2
=
1 cos2 ✓
s
(1 + cos ✓)2
=
sin2 ✓
1 + cos ✓
=
sin ✓
= cosec ✓ + cot ✓
✓✓◆
= cot
2
9 a Im (z)
N M
π
P 3 L
−4 −2 O −π 2 4
3
Re (z)
Q R
|z| 2 is the set of all points for which the distance from (0, 0) is greater than or
equal to 2.
80
b 4OLM and 4OLR are equilateral, therefore LM, LO and LR are radial lengths of the
circle with centre (4, 0) and radius 4.
Hence |z 4| = 4 is the required equation.
2⇡
c N is the point corresponding to 4cis .
3 !
2⇡
Q is the point corresponding to 4cis .
3
d Let N 0 and Q0 be the new positions of N and Q respectively.

⇡
ON 0 and OQ0 are a rotation of ON and OQ respectively, clockwise about O, and
4
can be represented by the! complex number
2⇡ ⇡
) N 0 = 4cis
3 4
5⇡
= 4cis
12
!
2⇡ ⇡
and Q0 = 4cis
3 4
!
11⇡
= 4cis
12
5⇡
Hence the new positions of N and Q correspond with the complex numbers 4cis
! 12
11⇡
and 4cis respectively.
12
10 a z = a + bi
p
|z| = a2 + b2 and |z| = 1
p
) a2 + b2 = 1
) a2 + b2 = 1
1 1
=
z a + bi
1 a bi
= ⇥
a + bi a bi
a bi
= 2
a + b2
= a bi, since a2 + b2 = 1
= z, as required.
81
s p !2
!2
1 3
b |z1 | = +
2 2
r
1 3
= +
4 4
p
= 1
=1
1
) = z1 from a above.
z1
p
1 3
= + i
2 2
s p
!2 !2
3 1
|z2 | = +
2 2
r
3 1
= +
4 4
p
= 1
=1
1
) = z2 from a above.
z2
p
3 1
= i
2 2
1 1
Now z3 = +
z1 z2
p ! p !
1 3 3 1
= + i + i
2 2 2 2
p p
3+1 3 1
= + i
2 2
Let z3 = r cos ✓
82
q
where r = x2 + y2
s p p
!2 !2
3+1 3 1
= +
2 2
s
p p
3+2 3+1 3 2 3+1
= +
4 4
r
8
=
4
p
= 2
p p
y 3 1 3+1
and tan ✓ = = ÷
x 2 2
p
3 1
= p
3+1
p p
3 1 3 1
= p ⇥ p
3+1 3 1
p
4 2 3
=
2
p
=2 3
p
) ✓ = tan 1 (2 3)
p p
) z3 = 2cis(tan 1 (2 3))
1
p ⇡
Note: tan (2 3) =
12
1
c z4 =
z3
1
= p p
3+1 3 1
+ i
2 2
p p
2 ( 3 + 1) ( 3 1)i
= p p ⇥ p p
( 3 + 1) + ( 3 1)i ( 3 + 1) ( 3 1)i
p p
2(( 3 + 1) ( 3 1)i)
= p p
( 3 + 1)2 ( 3 1)2
p p
2(( 3 + 1) ( 3 1)i)
= p p
4+2 3+4 2 3
p p
3+1 3 1
= i
4 4
83
Im (z)
1
2 z2
3−1 z3
2
3−1 3+1
4 4
0 1 3 3+1 Re (z)
2
1
3−1 2 2
−( 4 ) z4
−1
2
− 3
z1
2
–1
11 a i P(z) = (z k)2 (z a)
= (z2 2kz + k2 )(z a)
= z3 2kz2 + k2 z az2 + 2akz ak2
= z3 (a + 2k)z2 + (2ak + k2 )z ak2
Also P(z) = z3 + 3pz + q
Equating coefficients a + 2k = 0
) a = 2k
2ak + k2 = 3p
) 2( 2k)k + k2 = 3p
) 4k2 + k2 = 3p
) 3k2 = 3p
) p = k2 , as required.
ii and ak2 = q
) ( 2k)k2 = q
) q = 2k3
iii 4p3 + q2 = 4( k2 )3 + (2k3 )2

= 4k6 + 4k6 = 0, as required.
84
b From a 3p = 6i and q = 4 4i
) p = 2i
Also p = b2 1
and q = 2b3 2
2b3 q
Dividing 2 by 1 = , b,0
b2 p
4 4i
) 2b =
2i
2 + 2i i
= ⇥
i i
2 2i
=
1
= 2 + 2i
) b= 1 i
2
From a ii cb = q
) c( 1 i)2 = 4 4i
2ic = 4 4i
2 + 2i i
) c= ⇥
i i
2 2i
=
1
= 2 + 2i
12 a i |(1 + i)z| = |1 + i| |z|

p
= 2⇥6
p
=6 2
ii |(1 + i)z z| = |z + iz z|
= |iz|
= |i| |z|
=1⇥6
=6
iii Since |z| = 6, the distance

p from the origin O p
to a point A is 6 units.
Since |(1 + i)z| = 6 2, the distance OB is 6 2 units.
Since |(1 + i)z z| = 6, the distance AB is 6 units.
85
Now |OB|2 = |OA|2 + |AB|2 .
Hence, OAB is an isosceles right triangle.
b i z21 2z1 z2 + 2z22 = 0

) (↵z2 )2 2(↵z2 )z2 + 2z22 = 0, since z1 = ↵z2
) ↵2 z22 2↵z22 + 2z22 = 0
) z22 (↵2 2↵ + 2) = 0
) z22 (↵2 2↵ + 1 + 1) = 0
) z22 ((↵ 1)2 i2 ) = 0
) z22 (↵ 1 + i)(↵ 1 i) = 0
) z2 = 0 or ↵ = 1 ± i, but z2 , 0
) ↵=1±i
ii Let A and B be the points represented by z2 and z1 respectively.

OA = |z2 |
If ↵ = 1 + i, then OB = |z1 |
= |(1 + i)z2 |
p
= 2|z2 |
and AB = |z1 z2 |
= |(1 + i)z2 z2 |
= |z2 |
) |OB|2 = |OA|2 + |AB|2
Hence, OAB has two sides the same length and is a right isosceles triangle.
If ↵ = 1 i, then OB = |z1 |
= |(1 i)z2 |
= |(1 i| |z2 |
p
= 12 + ( 1)2 |z2 |
p
= 2|z2 |
86
and AB = |z1 z2 |
= |(1 i)z2 z2 |
= |z2 iz2 z2 |
=| iz2 |
=| i| |z2 |
= |z2 |
) |OB|2 = |OA|2 + |AB|2
Again, OAB has two sides the same length and is a right isosceles triangle.
p
13 a i |z| = ( 12)2 + 52
p
= 144 + 25
p
= 169
= 13
ii Let Arg z =
y
tan =
x
5
=
12
!
1 5
) = tan
12
!
1 5
) Arg (z) = tan
12
⇡ 2.75c , since z is in the second quadrant.
= 157.38 correct to decimal places.
12
b i cos ↵ = Im (z)
13 w2
5
sin ↵ = 13
13 5
α
–12 0 α Re (z)
87
ii r2 (cos 2✓ + i sin 2✓) = |w2 |(cos ↵ + i sin ↵)
!
12 5
= 13 +i
13 13
12 5
) r2 = 13, cos 2✓ = and sin 2✓ =
13 13
p
) r = 13
12
iii cos 2✓ = from b ii above.
13
12
2 cos2 ✓ 1 =
13
1
cos2 ✓ =
26
r
1
cos ✓ = ±
26
p
1 26
=±p =±
26 26
5
Now sin 2✓ = from b ii above.
13
5
) 2 sin ✓ cos ✓ =
13
5
) sin ✓ =
26 cos ✓
p
5 5 26
=±p =±
26 26
iv From b, w2 = z
= |z|cis
= r2 cis 2✓
) w = rcis ✓
p
= 13(cos ✓ + i sin ✓)
!
p 1 5
= ± 13 p + i p
26 26
! p
1 5 2
=± p +ip =± (1 + 5i)
2 2 2
88
c Let w = a + bi, a, b 2 R and w2 = 12 + 5i
) (a + bi)2 = 12 + 5i
) a2 + 2abi + b2 i2 = 12 + 5i
) (a2 b2 ) + 2abi = 12 + 5i
Equating coefficients, a2 b2 = 12 and 2ab = 5
5
) a= 1
2b
!2
5
) b2 = 12
2b
25
) 2
b2 = 12
4b
) 25 4b4 = 48b2
) 4b4 48b2 25 = 0
) (2b2 + 1)(2b2 25) = 0
1 25
) b2 =
or but b2 > 0 since b 2 R
2 2
25
) b2 =
2
p
5 5 2
) b=±p =±
2 2
5 5
From 1 a= =± p
2b 5 2
2⇥
2
p
1 2
=±p =±
2 2
p
2
) w=± (1 + 5i)
2
d Let v2 = 12 + 5i where v = c + di, c, d 2 R

) (c + di)2 = 12 + 5i
) (c2 d2 ) + 2cdi = 12 + 5i
c2 d2 = 12 and 2cd = 5
5
) c= 1
2d
89
!2
5
) d2 = 12
2d
25
) d2 = 12
4d2
) 25 4d4 = 48d2
) 4d4 + 48d2 25 = 0
) (2d2 + 25)(2d2 1) = 0
25 1
) d2 = or but d2 > 0 since d 2 R
2 2
1
) d2 =
2
p
1 2
) d=±p =±
2 2
p
5 2 5
From 1 c = ± p =±
2 2
2⇥
2
p
2
) v=± (5 + i)
2 p
2
Hence the square roots of 12 + 5i are ± (5 + i)
2
Im (z) 2
8 2 (1 + 5i) Re (z) = Im (z)
6
4
2
2 2 (5 + i)
−8 −6 −4 −2 0
2 4 6 8 Re (z)
− 2 −2
2 (5 + i)
−4
−6
− 2 −8
2 (1 + 5i)
Geometrically the square roots of 12 + 5i are the reflection of the square roots of
12 + 5i, in the line Re(z) = Im(z).
14 Let z = x + yi, a, b 2 R ) z=x yi
90
a 2zz + 3z + 3z 10 = 0
) 2(x + yi)(x yi) + 3(x + yi) + 3(x yi) 10 = 0
) 2(x2 + y2 ) + 3x + 3yi + 3x 3yi 10 = 0
) 2x2 + 6x + 2y2 10 = 0
x2 + 3x + y2 5 = 0
)
!2 !2
2 3 3
) x + 3x + + y2 5 = 0
2 2
!2
3 9
) x+ + y2 5 = 0
2 4
!2
3 29
) x+ + y2 =
2 4
! p
3 29
a circle with centre , 0 and radius .
2 2
b 2zz + (3 + i)z + (3 i)z 10 = 0

) 2(x + yi)(x yi) + (3 + i)(x + yi) + (3 i)(x yi) 10 = 0
) 2(x2 + y2 ) + 3x + xi + 3yi y + 3x xi 3yi y 10 = 0
) 2x2 + 2y2 + 6x 2y 10 = 0
) x2 + y2 + 3x y 5 = 0
!2 !2 !2 !2
2 3 3 2 1 1
) x + 3x + +y y+ 5=0
2 2 2 2
!2 !2
3 1 9 1
) x+ + y 5=0
2 2 4 4
!2 !2
3 1 15
) x+ + y =
2 2 2
! r p
3 1 15 30
a circle with centre , and radius = .
2 2 2 2
91
c ↵zz + z + z + =0
) ↵(x + yi)(x yi) + (x + yi) + (x yi) + =0
) ↵(x2 + y2 ) + x + yi + x yi + =0
) ↵(x2 + y2 ) + 2 x + =0
2 x
) x2 + y2 + x+ =0
↵ ↵
!2 !2
2 2
) x + x+ + y2 + =0
↵ ↵ ↵ ↵
!2 2
) x+ + y2 + =0
↵2 ↵
!2
2
↵
) x+ + y2 = 2
↵ ↵
! p
2 ↵
a circle with centre , 0 and radius .
↵ ↵
d Let = a + bi ) z=a bi
↵zz + z + z + =0
) ↵(x + yi)(x yi) + (a + bi)(x + yi) + (a bi)(x yi) + =0
) ↵(x2 + y2 ) + ax + bxi + ayi by + ax bxi ayi by + =0
) ↵(x2 + y2 ) + 2ax 2by + =0
2a 2b
) x 2 + y2 +
x y+ =0
↵ ↵ ↵
!2 !2 !2 !2
2 2a a a 2b b b
) x + x+ + y2 y+ + =0
↵ ↵ ↵ ↵ ↵ ↵ ↵
!2 !2
a b a2 b2
) x+ + y + =0
↵ ↵ ↵2 ↵2 ↵
!2 !2
a b a2 + b2 ↵
) x+ + y =
↵ ↵ ↵2
! p
a b a2 + b2 ↵
a circle with centre , and radius .
↵ ↵ ↵
92
15 a (cos ✓ + i sin ✓)5
! ! !
5 5 0 5 4 1 5
= (cos ✓) (i sin ✓) + (cos ✓) (i sin ✓) + (cos ✓)3 (i sin ✓)2
0 1 2
! ! !
5 2 3 5 1 4 5
+ (cos ✓) (i sin ✓) + (cos ✓) (i sin ✓) + (cos ✓)0 (i sin ✓)5
3 4 5
= cos5 ✓ + 5 cos4 ✓ sin ✓ i + 10 cos3 ✓ sin2 ✓ i2 + 10 cos2 ✓ sin3 ✓ i3
+ 5 cos ✓ sin4 ✓i4 + sin5 ✓i5
= cos5 ✓ + 5 cos4 ✓ sin ✓ i 10 cos3 ✓ sin2 ✓ 10 cos2 ✓ sin3 ✓ i
+ 5 cos ✓ sin4 ✓ + sin5 ✓i
= (cos5 ✓ 10 cos3 ✓ sin2 ✓ + 5 cos ✓ sin4 ✓)
+ (5 cos4 ✓ sin ✓ 10 cos2 ✓ sin3 ✓ + sin5 ✓)i 1
b (cos ✓ + i sin ✓)5 = (cis ✓)5

= cis 5✓ = cos 5✓ + i sin 5✓
From 1 in a
i cos 5✓ = cos5 ✓ 10 cos3 ✓ sin2 ✓ + 5 cos ✓ sin4 ✓

= cos5 ✓ 10 cos3 ✓ (1 cos2 ✓) + 5 cos ✓ (sin2 ✓)2
= cos5 ✓ 10 cos3 ✓ + 10 cos5 ✓ + 5 cos ✓ (1 cos2 ✓)2
= 11 cos5 ✓ 10 cos3 ✓ + 5 cos ✓ (1 2 cos2 ✓ + cos4 ✓)
= 11 cos5 ✓ 10 cos3 ✓ + 5 cos ✓ 10 cos3 ✓ + 5 cos5 ✓
= 16 cos5 ✓ 20 cos3 ✓ + 5 cos ✓, as required.
ii sin 5✓ = 5 cos4 ✓ sin ✓ 10 cos2 ✓ sin3 ✓ + sin5 ✓

= sin ✓ (5 cos4 ✓ 10 cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓ + sin4 ✓)
sin 5✓
) = 5 cos4 ✓ 10 cos2 ✓(1 cos2 ✓) + (sin2 ✓)2 , if sin ✓ , 0
sin ✓
= 5 cos4 ✓ 10 cos2 ✓ + 10 cos4 ✓ + (1 cos2 ✓)2
= 15 cos4 ✓ 10 cos2 ✓ + 1 2 cos2 ✓ + cos4 ✓
= 16 cos4 ✓ 12 cos2 ✓ + 1, as required.
93
16 a (1 + i)z + (1 i)z = 2
) (1 + i)(x + iy) + (1 i)(x iy) = 2 since z = x + iy and z = x iy
) x + ix + iy y+x ix iy y= 2
) 2x 2y = 2
) x y= 1
y= x+1
)
( )
⇡
z : (1 + i)z + (1 i)z = 2, Arg z  Im (z)
2
−1 0 Re (z)
p p
b i |z p(2 p 2 + i2 2)|  2 is the set of all points for which the distance
p 2from
(2p 2, 2 2) is less than or equal pto 2. It
p is represented by (x 2 2) + (y
2
2 2)  4, a disc
p with p centre (2 2, 2 2) and radius 2.
S = {z : |z (2 2 + i2 2)|  2} Im (z)
2 2+2
S
2 2
2 2−2
0 2 2−2 2 2 2 2+2 Re (z)
ii The minimum and maximum values of |z| occur along the line y = x, at z1 and z2
respectively on the diagram below.
Im (z)
y=x
2 2+2
z2
2 2
2 2−2 z1
0 2 2−2 2 2 2 2+2 Re (z)
94
⇡
Along the line y = x, z = rcis
4
p p
At the centre of the circle z = 2 2 + i2 2
q p p
and r = (2 2)2 + (2 2)2
p
= 8+8=4
) |z1 | = 4 2 = 2 and |z2 | = 4 + 2 = 6
The minimum and maximum values of |z| are 2 and 6.
iii The minimum and maximum values p of2 Arg(z) occur

p 2at the points of intersection
of the tangents to the circle (x 2 2) + (y 2 2) = 4 that also go through the
origin as shown in the following diagram by z3 and z4 .
Im (z)
E
D z
4 A
4 2
z3 B
O C Re (z)
By Pythagoras’ theorem, OA = 4 and AB = 2
1
) \AOB = sin 1
2
⇡
=
6
⇡
Now \AOC =
4
⇡
) \BOC =
12
⇡
By symmetry, \DOE =
12
⇡ ⇡
) \DOC =
2 12
5⇡
=
12
⇡ 5⇡
The minimum and maximum values of Arg(z) are and .
12 12
17 a z2 + 2z + 4 = 0
z2 + 2z + 1 + 3 = 0
p
(z + 1)2 ( 3i)2 = 0
p p
(z + 1 3i)(z + 1 + 3i) = 0
p
z= 1± 3i
95
p
✓ = tan 1 3 α −
⇡ •
=
3
q p θ
r = 12 + ( 3)2
=2
! !
2⇡ 2⇡
Therefore ↵ = 2cis or ↵ = 2cis •
3 3 β − −
! !
2⇡ 2⇡
= 2cis or = 2cis
3 3
!!3
3 2⇡
= 2cis
3
!
3 2⇡
= 2 cis 3 ⇥
3
= 8cis( 2⇡)
= 8cis 0
=8
!!3
3 2⇡
b ↵ = 2cis
3
!
3 2⇡
= 2 cis 3 ⇥
3
= 8cis 2⇡
= 8cis 0
=8
Therefore ↵3 = 3
p p
c ↵+ =( 1+ 3i) + ( 1 3i)
= 2
p p
↵ =( 1+ 3i) ( 1 3i)
p
= 2 3i
96
(z (↵ + ))(z (↵)) = 0
p
(z ( 2))(z (2 3i)) = 0
p
(z + 2)(z 2 3i) = 0
p p
z2 + 2z 2 3iz 4 3i = 0
p p
z2 + (2 2 3i)z 4 3i = 0
! !
2⇡ 2⇡
Alternatively, if ↵ = cis and = cis ,
3 3
p
then ↵ + = 2 and ↵ = 2 3i. p p
In this case, the quadratic equation is z2 + (2 + 2 3i)z + 4 3i
p p p p
d ↵ + ↵ = ( 1 + 3i)( 1 + 3i) + ( 1 3i)( 1 3i)
p p
= 1 2 3i + 3i2 + 1 + 2 3i + 3i2
=2 6
= 4
1
18 a i z=w+
w
1
= 2cis ✓ +
2cis ✓
1
= 2cis ✓ + cis( ✓)
2
1
ii z = 2(cos ✓ + i sin ✓) + (cos( ✓) + i sin( ✓))
2
1 1
= 2 cos ✓ + 2i sin ✓ + cos ✓ i sin ✓
2 2
5 3
= cos ✓ + i sin ✓ = x + iy
2 2
5 3
where x = cos ✓ and y = sin ✓
2 2
25 9
x2 = cos2 ✓ y2 = sin2 ✓
4 4
2 2
x 1 y 1
= cos2 ✓ = sin2 ✓
25 4 9 4
2 2
x y 1 1
+ = cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓
25 9 4 4
1 1
= (cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓) =
4 4
x2 y2 1
Therefore z lies on the ellipse with equation + = .
25 9 4
97
2
5 3
iii |z 2|2 = cos ✓ + i sin ✓ 2
2 2
! 2
5 3
= cos ✓ 2 + i sin ✓
2 2
!2 !2
5 3
= cos ✓ 2 + sin ✓
2 2
25 9
= cos2 ✓ 10 cos ✓ + 4 + sin2 ✓
4 4
9
= (cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓) + 4 cos2 ✓ 10 cos ✓ + 4
4
9
= + 4 10 cos ✓ + 4 cos2 ✓
4
25
= 10 cos ✓ + 4 cos2 ✓
4
!2
5
= 2 cos ✓ , as required.
2
5
iv |z 2| = 2 cos ✓
2
Since 1  cos ✓  1
2  2 cos ✓  2
2  2 cos ✓  2
1 5 9
 2 cos ✓ 
2 2 2
5
Therefore 2 cos ✓ > 0 for all ✓
2
5 5
Therefore 2 cos ✓ = 2 cos ✓
2 2
5
and hence |z 2| = 2 cos ✓ 1
2
98
2
5 3
Now |z + 2|2 = cos ✓ + i sin ✓ + 2
2 2
! 2
5 3
= cos ✓ + 2 + i sin ✓
2 2
!2 !2
5 3
= cos ✓ + 2 + sin ✓
2 2
25 9
= cos2 ✓ + 10 cos ✓ + 4 + sin2 ✓
4 4
9
= (cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓) + 4 cos2 ✓ + 10 cos ✓ + 4
4
9
= + 4 + 10 cos ✓ + 4 cos2 ✓
4
25
= + 10 cos ✓ + 4 cos2 ✓
4
!2
5
= + 2 cos ✓
2
5
|z + 2| = + 2 cos ✓
2
2  2 cos ✓  2
1 5 9
 + 2 cos ✓ 
2 2 2
5
Therefore + 2 cos ✓ > 0 for all ✓
2
5 5
Therefore + 2 cos ✓ = + 2 cos ✓
2 2
5
and hence |z + 2| = + 2 cos ✓ 2
2
From 1 and 2
5 5
|z 2| + |z + 2| = 2 cos ✓ + + 2 cos ✓
2 2
= 5, as required.
1
b i z=w
w
1 1
= 2icis ✓ = 2icis ✓ + icis( ✓)
2icis ✓ 2
99
1
ii z = 2i(cos ✓ + i sin ✓) + i(cos( ✓) + i sin( ✓))
2
1 1
= 2i cos ✓ 2 sin ✓ + i cos ✓ + sin ✓
2 2
3 5
= sin ✓ + i cos ✓
2 2
= x + iy
3 5
where x = sin ✓ and y = cos ✓
2 2
9 2 25
x2 = sin ✓ y2 = cos2 ✓
4 4
x2 1 2 y 2
1
= sin ✓ = cos2 ✓
9 4 25 4
2 2
y x 1 1
+ = cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓
25 9 4 4
1 1
= (cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓) =
4 4
y2 x2 1
Therefore z lies on the ellipse with equation + =
25 9 4
2
2 3 5
iii |z 2i| = sin ✓ + i cos ✓ 2i
2 2
!2
3 5
= sin ✓ + i cos ✓ 2
2 2
!2 !2
3 5
= sin ✓ + cos ✓ 2
2 2
9 2 25
= sin ✓ + cos2 ✓ 10 cos ✓ + 4
4 4
9
= (sin2 ✓ + cos2 ✓) + 4 cos2 ✓ 10 cos ✓ + 4
4
9
= + 4 10 cos ✓ + 4 cos2 ✓
4
25
= 10 cos ✓ + 4 cos2 ✓
4
!2
5
= 2 cos ✓ , as required.
2
100
5
|z 2i| = 2 cos ✓
2
2  2 cos ✓  2
2  2 cos ✓  2
1 5 9
 2 cos ✓ 
2 2 2
5
Therefore 2 cos ✓ > 0 for all ✓
2
5 5
Therefore 2 cos ✓ = 2 cos ✓
2 2
5
and hence |z 2i| = 2 cos ✓ 1
2
2
2 3 5
Now |z + 2i| = sin ✓ + i cos ✓ + 2i
2 2
!2
3 5
= sin ✓ + i cos ✓ + 2
2 2
!2 !2
3 5
= sin ✓ + cos ✓ + 2
2 2
9 2 25
= sin ✓ + cos2 ✓ + 10 cos ✓ + 4
4 4
9
= (sin2 ✓ + cos2 ✓) + 4 cos2 ✓ + 10 cos ✓ + 4
4
9
= + 4 + 10 cos ✓ + 4 cos2 ✓
4
25
= + 10 cos ✓ + 4 cos2 ✓
4
!2
5
= + 2 cos ✓
2
5
|z + 2i| = + 2 cos ✓
2
101
2  2 cos ✓  2
1 5 9
 + 2 cos ✓ 
2 2 2
5
Therefore + 2 cos ✓ > 0 for all ✓
2
5 5
Therefore + 2 cos ✓ = + 2 cos ✓
2 2
5
and hence |z + 2i| = + 2 cos ✓ 2
2
From 1 and 2
5 5
|z 2i| + |z + 2i| = 2 cos ✓ + + 2 cos ✓
2 2
= 5, as required.
102
Chapter 5 – Revision of Chapters 1 to 4
1 a + b = i + k and c = mi + nj 4 x=5)x= 1
m
Therefore by inspection if = 1 they 5 y= 1)y=6
n
are linearly dependent.
2 z= 3)z=1
Suppose that there exists real numbers p
This second parallelogram does not
and q such that
have the vertices in alphabetical
c = pa + qb
cyclic order.
mi + nj = p( 2i + 3j k) + q(i 3j + 2k)
m = 2p + q . . . (1) b Diagonals of a parallelgram
n = 3p 3q . . . (2) bisect each other. (Using first
parallelogram)
0 = p + 2q . . . (3)
Midpoint E of AC is (3, 3, 0)
From (3), p = 2q
Substitute in (1) and (2) c Let \BAC = ✓
! ! ! !
AB · AC = |AB||AC| cos ✓
m = 4q + q = 3q ! !
AB · AC = ( 5i + j + 3k) · (2i + 4j 4k)
n = 6q 3q = 3q
m = 10 + 4 12
) = 1
n = 18
The three vectors are linearly depen- p
m !
dent if = 1. They are linearly |AB| = 35
n
m !
independent if , 1. |AC| = 6
n p
3 35
) cos ✓ =
2 a A(2, 1, 2), B( 3, 2, 5) and C(4, 5, 2). 35
Consider the point D(x, y, z)
ABCD will form a parallelogram if 3 a ✓⇡◆ ✓⇡◆
! ! ! !
CD = AB or CD = BA cos2 + sin2 =1
! 12 12
CD = (4 x)i + (5 y)j + ( 2 z)k
! ✓⇡◆ ✓ 1 + p3 ◆2
AB = 5i + j + 3k cos2 =1 p
! ! 12 2 2
Therefore, if CD = AB p
4 x= 5)x=9 1 2 3+3
=1
5 y=1)y=4 8
p
2+ 3
2 z=3)z= 5 =
! ! 4
Therefore, if CD = BA p
✓⇡◆
1+ 5
b cos =
5 4
1
✓⇡◆ p p
4 1 5 3 i
i sec p ⇥
= p 7 z=
5 1+ 5 1 5 1 i✓
p ⇡◆
= 5 1 2cis p ✓⇡◆
6
z= p ✓ ⇡ ◆ = 2cis
✓⇡◆ ✓⇡◆ 12
2 2
2cis
ii tan = sec 1 4
5 5 ⇡
p ) Arg z =
=5 2 5 12
4 z4 z2 12 = 0 8 P(z) = z3 6z3 2z2 + 17z 10

P(1) = 0 ) z 1 is a factor.
(z2 4)(z2 + 3) = 0 P(2) = 0 ) z 2 is a factor.
z2 = 4 or z2 = 3 ) P(z) = (z 1)(z 2)Q(z) =
p (z2 3z + 2)Q(z) where Q(z) is a cubic
z = ±2, ± 3i
factor.
By inspection or long division or by us-
5 Let a = 3i + 2j k and b = 2i + j + 2k ing the method of equating coefficients
a·b
Vector resolute = b Q(z) = z3 + 3z2 + z 5
b·b
Also Q(z) = (z 1)(z2 + 4z + 5) =
2
= (2i + j + 2k) (z 1)((z + 2)2 + 1)
3
Hence
4 2 4
= i+ j+ k P(z) = 0
3 3 3
Vector resolute perpendicular to b , (z 1)2 (z 2)((z + 2)2 + 1) = 0
4 2 4
= 3i + 2j k ( i + j + k) , z = 1 or z = 2 or z = 2 ± i
3 3 3
5 4 7
= i+ j k !
3 3 3 9 a OA = 2i + 2j + k
!
OB = i + 2j + k
6 f (x) = 3 arcsin(2x + 1) + 4 ! ! !
AB = OB + AO = i + 2j + k = i
For maximal domain
1 2x + 1  1 b Let \AOB = ✓
2 2x  0 The scalar product gives that
! !
OA · OB
1 x  0 cos ✓ = ! !
Maximal domain = [ 1, 0] |OA||OB p
Range: 7 7 6
) cos ✓ = p =
3⇡ 3 6 18
f ( 1) = 3 arcsin( 1) + 4 = 4
2
3⇡ c Area 4AOB =
f (0) = 3 arcsin(1) + 4 = 4 + ✓ ✓ 7 p6 ◆◆
2 ! !
 8 3⇡ 8 + 3⇡ |OA||OB sin arccos
Range = , 18
2 2
2
s
✓ ✓ 7 p6 ◆◆ ✓ 7 p6 ◆2 c 2b + 3c = ( 2i + 3j 4k) + (6i +
sin arccos = 1 3j 3k) = 4i + 6j 7k
18 18
p
5
Area 4AOB = d From (c), 2b + 3c = 4i + 6j 7k =
2 7
2a if m =
2
✓ ⇡x ◆
2
10 sec =2 0<x<6
3 12
✓ ⇡x ◆ p
sec2 =± 2 4 cos x = 2 cot x
3 cos x
✓ ⇡x ◆ 1 4 cos x 2 =0
cos =±p sin x
3 2 4 cos x sin x 2 cos x = 0
First consider
✓ ⇡x ◆ cos x(2 sin x 1) = 0
1
cos = p 1
3 2 cos x = 0 or sin x =
2
⇡x ⇡ 7⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 5⇡
= or x = (2n + 1) , + 2n⇡, + 2n⇡, n 2 Z.
3 4 4 2 6 6
3 21
x = or
4 4
13 a z3 2z2 + 2z 1 = (z 1)(z2 z + 1)
Next consider
z3 2z2 + 2z 1 = 0
✓ ⇡x ◆ 1
cos = p (z 1)(z2 z + 1) = 0
3 2
⇡x 3⇡ 5⇡ z = 1 or z2 z+1=0
= or p
3 4 4 1 ± 3i
9 15 z = 1 or z =
x = or 2
4 4 ✓⇡◆ ✓ ⇡◆
Points of intesection are:
✓ 3 ◆ ✓ 9 ◆ ✓ 15 ◆ ✓ 21 ◆ b z = cis0, cis , cis
3 3
,2 , ,2 , ,2 , ,2
4 4 4 4 c
Im z
p
11 a |a|
p = 4 + 9 + mp
2
1 π
4 + 9 + m2 = 38 cis
3
13 + m2 = 38
m2 = 25 cis 0
Re z
m = ±5 −1 0
b a perpendicular to b ) a · b = 0
9 −π
) 2 + + 2m = 0 cis
3
2 −1
5
m=
4
3
p ✓⇡◆
x y 3
14 z = 3 + i = 2cis = =
✓⇡◆ 6 y + 12 x + 8 5
2
z = 4cis Therefore
3◆
✓⇡
z3 = 8cis 5x 3y = 36 . . . (1)
2
Im z 3x + 5y = 24 . . . (2)
z3
Solving for x
x = 15.75 cm
4 z2
2
z
Re z
16 a sin(4x) = cos(2x)
−8 −4 −2 0 2 4 8
2 sin 2x cos 2x cos 2x = 0
−2
−4 cos 2x(2 sin 2x 1) = 0

1
cos 2x = 0 or sin 2x =
−8 2
⇡ 3⇡ ⇡ 5⇡
2x = or or 2x = or
2 2 6 6
15 a Case 1 Chords on same side of ⇡ 3⇡ ⇡ 5⇡
centre Let x cm be the perpendicular x = or or x = or
4 4 12 12
distance from the centre to the chord
b i cosec(4x) = sec(2x) ) sin(4x) =
AB. Then 16 + x2 = 400
cos(2x)
x2 = 384 The equation components are not
p ⇡ 3⇡
x=8 6 defined at x = or
Let y cm be the perpendicular 4 4
Therefore x values of points of
distance from the centre to the chord ⇡ 5⇡
intersection are x = or
AB. 12 12
Points of
p intersectionpare
Then ✓ ⇡ 2 3 ◆ ✓ 5⇡ 2 3 ◆
36 + x2 = 400 ,
12 3
,
12
,
2
p
x = 2 91
Therefore
p distance between =
p
8 6 2 91
Case 2 Chords on di↵erent side of
centre p p
Distance between = 8 6 + 2 91
b 4PAC ⇠ 4PDB (AAA)

PA PC
) =
PD PB
Let PA = x cm and PC = y cm
4
! p
ii 18 a Let a = OA = i + 3j
y !
and b = OB = 3i 4k
If P is a point on AB the there exists
2 R such that
! !
AP = AB
! ! !
1 ) OP = OA + AB
x
0 π π 3π π
−1 4 2 4
= a + (b a)
= (1 )a + b
p
= (1 )(i + 3j) + (3i 4k)
p
= (1 + 2 )i + 3(1 )j 4 k
c y
2π !
b Let OA0 = â be the unit vector in the
dirction of a
π !
Let OB0 = b̂ be the unit vector in the
dirction of b
x
0 4 The 4A0 OB0 is isosceles.
Let M be the midpoint of A0 B0 then
17 a OM bisects angle \AOB.
! 1
f (1 + i) OM = (â + b̂)
2
= (1 + i)3 (5 + i)(1 + i)2 + (17 + 4i)(1 + i) 13 13i 1 1 p 1
2 = ( (i + 3j) + (3i 4k))
Now (1 + i) = 2i 2 2 5
p
(1 + i)3 = 2 + 2i 11 3 2
= i+ j k
f (1 + i) = 2 + 2i 2i(5 + i) + (17 + 4i)(1 + i) 13 13i 20 4 5
Let OM extended meet AB at P
=0
) z 1 i is a factor. Then for some realpnumber
✓ 11 3 2 ◆
!
µ, OP = µ i+ j k
b f (z) = (z 1 i)(z + az + b) for some 20 4 5
From (a) p
a, b !
OP = (1 + 2 )i + 3(1 )j) 4 k
We can see that 4
13 13i 1+i Hence =
b= = 13 ⇥ = 13 7
1 i 1+i
Similarly a = 4
Finally, 19 a f (z) = z2 + aiz + b, a , 0
f (z) = (z 1 i)(z2 4z + 13)
= (z 1 i)(z2 4z + 4 + 9)
= (z 1 i)((z 2)2 (3i)2 )
= (z 1 i)(z 2 3i)(z 2 + 3i)
5
 1 d 1 d  ⇡b ⇡b
z2 + aiz + b = 0 21 a , , a ,a +
p c c 2 2
a2 i2 4b
ai ±
z= b y
2
p 4π
ai ± a2 4b 3π
=
2
p 2π
ai ± i a2 + 4b π
=
2 x
a2 −2 −1 0
Imaginary solutions b 3 3
4
p
b i z2 + 2iz + 1 = 0 13
a = 2, b = 1p 22 a (3i + 2 j)
13
2i ± i 22 + 4 p
)z= = ( 1 ± 2)i 10
2
b i (3i + 2 j)
13
ii z2 2iz 1 = 0 p
a = 2, b =
p 1 10 13
2
2i ± i ( 2) 4 ii
)z= =i 13
2
iii z2 + 2iz 2 = 0 23 a 4i + 2j 3k = m(2i 2j + 5k) +

a = 2, b = p2 n( i + 2j 6k)
2i ± i 4i 4 = 2m n . . . (1)
)z= = ±1 i
2
2 = 2m + 2n . . . (2)
20 a 3 = 5m 6n . . . (3)
f (z) = (z + 1)(z + (1 i))(z + (1 + i)) Add (1) and (2)
2
= (z + 1)(z + z(1 i + 1 + i) + 2) n= 2
2
= (z + 1)(z + 2z + 2) From (1)m = 3
3 2 2
= z + 2z + 2z + z + 2z + 2
!
b OP = c
= z3 + 3z2 + 4z + 2
Therefore a = 3, b = 4 and c = 2. !
) OP = 4 i + 2 j 3 k
b The solutions have the same modulus P is a point on AB
2⇡ There is a real number µ such that
and there Arguments di↵er by !
3✓ ◆ OP = (1 µ)a + µb
⇡ !
The two given solutions are 2cis ) OP = (2 3µ)i + (4µ 2)j + (5
✓ ⇡◆ 6
11µ)k
and 2cis . The third solution is
✓ 5⇡ ◆ 2 p Hence
2cis = 3+i
6
6
2 3µ = 4 . . . (1)
4µ 2 = 2 . . . (2)
5 11µ = 3 . . . (3)
1
=
5
7
1 3⇡ By hand: p
1 A sin x = where ⇡  x 
5 2 tan x = ± 3
y
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
-2 6 ) x = ,⇡ , ⇡ + , 2⇡
x 3 3 3 3
x
⇡ 2⇡ 4⇡ 5⇡
-1 ) x= , , ,
5 3 3 3 3
5 E The given graph has an x-intercept
2⇡
p at . Thus to determine the correct
1 6 3
) tan x = p = rule a substitution technique will be
2 6 12
used on a CAS calculator.
⇡ For responses A, B and C
2 D cos x = a where  x  ⇡
p 2
sin x = ± 1 cos2 x
p ⇡
= + 1 a2 as  x  ⇡
p2
) sin(x + ⇡) = sin x = 1 a2
p
⇣ ⇡⌘ 3
3 E sin 2x + = , ⇡x⇡
3 2
The quickest way to determine the
number of solutions to the above
equation is to use solve on CAS
calculator. For responses D and E
There are four solutions. Since the rule of response E is the

2⇡
4 E tan2 x = 3, 0  x  2⇡ only rule that has a root at , it is
3
Using CAS the correct rule for the given graph.
!
5⇡
6 C y = 3 tan 2x +
6
The y-intercept occurs when x = 0.
8
!
5⇡ b
) y = 3 tan y = ± (x h) + k.
6 a
! Here, a = 3, b = 4, h = 1, k = 2
⇡ Therefore the asymptotes are:
= 3 tan ⇡ 4
6 y = ± (x + 1) + 2
! 3
⇡ 4 4
= 3 tan y = (x + 1) + 2 and y = (x + 1) + 2
6 3 3
3 4 10 4 2
= p ) y= x+ and y = x+
3 3 3 3 3
p
= 3 10 D y
p
) The y-intercept is (0, 3)
7 D x-intercept occurs
! when y = 0. x
x
) 2 cos ⇡ =0
3 (-2 , – 2) (4 , – 2)
!
x
) cos ⇡ =0
3
!
x Since the endpoints are ( 2, 2) and
) cos =0
3 (4, 2), the diameter is 6 implying
! that the radius of the circle is 3.
x
) cos =0 Also, the centre of the circle is the
3
x ⇡ midpoint of the two endpoints.
!
) = 2+4 2 2
3 2 M= , = (1, 2)
2 2
3⇡
) x= Therefore the equation of the circle
2
must have radius 3 and centre
!
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ (1, 2).
8 C y = 2 tan 3x , x
3 2 2
!! 11 B Response A and C are both incorrect
⇡
) y = 2 tan 3 x as the given graph does not have its
9
Asymptotes occur when: centre at ( 2, 0).
(2k + 1)⇡ ⇡ Response E is also incorrect as
x= +
2n 9 represents the graph of a hyperbola.
(2k + 1)⇡ ⇡
) x= + Since the centre is on the x-axis the
6 9
7⇡ ⇡ 5⇡ length of the major axes is 6 units.
) x= , , Half of this is 3 which implies that
18 18 18
a = 3.
(x + 1)2 (y 2)2
9 C =1
9 16
The equations of asymptotes of a
hyperbola are given by the equation
9
14 D x 2 + y2 6x + 8y = 0
b
) (x2 6x + 9) + (y2 + 8y + 16) = 25
3
) (x 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 25
Centre is (3, 4)
6 p 15 E (x 1)2 + (y + 2)2 = 1
For response D, a = 3. Thus
y
response D is incorrect.
For response B, a = 3.
Also, by using a CAS calculator x
it is clear that response B has a
y-intercept
p of
4 5
and response B does not.
3 (1 , – 2)
Since tangent lines are of the form
x = k, from the sketch above this
implies that x = 0 or x = 2.
16 B x2 2x = y2
) (x2 2x + 1) y2 = 1
) (x 1)2 y2 = 1
i.e. a hyperbola with centre (1, 0)
17 C a = 2i + 3j 4k, b = i + 2j 2k
12 A Since two sides and the and c = 3j + 4k
included angle are given, the a 2b c = (2, 3, 4)
cosine rule should be used.
i.e. l2 = 72 + 82 2(7)(8) cos(130 ) ( 2, 4, 4)
) l2 = 49 + 64 2(7)(8) cos(180 50) (0, 3, 4)

) l2 = 49 + 64 2(7)(8) ⇥ cos(50 ) = (4, 2, 4)
) l2 = 49 + 64 + 2(7)(8) cos(50 ) = 4i + 2j 4k
x 2 y2 18 D Let u = i 2j + 2k
13 D + =1 1
9 25 ) û = (i 2j + 2k)
When y = 0: 3
Opposite direction:
x2 = 9 1
) x = ±3 ) ( i + 2j 2k)
3
Therefore the x-axis intercepts are Magnitude of 6:
( 3, 0) and (3, 0). 6
) ( i + 2j 2k)
3
) 2i + 4j 4k
Therefore 2i + 4j 4k is a vector
10
of magnitude 6 and with direction ) b = 2a 6
opposite to i 2j + 2k. So, for u and v to be perpendicular to
each other the equation b = 2a 6
19 B a = 2i 3j k, b = 2i + 3j 6k must be satisfied.
|b| = 7 Testing all responses with this
a·b= 4 9+6= 7 equation reveals that C is the correct
(a · b)
) (a · b̂) · b̂ = b response.
|b|2
7 24 E u = i + aj 4k, v = bi 2j + 3k
= b
49 u and v are parallel to each other
1
= b when u = kv, where k 2 R\{0}
7
) (1, a, 4) = k(b, 2, 3)
1
= ( 2i + 3j 6k) ) 1 = kb 1
7
1 a = 2k 2
= (2i 3j + 6k)
7 4 = 3k 3
20 A a = 3i 5j + k 4
From 3 , k =
By inspection, response A is in the 3
8 3
form ka and is therefore a vector that ) a = and b =
3 4
is parallel to a. Hence response A is
a vector which is not perpendicular 25 A a = i 5j + k, b = 2i j + 2k
to a. |b| = 3
a·b=2+5+2=9
21 E a = i 3j + 5k Perpendicular component is
p p a·b
) |a| = 12 + ( 3)2 + 52 = 35 a (a · b̂)b̂ = a b
|b|2
p p !
9
22 D u = 2ip 2j + k, v = i + 2j k =a b
9
|u| = 7 and |v| = 2
=a b
u·v=2 2 1= 1
u·v = (1, 5, 1) (2, 1, 2)
) cos ✓ =
|u||v|
= ( 1, 4, 1)
1
) cos ✓ = p = i 4j k
2 7
!
1 1 ! !
) ✓ = cos p 26 C AB · BC = 0
2 7
) ✓ = 100.89 C
23 C u = 2i aj k, v = 3i + 2j bk
u and v are perpendicular to each
other when u · v = 0 A B
) 6 2a + b = 0
11
! ! !
For this situation to be true the vector PQ = OQ OP = 2i 3j + 2k
! !
resolute of AC in the direction of AB ! ! !
! QR = OR OQ = i + (p + 2)j
must be AB.
+ (q 1)k
27 C u=i j k, v = 4i + 12j 3k Applying PQ = nQR, we have
u · v = (i j k) · (4i + 12j 3k) 2=n 1
= 1 ⇥ 4 + 1 ⇥ 12 + 1 ⇥ 3 3 = n(p + 2) 2
=4 12 + 3 2 = n(q 1) 3
Substituting 1 into 2 gives
= 5
3 = 2(p + 2)
3
28 B a = 3i + 2j k, b = 6i 3j + 2k ) = p+2
2
The scalar resolute is a · b̂
1 1
) a · b̂ = (3i + 2j k) · (6i 3j + 2k) ) p=
7 2
1 Substituting 1 into 3 gives
= (18 6 2) 2 = 2(q 1)
7
10 ) 1=q 1
=
7 ) q=0
29 C a = 3i 5j 2k, b = 2i 3j 4k 3 4
32 E tan ↵ = and tan =
a b = i 2j + 2k 4 3
Let u = a b
Then, α
1 5
û = (i 2j + 2k) 4
3
Thus a unit vector in the direction of
1
a b is (i 2j + 2k) β
3 3
From the above triangle:
30 C (2i + 3j + k) · (i 4j + k) 3 4 4
sin ↵ = , cos ↵ = , sin = and
=2⇥1+3⇥ 4+1⇥1 5 5 5
3
=2 12 + 1 cos =
5
sin(↵ + ) = sin ↵ cos + cos ↵ sin
= 9
3 3 4 4
! ! = ⇥ + ⇥
31 C OP = 3i + j k, OQ = i 2j + k and 5 5 5 5
! 9 16
OR = 2i + pj + qk = +
Since P, Q and R are collinear then 25 25
PQ = nQR, where n 2 R\{0}. 25
=
25
=1
33 C a = 3i + 4j, b = 2i j, x = i + 5j
12
!
and x = sa + tb 1 2
q p=k p+ q q
) i + 5j = (3s + 2t)i + (4s t)j 3 3
Equating components gives: !
1 1
3s + 2t = 1 1 =k p q
3 3
4s t = 5 2 k
= (p q)
2⇥ 2 + 1: 3
) k= 3
11s = 11
For response E:
) s=1 q p = k(2p q q)
Substituting s = 1 into 1 gives
= k(2p 2q)
2t = 2
) t= 1 = 2k(p q)
1
! ! ) k=
34 C OP = p, OQ = q and O, P and Q are 2
Response C contains the vector that
not collinear.
is not collinear with P and Q.
Let R be the vector for each
response. 35 E cos2 ✓ + 3 sin2 ✓
We are required to find the response
that is not collinear with P and Q. = cos2 ✓ + 3(1 cos2 ✓)
i.e. there is no such k such that = 3 2 cos2 ✓
PQ = kQR !
1
For response A: = 3 2 (cos 2✓ + 1)
! 2
1 1
q p=k p+ q q = 3 cos 2✓ 1
2 2
!
1 1 = 2 cos 2✓
=k p q You may also sketch the graph of
2 2
cos ✓ + 3 sin2 ✓ against the graph of
2
k
= (p q) all of the responses to confirm this
2
) k= 2 answer.
For response B: p ! p !
1 3 1 3
q p = k(3p 2q q) 36 E cos sin
2 2
= k(3p 3q) The restricted"domain # sin x
of
⇡ ⇡
= 3k(p q) and cos x are , and [0, ⇡]
2 2
1
) k= respectively. p p
3 ! !
For response C: 5⇡ 3 ⇡ 3
cos = , sin =
q p = k(p q q) 6 2 3 2
= k(p 2q)
No k exists
For response D:
13
p ! p !
1 3 1 3 Or using CAS
) cos sin
2 2
!
5⇡ ⇡
=
6 3
5⇡ ⇡
= + p
6 3
40 A z = 1 i 3
7⇡
= Im z
6
Re z
θ
! ! !
37 B PQ = 2QR, OQ = 3i 2j and
!
OR = i + 3j
Let P be the position vector xi + yj p ⇡
! ✓ = tan 1 ( 3) =
QR = 2i + 5j and 3
! ⇡ ⇡ 2⇡
PQ = (3 x)i (2 + y)j ) Arg(z) = =
Since PQ = 2QR and PQR is a 2 6 3
Or using CAS
straight line
3 x= 4 and 2 + y = 10
) x=7 and y = 12
!
) OP = 7i 12j
! !
38 E OP = 2i 2j + k, PQ = 2i + 2j k 41 C (pi + 2j 3pk) · (⇢i + k) = p2 3p
! ! ! For the two vectors to be perpendic-
OQ = OP + PQ = 4i
! p ular to each other the dot product of
) OQ = 42 = 4 the two vectors must equal zero.
) p2 3p = 0
39 B z1 = 2 i, z2 = 3 + 4i
z2 3 + 4i ) p(p 3) = 0
=
z1 2 i
) p = 0 or p = 3
(3 + 4i)(2 + i)
=
22 + 12 42 B 2 + 3i is a root and since all the
2 + 11i coefficients of the polynomial are
=
5 real this implies that 2 3i is also a
2 11 root.
= + i
5 s5 ) (z 2 3i)(z 2 + 3i)
2 " !2 !2 #2
z2 2 11
) = + = z2 2z + 3zi 2z
z1 5 5
4 121 +4 6i 3zi + 6i + 9
= +
25 25 = z2 4z + 13
125
=
25
=5
14
z 1 Y
⌘
2
z 4z + 13 z3 5z2 + 17z 13
Z
z3 4z2 + 13z
z2 + 4z 13
z2 + 4z 13 O X
! ! !
0 XZ = OZ OX
Therefore the other two roots are 1 ! ! !
2 3i and 1 = (3OX + 4OY) OX
7
Or using the TI-nspire CAS 1 ! !
calculator = (4OY 4OX)
7
1 ! !
= (OY OX)
7
! ! !
ZY = OY OZ
! 1 ! !
= OY (3OX + 4OY)
(cos 60 + i sin 60 )4 7
43 A 3 ! 3 !
(cos 30 + i sin 30 )2 = OY OX
7 7
(cis 60 )4
= 3 ! !
(cis 30 )2 = (OY OX)
7
cis(4 ⇥ 60 ) ! 4!
= Hence XZ = ZY, so that
cis(2 ⇥ 30 ) 3
! 4 !
cis 240 |XZ| = |ZY|
= 3
cis 60 !
XZ 4
= cis(240 60 ) i.e. ! =
ZY 3
= cis 180
⇡ ⇡ 1
= 1 45 C tan = 1 and sin = p
4 4 2!!
Or using CAS 1
) cos tan 1 (1) + sin 1 p
2
!
⇡ ⇡
= cos +
4 4
!
⇡
= cos
2
=0
1
46 A Let x + iy =
3 + 4i
! ! ! 1 3 4i
44 D 3OX + 4OY = 7OZ =
3 + 4i 32 + 42
1 3 4
) = i
3 + 4i 25 25
15
3 4 51 D The restricted
) x= and y= " domain# and range
25 45 ⇡ ⇡
of sin x are , and [ 1, 1]
47 B a = 2i + 3j + 4k, b = i + pj + k 2 2
respectively.
If a and b are perpendicular to each
Thus the restricted domain of sin 1 x
other then a · b = 0
is [ 1, 1]. Therefore sin 1 (2x 1) is
a · b = 2 + 3p + 4 = 3p + 6
defined when
) 3p + 6 = 0
1  2x 1  1
) p= 2
) 0  2x  2
1 ) 0x1
48 E z=
1 i ! !
cis 0 ⇡ ⇡
= ! 52 E u = 3 cis , v = 2cis
p 4 2
⇡ !
2cis ⇡ ⇡
4 ) uv = (3 ⇥ 2) cis +
!! 4 2
1 ⇡ !
= p cis 0 3⇡
2 4 = 6 cis
! 4
1 ⇡
= p cis 53 A The restricted domain of cos x is
2 4
1 ⇡ [0, ⇡] !
) r = p and ✓ = 2⇡ 1
2 4 cos =
3 2
3 3⇡ !
49 A cos x = ,⇡ < x < 1 2⇡
5 2 ) cos 1 =
2 3
y " !# !
-3 1 1 2⇡
x ) sin cos = sin
x 2 3
!
-4 ⇡
5 = sin ⇡
3
!
⇡
= sin
3
4 4 p
) tan x = = 3
3 3 =
2
50 C "The restricted
# domain of sin x is p
⇡ ⇡ 54 C |12p 5i| = 122 + ( 5)2
,
2 2 = 169 = 13
! p
⇡ 3 !
sin = p ⇡
3 2 55 C 3 j = 2 cis
p !
3 ⇡ 6
) sin 1 = !
2 3 p 3⇡
1 i = 2 cis
4
16
!
⇡ 1
p 2 cis 58 C tan ✓ =
3 i 6 3
) = ! 2 tan ✓
1 i p 3⇡ tan 2✓ =
2 cis 1 tan2 ✓
4 1
p ! 2⇥
3 i 2 ⇡ 3⇡ 3
) = p cis + = !2
1 i 2 6 4 1
p
! 1
7⇡ 3
= 2cis
12 2 9
Or using CAS = ⇥
3 8
3
=
4
59 E
cos4 ✓ sin4 ✓
= (cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓)(cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓)
= cos2 ✓ sin2 ✓
= cos 2✓
Response A is identical to
56 D x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 response C.
= b2 4ac = 9 4 = 5 Recall that cos(2k✓) = 2 cos2 (k✓) 1
1
Since > 0 there are two real roots. Putting k = gives:
2 !
! ✓
p ⇡ cos ✓ = 2 cos2 1
57 B 1 i = 2cis 2
4 !
p
! 2 ✓
⇡ ) 1 + cos ✓ = 2 cos
3 + j = 2cis 2
6 Response D is identical to B.
p
1 i 3+i Therefore response E is not identical
) p ⇥
2 2 to any of the others.
! !
p ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
2cis 2cis 60 C 1 + cos 2✓ + i sin 2✓, 0 < ✓ <
4 6 2
= p ⇥
2 2 1 + cos 2✓ + i sin 2✓
! !
⇡ ⇡ = 1 + 2 cos2 ✓ 1 + i 2 sin ✓ cos ✓
= cis ⇥ cis
4 6 = 2 cos2 ✓ + i 2 sin ✓ cos ✓
!
⇡ ⇡
= cis +
4 6
!
⇡
= cis
12
17
) |1 + cos 2✓ + i sin 2✓|
p
= (2 cos2 ✓)2 + (2 sin ✓ cos ✓)2
p
= 4 cos4 ✓ + 4 sin2 ✓ cos2 ✓
q
= 4 cos2 ✓(cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓)
Therefore response B is the quadratic
p
= 4 cos2 ✓ with roots 2 + 3i and 2 3i.
= 2 cos ✓, since cos ✓ > 0 1 1 11
63 A tan + tan = tan 1 x
2 3 !
61 D Let z q= 1 + cos ✓ + i sin ✓ 1 1 1 1
) x = tan tan + tan
|z| = (1 + cos ✓)2 + sin2 ✓ 2 3
p ! !
1 1 1 1
= 1 + 2 cos ✓ + cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓ tan tan + tan tan
p 2 3
= 2 + 2 cos ✓ = ! !
1
1 1
1
p 1 tan tan tan tan
= 2(1 + cos ✓) 2 3
From question
! 59: 1 1
✓ +
2 cos2 = 1 + cos ✓ = 2 3
2 1
s ! 1
✓ 6
) |z| = 4 cos 2 5 6
2 ) x= ⇥ =1
6 5
!
✓
) |z| = 2 cos 64 D cosec2 ✓ cot2 ✓
2
= 1 + cot2 ✓ cot2 ✓ = 1
62 B Using a CAS calculator Response B is identical to
for each response we have: response C.
sin ✓ cos ✓
tan ✓ + cot ✓ = +
cos ✓ sin ✓
sin2 ✓ + cos2 ✓
=
cos ✓ sin ✓
1
=
cos ✓ sin ✓
2
=
2 cos x sin x
2
=
2 sin ✓
= 2cosec 2✓
Response A is identical to
response E.
Therefore response D is not identical
to any of the others.
18
65 C |z 2| |z + 2| = 0 ) x = 0 ) x2 + (y2 2y + 1) = 1
) x2 + (y 1)2 = 1
66 B A relation in the form Circle with centre (0, 1) and radius 1.
|z (a + bi)| = r Response D
defines a circle with centre (a, b) and |z 1| = 2 is a circle with centre
radius r. (1, 0) and radius 2.
) |z (2 i)| = 6 is a circle with centre Response E
(2, 1) and radius 6. |z| = 2i
Let
q z = x + iy
67 D z = x + iy
The given graph appears to be the ) x2 + y2 = 2i
equation y = x (in Cartesian form). ) x2 + y2 = 4i2
So, using complex relations,
) x 2 + y2 = 4
Im(z) = Re(z)
Not a circle
) Im(z) + Re(z) = 0
70 D Let z = x + iy
68 C |z 2| |z 2i| = 0
Response A
) |z 2| = |z 2i|
Im(z) = 0 ) y = 0 i.e. a line
Let z = x + iy
Response B
) |(x 2) + iy| = |x + (y 2)i|
Im(z) + Re(z) = 1
Applying the modulus
p p ) y + x = 1 i.e. a line
) (x 2) + y2 = x2 + (y 2)2
2
Response C
Squaring both sides gives:
z+z=4
(x 2)2 + y2 = x2 + (y 2)2
) (x + iy) + (x iy) = 4
) x2 4x + 4 + y2 = x2 + y2 4y + 4 ) 2x = 4 i.e. a line
) y=x Response D
i.e. a straight line ⇡
Arg(z) =
4
69 E Response A Is a ray (not a line) starting from
|z| = 2 is a circle with centre (0, 0) the point (0, 0) following the
⇡
and radius 2. direction .
4
Response B Im(z)
|z i| = 2 is a circle with centre (0, 1)

and radius 2.
Response C
π
Let z = x + iy 4
Re(z)
iZ = ix y
Response E
) 2Re(iz) = 2y
Re(z) = Im(z)
zz = (x + iy)(x iy) = x2 + y2
) x = y i.e. a line
) zz + 2Re(iz) = 0 becomes
x2 + y2 2y = 0 ! ! !
71 C PQ = 5i, PR = i + j + 2k, RM = i
19
For the angle RQM to be a right iz = i(2 i) = 1 + 2i = Q
! !
angle RQ · QM = 0 Response C
! ! ! z = (2 i) = 2 + i , Q
RQ = RP + PQ
Response D
= i j 2k + 5i
iz = i(2 i) = 1 2i , Q
= 4i j 2k Response E
! ! ! ! zz = (2 + i)(2 i) = 5 , Q
QM = QP + PR + RM
= 5i + i + j + 2k + i 74 E Let z = x + iy
=( 4)i + j + 2k z = x + iy
! ! 1 x iy
RQ · QM = 4( 4) 1 4 z 1= = 2
z x + y2
) 4( 4) 5 = 0 x yi
z 1= 2
5 x + y2
) 4=
4
21
) =
4
! !
72 D OA = 6i j + 8k, OB = 3 + 4j 2k
and AP:PB = 1:2
! 2 !
) BP = BA
3
!
BA = 9i 5j + 10k
! ! !
) OP = OB + BP
= 3i + 4j 2k z 1 and z 1 run along the dotted
lines but never move past z and z
2
+ (9i 5j + 10k) respectively. Hence the points make
3
2 14 a trapezium.
= 3i + j + k
3 3
75 B
73 B P = 2 + i = z and Q = 1 + 2i
Response A 76 B
z=2 i,Q
77 D
Response B
20
1 P
B
b
A a
O
! 3 !
a i AP = AB
2
3 ! !
= (OB OA)
2
3
= (b a)
2
! ! ! !
ii OP = r and OP = OA + AP
3
) r = a + (b a)
2
1
= (3b a)
2
! ! !
b i AB = OB OA
= (2i + 2j) i
= i + 2j
! ! !
BC = OC OB
= (4i + j) (2i + 2j)
= 2i j
! p
ii |AB| = 12 + 22
p
= 5
! p
| BC| = 22 + ( 1)2
p
= 5
! !
Hence AB and BC have the same magnitude.
! !
iii AB · BC = (i + 2j) · (2i j)
= 1 ⇥ 2 + 2 ⇥ ( 1)
=0
21
! !
Since the scalar product AB · BC = 0, AB is perpendicular to BC.
iv Method 1:
Plot the points A, B, C using their Cartesian coordinates.
Since CD is parallel to AB its gradient is 2.

For C, move 2 down and 1 back.
1
This gives D(3, 1) and checking shows the gradient of AD is , The
2
same as BC.
!
So OD = 3o j
Method 2:
!
As in given solution, CD = (x 4)i + (y 1)j
And the dot product gives y = 2x 7 1
!
Similarly, AD = (x 1)i + yj and
!
The dot product with CD gives (x 1)(x 4) + y(y 1) = 0 2
Substituting 1 into 2 and simplifying gives
x2 7x + 12 = 0
(x 3)(x 4) = 0
x = 3 or x = 4
!
But x = 4 corresponds to point D, which would make CD = 0.
So x = 3 and then y = 1.
!
Hence CD = 3i j.
! ! !
c AP = OP OA
= (xi + yj + zk) (8i)
= (x 8)i + yj + zk
! ! !
BP = OP OB
= (xi + yj + zk) (10j)
= xi + (y 10)j + zk
P is equidistant from O, A and B,
) OP = AP = BP
22
q
!
OP = |OP| = x2 + y2 + z2 1
q
!
AP = |AP| = (x 8)2 + y2 + z2 2
q
!
BP = | BP| = x2 + (y 10)2 + z2 3
Equating
q 1 and 2 yields
q
x 2 + y + z2 = (x 8)2 + y2 + z2
) x2 + y2 + z2 = (x 8)2 + y2 + z2
) x2 = x2 16x + 64
) 16x = 64
) x=4
Equating
q 1 and 3 yields
q
x2 + y2 + z2 = x2 + (y 10)2 + z2
) x2 + y2 + z2 = x2 + (y 10)2 + z2
) y2 = y2 20y + 100
) 20y = 100
) y=5
Since OAB is in the i–j plane, and P is at a distance of 2 above the triangle, the k
!
component of OP is 2, i.e., z = 2.
2 a i |z|  2 is represented by a disc with centre (0, 0) and radius 2,

i.e. x2 + y2  2
Let z = x + iy, x, y 2 R
Re(z) = x, Im(z) = y
) Im(z) + Re(z) = y + x
) Im(z) + Re(z) 4
becomes y + x 4
) y 4 x
) S 1 = {(x, y) : x + y2  2} and T 1 = {(x, y) : y
2
4 x}
23
Im(z)
4
2 T1
S1
–2 0 2 4 Re(z)
–2
ii d is the distance between z1 2 S 1 and z2 2 T 1

The minimum distance is represented on the above diagram by the smallest gap
between the shaded areas S 1 and T 1 .
In OAB, p using Pythagoras’ theorem,
Im(z)
4
OB = 22 + 22
p
= 8 B
p 2 dmin (2, 2)
=2 2
2
and the minimum
p value of d is π
dmin = 2 2 2 O
4
4 A (2, 0) Re(z)
b i |z 1 i|  1 is represented by a disc with Im(z)

(1, 2)
centre (1, 1) and radius 1, 2
T2
i.e. (x 1)2 + (y 1)2  1
S2
) S 2 = {(x, y) : (x 1)2 + (y 1)2  1} 1
Now |z 2 i|  |z i|
0 1
Re(z)
) |x + iy 2 i|  |x + iy i| where z = x + iy
) |(x 2) + i(y 1)|  |x + i(y 1)|
q q
) (x 2)2 + (y 1)  x2 + (y 1)2
2
) (x 2)2 + (y 1)2  x2 + (y 1)2

) x2 4x + 4  x2
) 4  4x
) x 1
) T 2 = {(x, y) : x 1}
24
ii In the diagram above, the maximum |zmax | and Im (z)
minimum |zmin | values of |z| are represented, zmax
1
respectively, by the greatest and least straight
1
line distances from the point (0, 0) to the S2 ∩ T2
2
intersecting shaded area. π
From the diagram, 4
0 1 zmin Re (z)
zmin = 1 + 0i = 1
p
) |zmin | = 12 + 02 = 1
The point zmax lies on the circle with equation
(x 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 1 and the line with equation
y = x. p
By inspection, |zmax | = 1 + 2
p ⇡
) zmax = (1 + 2)cis
4
p
Hence the maximum and minimum values of |z| are 1 + 2 and 1 respectively.
! ! !
3 a i BC = OC OB b
B
O
! ! !
= (OA + AC) OB a D
! ! !
= (OA + 2OB) OB
A C
! !
= OA + OB
=a+b
! ! !
ii BD = OD OB
1 ! !
= OC OB
3
1 ! ! !
= (OA + 2OB) OB
3
1
= (a + 2b) b
3
1
= (a b)
3
! ! !
iii DA = OA OD
1
=a (a + 2b)
3
2
= (a b)
3
25
! 2
b DA = (a b)
3
1
= 2 ⇥ (a b)
3
!
= 2 BD
Hence, A, B and D are collinear.
4 a i a · b = |a||b| cos ✓
a·b
) cos ✓ =
|a||b|
(i 2 j + 2k) · (0i + 12 j 5k)
= p p
12 + ( 2)2 + 22 ⇥ 02 + 122 + ( 5)2
1 ⇥ 0 + ( 2) ⇥ 12 + 2 ⇥ ( 5)
= p p
9 ⇥ 169
34
=
3 ⇥ 13
34
=
39
!
1 34
) ✓ = cos
39
= 150.66788 . . .
The angle between a and b has magnitude 151 , to the nearest degree.
ii The vector resolute of b perpendicular to a is given by

a·b 34
b a = (12j 5k) (i 2j + 2k)
a·a (i 2j + 2k) · (i 2j + 2k)
34
= 12j 5k + 2 (i 2j + 2k)
1 + ( 2)2 + 22
34
= 12j 5k + (i 2j + 2k)
9
34 40 23
= j+ j+ k
9 9 9
iii xa + yb = x(i 2j + 2k) + y(12j 5k)

= xi + (12y 2x)j + (2x 5y)k
If xa + yb = 3i 30j + zk
then xi + (12y 2x)j + (2x 5y)k = 3i 30j + zk
26
x=3
and 12y 2x = 30
) 12y 2(3) = 30
) 12y = 24
) y= 2
and 2x 5y = z
) 2(3) 5( 2) = z
) z = 16
! ! !
b i AQ = OQ OA A
3 ! ! Q
= OP OA a
2 P
3 ! ! !
= (OA + AP) OA B
2 O
! b
3 ! 2 ! !
= OA + AB OA
2 3
!
3 ! 2 ! ! !
= OA + (OB OA) OA
2 3
!
3 2
= a + (b a) a
2 3
!
3
= a+b a a
2
1
=b a
2
! ! !
ii BQ = OQ OB
1
= a+b b
2
1 !
= OA
2
! !
i.e. OA = 2 BQ
! !
Hence, OA is parallel to BQ, as required.
27
5 a 2a + b c=0 1
a 4b 2c = 0 2
Multiply 2 by 2 2a 8b 4c = 0 3
Subtract 3 from 1 9b + 3c = 0
) c = 3b
Substitute in 1 2a + b + 3b = 0
) a = 2b
) a:b:c=2: 1:3
b (xi + yj + zk) · (2i + j 3k) = 0

and (xi + yj + zk) · (i j k) = 0
) 2x + y 3z = 0 1
and x y z=0 2
Add 1 and 2 3x 4z = 0
4
) x= z
3
4
Substitute in 2 z y z=0
3
z
) =y
3
) x = 4y
) x:y:z=4:1:3
c (4i + j + 3k) · (2i + j 3k) = 8 + 1 9

=0
and (4i + j + 3k) · (i j k) = 4 1 3
=0
i.e. 4i + j + 3k is perpendicular to both vectors.
d (4i + 5j 7k) · (4i + j + 3k) = 16 + 5 21

=0
) 4i + 5j 7k is perpendicular to v.
e 4i + 5j 7k = s(2i + j 3k) + t(i j k)
28
implies 4 = 2s + t 1
5=s t 2
7 = 3s t 3
Add 1 and 2 9 = 3s
) s = 3 and t = 2, and these satisfy 3 .
f r = t(2i + j 3k) + s(i j k)

r · v = (t(2i + j 3k) + s(i j k)) · (4i + j + 3k)
= 4(2t + s) + (t s) + 3( 3t s)
= 8t + 4s + t s 9t 3s = 0
) r?v
6 a a · b = |a||b| cos ✓
a·b
) cos ✓ =
|a||b|
b sin2 ✓ + cos2 ✓ = 1
!2
2 a·b
) sin ✓ = 1
|a||b|
(a · a)(b · b) (a · b)2
=
|a|2 |b|2
p
(a · a)(b · b) (a · b)2
) sin ✓ =
|a||b|
1
c Area of triangle = |a||b| sin ✓
2
p
1 (a · a)(b · b) (a · b)2
= |a||b|
2 |a||b|
1 p
= (a · a)(b · b) (a · b)2
2
7 a B C
X
Y
A
D
X and Y are the midpoints of AC and BD respectively. We are required to show
! ! !
BA + BC = 2 BX
29
! ! !
Now BX = BA + AX
! ! !
and BX = BC + CX
! ! ! ! !
) 2 BX = BA + AX + BC + CX
! !
but AX = CX as X is the midpoint
! ! !
) 2 BX = BA + BC + 0
! ! !
i.e. 2 BX = BA + BC
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
b Now Y X = Y B + BC + CX and Y X = Y D + DA + AX
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Also Y X = Y B + BA + AX and Y X = Y D + DC + CX
! ! ! ! !
Adding gives 4Y X = BC + DA + BA + DC
! ! ! !
(as Y B + Y D = 0 and CX + AX = 0)
8 B AP : PB = 1 : 2
P
AQ : QC = 2 : 1
A R PR : RQ = 2 : 1
M Q C
a b
! ! ! !
a OR = OA + AP + PR
1 ! 2 !
= a + AB + PQ
3 3
1 2 ! !
= a + (b a) + (PA + AQ)
3 3 !
! 1 2 1 ! 2 !
) OR = a + (b a) + BA + AC
3 3 3 3
1 1 2 4
=a+ b a + (a b) + (c a)
3 3 9 9
4 1 4
= a+ b+ c
9 9 9
30
! ! !
b BM = BA + AM
! 1 !
= BA + AC
2
1
= a b + (c a)
2
1 1
= a+ c b
2 2
! ! !
BR = BP + PR
2 ! 2 4
= BA + (a b) + (c a)
3 9 9
2 2 4
= (a b) + (a b) + (c a)
3 9 9
4 8 4
= a b+ c
9 9 9
!
8 1 1
= a+ c b
9 2 2
! 8 !
) BR = BM, and R lies on BM.
9
c BM : RM = 8 : 1
9 AC : CB = 2 : 1
! ! !
a i OC = OA + AC A
2 ! a
= a + AB
3
O D
2 C
= a + (b a) b
3 E
1 B
= (a + 2b)
3
! 1 !
ii OD = OC
2
1
= (a + 2b)
6
! ! !
) AD = AO + OD
1 1
= a+ a+ b
6 3
1
= (2b 5a)
6
31
!
b i OE = b
! ! !
also OE = OA + k AD
k
= a + (2b 5a)
6
k 5k
) b=a+ b a
3 6
!
5k k
= 1 a+ b
6 3
k
) =
3
5k
and 0 = 1
6
6
i.e., k =
5
2
and =
5
! 2 !
) OE = OB
5
) OE : EB = 2 : 3
! !
ii AE = k AD
6 !
AD =
5
! 5 !
and AD = AE
6
) AE : ED = 6 : 1
10 B
X
A Y C
a b
c
D
O
! ! !
a i OD = OC + CD
! ! ! !
= OC + BC as CD = BC
= c + (c b)
= 2c b
32
! ! !
ii OX = OA + AX
! 2 !
= OA + AE
3
2
= a + (b a)
3
1
= (a + 2b)
3
! ! 4 !
iii OY = OA + AC
5
4
= a + (c a)
5
1
= (a + 4c)
5
! ! !
b X Y = XO + OY
1 1
= (a + 2b) + (a + 4c)
3 5
5 3
= (a + 2b) + (a + 4c)
15 15
2
= (a + 5b 6c)
15
! 1
XD = (a + 2b) + 2c b
3
1
= (a + 5b 6c)
3
! 5 !
) XD = XY
2
) X, D and Y are collinear.
! ! !
11 a AB = OB OA
=( i j) (j + 2k)
= i 2j 2k
! ! !
AC = OC OA
= (4i + k) (j + 2k)
= 4i j k
33
! ! !
BC = OC OB
= (4i + k) ( i j)
= 5i + j + k
! !
AB · BC = 5 2 2
,0
! !
AC · AB = 4 + 2 + 2
=0
) AC ? AB
! p
b |AB| = 9
=3
! ! !
AD = OD OA
= 3i
! p
) |AD| = 9
=3
) 4ABD is isosceles.
! ! !
c BD = OD OB
= 4i + 2j + 2k
E is the midpoint of AC
! ! 1 !
) BE = BA + AC
2
1
= i + j + j + 2k + ( j 2k + 4i + k)
2
3 3
= 3i + j + k
2 2
3
= (4i + 2j + 2k)
4
3 !
= BD
4
) E lies on BD.
The ratio BE : ED = 3 : 1
34
p
12 a ↵=1 3i
p
↵ = 1 + 3i
(z ↵)(z ↵) = z2 (↵ + ↵)z + ↵↵
p p
= z2 2z + (1 3i)(1 + 3i)
= z2 2z + 4
✓ ⇡◆
b i ↵ = 2 cis Im (z)
3
0 Re (z)
✓ 2⇡ ◆
ii ↵2 = 4 cis 1– 3i
3
✓ 2⇡ ◆ ✓ 2⇡ ◆!
= 4 cos + i sin
3 3
p
= 2 2 3i
↵3 = 8 cis( ⇡) = 8
p p
iii ↵3 ↵2 + 2↵ + 4 = 8 + 2 + 2 3i + 2(1 3i) + 4 = 0
) ↵ is a root.
Since ↵ is a root, ↵ is also a root (conjugate root theorem)
) z2 2z + 4 is a factor.
By division, z3 z2 + 2z + 4 = (z2 p 2z + 4)(z + 1)p
) z3 z2 + 2z + 4 = (z + 1)(z (1p 3i))(z p(1 + 3i))
and the three roots are 1, 1 3i and 1 + 3i
p
c i AB = 4 + 3 Im (z) A (1 + 3 i)
p
= 7 B
p –1 0
BC = 4 + 3 Re (z)
p
= 7 C (1 – 3 i)
ii 4ABC is isosceles.
35
p
13 a z=1+i 2
p
1 1 1 i 2
= p ⇥ p
z 1+i 2 1 i 2
p
1 i 2
=
3
p
1 p 1 i 2
z+ =1+i 2+
z 3
p p
3 + 3 2i + 1 i 2
=
3
p
4 2 2i
= +
3 3
1 p
i.e. p = (4 + 2 2i)
3
p
1 p 1 i 2
z =1+i 2
z 3
p p
3 + 3 2i 1 + i 2
=
3
1 p
= (2 + 4 2i)
3
1 p
i.e. q = (2 + 4 2i)
3
! 2 !
b OG = OM
3
! ! !
i PQ = PO + OQ Im (z)
Q
= a+b
b M
! ! 1 !
ii OM = OP + PQ G
2 a
P
1 1 O
=a+ b a Re (z)
2 2
1
= (a + b)
2
! 2 ! 1
iii OG = OM = (a + b)
3 3
36
! ! !
iv GP = GO + OP
1
= (a + b) + a
3
2 1 1
= a b = (2a b)
3 3 3
! ! !
v GQ = GO + OQ
1
= (a + b) + b
3
2 1 1
= b a = (2b a)
3 3 3
s p p !2
!2
4 2 2 2 4 2
c From a, PQ = +
3 3 3 3
r
4 8
= +
9 9
p
2 3
=
p 3
3
) PM = MQ =
3 p p
4 2 2 2 4 2!
+ + p
M represents the point 3 3 , 3 3
= (1, 2)
2 2
q p p
) OM = 12 + ( 2)2 = 3
p p
2 3 3
) OG = and GM =
3 3
Since PM = MQ = GM, G, P and Q p represent points on the circumference of a
3
circle with centre at M and radius . PQ is a diameter of the circle, and the angle
3
in a semicircle is a right angle. Hence \PGQ is a right angle.
14 a z2 + 4 = (z 2i)(z + 2i)
b z4 + 4 = (z2 2i)(z2 + 2i)
c i (1 + i)2 = 1 + 2i 1 = 2i
ii (1 i)2 = 1 2i 1 = 2i
d z2 2i = (z (1 + i))(z + (1 + i)) as 2i = (1 + i)2

z2 + 2i = (z (1 i))(z + (1 i)) as 2i = (1 i)2
z4 + 4 = (z (1 + i))(z (1 i))(z + (1 + i))(z + (1 i))
37
e z4 + 4 = (z (1 + i))(z (1 i))(z + (1 + i))(z + (1 i))
= (z2 z(1 + i + 1 i) + 2)(z2 + z(1 + i + 1 i) + 2)
= (z2 2z + 2)(z2 + 2z + 2)
15 a z1 = 1 + 3i and z2 = 2 i Im (z) 1 + 3i 1
|z1 z2 | = |1 + 3i 2 + i|
= | 1 + 4i| 17 4
p p
= 1 + 16 = 17 0 Re (z)
p
b |z (2 i)| = 5 2–i
p
) |x + iy 2 + i| = 5
p
) |x 2 + (y + 1)i| = 5
q p
) (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 5
) (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 5
p p
Circle centre (2, 1) and radius 5. The set of all points a distance of 5 from the
point 2 i.
c |z (1 + 3i)| = |z (2 i)|
) |x + iy 1 3i| = |x + iy 2 + i|
q q
) (x 1) + (y 3) = (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2
2 2
) x2 2x + 1 + y2 6y + 9 = x2 4x + 4 + y2 + 2y + 1
) 2x 8y = 5
This equation represents the set of all points equidistant from 1 + 3i and 2 i, i.e.,
the perpendicular bisector of the line connecting 1 + 3i and 2 i.
16 a Let z = 2 + i
) z3 = (2 + i)(2 + i)(2 + i)
= (4 + 4i 1)(2 + i)
= (3 + 4i)(2 + i)
= 2 + 11i
38
b i z=2+i
= r cis(↵)
) 2 + 11i = r3 cis 3↵
p
= ( 5)3 cis 3↵
p
= 5 5(cos 3↵ + i sin 3↵)
Equating real and imaginary parts
2
) cos 3↵ = p
5 5
p
2 5
=
25
11
ii sin 3↵ = p
5 5
p
11 5
=
25
17 a i Im (z)
i
−1 3
2
+ 2 i
1 + 0i
0 Re (z)
−1 3
2
− 2 i
ii (w2 )2 = w3 ⇥ w
= w since w3 = 1
b z3 1 = (z 1)(z2 + z + 1)
As w3 = 1, 0 = w3 1
= (w 1)(w2 + w + 1)
and as w , 1, w2 + w + 1 = 0
c i (1 + w)(1 + w2 ) = 1 + w2 + w + w3
= 0 + w3 from b above
= 1 since w3 = 1
39
ii (1 + w2 )3 = (1 + 2w2 + w4 )(1 + w2 )
= 1 + 2w2 + w4 + w2 + 2w4 + w6
= 1 + 3w2 + 3w4 + w6
= 1 + 3w2 + 3w + 1 since w3 = 1
= 2 + 3(w2 + w)
= 2 + 3( 1) since w2 + w + 1 = 0
= 1
p
3 3
d i 2+w= + i
2 2
p
3 3
2 + w2 = i
2 2 p ◆◆✓ ✓ p ◆◆
✓ ✓3 3 3 3
so the required equation is z + i z i =0
2 2 2 2
✓ 3 p3 3
p ◆ ✓
3 3
p ◆✓
3 3
p ◆
3
) z2 z + i+ i + + i i =0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z2 3z + 3 = 0
✓ 1 p3 ◆ 1 p3 p
2
ii 3w w = 3 + i + + i = 1 + 2 3i
2 2 2 2
p p
3 3 3 1 3 p
3w2 w = i+ i = 1 2 3i
2 2 2 2
Required equation is (z (3w w2 ))(z (3w2 w)) = 0
p p
) (z ( 1 + 2 3i))(z ( 1 2 3i)) = 0
p p p p
) z2 z( 1 + 2 3 + 1 2 3i) + ( 1 + 2 3i)( 1 2 3i) = 0
) z2 + 2z + 13 = 0
✓ 2⇡ ◆n ✓ 4⇡ ◆n
n 2n
e 1 + w + w = 1 + cis + cis
3 3
2⇡n 4⇡n
= 1 + cis + cis
3 3
If n = 3k, i.e., a multiple of 3,
1 + wn + w2n = 1 + cis(2k⇡) + cis(4k⇡)
=1+1+1=3
40
✓ 2⇡ ◆ ✓ 4⇡ ◆
If n = 3k + 1, 1 + wn + w2n = 1 + cis (3k + 1) + cis (3k + 1)
3 3
✓ 2⇡ ◆ ✓ 4⇡ ◆
= 1 + cis 2⇡k + + cis 4⇡k +
3 3
✓ 1 p3 ◆ ✓ 1 p3 ◆
=1+ + i + i =0
2 2 2 2
✓ 2⇡ ◆ ✓ 4⇡ ◆
If n = 3k + 2, 1 + wn + w2n = 1 + cis (3k + 2) + cis (3k + 2)
3 3
✓ 4⇡ ◆ ✓ 8⇡ ◆
= 1 + cis 2⇡k + + cis 4⇡k + =0
3 3
18 a z5 1 = (z 1)P(z)
z5 1
) P(z) =
z 1
By division,
z4 + z3 + z2 + z + 1
⌘
z 1 z5 + 0z4 + 0z3 + 0z2 + 0z 1
z5 z4
z4 + 0z3
z4 z3
z3 + 0z2
z3 z2
z2 + 0z
z2 z
z 1
z 1
0
4 3 2
) P(z) = z + z + z + z + 1
✓ 2⇡ ◆
b If z = cis
5
z5 = cis 2⇡
=1
✓ 2⇡ ◆
5
) z 1 = 0 has z = cis as a solution.
5
✓ 2⇡ ◆
c By the conjugate root theorem, cis is also a solution.
5
✓ ✓ 4⇡ ◆◆5
d We note cis = cis 4⇡
5
=1
41
✓ 4⇡ ◆ ✓ 4⇡ ◆
Therefore the other two solutions are cis and cis .
✓ 4⇡ ◆ ✓ 4⇡ ◆ 5◆
✓ 2⇡ ✓ 2⇡ ◆ 5
The solutions are cis , cis , cis , cis and 1.
5 5 5 5
✓ ✓ 4⇡ ◆◆ ✓ ✓ 4⇡ ◆◆ ✓ ✓ 2⇡ ◆◆ ✓ ✓ 2⇡ ◆◆
e ) P(z) = z cis ⇥ z cis ⇥ z cis ⇥ z cis
5 5 5 5
✓ ✓ ✓ 4⇡ ◆ ✓ 4⇡ ◆◆ ✓ 4⇡ ◆ ✓ 4⇡ ◆◆
= z2 z cis + cis + cis ⇥ cis
5 5 5 5
✓ ✓ ✓ 2⇡ ◆ ✓ 2⇡ ◆◆ ✓ 2⇡ ◆ ✓ 2⇡ ◆◆
⇥ z2 z cis + cis + cis ⇥ cis
5 5 5 5
✓ ✓ 4⇡ ◆ ◆✓ ✓ 2⇡ ◆ ◆
= z2 2 cos z + 1 z2 2 cos z+1
5 5
az + b
19 a w =
z+c
When z = 3i, w = 3i,
a( 3i) + b
) 3i = 1
( 3i) + c
and when z = 1 + 4i, w = 1 4i,
a(1 + 4i) + b
) 1 4i = 2
(1 + 4i) + c
1 becomes
3i( 3i + c) = a( 3i) + b
i.e. 9 + 3ci = b 3ai
Equating real and imaginary parts,
b = 9 and a = c
2 becomes
(1 4i)((1 + 4i) + c) = a(1 + 4i) + b
17 + c(1 4i) = a(1 + 4i) + b
) (17 + c) 4ci = (a + b) + 4ai
Equating real and imaginary parts,
17 + c = a + b and c=a
As b = 9 and a = c, 17 + c = a + b
becomes 17 a=a+9
) 2a = 8
which implies a = 4, b = 9, c = 4
4z + 9
b w=
z 4
If w = z where z = x + iy,
42
4(x + iy) + 9
then =x iy
(x + iy) 4
4(x + iy) + 9 = (x iy)((x + iy) 4)
4x + 9 + 4iy = x2 + y2 4(x iy)
) x2 8x + y2 = 9
x2 8x + 16 + y2 = 25
(x 4)2 + y2 = 25
Circle centre (4, 0), radius 5
!5
5 sin ✓
20 a (1 + i tan ✓) = 1 + i
cos ✓
!5
1
= (cos ✓ + i sin ✓)
cos ✓
1
= ⇥ cis(5✓) De Moivre’s theorem
cos5 ✓
cis 5✓
=
cos5 ✓
1
b (1 + i tan ✓)5 = (cos 5✓ + i sin 5✓)
cos5 ✓
Note: (a + b)5 = a5 + 5a4 b + 10a3 b2 + 10a2 b3 + 5ab4 + b5
) (1 + i tan ✓)5 = 1 + 5i tan ✓ tan2 ✓ 10i tan3 ✓ + 5 tan4 ✓ + i tan5 ✓
Equating real and imaginary parts gives
cos 5✓
= 1 10 tan2 ✓ + 5 tan4 ✓
cos5 ✓
i.e. cos 5✓ = cos5 ✓(1 10 tan2 ✓ + 5 tan4 ✓)
sin 5✓
and = (5 tan ✓ 10 tan3 ✓ + tan5 ✓)
cos5 ✓
sin 5✓ = cos5 ✓ (5 tan ✓ 10 tan3 ✓ + tan5 ✓)
sin 5✓
c tan 5✓ =
cos 5✓
cos5 ✓(5 tan ✓ 10 tan3 ✓ + tan5 ✓)
=
cos5 ✓(1 10 tan2 ✓ + 5 tan4 ✓)
Let t = tan ✓,
5t 10t3 + t5
) tan 5✓ =
1 10◆2 + 5t4
⇡
d Let ✓ = , 5✓ = ⇡ and tan 5✓ = 0
5
43
) 0 = 5t 10t3 + t5
)0=5 10t2 + t4 as t , 0
) t4 10t2 + 5 = 0
) t4 10t2 + 25 20 = 0
) (t2 5)2 = 20
p
) t2
5 = ±2 5
p
) t2 = 5 ± 2 5
q
p
) t =± 5±2 5
q
⇡ p
i.e. tan = ± 5 ± 2 5
5
⇡ ⇡
but 0 < < ,
5 4
⇡
) 0 < tan < 1
5
⇡ p 1
tan = (5 2 5) 2
5
1
21 a z+ = 2 cos ✓
z
) z2 + 1 = 2z cos ✓
) z2 2z cos ✓ + 1 = 0
p
2 cos ✓ ± 4 cos2 ✓ 4
) z=
2
p
2 cos ✓ ± cos2 ✓ 1
=
2
p
= cos ✓ ± i sin2 ✓
= cos ✓ ± i| sin ✓|
= cis ✓ or cis( ✓)
Also note: cis ✓ + cis( ✓) = 2 cos ✓
Hence the roots are cis ✓ and cis ( ✓).
b P is the point representing ↵n + n
Q is the point representing ↵n n
44
PQ = |↵n + n
(↵n n
)| = 2| n |
Let = cis ✓
Then PQ = 2|(cis ✓)n | = 2|cis n✓|
q
= 2 cos2 (n✓) + sin2 (n✓) = 2
(The same result is valid if = cis(✓).)
22 a i,ii π y
2
g (x)
1
− π π
π 0 π
–π − π x
2 2
(–π, −1) –1 f (x) (π, −1)

π
−
2
✓⇡◆
1
b i tan = 0.67
4
ii cos(1) = 0.54
c tan 1 (0) = 0 and cos(0) = 1

✓⇡◆ 1 ⇣⇡⌘
cos = p ⇡ 0.7071 > tan 1
4 2 4
⇡
tan 1 (1) = ⇡ 0.7853 > cos(1)
4 ⇡
) solution in the interval , 1 .
4
d By using a CAS calculator, f (x) = g(x) for x = 0.82
⇣⇡⌘
e tan 1 (x) > tan 1 (a) for x > a and tan 1 = 1.004
2 ✓ ⇡◆
No other solution for x > a where f (a) = g(a). tan 1 = 1.004, and thus it
2
becomes clear there is only one point of intersection.
45
23 a i,ii (–1, π)
y
π
y = f (x)
g (x) π
2
π
( 2 , 1)
1
π –1 0 1 π x
−
2 2
(− π2 , −1) –1
b i sin(0.5) = 0.48
✓ ◆
1 ⇡
ii cos = 0.67
4
⇡
c cos 1 (0.5) =
3
⇡ 1.041 97
1
i.e., cos (0.5) > sin(0.5)
⇣⇡⌘ 1
sin = p
4 2
⇡ 0.7071
✓⇡◆ ✓ ◆
1 ⇡
) sin > cos
4 4
d The point of intersection is (0.768, 0.695), correct to three decimal places.
✓⇡ ◆
24 a f (x) = a sec x +d
15
⇡
period = 2⇡ ÷ = 30
15
when x = 0, ✓f (x) = ◆5,
⇡
) 5 = a sec ⇥0 +d
15
5=a+d 1
when y =✓a, x◆ = ±5,
⇡
) 0 = a sec ± + d
3
0 = 2a + d 2
subtract 1 from 2
46
5=a
) d = 10
✓⇡ ◆
) f (x) = 5 sec x 10
15
b i When width is✓7 m, x = ◆3.5,
⇡
) f (3.5) = 5 sec ⇥ 3.5 10
15
= 3.2718
) depth is 3.2718 ( 5) = 1.728 metres, or 1.73 m, correct to two decimal
places.
ii When depth is✓2.5 metres, y = 2.5,

⇡ ◆
) 2.5 = 5 sec x 10
15
7.5 ✓⇡ ◆
= sec x
5 15
✓⇡ ◆
1.5 = sec x
15
2 ✓⇡ ◆
= cos x
3 15
⇡ ⇣2⌘
x = ± cos 1
15 3
= ±4.0158
) width is 8.0316 metres, or 8.03 m (correct to two decimal places).
25 a i Consider 4ABX B
AX
cos x =
c
) AX = c cos x c a
ii Consider 4BCX
CX x° y°
cos y = A C
a X
) CX = a cos y
iii AC = AX + CX
= c cos x + a cos y
47
b i \AOC = 2\ABC O
= 2z 2z°
Consider 4AOC
4AOC is isosceles since AO = CO, the radius of A C
Y
the circumcircle.
Hence Y is the midpoint of AC,
OY ? AC and \AOY = \COY = z
ii Consider 4AOC
AY
sin z =
AO
) AY = AO sin z
CY
and sin z =
CO
) CY = CO sin z
Now AC = AY + CY
= AO sin z + CO sin z
= 2AO sin z since AO = CO
c sin(x + y) = sin(180 z) since x + y + z = 180

= sin z, as required.
d i Consider 4OBC, isosceles with OC = OB B

\COB = 2\CAB
= 2x Z
Let Z be the midpoint of CB x°
x°
) \COZ = \BOZ O
=x C
and OZ ? CB
CZ BZ
sin x = and sin x =
OC OB
CZ + BZ
) 2 sin x = as OC = OB
OC
CB
=
OC
a
= 1 =2
2
) sin x = a, as required.
48
ii Consider 4OAB, isosceles with OA = OB B
\BOA = \BCA
= 2y
M
Let M be the midpoint of AB y°
) \BOM = \AOM y° O
=y A
and OM ? AB
BM AM
sin y = and sin y =
OB OA
BM + AM
) 2 sin y = as OB = OA
OA
AB
=
OB
c
= 1 =2
2
) sin y = c, as required.
e From c, sin(x + y) = sin z

From b ii, AC = 2AO sin z and AC = b
1
=2⇥ sin z = sin z
2
) sin z = b
Hence sin(x + y) = b 1
From d i, sin x = a
AX CX
From a, cos x = and cos y =
c a
From d ii, sin y = c
CX AX
) sin x cos y + cos x sin y = a ⇥ + ⇥c
a c
= CX + AX
= AC = b
= sin(x + y) from 1 , as required.
49
26 a Im(z)
S
√2
3π
4
Re(z)
0
b From the diagram

p in a, x <p0, y > 0.
As 2  |z|  3, 2  |x + iy|  3
p q
) 2  x 2 + y2  3
) 2  x 2 + y2  9
⇡ 3⇡
Also, as < Arg z  , 1 < tan(Arg z)  1
2 4
y
 1 )
x
) y x (x < 0)
Di↵erent values of x and y can be tested systematically to find z.
x(< 0) y( x) x2 + y2 2  x2 + y2  9 z
1 1 2 yes 1+i
1 2 5 yes 1 + 2i
1 3 10 no
2 2 8 yes 2 + 2i
2 3 13 no
3 3 18 no
The solutions are {z : z = 1 + i, 1 + 2i or 2 + 2i}
c zz + 2 Re(iz)  0
) (x + iy)(x iy) + 2 Re(i(x + iy))  0
) x2 i2 y2 + 2 Re (ix + i2 y)  0
) x2 + y2 + 2 Re( y + ix)  0
) x2 + y2 + 2( y)  0
) x 2 + y2 2y  0
) x 2 + y2 2y + 1 10
) x2 + (y 1)2  1, a disc with centre (0, 1) and radius 1.
50
For the circle x2 + y2 = 2, when x = 1, y = 1(y > 0) Im(z)
For the circle x2 + (y 1)2 = 1, when x = 1, y = 1 3
S \ T is represented by the shaded region. 2
2
(–1, 1) 1
0 Re(z)
27 a A \ B = {2 + 2i} Im(z)
B 4 A
A∩B (2, 2)
π 3π
4 4
Re(z)
0
b Let z = x + iy
z z
Then 1
z+z
(x + iy) (x iy)
becomes 1
(x + iy) + (x iy)
2yi
) 1
2x
s
y2
) 1
x2
) y2  x2
) C = {(x, y) : y2  x2 }
Now z2 + z2  2
becomes (x + iy)2 + (x iy)2  2
) x2 + 2xyi + i2 y2 + x2 2xyi + i2 y2  2
) 2(x2 y2 )  2
) x2 y2  1
) D = {(x, y) : x2 y2  1}
51
C \ D is represented by the shaded region. Im (z)
(1, 1)
–1 1 Re (z)
0
(–1, –1)
! ! !
28 a OA = OB + BA
p
=i+ k
! ! !
CA = OA OC
p
= (i + k) ( i + 3j)
p
= 2i 3j + k
! ! ! !
b BC · BO = | BC|| BO| cos \CBO
! !
BC · BO
) cos \CBO = ! !
| BC|| BO|
! ! ! ! !
Now BC = OC OB and BO = OB
= ( i + 3j) i = i
= 2i + 3j
! p ! p
) | BC| = ( 2)2 + 32 and | BO| = ( 1)2
p
= 13 =1
( 2i + 3j) · ( i + 0j)
Hence cos \CBO = p
13 ⇥ 1
1 2
= p (( 2) ⇥ ( 1) + 3 ⇥ 0) = p
13 13
✓ 2 ◆
) \CBO = cos 1 p = 56.309 93 . . .
13
The magnitude of angle CBO is 56 , to the nearest degree.
! ! ! !
c AO · AC = |AO||AC| cos \OAC
52
! ! ! !
Now AO = OA and AC = CA
p p
= (i + k) = (2i 3j + k)
p p
= i k) = 2i + 3j k
q p q p
! !
) |AO| = ( 1)2 + ( )2 ) and |AC| = ( 2)2 + 32 + ( )2
p p
= 1+ = 13 +
p
3
and as \OAC = 30 , cos \OAC = .
2
! ! ! !
Hence AO · AC = |AO||AC| cos \OAC becomes p
p p p p 3
( i + 0j k) · ( 2i + 3j k) = 1 + 13 + ⇥
2
p
p p 3(1 + )(13 + )
) ( 1) ⇥ ( 2) + 0 ⇥ 3 + ( )( )=
2
p
3(13 + 14 + 2 )
) 2+ =
2
) 4(2 + ) = 3(13 + 14 + 2 )
2
2 2
) 16 + 16 + 4 = 39 + 42 + 3
2
) 26 23 = 0
Using the general
p quadratic formula
( 26) ± ( 26)2 4(1)( 23)
=
2⇥1
p p
26 ± 676 + 92 26 ± 768
= =
2 2
p
26 ± 16 3 p
= = 13 ± 8 3
2
p
) = 13 + 8 3, as > 0
! ! !
29 a AB = OB OA = b a
! ! !
and CD = OD OC = d c
! ! ! !
Now AB ? CD ) AB · CD = 0
) (b a)(d c) = 0
) b·d a·d b·c+a·c=0 1
! ! !
Also AD = OD OA = d a
! ! !
and BC = OC OB = c b
53
! ! ! !
AD ? BC ) AD · BC = 0
) (d a)(c b) = 0
) c·d a·c b·d+a·b=0 2
! !
For AC to be perpendicular to BD, AC · BD = 0
! ! !
AC = OC OA
=c a
! ! !
and BD = OD OB
=d b
! !
) AC · BD = (c a)(d b)
=c·d a·d b·c+a·b
From 1 a·d =b·d b·c+a·c
From 2 c · d = a · c + b · d a · b
! !
) AC · BD = (a · c + b · d a · b) (b · d b · c + a · c) b·c+a·b
=0
! !
Hence AC ? BD, as required.
b A
C
B ,D
i Consider face ABC. A

For an equilateral triangle, the perpendicular bisectors
of the triangle coincide with the medians. It has been C′ B′
proved earlier that
! 2 ! X
BX = BB0
3 B C
A′
!0 ! !
BB = BO + OB0
! ! 1 !
= BO + OA + AC
2
54
! 1
) BB0 = b + a + (c a)
2
1 1
= b+ a+ c
2 2
2 ✓ 1 1 ◆
!
) BX = b+ a+ c
3 2 2
2 1 1
= b+ a+ c
3 3 3
! ! !
and OX = OB + BX
✓ 2 1 1 ◆
=b+ b+ a+ c
3 3 3
1
= (a + b + c)
3
! 1 ! 1
Similarly OY = (a + c + d), OZ = (a + b + d)
3 3
! 1
and OW = (b + c + d)
3
! ! ! ! ! !
ii DX = DO + OX BY = BO + OY
1 1
= d + (a + b + c) = b + (a + c + d)
3 3
! ! ! ! ! !
CZ = CO + OZ AW = AO + OW
1 1
= c + (a + b + d) = a + (b + c + d)
3 3
! 3 !
iii DP = DX
4
3✓ 1 ◆
= d + (a + b + c)
4 3
3 1✓ ◆
= d+ a+b+c
4 4
! ! !
) OP = OD + DP
3 1
=d+ d + (a + b + c)
4 4
1
= (a + b + c + d)
4
! ! !
iv OQ = OR = OS
1
= (a + b + c + d)
4
55
v Hence P = Q = R = S .
This point is the centre of the sphere passing through each of the vertices.
 ⇡ ⇡
30 Start with the graph of f (x) = sec x, x 2 , .
3 3
( − π3 , 2) y
( π3 , 2)
0 x
Apply the following sequence of transformations.
6 9
1 A dilation from the y axis of factor =
2⇡ ⇡
✓⇡ ◆ 3
) y = sec x
9
(–3, 2) y (3, 2)
0 x
2 A dilation
✓ ⇡ from
◆ the x axis of factor 4
) y = 4 sec x
9
(–3, 8) y (3, 8)
0 x
3 A reflection
✓ ⇡ in
◆ the x axis
) y = 4 sec x
9
y
0 x
−4
(–3, –8) (3, –8)

4 A translation
✓ ⇡ ◆of 8 units in the positive direction of the y axis
) y = 4 sec x + 8
9
56
y
−3 0 3 x
5 A translation
✓ ⇡ of 3 units
◆ in the positive direction of the x axis
) y = 4 sec (x 3) + 8
9
✓⇡ ⇡◆
= 4 sec x +8
9 3
y
(3, 4)
0 6 x
✓⇡ ⇡◆
Therefore g(x) = 4 sec x +8
9 3
⇡ ⇡
and a = 4, b = , c = and d = 8.
9 3
57
Chapter 6 – Di↵erentiation and rational
functions
1 a Let f (x) = x5 sin x ) f 0 (x) = e x tan x + e x sec2 x
Then by the product rule = e x (tan x + sec2 x)
) f 0 (x) = 5x4 sin x + x5 cos x
= x4 (5 sin x + x cos x) b Let f (x) = x4 tan x
Then by the product rule
p
b Let f (x) = x cos x ) f 0 (x) = 4x3 tan x + x4 sec2 x
Then by the product rule = x3 (4 tan x + x sec2 x)
1 1 p
) f 0 (x) = x 2 cos x + x( sin x),
2 c Let f (x) = tan x loge x
x,0 Then by the product rule
cos x p 1
= p x sin x ) f 0 (x) = sec2 x loge x + tan x , x , 0
2 x x
! tan x
p cos x = sec2 x loge x +
= x sin x x
2x
d Let f (x) = sin x tan x
x
c Let f (x) = e cos x Then by the product rule
Then by the product rule ) f 0 (x) = cos x tan x + sin x sec2 x
) f 0 (x) = e x cos x + e x ( sin x) sin x
x = cos x + sin x sec2 x
= e (cos x sin x) cos x
= sin x (1 + sec2 x)
d Let f (x) = x3 e x
p
Then by the product rule e Let f (x) = x tan x
) f 0 (x) = 3x2 e x + x3 e x Then by the product rule
1 1 p
= x2 e x (3 + x) ) f 0 (x) = x 2 tan x + x sec2 x,
2
e Let f (x) = sin x cos x x,0
Then by the product rule tan x p
) f 0 (x) = cos x cos x + sin x( sin x) = p + x sec2 x
2 x
!
= cos2 x sin2 x p tan x 2
= x + sec x
= cos 2x 2x
x
2 a Let f (x) = e x tan x 3 a Let f (x) =
loge x
Then by the product rule Then by the quotient rule
1
1 sin x
loge x ⇥ 1 x⇥ e Let f (x) = 2
) f 0 (x) = x,x , 0 x
(loge x)2 Then by the quotient rule
x2 cos x sin x ⇥ 2x
loge x 1 ) f 0 (x) =
= x4
(loge x)2 cos x 2 sin x
p = 2
x x x3
b Let f (x) = x cos x 2 sin x
tan x or =
Then by the quotient rule x3
1 1 p tan x
tan x ⇥ x 2 x sec2 x f Let f (x) =
0
) f (x) = 2 cos x
tan2 x Then by the quotient rule
p cos x sec2 x tan x( sin x)
tan x x sec2 (x) ) f 0 (x) =
= p cos2 x
2 x tan2 x tan2 (x)
p sec2 x tan2 x
1 x cos2 x = +
= p cos x cos x
2 x tan x cos2 x sin2 x
p p = sec x(sec2 x + tan2 x)
x x
=
2x tan x sin x 2 cos x
! g Let f (x) = x
p cot x e
= x cosec x 2 Then by the quotient rule
2x e x ( sin x) cos x e x
) f 0 (x) =
(e x )2
ex
c Let f (x) = (sin x + cos x)
tan x =
Then by the quotient rule ex
tan x e x e x sec2 x cos x
) f 0 (x) = h Let f (x) =
tan2 x sin x
ex e x cos2 x Then by the quotient rule
= sin x( sin x) cos x cos x
tan x cos2 x sin2 x ) f 0 (x) =
sin2 x
= e x (cot x cosec2 x)
(sin2 x + cos2 x)
=
tan x sin2 x
d Let f (x) =
loge x = cosec2 x
Then by the quotient rule d
1 ) [cot x] = cosec2 x
loge x sec2 x tan x ⇥ dx
) f 0 (x) = x,
(loge x)2
4 a Let f (x) = tan(x2 + 1)
x,0
Then by the chain rule with
sec2 x tan x g(x) = x2 + 1
=
loge x x(loge x)2
2
) f 0 (x) = sec2 (x2 + 1) ⇥ 2x
x loge x sec x tan x
or f 0 (x) = = 2x sec2 (x2 + 1)
x(loge x)2
2
b Let f (x) = sin2 x 1
g(x) =
Then by the chain rule with x
!
g(x) = sin x 0 1 2
) f (x) = sin ⇥ 1x
x
) f 0 (x) = 2 sin x cos x !
1
= sin 2x sin
x
= 2
c Let f (x) = etan x x
Then by the chain rule with h Let f (x) = sec2 x = (cos x) 2
g(x) = tan x Then by the chain rule with
) f 0 (x) = etan x sec2 x g(x) = cos x
) f 0 (x) = 2(cos x) 3 ( sin x)
d Let f (x) = tan5 x
Then by the chain rule with = 2 tan x sec2 x
g(x) = tan x !
x
) f 0 (x) = 5 tan4 x sec2 x i Let f (x) = tan
4
p Then by the chain rule with
e Let f (x) = sin( x) x
g(x) =
Then by the chain rule with 4
p !
g(x) = x 0 2 x 1
) f (x) = sec ⇥
p 1 1 4 4
) f 0 (x) = cos( x) x 2 , x , 0 !
2 1 x
p p = sec2
x cos( x) 4 4
=
2x !
p ⇡
f Let f (x) = tan x j Let f (x) = cot x = tan x
2
Then by the chain rule with Then by the chain rule with
g(x) = tan x ⇡
g(x) = x
2
1 1 !
) f 0 (x) = (tan x) 2 sec2 x 0 2 ⇡
2 ) f (x) = sec x ⇥ 1
2
sec2 x !
= p
2 tan x 2 ⇡
= sec x
1 p 2
= sec2 x cot x
2 = cosec2 x
!
1
g Let f (x) = cos
x 5 a Let f (x) = tan(kx), k 2 R
Then by the chain rule with Then by the chain rule with
g(x) = kx
) f 0 (x) = sec2 (kx) ⇥ k
= k sec2 (kx)
3
b Let f (x) = etan(2x) e3x+1 ( sin x)
cos xg0 (x)
) f 0 (x) =
Then by the chain rule with cos2 x
g(x) = tan(2x) cos x e3x+1 ⇥ 3 + sin x e3x+1
=
) f 0 (x) = etan(2x) g0 (x) cos2 x
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x))
= etan(2x) ⇥ sec2 (2x) ⇥ 2 = e3x+1 sec2 x (3 cos x + sin x)
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x))
= 2 sec2 (2x) etan(2x) g Let f (x) = e3x tan(2x) where
g(x) = e3x and h(x) = tan(2x)
c Let f (x) = tan2 (3x) Then by the product rule
Then by the chain rule with ) f 0 (x) = g0 (x) tan(2x) + e3x h0 (x)
g(x) = tan(3x) = e3x ⇥ 3 tan(2x)
) f 0 (x) = 2 tan(3x) ⇥ g0 (x) + e3x sec2 (2x) ⇥ 2
= 2 tan(3x) sec2 (3x) ⇥ 3 (using the chain rule to find g0 (x) and
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x)) h0 (x))
= 6 tan(3x) sec2 (3x) = e3x (3 tan(2x) + 2 sec2 (2x))
p p
d Let f (x) = loge xesin x where h Let f (x) = x tan x where
p p
g(x) = loge x and h(x) = esin x g(x) = x and h(x) = tan x
Then by the product rule Then by the product rule
1 1 1 p p
) f 0 (x) = esin x + loge x ⇥ h0 (x), ) f 0 (x) = x 2 tan x + xh0 (x),
x 2
x,0 x,0
p
1 tan x p p 1 1
= esin x + loge xesin x cos x = p + x sec2 ( x) x 2
x 2 x 2
(using the chain rule to find h0 (x))
! (using the p
chain rule to find h 0
(x))
p p p
sin x 1 x tan x x sec2 x
=e + loge x cos x
x = + p
2x 2 x
p p p
e Let f (x) = sin3 (x2 ) x tan x sec2 x
= +
Then by the chain rule with 2x 2
g(x) = sin(x2 ) tan2 x
0 2 2 0 i Let f (x) = where
) f (x) = 3 sin (x ) ⇥ g (x) (x + 1)3
g(x) = tan2 x and h(x) = (x + 1)3
= 3 sin2 (x2 ) cos(x2 ) ⇥ 2x
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x)) Then by the quotient rule
(x + 1)3 g0 (x) tan2 xh0 (x)
f 0 (x) =
= 6x sin2 (x2 ) cos(x2 ) )
(x + 1)6
(x + 1)3 2 tan x sec2 x tan2 x ⇥ 3(x + 1)2 ⇥ 1
e3x+1 =
(x + 1)6
f Let f (x) = where g(x) = e3x+1 (using the chain rule to find g0 (x) and
cos x
and h(x) = cos x h0 (x))
Then by the quotient rule 2(x + 1) tan x sec2 x 3 tan2 x
=
(x + 1)4
4
j Let f (x) = sec2 (5x2 ) g(x) = cos x
where g(x) = sec(5x2 ) = (cos(5x2 )) 1
dy
Then by the chain rule ) = ecos x ⇥ g0 (x)
dx
) f 0 (x) = 2 sec(5x2 )g0 (x) = ecos x ⇥ sin x
= 2 sec(5x2 ) ⇥ (cos(5x2 )) 2
= sin x ecos x
⇥ sin(5x2 ) ⇥ 10x
(using the chain rule to find g0 (x)) e y = cos3 (4x)
20x sec(5x2 ) sin(5x2 ) Then by using the chain rule with
=
cos2 (5x2 ) g(x) = cos 4x
dy
= 20x sec3 (5x2 ) sin(5x2 ) ) = 3 cos2 (4x) ⇥ g0 (x)
dx
= 3 cos2 (4x) ⇥ sin(4x) ⇥ 4
6 a y = (x 1)5 (using the chain rule to find g0 (x))
Then by the chain rule with = 12 cos2 (4x) sin(4x)
g(x) = x 1
f y = (sin x + 1)4
dy
) = 5(x 1)4 ⇥ g0 (x) Then by the chain rule with
dx
g(x) = sin x + 1
= 5(x 1)4 ⇥ 1
dy
= 5(x 1)4 ) = 4 ⇥ (sin x + 1)3 ⇥ g0 (x)
dx
b y = loge (4x) = 4(sin x + 1)3 ⇥ cos x
Then by the chain rule with = 4 cos x(sin x + 1)3
g(x) = 4x
g y = sin(2x) cos x
dy 1
) = ⇥ g0 (x) where g(x) = sin(2x) and h(x) = cos x
dx 4x
Then by the product rule
1 dy
= ⇥4 ) = cos x ⇥ g0 (x) + sin(2x) ⇥ h0 (x)
4x dx
1
= = cos x ⇥ 2 cos(2x)
x
+ sin(2x) ⇥ sin x
c y = e x tan(3x)
Then by the product rule with = sin x sin(2x) +2 cos(2x) cos x
g(x) = e x and h(x) = tan(3x)
dy x2 + 1
) = e x tan(3x) + e x ⇥ h0 (x) h y=
dx x
= e x tan(3x) + e x ⇥ sec2 (3x) ⇥ 3 1
= x+
(using the chain rule to find h0 (x)) x
= e x (tan(3x) + 3 sec2 (3x)) = x+x 1
dy
) =1 x 2
d y = ecos x dx
Then by the chain rule with 1
=1
x2
5
!
x3 du
i y= using the chain rule to find
sin x dx
where g(x) = x3 and h(x) = sin x = sin(2x)e sin2 x
Then by the quotient rule
dy sin x ⇥ 3x2 x3 ⇥ cos x d
) = e (1 tan2 z) = 2 tan z sec2 z
dx sin2 x dz
(using the chain rule)
x2 (3 sin x x cos x)
=
sin2 x d d
or f (cosec2 y) = (sin y) 2
dy dy dy
= x2 cosec x(3 x cot x) 3
dx = 2(sin y) ⇥ cos y
1 (using the chain rule)
j y= 2 cos y
x loge x =
where g(x) = 1 and h(x) = x loge x sin3 y
Then by the quotient rule = 2 cos y cosec3 y
dy x loge x ⇥ 0 1 ⇥ h0 (x)
) =
dx (x loge x)2
8 Recall that
h0 (x) d f 0 (x)
= [loge f (x)] = for f (x) > 0
(x loge x)2 dx f (x)
! It is possible to show that
1
1 ⇥ loge x + x ⇥ d f 0 (x)
x [loge | f (x)|] = for f (x) , 0
= dx f (x)
(x loge x)2 This result will be used throughout this
(using the product rule to find h0 (x))
(1 + loge x) question.
=
(x loge x)2
a Let y = loge |2x + 1|
Put f (x) = 2x + 1 ) f 0 (x) = 2
d 3
7 a (x ) = 3x2 dy 2 1
dx ) = for x,
dx 2x + 1 2
d
b (2y2 + 10y) = 4y + 10
dy b Let y = loge | 2x + 1|
d Put f (x) = 2x + 1
c (cos2 (z)) = 2 cos(z) ⇥ sin(z)
dz ) f 0 (x) = 2
(using the chain rule)
dy 2
= 2 sin(z) cos(z) ) =
dx 2x + 1
= sin(2z) 2 1
= for x,
2x 1 2
d sin2x 2x du
d (e ) = esin ·
dx dx
(using the chain rule where
u = sin2 x)
2
= esin x 2 sin x cos x
6
c Let y = loge | sin x| sin2 x cos3 x
dy 2 2
Put f (x) = sin x ) f 0 (x) = cos x ) = sin x cos 2x
dx cos x + sin x
dy cos x
) = sin x cos x
dx sin x
sin2 x cos3 x
= cot x for sin x , 0 =
sin2 x cos2 x
d sin x cos x
⇥
Let y = loge | sec x + tan x| cos x + sin2 x
Put f (x) = sec x + tan x sin2 x cos3 x
=
1 sin x cos x(cos x + sin2 x)
= (cos x) + tan x
) f 0 (x) = (cos x) 2
sin x + sec2 x 1
f Let y = loge tan x
2
sin x
= + sec2 x 1
cos2 x Put f (x) = tan x
2
= sec x tan x + sec2 x
1 1
= sec x(tan x + sec x) ) f 0 (x) = sec2 x
2 2
!
dy sec x(tan x + sec x) 1 1
) = sec2 x
dx sec x + tan x dy 2 2
) = !
= sec x for sec x , tan x dx 1
tan x
2
e Let y = loge | cosec x + tan x| !
1
Put f (x) = cosec x + tan x sin x
1 2
1 = !÷ !
= + tan x 1 1
sin x 2 cos2 x cos x
2 2
= (sin x) 1 + tan x !
1
) f 0 (x) = (sin x) 2 cos x + sec2 x cos x
1 2
cos x = !⇥ !
= + sec2 x 2
1 1
2
sin x 2 cos x sin x
2 2
cos x 1
= + 1
sin x cos2 x
2 = ! !
1 1
sin2 x cos3 x 2 cos x sin x
= 2 2
sin2 x cos2 x Using the fact that
Re-writing f (x) in terms of sine and
sin(2kx) = 2 cos(kx) sin(kx) and
cosine: 1
f (x) = cosec x + tan x putting k = , we have:
2 ! !
1 sin x 1 1
= + sin(x) = 2 cos x sin x
sin x cos x 2 2
cos x + sin2 x dy 1
= ) = = cosec x
sin x cos x dx sin x
7
p
g Let y = loge |cosec x cot x| i Let y = loge | x + x2 + 4|
Put f (x) = cosec x cot x 1
It was established in question 3 part h Put f (x) = x + (x2 + 4) 2
d 1 1
that cot x = cosec2 x ) f 0 (x) = 1 + (x2 + 4) 2 ⇥ 2x
dx 2
and that x
=1+ p
d cos x x2 + 4
cosec x = =
dx sin2 x x
cot x cosec x from question 8 1+ p
dy x2 + 4
part e. ) = p
dx x + x2 + 4
) f 0 (x) = cot x cosec x + cosec2 x p
x2 + 4 x
= cosec x(cosec x cot x) p + p
2
x +4 2
x +4
dy cosec x(cosec x cot x) = p
) = x + x2 + 4
dx cosec x cot x p
x + x2 + 4
= cosec x p
x2 + 4
p = p
h Let y = loge + x2 4 x + x2 + 4
x p
1 x + x2 + 4
Put f (x) = x + (x2 4) 2 = ✓p ◆✓ p ◆
2
x +4 x+ x +4 2
1 1
) f 0 (x) = 1 + (x2 4) 2 ⇥ 2x
2 1
x = p
=1+ p x2 + 4
x2 4
x
1+ p
dy x2 4 9 The gradient !of the graph of
) = p x
dx x + x2 4 f (x) = tan is given by f 0 (x)
p 2
x2 4 x !
p + p 0 x 1 2
By the chain rule f (x) = sec ⇥
x2 4 x2 4 2 2
= p
x + x2 4 !
p 1 x
x + x2 4 = sec2
2 2
p
x2 4
= p a When x = 0,
x + x2 4 1
p f 0 (0) = sec2 0
x + x2 4 2
= p p 1
( x2 4)(x + x2 4) = ⇥1
2
1
= p where x , ±2 1
x2 4 =
2
The gradient at the point where x = 0
1
is
2
8
⇡
b When x = , The coordinates of the points on the
! 3 !
1 graph where
! the gradient
! is 4 are
0 ⇡ 2 ⇡ p p
f = sec ⇡ ⇡
3 2 6 , 3 and , 3
!2 3 3
1 2 !
= p ⇡ p
2 3 b At the point , 3 where the
2 3
= gradient is 4, the equation of the
3
⇡ tangent is given by
The gradient at the point where x = ✓ p ◆ !!
3 ⇡
2 y 3 =4 x
is 3
3
4⇡ p
⇡ ) y = 4x + 3
c When x = , !3
! 2 ! ⇡ p
0 ⇡ 1 2 ⇡
At the point , 3 where the
f = sec 3
2 2 4 gradient is 4, the equation of the
✓
1 p 2 ◆ tangent is given by!
= 2 p ⇡
2 y 3=4 x
=1 3
⇡ 4⇡ p
The gradient at the point where x = ) y = 4x + 3
2 3
is 1.
!
! ⇡ ⇡
⇡ ⇡ 11 f : , ! R, f (x) = tan x 8 sin x
10 f : , ! R, f (x) = tan x 2 2
2 2
a i f 0 (x) = sec2 x 8 cos x
a f 0 (x) = sec2 x
The stationary points occur where
When f 0 (x) = 4, f 0 (x) = 0
sec2 x = 4 i.e. sec2 x 8 cos x = 0
) sec2 x = 8 cos x
1
) cos2 x = 1
4 ) = cos3 x
1 8
) cos x = ± 1
!2 ! ) cos x =
⇡ ⇡ 2
but x 2 , ) cos x > 0 ⇡ ⇡
2 2 ) x= or , since
1 3 3
) cos x = !
2 ⇡ ⇡
⇡ ⇡ x2 ,
) x= or 2 2
! 3 ! 3 !
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
f = tan and f = tan
3 3 3 3
p p
= 3 = 3
9
! ! ! ! ! !
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 0 5⇡ 2 5⇡ 5⇡
f = tan 8 sin f = sec 8 cos
3 3 3 6 6 6
p ! ! !
p 3 2 ⇡ ⇡
= 3 8 = sec + 8 cos
2 6 6
p p 4 p
= 3+4 3 = +4 3
p 3
=3 3 >0
and ! 5⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 5⇡
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ x 0
f = tan 8 sin 6 3 3 6
3 3 3
p ! f 0 (x) > 0 0 < 0 0 > 0
p 3 Slope / — \ — /
= 3 8 !
2 ⇡ p
p p Hence , 3 3 is a local
= 3 4 3 3
!
p ⇡ p
= 3 3 maximum and , 3 3 is a
3
Stationary! points are found
! at local minimum turning point.
⇡ p ⇡ p
, 3 3 and , 3 3 !
3 3 ⇡ ⇡
b f (x) = tan x 8 sin x, x 2 ,
2 2
ii Consider the gradient on either ⇡
⇡ As x ! , f (x) ! 1
side of the points where x = 2
3 ⇡
⇡ As x ! , f (x) ! 1
and x = 2
!3 ! There are vertical asymptotes at
0 5⇡ 2 5⇡ ⇡ ⇡
f = sec x= and x =
6 6 2 2
! f (0) = tan(0) 8 sin(0)
5⇡
8 cos
6 =0 8⇥0
! !
2 ⇡ ⇡ =0
= sec + 8 cos The y-axis intercept is 0
6 6
!2 p ! Let f (x) = 0
2 3
= p +8 ) tan x 8 sin x = 0
3 2
4 p ) tan x = 8 sin x
= +4 3>0
3 sin x
f 0 (0) = sec2 (0) 8 cos(0) ) = 8 sin x
cos x
=1 8 1
) cos x =
8
= 7 !
1 1
<0 ) x = cos or
8
!
1 1
cos ,
8
10
!
⇡ ⇡ The coordinates of the point
as x 2 ,
2 2 where the
p gradient
!
is zero are
⇡ 2 ⇡
, e 4
y = tan(x) – 8sin(x) 4 2
-1 1
cos
– π ,3 3
3
8
!
⇡ ⇡
13 f : , ! R, f (x) = tan(2x)
π π π π π π
4 4
By the chain rule
π, –3 3
– cos
-1 1
8
3 f 0 (x) = 2 sec2 (2x)
The tangent to the graph of f (x) that
makes an angle of 70 with the positive
direction of the x-axis intersects with
! f (x) at x = a where
⇡ ⇡ 7⇡
12 f : , ! R, f (x) = e x sin x f 0 (a) = tan 70 = tan
2 2 18
7⇡
a By the product rule ) 2 sec2 (2a) = tan
18
f 0 (x) = e x cos x + e x sin x 1 7⇡
) sec2 (2a) = tan
= e x (cos x + sin x) 2 18
! ! v
u
t
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 7⇡
f 0
= e cos + sin
4 tan
4 4 4 ) sec(2a) = ± 18
! 2
⇡ 1 1 v
u
u
= e4 p + p t 2
2 2 ) cos(2a) =
p ⇡ 7⇡
tan
= 2e 4 18 !!
⇡ p ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
The gradient when x = is 2e 4 cos 2x > 0 for x 2 ,
4 4 4
v
u
u !
b When f 0 (x) = 0, 1
t 2
) 2a = cos
e x (cos x + sin x) = 0 7⇡
tan
18
) cos x + sin x = 0 v
u !
u
t 2
since e x > 0 for all x or cos 1
) sin x = cos x 7⇡
tan
18
) tan x = 1, cos x , 0 v
u !
! 1 u
t 2
1
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ) a = ± cos
) x= , since x 2 , 2 7⇡
4 2 2 tan
✓ ◆ 18
! ⇡ ! r
⇡ 4 ⇡ 7⇡
f =e sin 2 tan !
4 4 1 18
✓ ◆ ) a = ± cos 1
p 2 7⇡
2 4
⇡
tan
= e 18
2
11
! !
(by rationalising the denominator) 0 1 ⇡ 2 ⇡
b f (⇡) = sin sec
4 4 4
x 1 1 ✓ p ◆2
14 a f (x) = sec = ⇥ p ⇥ 2
4 4 2
!! 1 p
x x 2
= cos , cos ,0 =
4 4 4
!
x !
By the chain rule with g(x) = cos ⇡ p
4 c f (⇡) = sec = 2
!! 2 4
x
f 0 (x) = 1 cos ⇥ g0 (x) The equation of the tangent to p
4 ✓ p ◆
! ! 2
y = f (x) at ⇡, 2 with gradient
2 x x 1 4
= sec ⇥ sin ⇥ is given by p
4 4 4
(using the !chain rule to find g 0
(x)) p 2
! y 2= (x ⇡)
1 x 2 x 4
= sin sec p p
4 4 4 2 2⇡ p
) y= x + 2
4 4
p
2
= (x ⇡ + 4)
4
12
1 a x = 2y + 6 g x = tan y
dx dx
=2 = sec2 y
dy dy
dy 1 dy
) = ) = cos2 y
dx 2 dx
b x = y2 h x = y3 + y 2
dx dx
= 2y = 3y2 + 1
dy dy
dy 1 dy 1
) = ) = 2
dx 2y dx 3y + 1
c x = (2y 1)2 y 1 1
i x= =1
dx y y
= 4(2y 1) dx 1
dy = 2
dy 1 dy y
) = dy
dx 4(2y 1) ) = y2
dx
d x = ey
j x = yey
dx
= ey dx
dy = yey + ey = ey (y + 1)
dy
dy
) =e y dy 1
dx ) = y
dx e (y + 1)
e x = sin 5y
dx 2 a x = y3
= 5 cos 5y
dy
dx
dy 1 = 3y2
) = dy
dx 5 cos 5y
1 dx 3
At y = , =
f x = loge y 8 dy 64
dx 1 dy 64
) =
=
dy y dx 3
dy
) =y
dx
13
b x = y3 dx
) = ±8 since
dy
dx
= 3y2 dx
dy = 4(1 2y)
dy
1 1 dx 3
At x = , y = and = dy 1
8 2 dy 4 ) =±
dx 8
dy 4
) =
dx 3 g x = cos 2y
c x = e4y dx
= 2 sin 2y
dy
dx p
= 4e4y ⇡ dx 3 p
dy At y = , = 2⇥ = 3
dx 6 dy 2
At y = 0, =4 p
dy dy 1 3
) = p =
dy 1 dx 3 3
) =
dx 4
h x = cos 2y
d x = e4y ,
At x = 0,
dx
= 4e4y cos 2y = 0
dy
⇡
= 4x 2y = + ⇡k, k 2 Z
2
1 dx dx dx
As x = , =1 ) = ±2 since = 2 sin 2y
4 dy dy dy
dy dy 1
) =1 ) =±
dx dx 2
e x = (1 2y)2
dx 3 a x = (2y 1)3
= 4(1 2y) dx
dy = 6(2y 1)2
dx dy
At y = 1, =4 dy 1
dy ) =
dy 1 dx 6(2y 1)2
) =
dx 4
b x = e2y+1
f x = (1 2y)2 dx
= 2e2y+1
At x = 4, dy
dy 1
(1 2y)2 = 4 ) = 2y+1
dx 2e
1 2y = ±2
14
c x = loge (2y 1) d x = loge 2y 1
dx 2 ) x + 1 = loge 2y
=
dy 2y 1
) e x+1 = 2y
dy 1
) = (2y 1) 1
dx 2 ) y = e x+1
2
d x = loge (2y) 1 dy 1 x+1
) = e
dx 1 dx 2
=
dy y
dy 5 x=2 3y2
) =y
dx When x = 1,
3
1=2 3y2
4 a x = (2y 1)
) 3y2 = 3
1
) x3 = 2y 1 ) y2 = 1
1
) 2y = x 3 + 1 ) y = ±1
1 1 1 dx
) y=
x3 + Now = 6y
2 2 dy
dy 1 2 1 dy 1
) = x 3 or p3 =
dx 6 6 x2 dx 6y
dy 1
2y+1 When y = 1 =
b x=e ,x>0 dx 6
) loge x = 2y + 1 dy 1
When y = 1, =
dx 6
) 2y = loge x 1 The equation of the tangent at ( 1, 1)
1
1 1 with gradient is given by
) y= loge x 6
2 2 1
dy 1 1 y ( 1) = (x ( 1))
) = ⇥ 6
dx 2 x 1 1
1 ) y= x+ 1
= 6 6
2x 1 5
= x
6 6
c x = loge (2y 1) The equation of the tangent at ( 1, 1)
1
) e x = 2y 1 with gradient is given by
6
) 2y = e x + 1 1
y 1= (x ( 1))
1 1 6
) y = ex + 1 1
2 2 ) y= x +1
dy 1 x 6 6
) = e 1 5
dx 2 = x+
6 6
15
6 a x = y2 4y and x = y + 6 1 c The gradient of the tangent is
At the points of intersection 1
= 1
y2 4y = y + 6 1
dy
) = 1
) y2 5y 6=0 dx
1
) (y 6)(y + 1) = 0 ) = 1
2y 4
) y = 1 or 6
) 2y 4= 1
Substituting into 1
When y = 1, ) 2y = 3
x= 1+6=5 3
) y=
2
When y = 6, 3
When y = ,
x = 6 + 6 = 12 2
The points of intersection are (5, 1) !2
3 3
and (12, 6) x= 4⇥
2 2
b x = y2 4y 9 12 15
= =
4 2 4
dx The coordinates of the point are
= 2y 4 !
dy 15 3
,
dy 1 4 2
) =
dx 2y 4
The gradient of the tangent is that of
7 a
the line y = x 6, i.e. the gradient is 1
x = y2 y andx=y 1
1 2
dy
) = 1 where the tangent meets the ) x = 2y 2 1
dx
curve x = y2 4y At the points of intersection
1 y2 y = 2y 2
) =1
2y 4 ) y2 3y + 2 = 0
) 2y 4=1
) (y 2)(y 1) = 0
5
) y= ) y = 1 or 2
2
5 Substituting into 1
When y = , When y = 1,
2
!2 x=2⇥1 2=0
5 5
x= 4⇥
2 2 When y = 2,
25 20 15 x=2⇥2 2=2
= =
4 2 4 The points of intersection are (0, 1)
The coordinates
! of the point are
15 5 and (2, 2).
,
4 2
16
Hence it is shown that the graphs dy 1 1
= =
intersect where x = 2 at the point dx 2 ⇥ 2 1 3
i.e. the tangent to the curve x = y2 y
(2, 2) 1
at (2, 2) has gradient , and
3
b Let ✓ be the angle between the line 1
1 tan ↵ = where ↵ is the angle
y = x + 1 and the positive direction 3
2 between the tangent and the positive
of the x-axis. direction of the x-axis.
1 !
) tan ✓ = 1 1
2 ) ↵ = tan
! 3
1 1 ! !
) ✓ = tan
2 1 1 1 1
) ✓ ↵ = tan tan
Consider x = y y 2 2 3
dx
= 2y 1 = (8.13010 . . .)
dy Therefore the angle between the line
dy 1 1
) = y = x + 1 and the tangent is 8.13 ,
dx 2y 1 2
At the point (2, 2), correct to two decimal places.
17
!
x 1
1 a Let f (x) = sin 1 f 0 (x) = ⇥5
2 1 + (5x)2
1 5
then f 0 (x) = p , x 2 ( 2, 2) =
1 + 25x2
22 x2
!
1 1 3x
= p g Let f (x) = sin
4 x2 4
! then by the chain rule
1 x 1 3
b Let f (x) = cos f 0 (x) = s ⇥ ,
4 !2 4
3
1 1
then f 0 (x) = p , x 2 ( 4, 4) 4
42 x2 3x
1 2 ( 1, 1)
= p 4
!
16 x2 3 4 4
! = r ,x2 ,
x 9x2 3 3
1 4 1
c Let f (x) = tan
3 16
3 3
then f 0 (x) = = p
32 + x2 16 9x2
3 !
= 1 3x
9 + x2 h Let f (x) = cos
2
d Let f (x) = sin 1 (3x) then by the chain rule
1 3
then by the chain rule f 0 (x) = s ⇥ ,
1 !2 2
f 0 (x) = p ⇥ 3, 3x 2 ( 1, 1) 3x
1
1 (3x)2 2
!
3 1 1 3x
= p ,x2 , 2 ( 1, 1)
1 9x2 3 3 2
!
3 2 2
1
e Let f (x) = cos (2x) = r ,x2 ,
9x2 3 3
then by the chain rule 2 1
1 4
f 0 (x) = p ⇥ 2, 2x 2 ( 1, 1)
1 (2x)2 3
= p
! 4 9x2
2 1 1
= p ,x2 , !
2 2
1 4x2 1 2x
i Let f (x) = tan
5
f Let f (x) = tan 1 (5x) then by the chain rule
then by the chain rule
18
1 2 2
f 0 (x) = !2 ⇥ 5 = p
2x 4x2 4x
1+
5 2
= p
2 2 x2 x
= ! 1
4x2 = p
5 1+
25 x(x + 1)
10 c Let f (x) = tan 1 (x + 2)
=
25 + 4x2 then by the chain rule
! 1
1 1 x f 0 (x) = ⇥1
j Let f (x) = sin (0.2x) = sin 1 + (x + 2)2
5
1
1 =
f 0 (x) = p , x 2 ( 5, 5) 2
1 + x + 4x + 4
52 x2 1
1 = 2
= p x + 4x + 5
25 x2
d Let f (x) = sin 1 (4 x)
2 a Let f (x) = sin 1 (x + 1) 1
f 0 (x) = p ⇥ 1,
then by the chain rule 1 (4 x)2
1
f 0 (x) = p ⇥ 1, 4 x 2 ( 1, 1)
1 (x + 1)2
1
x + 1 2 ( 1, 1) = p , x 2 (3, 5)
x2 + 8x 15
1
= p , x 2 ( 2, 0)
1 (x2 + 2x + 1) e Let f (x) = cos 1 (1 3x)
1 then by the chain rule
= p 1
x2 2x f 0 (x) = p ⇥ 3,
1 (1 3x)2
1
= p 1 3x 2 ( 1, 1)
x(x + 2)
!
3 2
b Let f (x) = cos 1 (2x + 1) = p , x 2 0,
9x2 + 6x 3
1 f Let f (x) = 3 tan 1 (1 2x)
f 0 (x) = p ⇥ 2,
1 (2x + 1)2 then by the chain rule
1
2x + 1 2 ( 1, 1) f 0 (x) = 3 ⇥ ⇥ 2
1 + (1 2x)2
2
= p , 6
1 (4x2 + 4x + 1) =
1 + (1 4x + 4x2 )
x 2 ( 1, 0) 6
=
2 4x + 4x2
3
= 2
2x 2x + 1
19
! !
3x + 1
1 1 1 x
g Let f (x) = 2 sin i Let f (x) = 5 tan
2 2
then by the chain rule then by the chain rule
1 3 1 1
f 0 (x) = 2 ⇥ s ⇥ , f 0 (x) = 5 ⇥ !2 ⇥ 2
!2 2 1 x
3x + 1 1+
1 2
2
3x + 1 5
2 ( 1, 1) = !
2 1
2 1 + (1 2x + x2 )
3 4
= r ,
1 2 10
1 (9x + 6x + 1) =
4 x2 2x + 5
!
1 j Let f (x) = sin 1 (x2 )
x 2 1,
3 then by the chain rule
6 1
= p f 0 (x) = p ⇥ 2x,
4 9x2 6x 1 1 (x2 )2
6 x2 2 (0, 1)
= p
9x2 6x + 3 2x
6 = p , x 2 ( 1, 1)
= p 1 x4
3(3x2 + 2x1)
! !
3
1 5x 3 3 a y = cos 1
,x>3
h Let f (x) = 4 cos x
2
then by the chain rule By the chain rule
1 5 dy 1 2
f 0 (x) = 4 ⇥ s ⇥ , = s ⇥ 3x
!2 2 dx !2
5x 3 3
1 1
2 x
5x 3 3
2 ( 1, 1) = r
2 9
x2 1
10 x2
= r ,
1 3
1 (25x2 30x + 9) = p
4 x x2 9
!
1
x 2 ,1
5
20
= p
4 25x2 + 30x 9
20
= p
25x2 + 30x 5
20
= p
5(5x2 6x + 1)
20
!
5 1
b y = sin 1
, x>5 f 0 (x) = ⇥a
x 1 + (ax)2
By the chain rule a
dy 1 =
= s ⇥ 5x 2 1 + a2 x2
dx !2
5
1 !
x 1 x
5 f (x) = 3 sin
5 2
= r ! " #
25 x ⇡ ⇡
x2 1 a i sin 21
,
x2 2 2 2
dy 5 x
) = p ) 2 [ 1, 1]
dx x x2 25 2
! ) x 2 [ 2, 2]
1 3 3
c y = cos ,x> The maximal domain of f is
2x 2
By the chain rule [ 2, 2]
dy 1 3 2 ! " #
= s ⇥ x 1 x ⇡ ⇡
dx !2 2 ii sin 2 ,
3 2 2 2
1 ! " #
2x
1 x 3⇡ 3⇡
3 ) 3 sin 2 ,
2 2 2
= r " #
9 3⇡ 3⇡
2x2 1 The range of f is ,
4x2 2 2
3 !
= p x 1
x 4x2 9 b f (x) = 3 sin
2
By the chain rule
4 a Let f (x) = sin 1 (ax), a > 0 1 1
f 0 (x) = 3 ⇥ s ⇥ ,
!2 2
then by the chain rule x
1 1
f 0 (x) = p ⇥ a, ax 2 ( 1, 1) 2
1 (ax)2 x
! 2 ( 1, 1)
a 1 1 2
= p ,x2 ,
1 a2 x2 a a 3
= r , x 2 ( 2, 2)
x2
b Let f (x) = cos 1 (ax), a > 0 2 1
4
1 3
f 0 (x) = p ⇥ a, ax 2 ( 1, 1) = p
1 (ax)2 4 x2
! The domain for which the derivative
a 1 1 exists is ( 2, 2).
= p ,x2 ,
1 a2 x2 a a
c Let f (x) = tan 1 (ax), a > 0

21
" #
3 1 1
c f 0 (x) = p , x 2 ( 2, 2) ,
4 x2 3 3
1
= 3(4 x2 ) 2 ii cos 1 (3x) 2 [0, ⇡]
As x ! ±2, f 0 (x) ! 1
There are vertical asymptotes at ) 4 cos 1 (3x) 2 [0, 4⇡]
The range of f is [0, 4⇡]
x = 2 and x = 2
The ‘gradient function of f 0 (x)’ b f (x) = 4 cos 1 (3x)
3 3
= (4 x2 ) 2 By the chain rule
2 1
⇥ 2x f 0 (x) = 4 ⇥ p ⇥ 3,
1 (3x)2
3x
= p 3x 2 ( 1, 1)
(4 x 2 )3 !
12 1 1
3x = p ,x 2 ,
When p = 0, 1 9x2 3 3
(4 x2 )3 The domain for !which the derivative
3x = 0 1 1
exists is ,
3 3
) x=0
!
3 0 12 1 1
0
f (0) = p c f (x) = p ,x2 ,
4 0 1 9x2 3 3
1
3 = 12(1 9x2 ) 2
=
2 ! 1
3 As x ! ± , f (x) ! 1
There is a stationary point at 0, 3
2 There are vertical asymptotes at
1 1
y x= and x =
3 3
The ‘gradient function of f 0 (x)’
f ′(x) = 3 1 3
4 – x2
= 12 ⇥ (1 9x2 ) 2 ⇥ 18x
2
3 108x
= p
2 (1 9x)3
–2 0 2 x 108x
When p = 0,
(1 9x)3
108x = 0
6 f (x) = 4 cos 1 (3x)
) x=0
1
a i cos (3x) 2 [0, ⇡] 12
f 0 (0) = p
) 3x 2 [ 1, 1] 1 0
" # = 12
1 1
) x2 , There is a stationary point at (0, 12)
3 3
The maximal domain of f is
22
4
y c f 0 (x) =
x2
+ 2x + 5
–1 0 1 x
3 3 = 4(x2 + 2x + 5) 1
The ‘gradient function of f 0 (x)’
–12
–12 = 4(x2 + 2x + 5) 2 ⇥ (2x + 2)
f ′(x) =
1 – 9x2 8(x + 1)
=
(x2
+ 2x + 5)2
8(x + 1)
When 2 = 0,
(x + 2x + 5)2
! 8(x + 1) = 0
1 x+1
7 f (x) = 2 tan
2 ) x+1=0
! ! ) x= 1
1 x+1 ⇡ ⇡
a i tan 2 , 4
2 2 2 f 0 ( 1) =
x+1 ( 1)2 + 2( 1) + 5
2 ( 1, 1) 4
2 =
) x 2 ( 1, 1) 1 2+5
The maximal domain of f is R. =1
! ! There is a stationary point at ( 1, 1)
1 x+1 ⇡ ⇡ f 0 (x) , 0 for all x 2 R so there is a
ii tan 2 ,
2 2 2 horizontal asymptote at y = 0, (the
!
1 x+1
x-axis.)
) 2 tan 2 ( ⇡, ⇡) 4
2 f 0 (0) = 2
The range of f is ( ⇡, ⇡) 0 + 2(0) + 5
! 4
=
1 x+1 5
b f (x) = 2 tan 4
2 The y-axis intercept is
By the chain rule 5
1 1 y
f 0 (x) = 2 ⇥ !2 ⇥ 2
x+1
1+ ( -1 , 1 )
2
1
=
1 0 , 45
1 + (x2 + 2x + 1)
4
4 x
= 2
Horizontal As
4 + x + 2x + 1 y = 0
4
=
4 + (x + 1)2
4
= 2
x + 2x + 5
23
8 a Let f (x) = (sin 1 x)2 1
f 0 (x) = ⇥ ex
then by the chain rule 1 + (e x )2
1 1 ex
f 0 (x) = 2 sin x⇥ p , =
1 x2 1 + e2x
x 2 ( 1, 1)
!
2 sin x 1 x 1
= p 9 a f (x) = sin
3
1 x2 By the chain rule
1 1 x
b Let f (x) = sin 1
x + cos 1
x f 0 (x) = s ⇥ , 2 ( 1, 1)
!2 3 3
1 1 x
then f 0 (x) = p + p , 1
3
1 x2 1 x2
1
x 2 ( 1, 1) = r , x 2 ( 3, 3)
x2
=0 3 1
9
c Let f (x) = sin(cos 1 x) 1
= p
then by the chain rule 9 x2
1 Note: This answer could be obtained
1
f 0 (x) = cos(cos x) ⇥ p , directly from the rule.
1 x2 1
x 2 ( 1, 1) f 0 (1) = p
9 12
x 1
= p = p
1 x2 8
p
d Let f (x) = cos(sin 1 x) 2
=
then by the chain rule 4
1 1 = 0.35355 . . .
f 0 (x) = sin(sin x) ⇥ p ,
1 x2 The gradient of f (x) at x = 1 is 0.35,
x 2 ( 1, 1) correct to two decimal places.
x
= p b f (x) = 2 cos 1 (3x)
1 x2 By the chain rule
Note: This answer is the same as 8 c. 1
f 0 (x) = 2 ⇥ p ⇥ 3,
e Let f (x) = esin x
1
1 (3x)2
then by the chain rule 3x 2 ( 1, 1)
1x 1 !
f 0 (x) = esin ⇥ p , x 2 ( 1, 1) 6 1 1
1 x2 = p ,x 2 ,
1 1 9x2 3 3
esin x
= p
1 x2
f Let f (x) = tan 1 (e x )
24
6 3
f 0 (0.1) = p ) a2 =
1 9(0.1)2 4
p
6 3
= p ) a=±
1 0.09 2
6 1 x
= p b f (x) = 3 cos
0.91 2
3
60 ) f 0 (x) = p , x 2 ( 2, 2)
= p 22 x2
91
3
= 6.28970 . . . = p
The gradient of f (x) at x = 0.1 is 4 x2
0
Now f (a) = 10
6.29, correct to two decimal places.
3
1 ) = 10
p
c f (x) = 3 tan (2x + 1) 4 a2
By the chain rule p 3
1 ) 4 a2 =
f 0 (x) = 3 ⇥ ⇥2 10
1 + (2x + 1)2 9
6 ) 4 a2 =
= 100
2
1 + 4x + 4x + 1 391
6 ) a2 =
= 2 100
4x + 4x + 2 p
391
3 ) a=±
= 2 10
2x + 2x + 1
3 c f (x) = tan 1 (3x)
f 0 (1) = 2
2(1) + 2(1) + 1 1
3 ) f 0 (x) = ⇥3
= 1 + (3x)2
5 3
3 =
The gradient of f (x) at x = 1 is 1 + 9x2
5
Now f 0 (a) = 0.5
10 a f (x) = 2 sin 1
x 3
) = 0.5
1 + 9a2
2
) f 0 (x) = p , x 2 ( 1, 1) 3
1 x2 ) 1 + 9a2 =
0.5
Now f 0 (a) = 4 2
) 9a = 5
2 5
) p =4 ) a2 =
1 a2 9
p p
1 5
) 1 a2 = ) a=±
2 3
1
) 1 a2 =
4
25
! !
1 x+1 1 2x
d f (x) = sin e f (x) = 2 cos
2 3
1 1 1 2
) f 0 (x) = s ⇥ , ) f 0 (x) = 2 ⇥ s ⇥ ,
!2 2 !2 3
x+1 2x
1 1
2 3
x+1 2x
2 ( 1, 1) 2 ( 1, 1)
2 3
!
1 4 3 3
= r , = r ,x2 ,
1 2 4x2 2 2
2 1 (x + 2x + 1) 3 1
4 9
x 2 ( 3, 1) 4
= p
1 9 4x2
= p 0
Now f (a) = 8
4 x2 2x 1
1 4
= p ) p = 8
x2 2x + 3 9 4a2
Now f 0 (a) = 20 p 1
) 9 4a2 =
1 2
) p = 20 1
a2 2a + 3 ) 9 4a2 =
p 4
1
) a2 2a + 3 = 35
20 ) 4a2 =
4
1
) a2 2a + 3 = 35
400 ) a2 =
16
1199 p
) a2 2a + =0 35
400 ) a=±
1199 4
) a2 + 2a =0
400 f f (x) = 4 tan 1 (2x 1)
1199
) a2 + 2a + 1 1 =0 1
400 ) f 0 (x) = 4 ⇥ ⇥2
1599 1 + (2x 1)2
) (a + 1)2 =0 8
400 =
1599 2
1 + 4x 4x + 1
) (a + 1)2 =
400 8
p = 2
1599 4x 4x + 2
) a+1=± 4
20 = 2
p 2x 2x + 1
1599 4
) a= 1± 0
Now f (a) = 2 =1
20 2a 2a + 1
26
) 2a2 2a + 1 = 4 2
= r
) 2a2 2a 3=0 1
1
4
3
) a2 a =0 2
2 = r
1 1 3 3
) a2 a+ =0 4
4 4 2 p
!2 4 3
1 7 =
) a =0 3
2 4 Hence the equation of the tangent is
!2
1 7 given by p
) a = !
2 4 ⇡ 4 3 1
p y = x
6 3 4
1 7 p p
) a =± 4 3 3
2 2 x
p =
1 7 3 3
) a= ± p p
2 2 4 3 3 ⇡
) y= x +
1 p 3 3 6
) a = (1 ± 7)
2
b y = tan 1 (2x)
dy 1
11 The gradient of the tangent is given by ) = ⇥2
dy dx 1 + (2x)2
dx 2
=
1 + 4x2
a y = sin 1 (2x) 1
When x = ,
dy 1 2
) = p ⇥ 2, ⇡
dx 1 (2x)2 y = tan 1 (1) =
4
2x 2 ( 1, 1) dy 2
! and = !2
2 1 1 dx 1
= p ,x2 , 1+4
1 4x2 2 2 2
1 2
When x = , =
4 1+1
!
1 1 ⇡ =1
y = sin =
2 6 Hence the equation of the tangent is
dy 2 given by !
and = s ⇡ 1
dx !2
1 y =1 x
1 4 4 2
4
1
=x
2
1 ⇡
) y=x +
2 4
27
c y = cos 1 (3x) 1
When x = p ,
dy 1 2 3
) = p ⇥ 3, p !
dx 1 (3x)2 1 3 ⇡
y = cos =
2 6
3x 2 ( 1, 1)
! dy 3
3 1 1 and = s !2
= p ,x2 , dx 1
1 9x2 3 3 1 9 p
1 2 3
When x = , 3
6 = r
!
1 1 ⇡ 9
y = cos = 1
2 3 12
dy 3 = 6
and = s Hence the equation of the tangent is
dx !2
1
1 9 given by !
6 ⇡ 1
y = 6 x p
3 6 2 3
= r p
1 = 6x + 3
1
4 p ⇡
3 ) y = 6x + 3 +
= r 6
3
4 !
p 1 6
12 f (x) = cos
= 2 3 x
Hence the equation of the tangent is !
given by 1 6
p
! a cos 2 [0, ⇡]
⇡ 1 x
y = 2 3 x
3 6 6
p ) 2 [ 1, 1] \ {0}
p 3 x
= 2 3x +
3 ) x  6 or x 6
p The maximal domain is
p 3 ⇡
) y = 2 3x + + {x : x  6} [ {x : x 6}
3 3
p
p 3+⇡
) y = 2 3x +
3
d y = cos 1 (3x)
dy 1
) = p ⇥ 3,
dx 1 (3x)2
3x 2 ( 1, 1)
!
3 1 1
= p ,x2 ,
1 9x2 3 3
28
1 c
b f 0 (x) = s ⇥ 6x 2 , !
!2 1 6
6 f (x) = cos ,x 6 or x 6
1 x
x
6 6 f ( 6) = cos 1 ( 1)
2 [ 1, 1], , 0
x x =⇡
6 f (6) = cos 1 (1)
= r
36
x2 1 =0
x2 ⇡
6 As x ! +1, f (x) ! from below.
= p , 2
⇡
x x2 36 As x ! 1, f (x) ! from above.
2
x < 6 or x > 6 ⇡
Hence y = is a horizontal
2
for x > 6, x2 > 36 asymptote.
p (-6 , π)
) x2 36 > 0 π
6
and p >0 π
x x2 36
) f 0 (x) > 0 π
(6,0)
29
1 a Let f (x) = 2x + 5 h Let f (x) = loge x
Then f 0 (x) = 2 1 1
Then f 0 (x) = =x
x
and f 00 (x) = 0
2 1
and f 00 (x) = x =
b Let f (x) = x8 x2
Then f 0 (x) = 8x7 1 1

i Let f (x) = = (x + 1)
x+1
and f 00 (x) = 56x6
Then f 0 (x) = 1(x + 1) 2 ⇥ 1
p 1
= (x + 1) 2
c Let f (x) = x = x2
3
1 1 and f 00 (x) = 2(x + 1) ⇥1
0
Then f (x) = x 2
2 2
=
1 3 1 (x + 1)3
and f 00 (x) = x 2 = p
4 4 x3
j Let f (x) = tan x
4
d Let f (x) = (2x + 1) Then f 0 (x) = sec2 x = (cos x) 2
Then f 0 (x) = 4(2x + 1)3 ⇥ 2 and f 00 (x) = 2(cos x) 3

⇥ sin x
3
= 8(2x + 1) = 2 sin x sec3 x
and f 00 (x) = 24(2x + 1)2 ⇥ 2
= 48(2x + 1)2 p 5
2 a Let y = x5 = x 2
e Let f (x) = sin x dy 5 3
Then = x2
dx 2
Then f 0 (x) = cos x p
d2 y 15 1 15 x
and f 00 (x) = sin x and 2 = x =
2
dx 4 4
f Let f (x) = cos x b Let y = (x2 + 3)4
Then f 0 (x) = sin x dy
Then = 4(x2 + 3)3 ⇥ 2x
and f 00 (x) = cos x dx
= 8x(x2 + 3)3
g Let f (x) = e x and
d2 y
Then f 0 (x) = e x 2
= 8x ⇥ 3(x2 + 3)2 ⇥ 2x
dx
and f 00 (x) = e x + 8(x2 + 3)3
= 48x2 (x2 + 3)2 + 8(x2 + 3)3
= 8(x2 + 3)2 (7x2 + 3)
30
x
c Let y = sin h Let y = 4 sin 1 (x)
2
dy 1 x dy 4
Then = cos Then = p , x 2 ( 1, 1)
dx 2 2 dx 1 x2
2 1
d y 1 x = 4(1 x2 ) 2
and 2 = sin
dx 4 2
d2 y 3
and = 2(1 x2 ) 2 ⇥ ( 2x)
d Let y = 3 cos(4x + 1) dx2
dy 4x
Then = 3 sin(4x + 1) ⇥ 4 = p
dx (1 x2 )3
= 12 sin(4x + 1)
i Let y = tan 1 (x)
2
d y
and = 12 cos(4x + 1) ⇥ 4 dy 1
dx2 Then = = (1 + x2 ) 1
dx 1 + x2
= 48 cos(4x + 1) and
d2 y 2x
= (1 + x2 ) 2 ⇥ 2x =
1 dx 2 (1 + x2 )2
e Let y = e2x+1
2
dy 1 2x+1 j Let y = 2(1 3x)5
Then = e ⇥ 2 = e2x+1
dx 2 dy
Then = 10(1 3x)4 ⇥ ( 3)
d2 y dx
and 2 = e2x+1 ⇥ 2 = 2e2x+1
dx = 30(1 3x)4
f Let y = loge (2x + 1) d2 y

and = 120(1 3x)3 ⇥ ( 3)
dx2
dy 1 1
Then = ⇥ 2 = 2(2x + 1) = 360(1 3x)3
dx 2x + 1
d2 y
and 2 = 2(2x + 1) 2 ⇥ 2
dx 3 a f (x) = 6e3 2x
4
= f 0 (x) = 6e3 2x
⇥ ( 2) = 12e3 2x
(2x + 1)2
f 00 (x) = 12e3 2x
⇥ ( 2) = 24e3 2x
g Let y = 3 tan(x 4)
0.5x2
dy b f (x) = 8e
Then = 3 sec2 (x 4)
dx f 0 (x) = 8e 0.5x2
⇥ ( x) = 8x e 0.5x2
2
= 3(cos(x 4))
0.5x2 0.5x2
f 00 (x) = 8x e ⇥ ( x) + 8e
d2 y
and = 6(cos(x 4)) 3 = 8x2 e 0.5x2 +
8e 0.5x2
dx2
⇥ ( sin(x 4)) 0.5x2
= 8e (1 x2 )
= 6 sin(x 4) sec3 (x 4)
31
!
c f (x) = eloge x = x 1 2x
g f (x) = 2 tan
3
f 0 (x) = 1
2 2
f 00 (x) = 0 f 0 (x) = !2 ⇥ 3
2x
1+
d f (x) = loge (sin x) 3
1 4
1
f 0 (x) = ⇥ cos x = (tan x) = !
sin x 4x2
3 1+
f 00 (x) = (tan x) 2 ⇥ sec2 x 9
cos2 x 12
=
= 9 + 4x2
sin2 x cos2 x
= 12(9 + 4x2 ) 1
= cosec2 x
! f 00 (x) = 12(9 + 4x2 ) 2 (8x)
1 x 96x
e f (x) = 3 sin =
4 (9 + 4x2 )2
3
f 0 (x) = p , x 2 ( 4, 4) 1 1
16 x2 h f (x) = p = (1 x) 2
1 1 x
= 3(16 x2 ) 2 1 3
f 0 (x) = (1 x) 2 ⇥ ( 1)
3 3 2
00
f (x) = (16 x2 ) 2 ⇥ 2x 1 3
2 = (1 x) 2
3x 2
= p 3 5
(16 x2 )3 f 00 (x) = (1 x) 2 ⇥ ( 1)
4
f f (x) = cos 1 (3x) 3
= p
1 4 (1 x)5
f 0 (x) = p ⇥ 3,
1 (3x)2
i f (x) = 5 sin(3 x)
3x 2 ( 1, 1)
! f 0 (x) = 5 cos(3 x) ⇥ ( 1)
3 1 1
= p ,x2 , = 5 cos(3 x)
1 9x2 3 3
1 f 00 (x) = 5 ⇥ ( sin(3 x)) ⇥ ( 1)
2
= 3(1 9x ) 2
= 5 sin(3 x)
00 3 2
3
f (x) = (1 9x ) 2 ⇥ ( 18x)
2
27x
= p
(1 9x2 )3
32
! !! 1
j f (x) = tan(1 3x) x x
l f (x) = cosec = sin
f 0 (x) = sec2 (1 3x) ⇥ ( 3) 4 4
!! 2 !!
= 3 sec2 (1 3x) 0 x x 1
f (x) = sin ⇥ cos ⇥
2 4 4 4
= 3(cos(1 3x))
! !! 2
3 1 x x
f 00 (x) = 6(cos(1 3x)) = cos sin
4 4 4
⇥ ( sin(1 3x)) ⇥ ( 3) ! !! 3
00 1 x x
= 18 sin(1 3x) sec3 (1 3x) f (x) = cos ⇥ 2 sin
4 4 4
! !! 1 !
x x 1 x
k f (x) = sec = cos ⇥ cos
3 3 4 4
!! 2 !! !! 2 !
x x 1 x 1 x
0
f (x) = cos ⇥ sin + sin ⇥ sin
3 3 4 4 4 4
! !! 3
1 1 x x
⇥ = cos2 sin
3 8 4 4
! !
1 x 2 x
! 1
= sin sec 1 x
3 3 3 + sin
16 4
! !! 3 ! !
1 x x
2 x 2 x
00
f (x) = sin ⇥ 2 cos 2 cos + sin
3 3 3 4 4
! = !
x 1 x
⇥ sin ⇥ 16 sin3
3 3 4
! ! !
1 x 1 2 x x
+ cos ⇥ ⇥ sec 1 + cos2
3 3 3 3 4
! ! = !
2 x x 3 x
= sec3 sin2 16 sin
9 3 3 4
!
1 x
+ sec
9 3 4 a Let f (x) = esin x
! ! !
1 x 2 x
= sec 2 tan +1 Then f 0 (x) = cos x esin x
9 3 3 and
f 00 (x) = sin x ⇥ esin x + cos x
⇥ esin x ⇥ cos x
= esin x (cos2 x sin x)
f 00 (0) = e0 (1 0) = 1
33
1 2
!
b Let f (x) = e 2x 1 1
d Let f (x) = tan
1 2
x 1
0
Then f (x) = e 2x ⇥ ( x) = tan 1 ((x 1) 1 )
1 2
= xe 2x (x 1) 2
Then f 0 (x) =
and 1 2 1 2 1 + ((x 1) 1 )2
f 00 (x) = 1 ⇥ e 2x x⇥e 2x ⇥ x 1
=
1 2 1 2 (x 1) (1 + (x 1) 2 )
2
=xe 2 2x e 2x
1
1 2 =
=e 2 x (x2 1) (x 1)2 + 1
1
f 00 (0) = e0 (0 1) = 1 = 2
x 2x + 2
p 1 = (x2 2x + 2) 1
c Let f (x) = 1 x2 = (1 x2 ) 2
and
1 1
f 00 (x) = (x2 2x + 2) 2
⇥ (2x 2)
Then f 0 (x) = (1 x2 ) 2 ⇥ ( 2x)
2
1
2x 2
=
= x(1 x2 ) 2 (x2
2x + 2)2
and 1 2 1
f 00 (x) = (1 x2 ) 2 f 00 (0) = =
4 2
1 3
+ x(1 x2 ) 2 ⇥ 2x
2 5 y = esin x
1
1 x2 Let u = sin 1 x .Then y = eu

= p p
1 x2 (1 x2 )3 dy dy du
= ⇥
dx du dx
f 00 (0) = 1 0= 1 1
u 1 esin x
=e p = p
1 x2 1 x2
p 1
d2 y ( 1 x2 + x)esin x
= (Calc used)
dx2 3
(1 xp2 ) 2
1 1
2 ( 1 x2 + x)esin x esin x 1
LHS = (1 x) 3
xp esin x
2
(1 x ) 2 1 x2
p 1 1
( 1 x2 + x)esin x
esin x 1
= 1
xp esin x
(1 x2 ) 2 1 x2
=0
34
dy d2 y f 00 (x) = 6x 2
1 a Since > 0 and 2 > 0 at x = a 1
dx dx f 00 (x) < 0 for x < and f 00 (x) > 0
The small portion of graph surround- 3
ing x = a is a rising curve (concave 1
for x >
upwards) 3 ✓1 2◆
Point of inflection , ;
✓ 1 3 ◆ 27
Concave up on , 1
3
dy d2 y c f 0 (x) = 2x 3x2
b Since < 0 and 2 < 0 at x = a
dx dx f 00 (x) = 2 6x
The small portion of graph surround- 1
ing x = a is a falling curve (concave f 00 (x) < 0 for x > and f 00 (x) > 0
3
downwards) 1
for x <
3 ✓1 2 ◆
Point of inflection , ;
✓ 3 127
◆
Concave up on 1,
dy d2 y 3
c Since > 0 and 2 < 0 at x = a
dx dx
The small portion of graph surround- d f 0 (x) = 4x3 3x2
ing x = a is a rising curve (concave f 00 (x) = 12x2 6x = 6x(2x✓ 1) ◆
1 1
downwards) Points of inflection (0, 0), , ;
2 16
✓1 ◆
Concave up on ( 1, 0) [ , 1
2
dy d2 y
d Since < 0 and 2 > 0 at x = a
dx dx 1
The small portion of graph surround- 3 y= 2
= (1 + x + x2 ) 1
1+x+x
ing x = a is a falling curve (concave
upwards)
2 a f 0 (x) = 3x2 1
f 00 (x) = 6x
f 00 (x) < 0 for x < 0 and f 00 (x) > 0 for
x>0
Point of inflection (0, 0);
Concave up on (0, 1)
b f 0 (x) = 3x2 2x
35
dy dy (1 + 2x)
a = (1 + x + x2 ) 2
b =
dx dx (1 + x + x2 )2
⇥ (1 + 2x) When x = 1,
= ( 1 2x)(1 + x + x2 ) 2 dy
=1
d2 y dx
= 2(1 + x + x2 ) 2 The equation of the tangent at the
dx2 point ( 1, 1) is
+ ( 1 2x) y 1 = 1(x ( 1))
⇥ (1 + x + x2 ) 3
) y= x+2
⇥ 2 ⇥ (1 + 2x) When x = 0,
dy
= 1
2(1 + 2x)2 dx
=
(1 + x + x2 )3 The equation of the tangent at the
2 point (0, 1) is
y 1 = 1(x 0)
(1 + x + x2 )2
d2 y ) y=1 x
For
=0 The two tangents will intersect when
dx2
x+2=1 x
2(1 + 2x)2 2
) 2 3
= 1
(1 + x + x ) (1 + x + x2 )2 ) x=
2
) 2(1 + 2x)2 = 2(1 + x + x2 ) 1 3
When x = ,y =
) 8x2 + 8x + 2 = 2x2 + 2x + 2 2 2
Therefore the tangents at the point
) 6x2 + 6x = 0 of inflexion intersect at the point
!
1 3
) 6x(x + 1) = 0 ,
2 2
) x = 1 or x = 0
y( 1) = 1 and y(0) = 1 2
2 4 a i (2x2 + 1)e x
dy 4
2
= and
dx x= 2 9 ii 2x(2x2 + 3)e x
2
d2 y 32
=
2
dx x= 1 9 e i (0, 1)
2
Hence there is a point of inflexion at
( 1, 1). ii ( 1, 0)
d2 y 4
2
=
dx x=1 9 x2
Hence there is a point of inflexion at 5 f : [0, 20] ! R, f (x) = (20 x)
10
(0, 1).
36
x2 1
a f (x) = (20 x) f (20) = 2(20)2 (20)3 Local
10 10
1 3 = 800 800
= 2x2 x
10
=0
3 2
f 0 (x) = 4x x 3
10 f 0 (20) = 4(20) (20)2
3 10
f 00 (x) = 4 x = 80 120
5
f (0) = 0, f 0 (0) = 0, f 00 (0) = 4 = 40
When
3
f 00 (x) = 0, f 00 (20) = 4 (20)
5
3
4 x=0 =4 12
5
3 = 8
) 4= x ✓ 40 3200 ◆
5 min (0, 0); local max ,
20 3 27
) x=
3
! ! !2 3 2
0 20 20 3 20 b Since f 0 (x) = 4x x is a concave
f =4 10
3 3 10 3 down parabola, its maximum value
80 40 occurs where
= 20
3 3 f 00 (x) = 0 i.e. at x =
40 ! !2 3 !
3
= 20 20 1 20
3 f =2
0 3 3 10 3
When f (x) = 0,
3 2 800 800
4x x =0 =
10 ! 9 27
3 1600
) x4 x =0 =
10 27
Hence gradient! of f (x) is a maximum
40 20 1600
) x = 0 or x = at ,
3 3 27
! !2 !3 ✓ 20 1600 ◆
40 40 1 40 Point of inflection , ;
f =2 3 27
3 3 10 3 40
3200 6400 gradient =
= 3
9 27
3200
=
27
37
c f 00 (x), the rate of change of gradient ) 12x + 12 = 0
for the function, is decreasing over ) x= 1
the interval [0, 20].
The graph of y = f (x) f ( 1) = 2( 1)3 + 6( 1)2 12
! is steepest at
20 1600 = 2+6 12
the point , , when f 0 (x) is at
3 27
= 8
its maximum value and f 00 (x) = 0.
Consider f 00 (x) for values of x on
40 , 3200
3 27 either side of 1 to determine the
y = f(x)
nature of the stationary point.
f 00 ( 2) = 12( 2) + 12,
40 , 0
3
20 , 40
3 3 = 24 + 12
( 20 , 0 )
= 12
y = f '(x)
<0
y = f ''(x)
f 00 (0) = 12(0) + 12
( 20 , -8 )
= 12
20 , 0
3
( 20 , -40 )
>0
x 2 1 0
6 f (x) = 2x3 + 6x2 12 00
f (x) < 0 0 > 0
Slope \ — /
a i f 0 (x) = 6x2 + 12x There is a point of minimum gradient
at ( 1, 8) for the graph of y = f (x).
ii f 00 (x) = 12x + 12
Note the gradient at this point is
b f 0 (x) = 0 f (0) = 12 and f 0 ( 1) = 6( 1)2 + 12( 1)
6x2 + 12x = 0 =6 12
6x(x + 2) = 0 = 6
x = 0 or x = 2
f ( 2) = 4 7 Part a
Local min (0, 12); local max
( 2, 4) a f : [0, 2⇡] ! R, f (x) = sin x.
c f 0 (x) has stationary points where i f 0 (x) = cos x

f 00 (x) = 0
ii f 00 (x) = sin x
b Stationary points ✓where◆ cos x✓ = 0 ◆

⇡ 3⇡
Stationary points , 1 and , 1
✓⇡◆ 2 2
f 00 ( = 1 Therefore local max.
2
38
✓ 3⇡ ◆
f 00 ( = 1 Therefore local min. f 00 ( 3) = e 3 ( 3 + 2)
2 3
= e
c f 0 (x) has stationary points where
<0
f 00 (x) = 0
) sin x = 0 f 00 ( 1) = e 1 ( 1 + 2)
1
) sin x = 0 =e
) x=⇡ >0
There is a point of minimum gradient
f (⇡) = sin ⇡ at ( 2, 2e 2 ) for the graph of
=0 y = f (x). Note the gradient at this
There is a point of minimum gradient point is
at (⇡, 0) for the graph of y = f (x). f 0 ( 2) = e 2 ( 2 + 1)
Note the gradient at this point is 2
= e
f 0 (⇡) = cos ⇡
= 1
8 f (x) has a local minimum at x = a and
no other stationary point ‘close’ to a
7 part b
a f 0 (x) is the gradient function of f (x).
x
a f : R ! R, f (x) = x e
i f 0 (a h) < 0 since a point on the
0 x x x
i f (x) = x e + e = e (x + 1) left of a minimum turning point
has a negative gradient.
ii f 00 (x) = e x ⇥ 1 + (x + 1)e x
= e x (x + 2) ii f 0 (a) = 0 since the turning point
has zero gradient.
b f 0 (x) = 0 implies x = 1
Therefore stationary point at iii f 0 (a + h) > 0 since a point on the
( 1, e 1 ) right of a minimum turning point
has a positive gradient.
c f 0 (x) has stationary points where y
f 00 (x) = 0
) e x (x + 2) = 0
y = f (x)
) x + 2 = 0 (e x > 0 for all x)
) x= 2
f ( 2) = 2e 2 0 a–h a a+ h x
Consider f 00 (x) for values of x on
b The gradient of the graph of y = f 0 (x)
either side of 2 to determine the
for x 2 [a h, a + h] is always
nature of the stationary point.
non-negative.
39
y 9 Consider the interval x 2 [a h, a + h]
where the graph of y = f (x) has a local
y = f ′ (x)
maximum at x = a.
0 a–h a a +h x x a h a a+h
0
f (x) > 0 0 <0
00
f (x)  0  0  0
00
f (a)  0 if the graph of y = f (x) has a
c f 00 (a) 0
local maximum at x = a.
d i f (x) = x2 y
y = f(x)
0
f (x) = 2x
f 00 (x) = 2
f 00 (0) = 2 > 0 0 a–h a a+ h x
ii f (x) = cos x y
0
f (x) = sin x y = f′ (x)
00
f (x) = cos x
0 a–h a a+h x
f 00 (0) = cos 0 = 1 > 0
iii f (x) = x4
f 0 (x) = 4x3 10 f : [0, 10] ! R, f (x) = x(10 x)e x
f 00 (x) = 12x2
a f (x) = x(10 x)e x
f 00 (0) = 12(0)2 = 0
= (10x x2 )e x
e If the graph of y = f (x) has a f 0 (x) = (10x x2 )e x + (10 2x)e x
stationary point at x = a, then
= e x (10 + 8x x2 )
f 0 (a) = 0.
If f 00 (a) < 0, then f 0 (a h) > 0 and f 00 (x) = e x (8 2x) + e x (10 + 8x x2 )
f 0 (a + h) < 0, and (a h, f (a h)) = e x (18 + 6x x2 )
is a point of positive gradient and
(a + h, f (a + h)) is a point of negative b f (0) = 0
00
gradient. f (0) = 18
Therefore (a, f (a)) would be a local f (10) = 0
maximum turning point. f (10) = e10 (18 + 6(10)
00
102 )
Hence f 00 (a) can never be less than
= 22e10
zero if the graph of y = f (x) has a
local minimum at x = a. ⇡ 484 582
40
When f 00 (x) = 0 11 y=x sin x, x 2 [0, 4⇡]
e x (18 + 6x x2 ) = 0 dy
= 1 cos x
) 18 + 6x x2 = 0* ex , 0 dx
p d2 y
6 ± 36 + 4 ⇥ 18 = sin x
) x= dx2
2
p d2 y
6 ± 108 For 2 = 0
=
2 dx
p sin x = 0, x 2 [0, 4⇡]
=3±3 3
p ) x = 0, ⇡, 2⇡, 3⇡, 4⇡
= 3 + 3 3 since x > 0
p p p
y(0) = 0, y(⇡) = ⇡, y(2⇡) = 2⇡,
f (3 + 3 3) = 6(2 3 1)e3+3 3
⇡ 53 623 y(3⇡) = 3⇡, y(4⇡) = 4⇡
2
d y
3+3 3 = 1 and
3 + 3 3 , 6(2 3 – 1)e
dx2 x= ⇡
2
2
d y
=1
(3 + 3 3 , 0) dx2 x= ⇡
2
( 10 , 0 ) Hence the point (0, 0) is a point of
inflexion.
d2 y
= 1
dx2 x= 3⇡
10 2
(10 , – 22e )
Hence the point (⇡, ⇡) is a point of
inflexion.
d2 y
=1
c Gradient is a maximum when dx2 x= 5⇡
p 2
f 00 (x) =p0, i.e. x = 3 + 3 3 Hence the point (2⇡, 2⇡) is a point of
f (3 + 3 3) inflexion.
p p p d2 y
= (3 + 3 3)(10 (3 + 3 3))e3+3 3 = 1
dx2 x= 7⇡
p p p 2
= (3 + 3 3)(7 3 3))e3+3 3 Hence the point (3⇡, 3⇡) is a point of
p p p inflexion.
= (21 + 21 3 9 3 27)e3+3 3
The point (4⇡, 4⇡) is a point of inflexion.
p p
= (12 3 6)e3+3 3
p p
= 6(2 3 1)e3+3 3
⇡ 53 623
The point
p of maximum
p gradient,
p
i.e.
3+3 3
(3 + 3 3, 6(2 3 1)e ) is marked
on the graph in b.
41
12 a y = sin x Hence the point (4⇡, 4⇡) is a point of
dy inflexion.
= cos x x
dx p =0
(1 x2 )3
d2 y
= sin x ) x=0
dx2
Therefore the points of inflexion will
d2 y
For 2 = 0 occur when x = 0.
dx
sin x = 0 d y = sin(2x)
) x = k⇡, k 2 Z dy
Therefore the points of inflexion will = 2 cos(2x)
dx
occur when x = k⇡, k 2 Z d2 y
= 4 sin(2x)
dx2
b y = tan x
d2 y
dy For 2 = 0
= sec2 x = (cos x) 2 dx
dx
4 sin(2x) = 0
d2 y
2
= 2(cos x) 3 ⇥ sin x ) 2x = k⇡, k 2 Z
dx
= 2 sin x sec3 x 1
) x = k⇡, k 2 Z
2
d2 y Therefore the points of inflexion will
For =0 1
dx2 occur when x = k⇡, k 2 Z
2 sin x 2
= 0, cos x , 0
cos3 x
) 2 sin x = 0 13 y = ax2 + bx + c
) x = k⇡, k 2 Z dy
= 2ax + b
Therefore the points of inflexion will dx
occur when x = k⇡, k 2 Z. d2 y
= 2a i.e. constant
1
dx2
c y = sin x d2 y
dy 1 1 For 2 = 0
= p = (1 x2 ) 2 dx
dx 1 x2 ) 2a = 0 but a , 0
d2 y 1 3 Since the variable x does not appear in
= (1 x2 ) 2 ⇥ 2x
dx 2 2 the second derivative there are no points
2
d y x of inflexion.
) = p
dx2 (1 x2 )3
d2 y 14 y = 2x3 9x2 + 12x + 8
For =0
dx2 dy
= 6x2 18x + 12
d2 y dx
=1
dx2 9⇡
x= 2 d2 y
= 12x 18
dx2
42
dy Therefore the point (0, 0) is a point of
a For < 0,
dx inflexion.
6x2 18x + 12 = 0
The gradient when x = 0 is 6.
) x2 3x + 2 = 0
b y = x4 6x2 + 4
) (x 1)(x 2) = 0
dy
) x = 1 or x = 2 = 4x3 12x
dx
dy
) < 0 when 1 < x < 2 d2 y
dx = 12x2 12
dx2
d2 y
For 2 > 0, d2 y
dx For 2 = 0, x = ±1
dx
12x 18 > 0
y( 1) = 1 and y(1) = 1
3 2
) x> d y d2 y
2 = 36, = 12
dy d2 y dx2 x= 2 dx2 x=0
) for < 0 and 2 > 0 d2 y
dx dx and 2 = 36
3 dx x=2
<x<2
2 Therefore the points ( 1, 1) and
(1, 1) are the points of inflexion.
d2 y
b For < 0, The gradient when x = 1 is 8.
dx2
The gradient when x = 1 is 8
12x 18 < 0
3 c y=3 10x3 + 10x4 3x5
) x<
2 dy
dy d2 y = 30x2 + 40x3 15x4
) for < 0 and 2 < 0 dx
dx dx
3 d2 y
1<x< = 60x + 120x2 60x3
2 dx2
d2 y
For 2 = 0, x(x2 2x + 1) = 0
15 a y=x 3
6x dx
) x(x 1)2 =0
dy
= 3x2 6
dx ) x = 0 or x = 1
d2 y y(0) = 3 and y(1) = 0
= 6x
dx2 2
d y
= 240 and
d2 y dx2 x= 1
For 2 = 0, x = 0
dx d2 y 15
=
y(0) = 0 2
dx x= 1 2
2
d2 y Therefore the point (0, 3) is a point of
= 6 and inflexion.
dx2 x= 1 d2 y
d2 y = 120
=6 dx2 x=2
dx2 x=1 Therefore the point (1, 0) is not a
43
p
point of inflexion since the value of f y= x x+1
the second derivative on either side of dy p 1 1
x = 1 are the same sign. = x + 1 + x(x + 1) 2 ⇥
dx 2
The gradient when x = 0 is 0. p x 1
= x + 1 + (x + 1) 2
2
d y = (x2 1)(x2 + 1) = x4 1 2
d y 1 1 1
dy = p + (x + 1) 2
= 4x3 dx2 2 x + 1 2
dx x 3 1
d2 y + (x + 1) 2 ⇥
= 12x2 2 2
dx2 1 x
d2 y = p p ,
For 2 = 0, x = 0 x + 1 4 (x + 1)3
dx
x> 1
y(0) = 1
2
d y d2 y d2 y
= 12 and = 12 For = 0,
dx2 x= 1 dx2 x=1 dx2
Therefore the point (0, 1) is not a 1 x
p = p
point of inflexion since the value of x + 1 4( (x + 1)3 )
the second derivative on either side of ) 4(x + 1) = x
x = 0 are the same sign.
Hence there are no points of ) 3x = 4
inflexion. 4
) x=
3
e d2 y
x+1 2 But x > 1 for to exist.
y= =1+ dx2
x 1 x 1 Therefore a point of inflexion does
dy 4
= 2(x 1) 2 not exist when x = .
dx 3
Hence there are no points of
d2 y inflexion.
2
= 4(x 1) 3
dx
2x
4 g y= = 2x(x2 + 1) 1
= ,x,1 x2 +1
(x 1)3
dy
d2 y 4 = 2(x2 +1) 1 +2x(x2 +1) 2
For = 0, =0 dx
dx (x 1)3
⇥ 1 ⇥ 2x
) 4 = 0 which is a false statement.
Hence there are no points of = 2(x2 + 1) 1
inflexion. 4x2 (x2 + 1) 2
44
d2 y h y = sin 1
x
= 4x(x2 + 1) 2
dx2 dy 1 1
8x(x2 + 1) 2 = p = (1 x2 ) 2
dx 1 x2
4x2 (x2 + 1) 3
d2 y 1 3
2
= (1 x2 ) 2 ⇥ 2x
⇥ 2 ⇥ 2x dx 2
2
d y x
16x3 12x ) 2
= p
= dx (1 x2 )3
(x2 + 1)3 (x2 + 1)2
d2 y d2 y
For = 0, 16x3 = 12x(x2 + 1) For =0
dx2 dx2
x
) 16x3 = 12x3 + 12x p =0
(1 x 2 )3
) 4x3 12x = 0
) x=0
) 4x(x2 3) = 0
p y(0) = sin 1 0 = k⇡, k 2 Z
) x = 0 or x = ± 3 However, 1
p " # since the range of sin x is
p ⇡ ⇡
3 , ) y(0) = 0
y(0) = 0, y( 3) = and 2 2
2 p
p d2 y 4 3
p 3 = and
y( 3) = dx2 x= 1 9
2 2 p
2
d y 8 d2 y d2 y 4 3
= and =1 =
dx2 x= 2 125 dx2 x= 1 dx2 x= 1 9
2
Therefore the point (0, 0) is a point of
d2 y d2 y 8
2
= 1 and 2
= inflexion.
dx x=1 dx x=2 125
Thereforepthe points of inflexion The gradient when x = 0 is 1.
! p are;
!
p 3 p 3
3, , (0, 0) and 3, x 2
2 2 i y=
(x + 2)2
p 1
The gradient when x = 3 is . dy
4 = (x + 2) 2
The gradient when x = 0 is 2. dx
p 1 3
The gradient when x = 3 is + (x 2)(x + 2) ⇥ 2
4 2
= (x + 2)
3
+ (4 2x)(x + 2)
dy2
= 2(x + 2) 3 2(x + 2) 3
dx2
+ (4 2x)(x + 2) 4 ⇥ 3
4 6x 12
= 3
+
(x + 2) (x + 2)4
2x 20
=
(x + 2)4
45
d2 y Therefore points of inflexion will
For = 0, 2x 20 = 0
dx2 occur when
⇡
) x = 10 x = + k⇡, k 2 Z.
2
1
y(10) =
18
d2 y 2 17 f (x) = x3 + bx2 + cx and b2 > 3c
= and
dx2 14 641
x=9 a
d2 y 2 dy
= = 3x2 + 2bx + c
dx2 x=11
28 561 dx
!
1 dy
Therefore the point 10, is a = 0 for stationary points.
18 dx
point of inflexion. ) 3x2 + 2bx + c = 0
1
The gradient when x = 10 is
432 = (2b)2 4⇥3⇥c
= 4b2 12c
x
16 y = e sin x
= 4(b2 3c)
a > 0 (since b2 > 3c)
dy Since the discriminant is greater than
= e x cos x e x sin x
dx
zero, there are two real solutions.
= e x (cos x sin x)
Thus there are two stationary points.
dy
= 0 for stationary points.
dx d2 y
b = 6x + 2b
) e x (cos x sin x) = 0 dx2
) cos x sin x = 0 *e x
,0 d2 y
For 2 = 0, 6x + 2b = 0
) tan x = 1 dx
⇡ b
) x = + k⇡, k 2 Z ) x=
4 3
Therefore stationary points will occur 2
d y
when = 6 and
⇡ dx2 x= b 1
x = + k⇡, k 2 Z. 3
4 2
d y
2 =6
d y dx2 x= b +1
b = e x (cos x sin x) 3
dx2 Therefore the point of inflexion
+ e x ( sin x cos x) b
occurs when x = . Thus there is
x 3
= 2 cos x e one point of inflexion.
⇡
d2 y ) x = + k⇡, k 2 Z
For = 0, 2 cos x = 0 2
dx2
c From part b, when
(since e x , 0) b 2b3 9bc
x= , f (x) =
) cos x = 0 3 27
46
Thus the point of
! inflexion occurs at 18 f (x) = 2x2 loge (x)
3
b 2b 9bc
, 1
3 27 a f 0 (x) = 4x loge (x) + 2x2 ⇥
Stationary point occur when x
3x2 + 2bx + c = 0 = 4x loge (x) + 2x
p
2b ± 4(b2 3c) = 2x(1 + 2 loge (x))
) x=
6
p 2
2b ± 2 b2 3c b f 00 (x) = 2(1 + 2 loge x) + 2x ⇥
=
6 x
p
b ± b2 3c = 2(1 + 2 loge x) + 4
=
3
p = 2(3 + 2 loge x)
b b2 3c
When x = ,
3 c When f 0 (x) = 0,
p
2 (b2 3c)3 + 2b3 9bc 2x(1 + 2 loge (x) = 0
f (x) =
27
p 1
When x =
2
b + b 3c x = 0 or loge (x) =
3
, 2
p 1
2 (b2 3c)3 + 2b3 9bc x = 0 or x = e 2
f (x) =
27 f (x) is not defined when x = 0
Thus, the stationary
p points are: 1
b 2
b 3c Stationary point at(e 2, e 1)
, When f 00 (x) = 0,
3
p ! 3 + 2 loge x = 0
2 (b2 3c)3 + 2b3 9bc
27 3
p ) loge x =
2
b + b2 3c 3
and , ) x=e 2
3
p ! 3
2 (b2 3c)3 + 2b3 9bc When x = e 2
27 3
The midpoint of the two stationary f (x) = 2 ⇥ e 3 ⇥ = 3e 3
2
points can be calculated by evaluating !
1 00 1
(x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ) f = 6 4 loge (10) < 0
2 ! 10
1 2b 2(2b3 9bc) !
) , 00 1
2 3 27 f = 6 4 loge (2) > 0
3
! 2
b 2b 9bc Therefore the point of! inflexion
) , is the midpoint of
3 27 3
the two stationary points. occurs at e 2 , 3e 3
Therefore the point of inflexion is the
midpoint of the interval joining the
two stationary points.
47
4 dy dy dx
1 V = ⇡r3 ) =
3 dt dx dt
dV dV dr = 13 ⇥ 3
a =
dt dr dt = 39 units/s
dV dr
= 4⇡r2
dt dt
dV 1
When = 0.1 m3 /min, r = 2.5 m 4 V = ⇡x2 (18 x)
dt 3
dr 0.1 !
) = dV 2 1 2 dx
dt 4⇡ ⇥ (2.5)2 = ⇡ ⇥ (18 x) ⇡x
dt 3 3 dt
1 dV
=
250⇡ When x = 2 cm, = 3 cm3 /s
dt !
⇡ 0.00127 m/min 2 4 dx
) 3 = ⇡ ⇥ 2 ⇥ 16 ⇡
3 3 dt
dA dA dr dx
b A = 4⇡r2 ; = = (20⇡)
dt dr dt dt
dA dr dx 3
) = 8⇡r ) = ⇡ 0.048 cm/s
dt dt dt 20⇡
8⇡ ⇥ 2.5
=
250⇡
1500
= 0.08 m2 /min 5 p=
v
dp 1500
=
3 dv v2
2 V = 4x 2 1500
When p = 60, v = = 25
dV dV dx 60
= dv dv d p
dt dx dt ) =
p dx dt d p dt
dV
=6 x 625
dt dt = ⇥2
dV 1500
When x = 9 cm, = 10 cm3 /s
dt 5
So = units/min
dx 10 5 6
= p = ⇡ 0.56 cm/s
dt 6 9 9
6 A = ⇡r2
3 y = 2x2 + 5x + 2 dA dA dr
=
dt dr dt
dy
= 4x + 5 dr
dx = 2⇡r
dx dy dt
When x = 2, = 3 and = 13
dt dx
48
dA 9 x = 2t + sin 2t and y = cos 2t
) = 2⇡ ⇥ 4 ⇥ 0.01
dt dx
= 2 + 2 cos 2t
= 0.08⇡ cm2 /h dt
dy
⇡ 0.25 cm2 /h = 2 sin 2t
dt
dy dy dt
) = ⇥
dx dt dx
7 A = ⇡r2 and C = 2⇡r
2 sin 2t
dA dA dr =
= 2 + 2 cos 2t
dt dr dt 4 sin t cos t
dA dr =
) = 2⇡r 2(1 + cos 2t)
dt dt 2 sin t cos t
dC dC dr =
and = · 2 cos2 t
dt dr dt
= tan t
dC dr
) = 2⇡ using cos 2t = 2 cos2 t 1
dt dt
dC dA 4 1
) = ÷ r = = cm/s
dt dt 8 2
10 x = t cos t and y = sin t
⇡
1 t When t = ,
8 x= and y = 6
1+t 2 1 + t2 p
⇡ 3 1
dx x= and y =
a = (1 + t2 ) 2 ⇥ 2t 6 2 2
dt p !
⇡ 3 1
2t ) ,
= 6 2 2
(1 + t2 )2
dx dy
dy = 1 + sin t and = cos t
= (1 + t2 ) 1 t(1 + t2 ) 2
⇥ 2t dt dt
dt
dy cos t
1 2t2 ) =
= dx 1 + sin t p p
1 + t2 (1 + t2 )2 ⇡ dy 3 3 3
When x = , = ÷ =
(1 + t2 ) 2t2 6 dx 2 2 3
= The equation
p of the tangent p !!is given by
1 + (1 + t2 )2
1 3 ⇡ 3
1 t2 y = x
= 2 3 6 2
(1 + t2 )2 p p
3 ⇡ 3 3 1
dy dy dt ) y= x + +
b = ⇥ 3 18 6 2
dx dt dx p p
3 ⇡ 3
1 t2 (1 + t2 )2 ) y= x+1
= ⇥ 3 18
(1 + t2 )2 2t
1 t2
=
2t
2
t 1
=
2t
49
11 y = x2 10
= p
dy dy dx 25 x2 + 10x 25
= 10
dt dx dt = p
dy dx x(10 x)
= 2x
dt dt dy dy dx
) =
dt dx dt
dy
a = 2 ⇥ 3 ⇥ 2 = 12 cm/s 30
dt = p
x(10 x)
b When y = 16, x = ±4 When x = 6,
dy
) = 2 ⇥ ±4 ⇥ 2 = ±16 cm/s dy 30
dt = p
dt 6(10 6)
p
2x 6 30 5 6
12 y= = p =
x 24 2
! The velocity parallel
dy 6 dx 6 p to the y-axis,
= 2 y=2 5 6
dt x dt x when x = 6, is cm/s.
Given x = f (t) and y = g(t), then 2
6 10⇡
) g0 (t) = 2 f 0 (t) b When y = ,
x 3
x2 g0 (t) !
1 x 5 10⇡
0
) f (t) = 10 cos
6 5
=
3
6
When y = 1, 1 = 2 !
x 1 x 5 ⇡
) cos =
6 5 3
1=
x x 5 ⇡
x=6 ) = cos
5 3
) 0 0
f (t) = 6g (t) = 6 ⇥ 0.4 = 2.4 1
=
2
! 5
x 5 ) x 5=
13 y = 10 cos 1 2
5 15
) x=
2
dx 15 dy 30
a =3 When x = , = s
dt 2 dt !
15 15
dy 1 1 10
= 10 ⇥ s ⇥ 2 2
dx !2 5
x 5
1 30
5 = r
75
10
= r 4
1 2 p
5 1 (x 10x + 25) 12 3
25 =
3
p
= 4 3
50
The velocity parallel to the y-axis, 1
p b V = h2 + 2h
10⇡ 2
when y = , is 4 3 cm/s.
3 dV
=h+2
dh
dr dh dh dV
14 =2 =
dt dt dV dt
4 1
V = ⇡r3 = ⇥ 12
3 h+2
dV 12
= 4⇡r2 =
h+2
dr When V = 16, h = 4 and
dV dV dr dh 12
= ⇥ = 8⇡r2 = =2
dt dr dt dt 4+2
The rate at which h is increasing,
When V = 36⇡,
when V = 16, is 2 cm/s.
4 3
⇡r = 36⇡
3
) r3 = 27 16 Let A = the area of the inkblot (cm2 )
r = the radius of the inkblot (cm)
) r=3
and t = time (seconds)
dV dA
When r = 3, = 8⇡(3)2 = 72⇡ = 3.5
dt dt
The rate at which the volume is increas-
ing, at the instant when the volume is A = ⇡r2
36⇡ cm3 , is 72⇡ cm3 /s. dA
= 2⇡r
dr
1 dr dr dA
15 V = (h2 + 4h) =
dt dA dt
2
dV 1
= 12 = ⇥ 3.5
dt 2⇡r
7
a When V = 16, =
4⇡r
dr 7 7
1 2 When r = 3, = =
(h + 4h) = 16 dt 4⇡ ⇥ 3 12⇡
2 The rate of increase of the radius, when
) h2 + 4h = 32 7
the radius is 3 cm, is cm/s.
12⇡
) h2 + 4h 32 = 0
) (h + 8)(h 4) = 0 17 V = Ah
) h + 8 = 0 or h 4 =0
dV
) h = 8 or 4 but h > 0 =A
dh
) h=4 dV dV dh
) =
dt dh dt
dh
=A
dt
51
18 Let V = volume of water (m3 ) dy cos t
) =
p dx 2 sin t
dV p
= h ⇡ dy 2 1
dt When t = , = p =
4 dx 2 2 2
V = ⇡r2 h = ⇡(2)2 h = 4⇡h
The equation of the tangent is given
dV by p
a = 4⇡ 2 1 p
dh y = (x 2)
dh dh dV 2 2
) = 1 p
dt dV dt ) y= x+ 2
1 p 2
= ⇥ h
4⇡ b At the point (2 cos t, sin t) the
p
h equation of the tangent is given by
= cos t
4⇡ y sin t = (x 2 cos t)
2 sin t
b i When V = 10⇡, 4⇡h = 10⇡ cos t cos2 t
) y= x+ + sin t
5 2 sin t sin t
) h=
2 cos t cos2 t + sin2 t
) y= x+
5 2 sin t sin t
When h = ,
2 cos t 1
r p ) y= x+
dV 5 10 2 sin t sin t
= = m3 /h or
dt 2 2 x
y= cot t + cosec t
2
5
ii When V = 10⇡, h =
2
r 20 x = 2 sec ✓ and y = tan ✓
5 p
dh 2 10 dx
and = = m/h = 2(cos ✓) 2 ⇥ sin ✓
dt 4⇡ 8⇡ dt
= 2 sin ✓ sec2 ✓
19 x = 2 cos t and y = sin t dy
= sec2 ✓
p ! dt
p 2
a At 2, dy sec2 ✓ 1
2 ) = 2
=
p dx 2 sin ✓ sec ✓ 2 sin ✓
p 2 p
2 cos t = 2 and sin t = ⇡ dy 2
2 a When ✓ = , = ,
p p 4 dx 2
2 2 p
) cos t = and sin t = x = 2 2 and y = 1
2 2
⇡ The equation of the tangent is given
) t=
4 by p
dx dy 2 p
= 2 sin t and = cos t y 1= (x 2 2)
dt dt 2
p
2
) y= x 1
2
52
✓ ⇡ ⇡ ◆ p
b The gradient of the normal is equal to 2 sec , 4 tan + 2 = (2 2 3, 6)
2 p 4 4
p or more simply 2.
2 Equationpof tangent
p
Thus the equation of the normal is y 6 = 2 2(x 2 2 + 3)
given by p p p p
y 1= 2(x 2 2) ) y = 2 2x 2 + 6 2
p
) y= 2x + 5
22 a x = sec t, y = tan t
c At the point (2 sec ✓, tan ✓) the dy dy dx
= ÷
equation of the tangent is given by dx dt dt
1 sec2 t
y tan ✓ = (x 2 sec ✓) =
2 sin ✓ sec t tan t
1 1 = cosec t
) y= x
2 sin ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓ Therefore, gradient of normal= sin t
+ tan ✓ Equation of normal
1 sin2 ✓ 1 y tan t = sin t(x sec t)
) y= x+ Therefore
2 sin ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓
1 1 sin2 ✓ y = sin(t)x + 2 tan t
) y= x
b When x = 0, y = 2 tan t
1 cos2 ✓
) y= x When y = 0, x = 2 sec t
Therefore 4OAB is right-angled at O
1 cos ✓
) y= x and has vertices:
2 sin ✓ sin ✓
or O(0, 0), A(2 sec t, 0), B(0, 2 tan t)
x 1
y = cosec ✓ cot ✓ The area = |4 sec t tan t|
2 2
= |2 sec t tan t|
21 a x = 2 sec t, y = 4 tan t + 2
dx | sin t|
= 2 tan t sec t =2
dt cos2 t
dy
= 4 sec2 t
dt
dy dy dt
= ⇥
dx dt dx
4 sec2 t
=
2 tan t sec t
2
= = 2cosec t
sin t
⇡
b Gradient of the tangent when t = is
4
2 p
⇡ =2 2
sin
4
The point on the curve is
53
c 1 1 5
| sin t| p x = e2 loge 2 + 1 = eloge 4 + 1 =
2 =4 3 4
1
cos2 t y = 2eloge 2 + 1 = 2
⇡
Assume 0  t < Equation of tangent
2 1
p y = 2x
sin t = 2 3(1 sin2 ) 2
p p
2 3 sin2 t + sin t 2 3 = 0
1±7 24 x = t2 + 1, y = t(t 3)2 = t3 6t2 + 9t
) sin t = p
4 3 dy dy dx
p a = ÷
3 dx dt dt
) sin t = 3t2 12 + 9
2 = ,t , 0
⇡ 2t
t=
3 3(t 3)(t 1)
= ,t , 0
2t
23 x = e2t + 1, y = 2et + 1 dy
b =0
dy dy dx dx
a = ÷ ) 3(t 3)(t 1) = 0
dx dt dt
2et t = 3 or t = 3
= 2t
2e Stationary points are (2, 4), (10, 0)
=e t dy 3(t 3)(t 1)
c =
b Domain = (1, 1) since e2t + 1 > 1 for dx 2t
3
all x. = (t 4 + 3t 1 )
2
2
c d y d 3
= ( (t 4 + 3t 1 ))
y dx2 dx 2
d 3 dx
= ( (t 4 + 3t 1 )) ÷
dt 2 dt
2
3(t 3)
=
4t3
1
d2 y
=0
dx2
x p
0 1 )t=± 3
✓1◆ d Pointspof inflexion are
d When t = loge p
2 (4, 12 3 18) and (4, 12 3 18)
loge 2
Gradient= e =2
54
1 a Here use the reciprocals of ordinates dy 4x3 ⇥ x2 2x(x4 + 1)
=
approach, using the graph y = x2 2x dx x4
1 4x5 2x5 2x
As y = 0 + 2 , y = 0 is a =
x 2x x4
horizontal asymptote.
When x2 2x = 0 2x(x4 1)
=
x4
x(x 2) = 0 2(x4 1)
) x = 0 and x = 2 are the vertical =
x3
asymptotes. dy
= 0 when x = ±1, y = 2
From the parabola y = x2 2x using dx
the reciprocal of ordinates, obtain the Turning points are ( 1, 2), (1, 2)
graph of the given function. y 4
y = x +2 1
x
y y = x 2 – 2x
(–1, 2) (1, 2)
2
y = x2
0 1 2 x
–1 –1 0 1 x
(1, –1)
y y = 1
x 2 – 2x c The graph of the function
1
y= does not have
(x 1)2 + 1
0 (1, –1) 2 x vertical asymptote.
Because (x 1)2 + 1 > 0, y = 0 is a
y-axis intercept is at
x4 + 1 1 1 1
b y= = x2 + 2 y= 2
=
x 2 x ( 1) + 1 2
So asymptotes are x = 0 and y = x2 dy 2(x 1)
Turning point =
Add ordinates of the graphs of y = x2 dx ((x 1)2 + 1)2
1 dy
and y = 2 = 0 when x = 1, y = 1. It is
x dx
y obviously a maximum.
y = x2 y
(1, 1)
1
2
y = 12
x 0 1 x
0 x
There are no y or x-axis intercepts. x2 1 1
d =x
Only turning points need to be found. x x
Add ordinates of the graphs of y = x
55
1 dy 2 x3 + 2
and y = =1+ 3 = =0
x dx x x3 p3
y p3 3 3 2
y=x x= 2, y = p3 =
4 2
y y = x
0 x
y = – 1x 1 x
y = x is a non-vertical asymptote, 3
– 3 2 , -3 2
x = 0 is a vertical asymptote. 2
x-axis intercepts are at

x2 1
= 0, x = ±1 x2 + x + 1 1
x f = x+1+
There are obviously no turn- x x
Again add ordinates of the graphs of
ing points. This can be proved 1
y = x + 1 and y =
algebraically. x
dy 1 y
= 1 + 2 > 0, x 2 R\{0} y=x+1
dx x
y 1
y=x
–1
2
y = x –1 0 x
–1 x
0 1 x y = 1x
y = x + 1 is a non-vertical asymptote
and x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.
There are no x or y-axis in-
x3 1 1
e y= 2
=x tercepts on the graph because
x x2
As in d, add ordinates of the graphs x2 + x + 1 > 0, x 2 R.
1 Turning point
of y = x and y =
x2 dy 1
y = x is a non-vertical asymptote and =1 ,
dx x2
x = 0 is a vertical asymptote. dy x2 1
= 0 when = 0, x = ±1
y y=x dx x2
y = 3 when x = 1, y = 1 when
0 x= 1
2
x
y y = x +x+1
x
y = – 12 (1, 3)
x
y=x+1
x-axis intercept is at 1
x3 1 –1 0
= 0, x = 1, turning point
x2 (–1, –1) x
dy
is at = 0.
dx
56
4x3 8 8 y
g = 4x2
x x y = x2 + 1
Add ordinates of the graphs of
8
y = 4x2 and y =
x 1
y y=
1 x2 + 1
y = 4x2
0 x
i Again use the reciprocals of ordinates

approach.
0 x 1
y = – 8x As y = 0 + 2 , y = 0 is a
x 1
y = 4x2 is a non-vertical asymptote When x2 1 = 0, x = ±1, the vertical
and x = 0 is a vertical asymptote. asymptote.
x-axis intercept is at Turning point:
4x3 8 p3 dy 2x
= 0, x = 2 = 2
x dx (x 1)2
Turning point is at dy
dy dy 8 = 0 at x = 0, y = 1
= 0, = 8x + 2 ; dx
dx dx x y
8x3 + 8 y = x2 – 1
= 0, x = 1, y = 12
x2
y 0
–1 1 x
4x 3 –8 –1
y =
x
(–1, 12) y
3
y = 4x2 0 2 x y=
1
x2 – 1
0
–1 –1 1 x
1
h For the graph of y = 2 use the
x +1
reciprocals of ordinates approach,
using the ‘simpler’ graph y = x2 + 1. x2 x2 + 1 1 1
1 j = =1
As y = 0 + 2 , y = 0 is a 2
x +1 2
x +1 2
x +1
x +1 In h we have already the graph of
horizontal asymptote. 1
As x2 + 1 > 0, x 2 R, there are no y= 2 . The given function
x +1
vertical asymptote. can be graph as a reflection of the
Turning point: 1
graph of y = 2 in the x-axis
dy 2x x +1
= 2 (see h) and translation of the graph of
dx (x + 1)2 1
dy y= one unit up.
= 0 when x = 0, y = 1 2
x +1
dx
57
In this case, the asymptote is y = 1 ( 32 , 25
)
y 4
and the turning point moves to the
origin (0, 1) ! (0, 1) ! (0, 0) 4
x2
y y=
x2 +1
1 –1 0 4 x
0 x
y
1 1
k y= 2 =
x x 2 (x + 1)(x 2)
Vertical asymptotes have equations 1
4
x = 1 and x = 2. ( 32 , 4
25
)
–1
The non-vertical asymptote is y = 0
0 4 x
as y ! 0 as x ! ±1
y= 1
The graph is produced by first 4 + 3x – x2
sketching the graph of y = x2 x 2
y
2 For 2 a d use the reciprocals of
ordinates approach.
0
–1 2 x a The ‘simpler’ function is y = 9 x2 .
y
–2 9
( 12 , –49 )
y = 9 – x2
y
1
y=
x2 – x – 2
0 –3 0 3 x
–1 2 x
1
–1 For y = , vertical asymptotes
2 ( 12 , –94 ) 9 x2
are at
x = ±3, horizontal asymptote at
1 1 y = 0.
l y= 2
= ✓ 1◆
4 + 3x x (4 x)(x + 1)
Vertical asymptotes have equations Turning point at 0,
9
x = 1 and x = 4. y
The non-vertical asymptote is y = 0
1
as y ! 0 as x ! ±1 y=
9 – x2
1
The graph is produced by first sketch- 9
–3 3
ing the graph of y = x2 + 3x + 4 0 x
b The simpler function is
58
y = (x 2)(3 x). y
y y = x2 + 2x + 4
(2.5 , 0.25)
4
2 3 x (–1, 3)
(–1, 1 ) 1 y=
1
3
4 x2 + 2x + 4
y = (x – 2)(3 – x) 0 x
d The simpler function is

1 y = x2 + 2x + 1.
For y = , vertical
(x 2)(3 x) y
asymptotes are at x = 2 and x = 3.
y = (x + 1)2
Horizontal asymptote at y = 0. y-axis
1
intercept at y = since the simpler
6 1
graph has y-axis intercept at y = 6.
Turning point is at x = 2.5, y = 4 –1 0 x
since the turning
✓ point of the simpler 1
1◆ For y = 2 , the vertical
graph is at 2.5, x + 2x + 1
4 asymptote is x = 1, the horizontal
y
asymptote is y = 0. There are no turn-
dy
ing points since > 0 when x < 1,
dx
(2·5, 4) dy dy
and < 0 when x > 1. , 0 for
0 dx dx
–1 23 x any x 2 R\{ 1}. y-axis intercept is at
6 y= 1 y = 1.
(x – 2)(3 – x)
y
c The simpler function is
y = x2 + 2x + 4 = (x + 1)2 + 3 y=
1
1 x2 + 2x + 1
For y = , there are
(x + 1)2 + 3 1
no vertical asymptotes since
(x + 1)2 + 3 > 0 x = –1 0 x
The horizontal asymptote
✓ is at y = 0
1◆ e Add the ordinates of the graph of
Turning point is at 1, y-axis 1
3 y = x2 + 2 and y = 2
1 x
intercept is at y =
4
59
y ) 4y 34 = 15x 30
y = x2 + 2
) 4y 15x = 4
or
15
y= x+1
y = 12 4
x
0 x
x2 1 1
1 4 y= =x
For y = x2 + 1 + 2 , asymptotes are x x
x dy 1
y = x2 + 2 and x = 0 ) =1+ 2
Turning point dx x
dy 2 2(x4 1) 1 1
= 2x = 1 + 2 = 5 when x = ±
dx x3 x3 x 2
dy
= 0 when x = ±1, y = 4
dx 5 The curve crosses the x-axis at
y y = x2 + 2 + 12 2x 4
x = 0,
x2
) x=2
(–1, 4) (1, 4) dy 2x2 2x(2x 4)

=
dx x4
2x 2(2x 4)
=
0 x x3
2x + 8
=
x3
1
3 y = 4x + When x = 2,
x
dy 4 1
dy 1 = =
a =4 dx 8 2
dx x2
dy 1
= 0 when x = ± , y = ±4
dx 2 4
x 1 0.5 0.25 0.5 1 6 y=x 5+
x
dy
3 0 12 0 3 a x-axis intercepts occur when
dx
Slope / – \ – / 4
✓ 1 ◆ ✓1 ◆ x 5+ =0
x
) , 4 is a maximum and , 4 is
2 2 x2 5x + 4 = 0, x , 0
a minimum.
(x 1)(x 4) = 0
dy 1 15
b When x = 2, =4 = x = 1 and x = 4
dx 4 4
1 17 There are no y-axis intercepts since
and y = 8 = the domain of the function is R\{0}.
2 2
The equation of the tangent line is The x intercepts are (1, 0) and (4, 0).
17 15
given by y = (x 2)
2 4
60
b The equation of the non-vertical 4
8 y= x+ ,x>0
asymptote is y = x 5. x
The non-vertical asymptote is y = x
The equation of the vertical asymp- The vertical asymptote is x = 0
tote is x = 0 since the graph of dy 4
4 =1
the function y = x 5 + can be dx x2
x dy
obtained as addition of the ordinates = 0 when x = 2, y = 4
4 dx
of the graphs of y = x 5 and y = x 1 2 3
x dy
Asymptotes are y = x 5 and x = 0 <0 0 >0
dx
dy 4 Slope \ – /
c =1
dx x2 Thus the point (2, 4) is a minimum.
dy Therefore the least value of y is 4.
= 0 when x = ±2
dx
x 3 2 1 2 3 y
dy
>0 0 <0 0 >0 y=x
dx
Slope / – \ – /
) ( 2, 9) is a maximum and (2, 4)
(2, 1) is a minimum 0 x
y
(x 3)2
0 4 9 a y=
1 5 x x
–5
dy 2x(x 3) (x 3)2
(–2, –9) (2, –1) =
dx x2
(x 3)(3 + x)
=
x2
dy
) = 0 when x = 3 and x = 3
dx
4 y = 0 and y = 12
7 Let y = x + ,x>0 x 4 3 1 3 4
x2
dy 8 dy
) =1 >0 0 <0 0 >0
dx
dx x3 Slope / – \ – /
x3 8 Turning points:
=
x3 (3, 0) minimum and ( 3, 12)
dy maximum
= 0 when x = 2, y = 3
dx
x 1 2 3 (x 3)2 x2
6x + 9
b =
dy x x
<0 0 >0
dx 9
Slope \ – / = x 6+
x
Thus the point (2, 3) is a minimum. Add the ordinates of the graphs of
4 9
Therefore the least value of x + 2 is 3. y = x 6 and y =
x x
61
Non-vertical asymptote is y = x 6, Asymptotes: y = x + 3, x = 0;
vertical asymptote is x = 0. No y-intercept
x-axis intercept is at x = 0 When y = 0, x3 + 3x2 4 = 0
y x-intercepts ( 4, 0), (1, 0);
dy 8
y=x–6
=1+ 3
dx x
0 dy
=0
–6 6 x dx
(–3, –12) (3, 0) 8
)1+ 3 =0
x
)x= 2
Stationary points: local max ( 2, 0)
y
1
10 a y = 8x + 2 (3, 5)
2x y=x+3 3
dy 1
=8 (−2, 0) (1, 0)
x
dx x3 1
dy 1
= 0 when x = , y = 6
dx 2
x 0.25 0.5 1
dy
<0 0 >0
dx 4x2 + 8 9
Slope \ – / 12 y = = + 2x 1
✓1 ◆ 2x + 1 2x + 1
The point , 6 is a minimum. a R\ 1
2 2
r
1 dy 8(x2 + x 2)
3
b y = 0 when 16x + 1 = 0, x =
3
b =
16 dx (2x + 1)2
Non-vertical asymptote is y = 8x
Vertical asymptote is x = 0 dy
c =0
y
dx
8(x2 + x 2)
y = 8x ) =0
(2x + 1)2
3 1 ,0
– 16
1 ) (x + 2)(x 1) = 0
2
,6
) x = 2 or x = 1
x Local min (1, 4); local max ( 2, 8)
d x = 0, y = 2x 1
x3 + 3x2 4
11 y =
x2
4
y= x+3
x2
62
e R \ ( 8, 4) y
a y=1
dy 8(x2 x 2)
b =
dx (2x2 2x + 5)2
dy
=0
dx
x
10
!
2
8(x2 x 2)
) =0
(2x2 2x + 5)2
) (x 2)(x + 1) = 0
) x = 2 or x = 1
2
x +4 d y 8(2x 1)(2x2 2x 13)
2
13 f (x) = =
x2
5x + 4 dx2 (2x2 2x + 5)2
2
5x d y
=1+ 2 < 0 when x = 2
x 5x + 4 dx2
5x d2 y
=1+ > 0 when x = 1
(x 4)(x 1) dx2 ✓ 1◆ ✓ 5◆
Local min 1, ; local max 2,
a x = 4, x = 1, y = 1 3 3
c
0 5(x2 4) d2 y
b f (x) = 2 =0
(x 5x + 4)2 dx2
f 0 (x) = 0
) 8(2x 1)(2x2 2x 13) = 0
2 p
5(x 4
) =0 1 1±3 3
(x2 5x + 4)2 ) x = or x =
✓12 ◆ 2
) x = 2 or x = 2 Points of inflection , 1 ,
10(x3 12x + 20 2
f 00 (x) = ✓ 1 3 p3 3 3 p3 ◆
(x2 5x + 4)3 , ,
f 00 (2) < 0, f 00 ( 2) > 0 2p 3p
4 ✓1 + 3 3 3 + 3 3◆
Local max (2, 4); local min ( 2, ) ,
9 2 3
c y
d y
(2, 53 )
1
y=1
(12 , 1)
(
−2, 4 ) x=1
9 1 y=1
x
(−1, 13 ) x
O O
(2, −4) x = 4
Note that the graph crosses the

horizontal asymptote at (0, 1)
2x2 + 2x + 3 22x 1
14 y = 2 = 2 +1
2x 2x + 5 2x 2x + 5
63
x
15 a y
16 f (x) = p
x 2
(3, 5)
a Maximal domain:x > 2
y=x+2 2
(√3, 0)
1 x x 4
(−√3, 0) b f 0 (x) = 3
2(x 2) 2
p
b y c (4, 2 2), local minimum
d Vertical asymptote x = 2
2 (3, 0) y = 1 p
(−1, 0) 0 1
x e f (x) ! x as x ! 1
x = −2 x=2
y
c y
2 2
( 12 , 9)
x=0 x=1
y=1
x 2 4
x
(−1, 0) O (2, 0) 0
d y
x2 + x + 7
17 f (x) = p
(1, 9) 2x + 1
1
x=0 x=2 y=1 a Maximal domain: x >
(−2, 0) O (4, 0)
x
2
b f (0) = 7
e y
3x2 + 3x 6
c f 0 (x) = 3
(2x + 1) 2
(− 72 , 74 ) x=3 p
2
y=2 d (1, 3 3), local minimum ( f ”(1) > 0)
x
O 1
x=−1 4 (
, −2 ) 1
2
e Vertical asymptote x =
2
f Not other asymptote exists
64
1 a Let f (x) = x10 f Let f (x) = e 4x
f 0 (x) = 10x9 f 0 (x) = e 4x

⇥ ( 4) = 4e 4x
f 00 (x) = 90x8 f 00 (x) = 4e 4x

⇥ ( 4) = 16e 4x
b Let f (x) = (2x + 5)8 g Let f (x) = loge (6x), x > 0

f 0 (x) = 8(2x + 5)7 ⇥ 2 1 1
f 0 (x) = ⇥6= = x 1
6x x
= 16(2x + 5)7
1
f 00 (x) = 112(2x + 5)6 ⇥ 2 f 00 (x) = x 2 = 2
x
= 224(2x + 5)6 ✓ x◆
h Let f (x) = sin 1
4
c Let f (x) = sin(2x) 1
f 0 (x) = r ✓ X ◆2
f 0 (x) = cos(2x) ⇥ 2 = 2 cos(2x)
1
f 00 (x) = 2 ⇥ sin(2x) ⇥ 2 4
1 x
= 4 sin(2x) ⇥ , 2 ( 1, 1)
4 4
✓ x◆ 1
d Let f (x) = cos = r , x 2 ( 4, 4)
3 4 x2
✓ x◆ 1 1
f 0 (x) = sin ⇥ 16
3 3 1
1 ✓ x ◆ = p
= sin 16 x2
3 3 1
1 ✓ x◆ 1 = (16 x2 ) 2
f 00 (x) = cos ⇥
3 3 3 1 3
✓ ◆ f 00 (x) = (16 x2 ) 2 ⇥ ( 2x)
1 x 2
= cos x
9 3 = p
✓ 3x ◆ ✓ 3x ◆ (16 x2 )3
e Let f (x) = tan , cos ,0
2 2 i Let f (x) = cos 1 (2x)
✓ 3x ◆ 3
f 0 (x) = sec2 ⇥ 1
2 2 f 0 (x) = p
3 ✓ ✓ 3x 2 ◆◆ 1 (2x)2
= cos
2 2 ⇥ 2, 2x 2 ( 1, 1)
3 ✓ ✓ 3x ◆◆ 3 ✓ 1 1◆
00 2
f (x) = ⇥ 2 cos = p ,x 2 ,
2 2 1 4x2 2 2
✓ ✓ 3x ◆◆ 3
1
⇥ sin ⇥ = 2(1 4x2 ) 2
2 2
9 ✓ 3x ◆ ✓ ◆
3 3x
= sin sec
2 2 2
65
1 3 1 ✓1◆
f 00 (x) = 2 ⇥ (1 4x2 ) 2 e Let y = tan , x , 0, cos ,0
2 x x
dy ✓1◆
⇥ ( 8x) ) = sec2 ⇥ ( x 2)
8x dx x
✓ ◆
2 1
= p
(1 4x2 )3 sec
x
✓ x◆ = 2
1
x
j Let f (x) = tan
2
f Let y = ecos x
2
f 0 (x) = dy
4 + x2 ) = ecos x ⇥ ( sin x)
dx
= 2(4 + x2 ) 1
= sin x ecos x
f 00 (x) = 2(4 + x2 ) 2
⇥ 2x
4x 4
= g Let y = loge (4 3x), x <
(4 + x2 )2 3
dy 1
) = ⇥ ( 3)
dx 4 3x
2 a Let y = (1 4x2 )3 3 3
= =
dy 4 3x 3x 4
) = 3(1 4x2 )2 ⇥ ( 8x)
dx
h Let y = sin 1 (1 x)
= 24x(1 4x2 )2
dy 1
= p
1 dx 1 (1 x)2
b Let y = p ,x<2
2 x ⇥ ( 1), 1 x 2 ( 1, 1)
1
= (2 x) 2 1
= p ,
dy 1 3 1 (1 2x + x2 )
) = (2 x) 2 ⇥ ( 1)
dx 2 x 2 (0, 2)
1
= p 1
2 (2 x)3 = p
x(2 x)
c Let y = sin(cos x)
i Let y = cos 1 (2x + 1)
dy
) = cos(cos x) ⇥ ( sin x) dy 1
dx = p
dx 1 (2x + 1)2
= sin x cos(cos x)
⇥ 2, 2x + 1 2 ( 1, 1)
d Let y = cos(loge x), x > 0 2
= p ,
dy 1 1 (4x2 + 4x + 1)
) = sin(loge x) ⇥
dx x
x 2 ( 1, 0)
sin(loge x)
= 2
x = p
4x(x + 1)
66
p
j Let y = tan 1 (x + 1) e x= sin y + cos y
dy 1 1
= ⇥1 = (sin y + cos y) 2
dx 1 + (x + 1)2
1 dx cos y sin y
= p
= 2 dy 2 sin y + cos y
1 + x + 2x + 1
p
1 dy 2 sin y + cos y
= 2 ) =
x + 2x + 2 dx cos y sin y
p
loge x f y = loge (x + 1 + x2 )
3 a y=
x 2x
1 1 + p2
·x loge x 1 dy 1 + x2
dy x loge x ) = p
) = = dx x + 1 + x2
dx x2 x2 p
x + 1 + x2
x2 + 2 = p p
b y= 1 + x2 (x + 1 + x2 )
x2 + 1
1
dy 2x(x2 + 1) 2x(x2 + 2) = p
) = 1 + x2
dx (x2 + 1)2
2x g y = sin 1 x
e
= 2
(x + 1)2 dy e x
) = p
c y=1 tan 1 (1 x) dx 1 e2x
dy 1 sin x
) = ⇥ 1 h y=
dx 1 + (1 x)2 ex + 1
1 dy (e x + 1) cos x sin x(e x )
= 2 ) =
x 2x + 2 dx (e x + 1)2
x
✓ ex ◆ e (cos x sin x) + cos x
d y = loge x =
e +1 (e x + 1)2
= loge e x loge (e x + 1)
b
=x loge (e x + 1) 4 y = ax +
x
dy ex
) =1 dy b
dx ex + 1 a i =a
e + 1 ex
x dx x2
=
ex + 1 d2 y 2b
1 ii = 3
= x dx2 x
e +1
67
2 ✓ ◆ ✓ b◆ d2 y
2d
y dy 2 2b
b x +x =x 3 +x a ii = 2( sin(2x)) ⇥ 2
dx2 dx x x2 dx2
2b b 6 cos(2x) ⇥ 2
= + ax
x x
= 4 sin(2x) 12 cos(2x)
b
= ax +
x d2 y
= y (as required) b + 4y = 4 sin(2x) 12 cos(2x)
dx2
+ 4(sin(2x) + 3 cos(2x))
5 y = sin(2x) + 3 cos(2x) = 4 sin(2x) 12 cos(2x)
dy + 4 sin(2x) + 12 cos(2x)
a i = cos(2x) ⇥ 2
dx
= 0, as required to show.
+ 3( sin(2x)) ⇥ 2
= 2 cos(2x) 6 sin(2x)
68
2
1 a x2 2y = 3 Substituting y = x 3 into 1 yields 2
dy p
2x 2 =0 e x y=2
dx
dy 1 dy
) =x 1 p =0
dx 2 y dx
Alternatively,
dy p
2y = x2 3 =2 y
dx
1 Alternatively,
y = (x2 3) y = (x 2)2
2
dy 1 dy
= ⇥ 2x = x = 2(x 2)
dx 2 dx
p
b x2 y = 1 =2 y
p
dy since y = x 2,
2xy + x2 =0
dx
dy 2xy 2y f xy 2x + 3y = 0
= 2 =
dx x x dy dy
y+x 2+3 =0
dx dx
c x3 + y3 = 1 dy
(3 + x) = 2 y
dy dx
3x2 + 3y2 =0
dx dy 2 y
=
dy x2 dx 3 + x
) = 2 Alternatively
dx y 2x
Alternatively, y=
p3 x+3
y = 1 x3 dy 2(x + 3) 2x
=
dy 3x2 x2 dx (x + 3)2
= p3 = p3
dx 3 (1 x3 )2 (1 x3 )2 6
=
x2 (x + 3)2
= 2x
y2 2
2 y 3+x
=
d y3 = x2 3+x 3+x
2(x + 3) 2x
dy =
3y2 = 2x (x + 3)2
dx
dy 2x 6
) = 2 1 =
dx 3y (x + 3)2
Alternatively,
2
y = x3
dy 2 1
= x 3 2
dx 3
69
g y2 = 4ax c y = (x + y)2
dy dy ✓ dy ◆
2y = 4a = 2(x + y) 1 +
dx dx dx
dy 4a
= dy 2x + 2y
dx 2y ) =
2a dx 1 2x 2y
= 2(x + y)
y =
Alternatively,
p 1 2(x + y)
y = ± 4ax
d x2 xy + y2 = 1
dy 4a
=± p dy dy
dx 2 4ax 2x y x + 2y =0
dx dx
2a
= dy y 2x
y ) =
dx 2y x
h 4x + y2 2y 2=0
e y = x2 ey
dy dy
4 + 2y 2 =0 dy dy
dx dx = 2x ey + x2 ey
dy 2 dx dx
= dy 2x e y
dx 1 y ) =
Alternatively, dx 1 x2 ey
1 2
x= (y 2y 2) f sin y = cos2 x
4
dx 1 dy
= (2y 2) cos y = 2 cos x sin x
dy 4 dx
dy 2 2 dy sin 2x
= = ) =
dx y 1 1 y dx cos y
g sin(x y) = sin x sin y
2 2
2 a (x + 2) y =4 ✓ dy ◆ dy
cos(x y) 1 = cos x cos y
dx dx
dy
2(x + 2) 2y =0 dy
dx ( cos(x y) + cos y) = cos x cos(x y)
dx
dy x + 2
) = )
dy cos x cos(x y)
dx y =
dx cos y cos(x y)
1 1 h y5 x sin y + 3y2 = 1
b = =1
x y dy
5y4 sin y
1 1 dy dx
=0 dy dy
x2 y2 dx x cos y + 6y =0
dx dx
dy y2 dy 4
) = (5y x cos y + 6y) = sin y
dx x2 dx
dy sin y
) =
dx 5y4 x cos y + 6y
70
3 a y2 = 8x at (2, 4) x 2 y2
d + = 1 at (0, 3)
dy 16 9
2y
=8 x 2y dy
dx + =0
dy 8 9 dx
At (2, 4), = 1 Substituting x = 0 and y = 3 yields
dx dy
The equation of the tangent is =0
dx
y + 4 = (x 2) The equation of the tangent is y = 3
) y= x 2
) x+y= 2 4 loge y = loge x
✓ 1 dy 1
2 24◆ =
b x 9y = 9 at 5, y dx x
3
dy dy y
2x 18y =0 ) =
dx dx x
✓ 4 ◆ dy x 5
At 5, , = =
3 dx 9y 12 5 x 3 + y3 = 9
The equation of the tangent is
4 5 dy
y = (x 5) 3x2 + 3y2 =0
3 12 dx
) 12y 16 = 5x 25 dy x2
) = 2
dx y
) 12y 5x = 9 At (1, 2),
) 5x 12y = 9 dy 1
=
dx 4
✓ 17 ◆
c xy y2 = 1 at ,4
4 6 x3 + y3 + 3xy 1=0
dy dy
y+x 2y =0 dy dy
dx dx 3x2 + 3y2 + 3y + 3x =0
17 dx dx
Substituting x = and y = 4 yields dy 2
4 ) (3y + 3x) = 3x2 3y
17 dy dy dx
4+ 8 =0
4 dx dx dy (3x2 + 3y)
) =
dy 16 dx 3y2 + 3x
= At (2, 1),
dx 15 dy 9
The equation of the tangent is = = 1
16 ✓ 17 ◆ dx 9
y 4= x
15 4
) 15y 60 = 16x 68 7 tan x + tan y = 3
) 16x 15y = 8 dy
sec2 x + sec2 y =0
dx
dy sec2 x cos2 y
) = =
dx sec2 y cos2 x
71
⇡ dy x2
When x = , 1 + tan y = 3 b =
4 dx y2
) tan y = 2 ✓ x ◆2
=
y
5 <0
2
dy
Therefore cannot be positive.
dx
y
c When x = 1,
1
1 y3 = 27
) cos y = p
5 ) y=3
⇡ 1 At (1, 3),
) when x = , cos y = p dy 1
4 5 =
✓ 1 ◆2 dx 9
p
dy 5
) = ✓ 10 2x2 + 8xy + 5y2 = 3 1
dx ⇡ ◆2
cos
4 dy dy
4x + 8y + 8x + 10y =0
1 2 dx dx
= ⇥ dy
5 1 ) (8x + 10y) = 4x 8y
2 dx
= dy (2x + 4y)
5 ) =
dx 4x + 5y
Tangents are in the form y = k,
8 y2 + xy 2x2 = 4 dy
i.e. =0
dy dy dx
2y+y+x 4x = 0
dx dx ) 2x + 4y = 0
dy
) (2y + x) = y + 4x ) x = 2y
dx Substituiting into 1
dy 4x y
) = 8y2 16y2 + 5y2 = 3
dx 2y + x
At (1, 3), ) 3y2 = 3
dy 7 7
dx
=
5
=
5 ) y2 = 1
) y = ±1
9 x3 + y3 = 28 The equation of the two tangents that
are parallel to the x-axis are y = 1 and
dy y = 1.
a 3x2 + 3y2 =0
dx
dy x2
) = 2
dx y
72
11 x3 + xy + 2y3 = k, k 2 R 1 When x = 6 and y = 1,
dy dy ) k = ( 6)3 + ( 6) ⇥ ( 1)
a 3x + y + x + 6y2
2
=0
dx dx + 2( 1)3
dy 2
) (6y + x) = 3x2 y = 212
dx
dy (3x2 + y) When x = 6 and y = 1,
) =
dx 6y + x ) k = ( 6)3 + ( 6) ⇥ (1) + 2(1)3
b Tangent is parallel to the y-axis = 220
dy
i.e. = undefined
dx
) 6y2 + x = 0 12 x2 2xy + 2y2 = 4 1
) x = 6y2 dy dy
a 2x 2y 2x + 4y =0
Substituiting into 1 dx dx
216y6 6y3 + 2y3 = k dy
) (4y 2x) = 2y 2x
6 3
dx
) 216y 4y = k dy y x
) =
) 216y6 4y3 k=0 dx 2y x
) 216y6 + 4y3 + k = 0 b Tangents are parallel to the x-axis
as required to show. when
dy
c Let z = y3 in part b giving =0
dx
216z2 + 4z + k = 0 ) x=y
For y to exist, z must exist so this Substituting into 1
Quadratic must have solutions. y2 2y2 + 2y2 = 4
i.e.
) y2 = 4
b2 4ac 0
) y = ±2
16 4 ⇥ 216k 0
When y = 2, x = 2
54k  1
1 When y = 2, x = 2
k ) ( 2, 2) and (2, 2)
54
d Let x = 6 be the tangent.

13 y2 + x3 = 1 1
dy
) 6y2 6 = 0 for = undefined dy
dx a 2y + 3x2 = 0
) 6y2 = 6 dx
dy 3x2
) y = ±1 ) =
dx 2y
73
dy and from part b. stationary points
b When = 0, x = 0
dx occur at (0, 1) and (0, 1).
Substituting x = 0 into 1 1 1
) y2 = 1 X 0
2 2
dy
) y = ±1 = +... < 0 0 < 0
dx
) (0, 1) and (0, 1) Slope \ – \
dx 2y Thus the point (0, 1) is a point of
c = inflexion.
dy 3x2 1 1
dx X 0
For = 0, y = 0 2 2
dy dy
= ... > 0 0 > 0
dx
When y = 0, x3 = 1 Slope / – /
) x=1 Thus the point (0, 1) is a point of
) (1, 0) inflexion.
d for x ! 1, y2 ! 1 g Using a CAS calculator to sketch a

) y ! ±1 graph of the equation y2 + x3 = 1
dy 1 Input the following
Also as x ! 1,
dx
!
2y p function into
f 1(x) : f 1(x) = 1 x3
dy
if y is positive then ! 1 Input the followingpfunction into
dx
dy f 2(x) : f 2(x) = 1 x3
if y = 0 then = undefined
dx Change the window settings to:
dy
if y is negative then !1 Xmin = 4
dx
Xmax = 2
2 3
e y +x =1
Ymin = 5
y2 = 1 x3
p Ymax = 5
) y=± 1 x3
p
f If y = ± 1 x3
dy 1 1
Then = ± (1 x3 ) 2 ⇥ 3x2
dx 2
3x2 1
=± (1 x3 ) 2
2
3x2
=± p
2 1 x3
74
dy 1 x
1 a = tan x + x sec2 x c f 0 (x) = sin x+ p
dx 1 x2
dy (product rule)
b y=x) =1
dx 1
f 00 (x) = p
p 1 x2
c y = 1 x2
p 2x2
dy 2x x 1 x2 + p
) = p = p 2 1 x2
dx 2 1 x2 1 x2 +
1 x
dy 2 1 x + 1 x2 + x2
2
d = p = p
dx 1 (2x 1)2 (1 x2 ) 1 x2
2 2 x2
= p = 3
1 4x2 + 4x 1 (1 x2 ) 2
1
= p
x x2 d f 0 (x) = cos e x ⇥ e x (chain rule)
f 00 (x) = e2x sin e x + e x cos e x
2 a f 0 (x) = sec2 x = e x (cos e x e x sin e x )
✓ sin x ◆
00
f (x) = 2 sec x
cos2 x
3 a y = x3 8x2
= 2 sec2 x tan x
dy
= 3x2 16x
sec x 2 dx
b f 0 (x) = d2 y
tan x = 6x 16
cos x 1 dx2
= ⇥
sin x cos2 x d2 y
When 2 = 0, 6x 16 = 0
2 dx
=
2 sin x cos x 8
) x=
2 3
= d2 y
sin 2x There is a change of sign for .
4 cos 2x ✓8 dx2 ◆
f 00 (x) = 1024
sin2 2x The point of inflexion is , .
3 27
= 4 cot 2x cosec 2x
Alternative solution:
f (x) = loge sin x loge cos x
cos x sin x
f 0 (x) = +
sin x cos x
= cot x + tan x
f 00 (x) = cosec2 x + sec2 x
75
b y = sin 1 (x 2) dy
b For f, = cos x
dx
dy 1 p
= p 1 sin2 x
dx 1 (x 2)2 =
d2 y 2 x since cos x  0
=
dx2 3 3⇡
(4x 3 x2 ) 2 when ⇡  x 
2
d2 y 2 x
When = 0, =0 For f 1 , x = sin y
dx2 3
(4x 3 x2 ) 2 dx
) = cos y
) x=2 dy
d2 y dx 1
There is a change of sign for 2 . ) =
dx dy cos y
The point of inflexion is (2, 0).
1
1
= q
c y = loge (x) + 1 sin2 y
x
dy 1 1 dy
= since <0
dx x x2 dx
d2 y 1 2 dy 1
= 2 + 3 ) = p
dx 2 x x dx 1 x2
2
d y 1 2 1
When 2 = 0, 2 + 3 = 0 c p = 2
dx x x
1 x2
) x+2=0 p 1
1 x2 =
) x=2 2
There is a change of sign for 1
d2 y 1 x2 =
. The point of inflexion is 4
2
✓dx 1◆
3
x2 =
2, loge 2 + . 4
2 p
3
x= since x < 0
2
4 a ⇡
y y=⇡+
(−1, 3π ) • 3
2
4⇡
=
y = f −1 (x) π y=x 3
5 a −
0 π −
x
y = f (x) 3π
• ( 2 , −1)
76
b − b f (x) is a translation of y = x2 one unit
in the negative direction of the y-axis.
g(x) is a translation of y = x2 one unit
in the positive direction of the x-axis.
−
) f (x) = x2 1, g(x) = (x 1)2
− c i f (x) + g(x) = 2x2 2x

1 1
6 a i ii = 2
f (x) + g(x) 2x 2x
1 1 f (x) + g(x)
iii + =
f (x) g(x) f (x)g(x)
2x(x 1)
= 2
(x 1)(x 1)2
2x
= 2
(x 1)(x 1)
2x
=
(x 1)2 (x + 1)
7 a x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1
Di↵erentiate both sides with respect
to x.
dy dy
2x + 2y + 2x + 2y =0
dx dx
ii
dy 2x 2y
) =
iii dx 2x + 2y
= 1
This problem can be also be done by
observing that
x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1
which implies
−
(x + y)2 = 1
77
b x2 + 2x + y2 + 6y = 10 dy
2(x + 1) + 2(y 3) =0
Di↵erentiate both sides with respect dx
to x. dy (x + 1)
) =
dy dy dx y 3
2x + 2 + 2y + 6 =0
dx dx
dy (2x + 2)
) = 8 y = x3
dx 2y + 6
✓ x + 1◆ dy
= ) = 3x2
y+3 dx
dx
2 1 Now =3
c + =4 dt
x y dy dy dx
Di↵erentiate both sides of the and = ⇥
dt dx dt
equation with respect to x.
2 1 dy = 3x2 ⇥ 3
+ ⇥ =0
x2 x2 dx = 9x2
dy 2y2
) = 2 dy
dx x a When x = 6, = 324 cm/s
dt
d (x + 1)2 + (y 3)2 = 1
dy
Di↵erentiate both sides with respect b When y = 8, x = 2 and = 36 cm/s
dt
to x.
78
1 E x2 + y2 = 1 3 B
Using implicit di↵erentiation y = sin x, x 2 [0, 2⇡]
dy
2x + 2y =0 dy
dx = cos x
dx
dy x
) = d2 y
✓ 1 dx1 ◆ dy y
dx2
= sin x
At p , p , = 1
2 2 dx d2 y
For 2 = 0, sin x = 0
The equation of the tangent is given dx
by ✓ ) x = 0, ⇡, 2⇡ x 2 [0, 2⇡]
1 1 ◆
y p = x p f (0) = sin 0
2 2
2 =0
) y= x+ p
2 f (⇡) = sin ⇡
p
) y= x+ 2 =0
2 E f (2⇡) = sin 2⇡
2
f (x) = 2x + 3x 20 =0
= (x + 4)(2x 5) Consider f 00 (x) for values of x on ei-
Therefore f (x) has x-axis intercepts ther side of 0, ⇡ and 2⇡ to determine
at x = 4 the nature of the stationary points.
5 Noting that due to the restricted
x= .
2 domain we cannot determine the
1
Thus will have asymptotes value of f 00 (x) for x values lying
f (x)
5 1 outside
✓ ◆ the interval [0, 2⇡].
at x = 4 and x = since is 00 ⇡ ⇡
2 0 f = sin
undefined 2 2
Since the coefficient of the x2 term is = 1
positive,
<0
f (X) has a local minimum. ✓ 3⇡ ◆ 3⇡
f 00 = sin
2 2
=1
>0
⇡ 3⇡
X 0 ⇡ 2⇡
2 2
This minimum occurs at the point f 00 (X) 0 < 0 0 > 0 0
1 Slope – \ – / –
Thus has a local maximum at
f (x)✓
3 8 ◆
the point , .
4 169
79
There is a point of minimum dx dx dt
= ⇥
gradient at (⇡, 0) i.e. there is a point dy dt dy
of 1
✓ inflexion
3 169 ◆
at the point (⇡, 0). = 2t ⇥
dy
, .
4 8 dt
1
4 E = 2t ⇥ 2
3t
g(x) = e x f (x)
2
g0 (x) = e x f (x) + e x f 0 (x) =
3t
= e x ( f 0 (x) f (x)) 6 D ✓4◆
00 x 0 1
g (x) = e ( f (x) f (x)) y = cos ,x>4
x
+ e x ( f 00 (x) f 0 (x)) 4
Let g(x) = 4x 1 then g0 (x) =
x2
g00 (x) = e x ( f 00 (x) 2 f 0 (x) Using the chain rule,
dy g0 (x)
+ f (x)) = p
dx 1 [g(x)]2
) g00 (x)e x = f 00 (x) 2 f 0 (x) + f (x)
4
When x = a,
= r
16
00 a 00 0 x2 1
g (a)e = f (a) 2 f (a) + f (a) x2
Since there is a point of inflexion at 4
(a, g(a)), this implies that g0 (a) = 0. = p ,x>4
x x2 16
) f 00 (a) 2 f 0 (a) + f (a) = 0
7 C
) f 00 (a) = 2 f 0 (a) 54
y = x2 +
f (a) x
dy 54
= 2x
5 B dx x2
x = t2 1 and y = t3 2 dy
2 = 0 for stationary points.
From 2 : y3 = t2 dx
2 54
) x= y3 ) 2x = 2
dx 2 1 x
= y 3 3
) 2x = 54
dy 3
1
1 1 ) x3 = 27
Also from 2 : y 3 =t =
t
dx 2 ) x=3
) =
dy 3t
Alternatively, When x = 3, y = 27
Therefore the coordinates of the
turning point are (3, 27).
80
8 B ✓ x◆  ⇡
1 π
y = sin , x 2 [0, 1] and y 2 0,
2 2
dy 1
= p
dx 4 x2 -1
y = cos (x)
1
= (4 x2 ) 2
π
d2 y 1 3
= (4 x2 ) 2 ⇥ 2x
dx2 2
x
= p
(4 x2 )3
x
= 3 Drawing tangents anywhere along
(4 x2 ) 2 this curve (except at x = ±1) reveals
9 D ✓1◆ that the gradient is always negative.
y = tan 1 Therefore response A is true.
3x By observation there is a point of
1 1
Let g(x) = x 1 then g0 (x) = ✓inflexion at
3 3x2 ⇡◆
Using the chain rule, 0, . Therefore response B is true.
dy g0 (x) 2
= The gradient of the graph at x = ±1
dx 1 + [g(x)]2
is undefined. Therefore response D
1
= ✓ ✓ 1 ◆2 ◆ is true. ✓ ◆ ⇡
1 1 1
3x2 1 + When x = , y = cos = .
3x 2 2 3
Therefore response E is true.
1 dy 1
= ✓ 1 ◆ = p
2
3x 1 + 2 dx 1 x2
9x 2
d y 1 3
2 2
3 = (1 x ) ⇥ 2x
= ✓ dx2 2
2
1 ◆ x
9x 1 + 2 = p
9x (1 x2 )3
3 1 1
= 2
9x + 1 X 0
2 2
f 00 (X) > 0 0 < 0
10 C
Slope / – \
y = cos 1 x
dy
A sketch of y = f (X) is When x = 0, = 1
dx
Therefore the gradient of the graph
has a maximum value of 1.
Response C is false.
81
1 Now ⇡r2 h = 250⇡
r
) r2 h = 250
h 2πr
250
) h= 2
r r
a A = 2⇡r2 + 2⇡rh
500⇡
= 2⇡r2 +
r
dA 500⇡
b = 4⇡r A
dr r2
dA
= 0 when 4r3 = 500
dr A = 2πr2
(5, 150π)
r=5
At r = 5, A = 50⇡ ⇥ 3
0 r
= 150⇡
Turning point is (5, 150⇡), a minimum.
Asymptotes are A = 2⇡r2 and r = 0.
c Minimum total surface area is 150⇡ cm2 .
2 a A = 2xy + 80y + 80x

Now 40xy = 1000
1000
) y=
40x
25
=
x
2000
) A = 50 + + 80x
x
b A
(5, 850)
A = 80x + 50
50
0 x
82
dA 2000
c = 80
dx x2
dA
= 0 when x = 5, A = 850
dx
and y = 5
The minimum surface area of the box is 850 cm2 when the dimensions are
5 cm ⇥ 5 cm ⇥ 40 cm.
d A = 2xy + 2kx + 2ky

Now kxy = 1000
1000
) y=
kx
2000 2000
A= + 2kx +
k x
dA 2000
= 2k
dx x2
r
dA 1000
= 0 when x =
dx k
p
10 10k
=
k
r
1000
y=
k
p
10 10k
=
k
2000 p
and A = + 4 1000k
k
2000 p
= + 40 10k
k
2000 p
Hence surface area is a minimum of + 40 10k cm2 when the dimensions are
p p k
10 10k 10 10k
cm ⇥ cm ⇥ 40 cm.
k k
83
3 a Let S be the surface area of the given triangle.
xh
S = and h = x sin 60 x x
2 h
p
x 3 60°
= x
2
2
p
x 3
) S =
4
p
x2 3
and A = 3xy + 2 ⇥
4
2
p
x 3
= 3xy +
2
p
x2 3
b The volume of the prism is V = ⇥y
p 4
x2 3
) y = 2000
4
8000
) y= p
x2 3
p
8000 3
=
3x2
✓ 8000 ◆ x2 p3
c A = 3x p +
x2 3 2
p p
8000 3 x2 3
= +
x 2
p
dA 8000 3 p
d = + x 3 A
dx x2
dA
= 0 when x = 20
dx
p p (20, 600 3)
A = 400 3 + 200 3 x2 3
A= 2
p
= 600 3
0 x
p
e The minimum surface area is 600 3 cm2 .
8
4 a g(x) = 4
2 + x2
8
g(0) = 4
2
=0
84
So the y-axis intercept is at (0, 0).
8
When g(0) = 0, 4 =0
2 + x2
) 2 + x2 = 2
) x=0
So the x-axis intercept is at (0, 0).
8
As x ! ±1, ! 0, so y = 4 is a horizontal asymptote.
2 + x2
The above information together with a CAS calculator yields the graph shown.
8
g(5) = 4 y
2 + 52 y=4
4
8 100
=4 (5, 27 )
27
100
= 8
27 g (x) = 4 − , x ∈ [0, 5]
2 + x2
0 5 x
b i g(x) = 4 8(2 + x2 ) 1
g0 (x) = 8(2 + x2 ) 2
⇥ 2x by the chain rule
16x
= or 16x(2 + x2 ) 2
(2 + x2 )2
ii g00 (x) = 16x ⇥ 2(2 + x2 ) 3

⇥ 2x + 16(2 + x2 ) 2
by the product rule
64x2 16
= 2 3
+
(2 + x ) (2 + x2 )2
16 ✓ 4x2 ◆
= 1
(2 + x2 )2 2 + x2
c g0 (x) is a maximum when g00 (x) = 0
16 ✓ 4x2 ◆
i.e. 1 =0
(2 + x2 )2 2 + x2
4x2
) 1 =0
2 + x2
) 4x2 = 2 + x2
) 3x2 = 2
r
2
) x=±
3
p
6
=±
3
85
p
6
) x= since 0  x  5
3
00 16 ✓ 4◆
g (1) = 1 <0
9 3
✓ ◆ 1280
00 1
g = >0
2 729 p
6
Therefore the gradient of the graph of y = g(x) is a maximum when x = .
3
8
d g( 5) = 4 y
2 + 52 y=4
100 100
4
100
= (−5, 27 ) (5, 27 )
27
In general, g( x) = g(x)
So the graph is symmetrical
About the y-axis.
–5 0 5 x
5 a i Volume of prism = Area of triangular base ⇥ height of prism

1
) 3000 = (12x)(5x) ⇥ y
2
= 30x2 y
3000
) y=
30x2
100
= 2
x
ii S = 2 ⇥ 30x2 + 5x ⇥ y + 12x ⇥ y + 13x ⇥ y

= 60x2 + 30xy
100
= 60x2 + 30x ⇥
x2
3000
= 60x2 +
x
3000
iii S = 60x2 + ,x>0
x
3000
As x ! 1, ! 0, ) S ! 60x2
x
S = 60x2 is a curved asymptote.
As x ! 0+ , S ! +1 ) x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.
86
dS 3000
= 120x
dx x2
dS 3000
When = 0, 120x =0
dx x2
3000
) x3 =
120
= 25
p3
) x = 25 = 2.924 01 . . .
p3
When x = 25,
p3 3000
S = 60 252 + p3
25
= 1538.978 . . .
There is a minimum turning point at 2
S (cm )
(2.92, 1539).
(2.92, 1539) S = 60x2
0 x (cm)
dx dS
b = 0.5, find
dt dt
dS dS dx
= ⇥
dt dx dt
✓ 3000 ◆
= 120x ⇥ 0.5
x2
1500
= 60x
x2
dS 1500
When x = 9, = 60 ⇥ 9
dt 92
1500
= 540
81
14 080 13
= or 521
27 27
13
When x = 9, the rate at which S is increasing is 521 cm2 /s.
27
87
3000
c Using a CAS calculator, graph S = 60x2 + and S = 2000.
x
The points of intersection are given as (1.629 898, 2000) and (4.783 346 1, 2000).
Thus the surface area is 2000 cm2 when x is either 1.63 cm or 4.78 cm, correct to
two decimal places.
(Alternatively, use the ‘solve’ command.)
6 a x2 y2 = 4 Q (x, p)
) x 2 = y2 + 4
q R (2, 0) P (x, 0)
) x = ± y2 + 4
p p
At the point Q, x = p2 + 4, therefore the x coordinate of point p is also p2 + 4,
and PQ = p.
RP = x 2
q
= p2 + 4 2
1
) A = (RP)(PQ)
2
q
1
= ( p2 + 4 2)(p)
2
p
p p2 + 4
= p
2
dA 1 1 1 1 1
b i = p ⇥ (p2 + 4) 2 ⇥ 2p + (p2 + 4) 2 1 by product and chain rules
dp 2 2 2
p
p2 p2 + 4
= p + 1
2 p2 + 4 2
p
p p2 + 4
ii A = p, p > 0
2
A
0 p
88
p
p p2 + 4
iii Using a CAS calculator and plotting A = p, and A = 50, the point of
2
intersection is found to be (10.95, 50). (Alternatively, use the ‘solve’ command.)
The value of p for which A = 50 is 10.95, correct to two decimal places.
p
dA p2 p2 + 4
iv = p + 1
d p 2 p2 + 4 2
q
2
Now p 0 and p2 + 4 2
p
p2 p2 + 4
) p 0 and 1
2 p2 + 4 2
dA
) 0+1 1=1
dp
dA
Thus 0 for all p.
dp
dp dA
c = 0.2, find
dt dt
dA dA d p
= ⇥
dt d p dt
✓ p ◆
p2 p2 + 4
= p + 1 ⇥ 0.2
2 p2 + 4 2
p
p2 p2 + 4 1
= p +
10 p2 + 4 10 5
p
dA 2.52 2.52 + 4 1
i When p = 2.5, = p +
dt 10 2.52 + 4 10 5
p
6.25 10.25 1
= p +
10 10.25 10 5
= 0.315 37 . . .
Using a CAS calculator complete as follows,
The rate at with A is increasing, with p = 2.5, is displayed on the screen and is
0.315 square units per second, correct to three decimal places.
89
ii On a CAS calculator complete as follows,
When p = 4, A is increasing at a rate of 0.605 square units per second, correct to

three decimal places.
iii Repeating the procedure in ii above, with p = 50, A is increasing at a rate of

9.800 square units per second.
iv Repeating the procedure in ii above, with p = 80, A is increasing at a rate of

15.800 square units per second.
7 a f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

f 0 (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
b f 00 (x) = 6ax + 2b
c For the cubic function f (x) to have no turning points, f 0 (x) = 0 must have at most
one solution,
i.e. (2b)2 4(3a)c  0 (discriminant of f 0 (x))
) 4b2  12ac
) b2  3ac
The family has no turning points when b2  3ac.
The family has no stationary points when b2 < 3ac.
d i The gradient of the family, i.e., f 0 (x), has a local maximum or minimum at x1
when
f 00 (x1 ) = 0 ) 6ax1 + 2b = 0
b
) x1 =
3a
ii When a > 0, the gradient is a local minimum.
When a < 0, the gradient is a local maximum.
b
e If a = 1, x1 =
3
b
i.e. the x coordinate of the stationary point of y = f 0 (x) is .
3
90
f i To find the x-axis intercept for y = x3 + bx2 + cx, let y = 0
) x3 + bx2 + cx = 0
) x(x2 + bx + c) = 0
) x = 0 or x2 + bx + c = 0
If there is only one x-axis intercept (at x = 0) there must be no solutions to the
equation x2 + bx + c = 0, i.e. b2 4c < 0
) b2 < 4c
ii If there are two turning points then there are two solutions to the equation
dy
= 0, i.e.
dx
dy
= 3x2 + 2bx + c
dx
dy
When = 0, 3x2 + 2bx + c = 0
dx
p
2b ± 4b2 12c
) x=
6
p
b ± b2 3c
=
3
For two solutions b2 3c > 0
) b2 > 3c
Now b2 < 4c since there is only one x-axis intercept
) 3c < b2 < 4c
1 x2
8 a i y=
1 + x2
u
= where u = 1 x2 and v = 1 + x2
v
du dv
) = 2x = 2x
dx dx
du dv
dy v u
= dx dx
dx v2
(1 + x2 )( 2x) (1 x2 )(2x)
=
(1 + x2 )2
2x 2x3 2x + 2x3
=
(1 + x2 )2
4x
= as required.
(1 + x2 )2
91
dy 4x
ii =
dx (1 + x2 )2
u
=
v
where u = 4x and v = (1 + x2 )2
du dv
) = 4 = 2(1 + x2 )(2x)
dx dx
= 4x(1 + x2 )
du dv
2
d y v u
2
= dx 2 dx
dx v
(1 + x2 )2 ( 4) ( 4x)(4x)(1 + x2 )
=
(1 + x2 )4
4(1 + x2 )2 + 16x2 (1 + x2 )
=
(1 + x2 )4
4(1 + x2 ) + 16x2
=
(1 + x2 )3
12x2 4
=
(1 + x2 )3
4(3x2 1)
=
(1 + x2 )3
1 x2
b y=
1 + x2
2
= 1+
1 + x2
When y = 0, 1 x2 = 0
) x = ±1
The x-axis intercepts are at x = ±1
When x = 0, y = 1
The y-axis intercept is at y = 1.
As x ! ±1, y ! 1 from above.
Thus y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
dy 4x
=
dx (1 + x2 )2
dy 4x
When = 0, =0
dx (1 + x2 )2
) 4x = 0
) x=0
92
y
1
–1 1
0 x
–1
y = –1
1 x2
c y= y
1 + x2
1
1 4 3
When x = ±2, y = =
1+4 5 –2 –1 1 2
dy 4x 0 x
= −3 −3
dx (1 + x2 )2 (−2, 5 ) –1 (2, 5 )
y = −1
4
p p
1 dy 3 3 3
When x= p , =✓ = − 3 3 3 y
3 dx 1 ◆2 4 ( 3 , 4 ) y = dx
dy
1+
3 8 1
(−2, 25 )
4 1 2 x
p p
1 dy 3 3 3 –2 –1 0 −8
When x= p , =✓ = (2, 25 )
3 dy 1 ◆2 4 –1
1+
3 3 −3 3
( 3 , 4 )
dy 8 8
When x = 2, = 2
=
dx (1 + 4) 25
dy 8 8
When x = 2, = 2
=
dx (1 + 4) 25
d2 y 4(3x2 1)
= y
dx2 (1 + x2 )3 44 (–1, 1) (1, 1) 44
2 (−2, 125 ) 1 (2, 125 )
d y
When = 0, –2 –1 0 1 2 x
dx2
− 3
3x2 1 = 0 ( 3 , 0)
(
3
3 , 0)
1 −4 d 2y
) x2 = y=
dx2
3
p
3 d2 y 4(11) 44
) x=± When x = ±2, 2 = 3
=
3 dx (1 + 4) 125
1 x2
d i y=
1 + x2
The x-axis intercepts are at x = 1 and x = 1
93
dy 4x
=
dx (1 + x2 )2
dy 4
At x = 1, = = 1, and y = 0
dx 4
Therefore the tangent to the curve at x = 1 has equation
y 0 = 1(x ( 1))
) y= x+1 1
dy 4
At x = 1, = = 1, and y = 0
dx 4
Therefore the tangent to the curve at x = 1 has equation
y 0 = 1(x 1)
) y= x+1
ii The point of intersection of the tangents is where

x+1= x+1
) 2x = 0
) x=0
Substituting x = 0 into 1 in d i gives y = 1
Therefore the point of intersection of the tangents is at C(0, 1), the y-axis
1 x2
intercept of the graph of y = .
1 + x2
9 a i V = 3000⇡(loge (1 h) + h)
dV ✓ 1 ◆
= 3000⇡ ⇥ 1 + 1 ,h < 1
dh ✓ 11 h1 h◆
= 3000⇡ +
1 h 1 h
✓ h ◆
= 3000⇡
1 h
3000⇡h
=
1 h
dV
ii From a CAS calculator, the graph of against h is as shown.
dh
dV
dh
(L/m)
(0.9, 84 823)
85 000
h (m)
0 0.9
94
b i When h = 0.9, V = 3000⇡(loge (1 0.9) + 0.9)
= 3000⇡(loge (0.1) + 0.9)
= 13 219.053 07 . . .
The maximum volume of the pool is 13 219 litres, to the nearest litre.
ii
c Let t = time (in minutes)

dV
= 15
dt
dh dh dh dV
Find = ⇥
dt dt dV dt
1 h
= ⇥ 15
3000⇡h
1 h
=
200⇡h
dh 1 0.2
When h = 0.2, =
dt 200⇡ ⇥ 0.2
= 0.006 366 1 . . .
The rate at which the depth is increasing when h = 0.2 is 0.0064 m/min, correct to
two significant figures.
✓1◆
10 a i f (x) = tan 1 (x) + tan 1 , x , 0
x
1 1 1
f 0 (x) = + ✓ ◆ ⇥
1 + x2 1 2 x2
1+
x
1 1
= +
1 + x2 x2 + 1
=0
95
✓1◆
ii f (x) = tan 1 (x) + tan 1
x
⇡
If x > 0, f (x) = tan 1 (x) + tan 1 (x)
2
⇡
=
2
⇡
iii If x < 0, f (x) = tan 1 (x) + tan 1 (x)
2
⇡
=
2
b i y = cot x, x 2 (0, ⇡)
cos x
=
sin x
u
= where u = cos x and v = sin x
v
du dv
= sin x = cos x
dx dx
dy sin x ⇥ sin x cos x ⇥ cos x
) =
dx sin2 x
(sin2 x + cos2 x)
=
sin2 x
= cosec2 x, x 2 (0, ⇡)
dy
ii = cosec2 x
dx
= cot2 x 1
= y2 1
1
c If y = cot x, y 2 (0, ⇡)
then x = cot y
dx
) = cosec2 y
dy
dy 1
) =
dx cosec2 y
1
= 2
cot y + 1
1
= 2
x +1
✓ ⇡◆
d Let y = cot(x) + tan(x), x 2 0,
2
96
d
From b i cot(x) = cosec2 x
dx
dy
) = cosec2 x + sec2 x
dx
8
11 For f (x) = 32 + 16 loge (2x),
x2
16 16
a f 0 (x) =
x x3
48 16
b f 00 (x) =
x4 x2
16 16
c f 0 (x) = 0 implies =0
x x3
) 16x2 16 = 0
) x = ±1
) x = 1, since x > 0
When x = 1, f (1) = 16 loge 2 24
The coordinates of the one stationary point are (1, 16 loge 2 24).
48 16
d For the inflexion point consider = 0.
x4 x2
) 48 16x2 = 0
p
) x=± 3
p
) x = 3, since x > 0
Now f 00 (1) > 0 and f 00 (1) < 0, so there
p is a sign change.
So a point of inflexion exists at x = 3.
16 16
e f 0 (x) = y
x x3
This is the graph of y = f 0 (x).
So f 0 (x) > 0 for x > 1.
x
0 (1, 0)
f Using the ‘solve’ command of a CAS calculator, there is a second x-intercept at

x = 3.55, correct to 2 decimal places.
97
g y
5
(0.5, 0) (3.55, 0)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
−5
−10
(1, 16 loge 2 − 24)
12 a For x = 3 cos ✓ and y = 2 sin ✓

dx dy
= 3 sin ✓ and = 2 cos ✓
d✓ d✓
dy dy d✓
Therefore = ⇥
dx d✓ dx
1
= 2 cos ✓ ⇥
3 sin ✓
2 cos ✓
=
3 sin ✓
Therefore the tangent has equation
2 cos ✓
y 2 sin ✓ = (x 3 cos ✓)
3 sin ✓
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 3 sin ✓
3y sin ✓ 6 sin2 ✓ = 2x cos ✓ + 6 cos2 ✓
Then rearranging gives
3y sin ✓ + 2x cos ✓ = 6 sin2 ✓ + 6 cos2 ✓
) 3y sin ✓ + 2x cos ✓ = 6, as required.
b i When x = 3, 3y sin ✓ + 6 cos ✓ = 6

6
6 cos ✓
This implies y =
3 sin ✓
2 2 cos ✓
=
sin ✓ ✓
2 2 cos ✓ ◆
The point T has coordinates 3, .
sin ✓
2
2 cos ✓ 2(1 cos ✓)
ii OT has gradient =
3 sin ✓ 3 sin ✓
2 sin ✓
AP has gradient
3(cos ✓ + 1)
2(1 cos ✓) 2 sin ✓
We are required to prove that =
3 sin ✓ 3(cos ✓ + 1)
98
2(1 cos ✓)
LHS =
3 sin ✓
✓ ✓ ◆◆
2 ✓
2 1 1 2 sin
2
=
✓ ✓
6 sin cos
2 2
2 ✓
= tan
3 2
2 sin ✓
RHS =
3(cos ✓ + 1)
✓ ✓
4 sin cos
= ✓ 2 2
✓ ◆
3 2 cos2 1+1
2
2 ✓
= tan
3 2
2 ✓
So OT is parallel to AP as both have the same gradient of tan .
3 2
c i The tangent has equation 3y sin ✓ 2x cos ✓ = 6.
It intersects the x-axis then y = 0.
3
then y = 0, x = (Q)
cos ✓
It intersects the y-axis then x = 0.
2
When x = 0, y = (R)
sin ✓✓ ◆ ✓
3 2 ◆
Coordinates of Q are , 0 and the coordinates of R are 0, .
cos ✓ ✓ 3 ◆ sin ✓
1
The midpoint M has coordinates , .
2 cos ✓ sin ✓
3 1
ii To find the locus, let x = and y = .
2 cos ✓ sin ✓
3 1
Rearrange to give cos ✓ = and sin ✓ = .
2x y
9 1
2
+ 2 = 1 since sin2 ✓ + cos2 ✓ = 1
4x y
d i W( 3 sin ✓, 2 cos ✓) and P(3 cos ✓, 2 sin ✓) are points on the ellipse.
For x = 3 sin ✓ and y = 2 cos ✓,
dx dy
= 3 cos ✓ and = 2 sin ✓
d✓ d✓
dy dy d✓
Therefore = ⇥
dx d✓ dx
1 2 sin ✓
= 2 sin ✓ ⇥ =
3 cos ✓ 3 cos ✓
99
2 sin ✓
y 2 cos ✓ = (x + 3 sin ✓) 1
3 cos ✓
ii Multiplying both sides of equation 1 in d i by 3 cos ✓,
3y cos ✓ 6 cos2 ✓ = 2x sin ✓ + 6 sin2 ✓
3y cos ✓ + 2x sin ✓ = 6 sin2 ✓ + 6 cos2 ✓
=6
Thus 3y cos ✓ 2x sin ✓ = 6 2
The equation of the tangent at P is
3y sin ✓ + 2x cos ✓ = 6 3 from a above.
Multiplying 2 by cos ✓ and 3 by sin ✓, and then adding,
3y cos2 ✓ + 3y sin2 ✓ = 6(cos ✓ + sin ✓)
Therefore y = 2(cos ✓ + sin ✓)
Multiply 2 by sin ✓ and 3 by cos ✓, and subtract
2x sin2 ✓ 2x sin2 ✓ = 6 sin ✓ 6 cos ✓
This implies x = 3(cos ✓ sin ✓)
The point Z has coordinates (3(cos ✓ sin ✓), 2(cos ✓ + sin ✓)).
iii x = 3(cos ✓ sin ✓) and y = 2(cos ✓ + sin ✓)

x y
= cos ✓ sin ✓ and = cos ✓ + sin ✓
3 2
x y x y y x
Therefore + = 2 cos ✓ and = 2 sin ✓ or = 2 sin ✓
3 2 3 2 2 3
Squaring and adding these new equations gives
✓ x y ◆2 ✓ y x ◆2
+ + = 4 or (2x + 3y)2 + (3y 2x)2 = 144
3 2 2 3
13 a For x = a cos ✓ and y = b sin ✓

dx dy
= a sin ✓ and = b cos ✓
d✓ d✓
dy dy d✓
Therefore = ⇥
dx d✓ dx
1
= b cos ✓ ⇥
a sin ✓
b cos ✓
=
a sin ✓
b cos ✓
y b sin ✓ = (x a cos ✓)
a sin ✓
Multiplying both sides of the equation by a sin ✓,
100
ay sin ✓ ba sin2 ✓ = bx cos ✓ + ab cos2 ✓
ay sin ✓ + bx cos ✓ = ab sin2 ✓ + ab cos2 ✓
= ab
) ay sin ✓ + bx cos ✓ = ab
It intersects the x-axis when y = 0.
a
When y = 0, x = (M)
cos ✓
It intersects the y-axis when x = 0.
b
When x = 0, y = (N)
sin ✓
1 a b
Therefore, the area of the triangle = ⇥ ⇥
2 cos ✓ sin ✓
ab
=
sin 2✓
⇡
b Minimum area is ab when sin 2✓ = ±1, 2✓ = + k⇡, where k is an integer.
2
⇡
Therefore ✓ = (2k + 1) , where k is an integer.
4
14 a x = a sec ✓ and y = b tan ✓

a b sin ✓
That is, x = and y =
cos ✓ cos ✓
dx a sin ✓ dy
= and = b sec2 ✓
d✓ cos2 ✓ d✓
dy dy d✓
Therefore = ⇥
dx d✓ dx
cos2 ✓
= b sec2 ✓ ⇥
a sin ✓
b
=
a sin ✓
Therefore the equation of the tangent at P(a sec ✓, b tan ✓) is
b sin ✓ b ✓ a ◆
y = x
cos ✓ a sin ✓ cos ✓
Multiplying both sides by a sin ✓ gives
ab sin2 ✓ ✓ a ◆
ya sin ✓ =b x
cos ✓ cos ✓
ab sin2 ✓ ab
) ya sin ✓ = bx
cos ✓ cos ✓
Dividing both sides by cos ✓ and rearranging gives
ya sin ✓ bx ab sin2 ✓ ba
=
cos ✓ cos ✓ cos ✓ cos2 ✓
Dividing both sides by ab,
101
y tan ✓ x sec ✓
= tan2 ✓ sec2 ✓
b a
and therefore
y tan ✓ x sec ✓
) = 1
b a
x y
) sec ✓ tan ✓ = 1, as required.
a b
bx
b First consider the intersection with the asymptote with equation y = .
a
y tan ✓ x sec ✓
Substitute for y in = 1
b a
x tan ✓ x sec ✓
to give = 1
a a
which implies x(sec ✓ tan ✓) = a
a
) x=
sec ✓ tan ✓
a cos ✓
=
1 sin ✓
bx ba cos ✓
and substituting in y = gives y =
a a(1 sin ✓)
b
=
✓ sec ✓a tan ✓ b ◆
and hence the coordinates of Q are , .
sec ✓ tan ✓ sec ✓ tan ✓
bx
Now consider the intersection with the asymptote with equation y = .
a
y tan ✓ x sec ✓
Substitute for y in = 1
b a
x tan ✓ x sec ✓
to give = 1
a a
which implies x(sec ✓ + tan ✓) = a
a
) x=
sec ✓ + tan ✓
a cos ✓
=
1 + sin ✓
bx b
and substituting in y = gives y =
a sec ✓ + tan ✓
b cos ✓
=
✓ 1 +asin ✓ b ◆
and hence the coordinates of R are ,
sec ✓ + tan ✓ sec ✓ + tan ✓
c The
✓ 1 ✓ midpoint of QR is the point◆ with coordinates
a a 1✓ b b ◆◆
+ ,
2 sec ✓ tan ✓ sec ✓ + tan ✓ 2 sec ✓ tan ✓ sec ✓ + tan ✓
Obtaining common denominator yields
102
✓ a sec ✓ b tan ✓ ◆
, = (a sec ✓, b tan ✓)
sec2 ✓ tan2 ✓ sec2 ✓ tan2 ✓
15 a
θ θ
For x = 2 cos ✓ and y = sin ✓

dx dy
= 2 sin ✓ and = cos ✓
d✓ d✓
dy dy d✓
Therefore = ⇥
dx d✓ dx
1
= cos ✓ ⇥
2 sin ✓
cos ✓
=
2 sin ✓
Gradient of the normal is 2 tan ✓.
Therefore the normal has equation
2 sin ✓
y sin ✓ = (x 2 cos ✓)
cos ✓
Multiplying both sides of the equation by cos ✓ gives
y cos ✓ sin ✓ cos ✓ = 2x sin ✓ 4 cos ✓ sin ✓
2x sin ✓ + y cos ✓ = 3 cos ✓ sin ✓
Making y the subject
y = 2x tan ✓ 3 sin ✓
When x = 0, y = 3 sin ✓ (R)
3 cos ✓
and, when y = 0, x = (Q)
2
9
Therefore: area of triangle OQR = sin ✓ cos ✓
4
9
= sin 2✓
8
9 ⇡
b Therefore the maximum area is which occurs where 2✓ = ,
8 2
⇡
) ✓= .
4
103
✓ 3 cos ✓ ◆
c The coordinates of R are (0, 3 sin ✓) and the coordinates of Q are ,0 .
✓ 3 cos ✓ 3 sin ✓ ◆ 2
Therefore the midpoint M of QR has coordinates , .
4 2
3 cos ✓ 3 sin ✓
d The parametric equations of the midpoint are x = and y = .
4 2
4x 2y
Therefore cos ✓ = and sin ✓ = .
3 3
Squaring and adding
16x2 4y2
+ = cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓
9 9
That is, 16x2 + 4y2 = 9
16
S
θ
a The coordinates of S are (2 cos ✓, sin ✓).

The parametric equations of C are x = 2 cos ✓ and y = sin ✓.
x2
) + y2 = 1 is the equation of the path C.
4
x dy
b Using implicit di↵erentiation gives + 2y =0
2 dx
dy x
Therefore =
dx 4y
At the point (u, v) the equation of the tangent is
u
y v= (x u)
4v
u u2
Therefore y = x+ +v
4v 4v
u2
But + v2 = 1
4
u2 1
Divide both sides of this by v to see +v=
4v v
u 1
The equation of the tangent is y = x+
4v v
104
c This diagram shows extreme positions of the direction in which the gun is pointing.
α
α
v
The gradient of GS =
u 4
v
Therefore tan ↵ =
4 u
u 1
For the tangent to pass through G(4, 0), 0 = ⇥ 4 + from b above
4v v
This gives u = 1
and substituting in the
p equation of the ellipse gives
3
v=
2
p
3
Therefore tan ↵ = 2
4 1
1p
= 3
6
105
Chapter 7 – Antidi↵erentiation
Z ! Z Z Z
⇡ 3dx 3 dx 3
1 a sin 2x + dx f = = x 2 dx
4 2x2 2 x2 2
of
! 3x 1
1 ⇡ = +c
= cos 2x + +c 2 1
2 4
! 3
1 ⇡ = +c
o
= cos 2x + , (where c = 0) 2x
2 4 3
Z = ,
1 2x
pr
b cos(⇡x)dx = sin ⇡x + c (where c = 0)
⇡
1 g Z
= sin ⇡x,
⇡
(6x3 2x2 + 4x + 1)dx
(where c = 0) Z Z Z
d
Z ! ! 3 2
2⇡ 3 2⇡ = 6 x dx 2 x dx + 4 x dx
c sin x dx = cos x +c Z
3 2⇡ 3
=
3
2⇡
e
cos
2⇡x
3
!
,
+ dx
6x4 2x3 4x2

+x+c
ct
= +
(where c = 0) 4 3 2
3x4 2x3
Z = + 2x2 + x + c;
1 2 3
d e3x+1 dx = e3x+1 + c
re
3 3x4 2x3
= + 2x2 + x,
1 2 3
= e3x+1 , (where c = 0)
3 (where c = 0)
Z
1
or
e e5(x+4) dx = e5(x+4) + c
5 2 a Z
1
1
= e5(x+4) , (e x e x )dx = [e x + e x ]1 1
5 1
nc
(where c = 0) = (e + e 1 ) (e 1
+ e)
=0
Z 2
b (3x2 + 2x + 4)dx
U
= [x3 + x2 + 4x]20
=8+4+8
= 20
1
Z ⇡ " # ⇡2 R ⇡ ⇡
2 1 i 4
sec2 x dx = [tan x]04 = 1
c sin 2x dx = cos 2x 0
0 2 0
1 Z ✓ ◆
= (cos ⇡ cos 0) 1 1
2 3 a dx = loge |2x 5| + c
5 2x 2
1
of
= ⇥ 2 R1✓ 1 ◆ 1 3
2 b 0 dx = loge
=1 2x 5 2 5
Z Z R 1✓ 1 ◆ 1 7
3
3 3 c 2 dx = loge
o
d dx = 3 x 3 dx 2x 5 2 9
2 x3 2
3 23 Z " #1
pr
= [x ]2 1
1 1
2 4 a dx = loge |3x + 2|
! 3x + 2 3
3 1 1 0 0
= 1
2 9 4 = (loge 5 loge 2)
3 5 3
= ⇥ 1 5
2 36 = loge ⇡ 0.305
d
5 3 2
= Z
24 1
1
e
Z ⇡
4
(cos x + 2x)dx
e b
3 3x 2
"
dx
# 1
1
ct
0 = loge |3x 2|
⇡ 3 3
= [sin x + x2 ]04
p 1
= (loge | 5| loge | 11|)
2 ⇡2 3
⇡ 1.324
re
= +
2 16 1 5
= loge
Z 1 " #1 3 11
3x 1 3x x2
f (e + x)dx = e + Z 0 " #0
0 3 2 0 1 1
c dx = loge |4 3x|
or
1 1 1 1 4 3x 3 1
= e3 +
3 2 3 1
= (loge 4 loge 7)
e 3
1 3
= + 1 4
3 6
nc
= loge
3 7
" # ⇡2
R ⇡
1 1 7
g 2
cos 4x dx = sin 4x =0 = loge
0 4 0
3 4
" #⇡
U
R 1 ⇡
1 2
2
h sin x dx = 2 cos x
⇡ = 0,
2 2 2 ⇡
2
1
because cos x is an even function.
2
2
Z Z Z !
5 1 (3x + 2)6 3x + 1 2
5 a (3x + 2) dx = +c e dx = 3 dx
3 6 x+1 x+1
(3x + 2)6 = 3x 2 loge |x + 1| + c
= +c
18
= 3x 2 loge |x + 1|,
1
= (3x + 2)6 ,
of
18 (where c = 0)
(where c = 0) Z
3x 2 3x
Z f cos dx = sin +c
dx 1 2 3 2
b = loge |3x 2| + c
o
3x 2 3 2 3x
= sin ,
1 3 2
= loge |3x 2|,
pr
3 (where c = 0)
(where c = 0) 4
Z
Z p 1 1 (5x 1) 3
g (5x 1) 3 dx = +c
c 3x + 2dx 5 4
Z 3
p3
d
1
= (3x + 2) 2 dx 3 (5x 1)4
= +c
20
3
3 4
=
1 (3x + 2) 2
3 3
+c
e = (5x 1) 3 ,
20
2 (where c = 0)
ct
p
2 (3x + 2)3 Z Z !
= +c 2x + 1 5
9 h dx = 2 dx
2 3 x+3 x+3
= (3x + 2) 2 , (where c = 0) Z Z
re
9 dx
= 2 dx 5
Z Z x+3
dx
d = (3x + 2) 2 dx = 2x 5 loge |x + 3| + c;
(3x + 2)2
or
1 (3x + 2) 1 = 2x 5 loge |x + 3|,

= +c
3 1 (where c = 0)
1
= +c
3(3x + 2)
nc
1 6 a f (x) = 2x
= , Z
3(3x + 2)
F(x) = f (x)dx
(where c = 0) Z
= 2x dx
U
= x2 + c
3
Now F( 1) = 4 d f (x) = aebx
) ( 1)2 + c = 4 f (0) = 1
) c=3 ) aeb⇥0 = 1
) F(x) = x2 + 3 ) a= 1
of
) f (x) = ebx
b f (x) = 4x2
Z f ( loge 2) = 2
F(x) = 4x2 dx
) eb( loge 2)
= 2
o
4 3 ) (eloge 2 ) b
= 2
= x +c
3 b
2 = 2
pr
Now F(0) = 0 )
4 2 ) b= 1
) (0) + c = 0
3 ) f (x) = e x
) c=0 Z
4 3 F(x) = e x dx
d
) F(x) = x
3 =e x+c
c f (x) = 2(x 2)2 The graph of F(x) is a translation 3
= 2(x2 4x + 4)
e units in the positive direction of the
y axis of the graph of
ct
= 2x2 + 8x 8 y = e x.
Z
F(x) = 2x2 + 8x 8dx ) c=3
x
) F(x) = e +3
re
2 3
= x + 4x2 8x + c
3 e f (x) = 2 sin x, x 2 (0, 2⇡)
Now F(2) = 4 Z
2 3 F(x) = 2 sin x dx
) (2) + 4(2)2 8(2) + c = 4
or
3
16 = 2 cos x + c
) + 16 16 + c = 4 Now F(⇡) = 4
3
28 ) 2 cos ⇡ + c = 4
) c=
nc
3
2 3 28 ) 2+c=4
) F(x) = x + 4x2 8x +
3 3 ) c=2
) F(x) = 2 cos x + 2
U
4
a
f f (x) = linear, the graph of F(x) is a parabola.
b + x2
F(0) = 0 is given.
Now f (1) = 0.4 A possible graph is shown.
a y
) = 0.4
b + 12 y = F(x)
of
) a = 0.4(b + 1) 1
0 1 2 x
Also f (0) = 0.5
a
) = 0.5
b + 02
o
b y = f (x) is the gradient graph
b of F(x).
) a= 2
2 Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is
pr
Substituting 2 in 1 yields
b positive for x > 1, zero for x = 1
= 0.4(b + 1)
2 and negative for x < 1. Since
2b 2 y = f (x) is linear, the graph of F(x) is
= +
5 5 a parabola. F(0) = 1 is given.
) 5b = 4b + 4 A possible graph is shown.
) b=4
Substituting b = 4 in 2 yields
a= =2
4
2
2
e d y
1
y = F(x)
ct
) f (x) = –1 0 x
4 + x2
Z
2 c y = f (x) is the gradient graph
) F(x) = dx
4 + x2 of F(x).
re
! Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is

1 x
= tan +c positive for all x 2 R.. The gradient is
2
⇡ at a minimum of 2 when x = 1, and
Now F(0) = F(0) = 0 is given.
or
2
⇡ A possible graph is shown.
) tan 1 (0) + c =
2
⇡ y
) c=
2 y = F(x)
nc
!
1 x ⇡
) F(x) = tan +
2 2 0 1 x
7 a y = f (x) is the gradient graph d y = f (x) is the gradient graph

U
of F(x). of F(x).
Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is Therefore the gradient of y = F(x)
negative for x > 1, zero for x = 1 and is positive for 5 < x < 1, zero for
positive for x < 1. Since y = f (x) is x = 5 and x = 1, and negative for
x < 5 and x > 1. The gradient is
5
at a maximum of 4 when x = 3 and y y = F(x)
F(0) = 0 is given.
A possible graph is shown.
y
y = F(x) 0 1 2 x
of
–5 –3 0
–1 x
f y = f (x) is the gradient graph
of F(x).
Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is
o
e y = f (x) is the gradient graph positive for x > 3, negative for x < 3
of F(x). and zero for x = 3. F(0) = 2 is given.
Therefore the gradient of y = F(x) is A possible graph is shown.
pr
positive for x < 1 and x > 2, negative y
y = F(x)
for 1 < x < 2 and zero for x = 1 and
x = 2. F(0) = 0 is given.
2
A possible graph is shown.
0
d
3 x
e
ct
re
or
nc
U
6
Z Z Z Z
dx dx dx 1 dx
1 a p = p i p = p r
9 x2 32 x2 5 2x2 2 5
x x2
= sin 1 + c 2
3 1 x
of
Z Z = p sin 1 r + c
dx dx 2 5
b 2
= p
5+x ( 5)2 + x2 2
p p
1 x 2 x 10
o
= p tan 1 p + c = sin 1 +c
5 5 2 5
p p Z
5 5x 7 7 y
pr
= tan 1 +c j dy = p tan 1 p + c
5 5 3+y 2
3 3
Z p p
dt 7 3 3y
c = tan 1 t + c = tan 1 +c
1 + t2 3 3
Z CAS:
5 x For part i and j
d
d p dx = 5 sin 1 p + c
5 x2 5
p
5x
Z
= 5 sin 1
e 5
+c
3 3 x
ct
e 2
dx = tan 1 + c
16 + x 4 4
Z Z
dx 1 dx
f p = p
16 4x2 2 4 x2
re
1 x
= sin 1 + c
2 2
Z
10dt t Z
g = 10 sin 1 p + c
or
p 1
2
10 t2 10 2 a 2
dx = 2[tan 1 x]10
p 0 1+x
10t ⇡
= 10 sin 1 +c =2⇥
10 4
nc
Z Z ⇡
dt 1 dt =
h = 2
9 + 16t 2 16 9
+ t2
16 Z 1
1
2 3 1
1 4 t b p dx = 3[sin x]02
= ⇥ tan 1 + c 0 1 x2
16 3 3
U
⇡
4 =3⇥
1 4t 6
= tan 1 + c ⇡
12 3 =
2
7
Z 1  1
p
5 1 x Z 3 2
c p dx = 5 sin 4 dx
0 4 x2 2 0 h p
⇡ 0 9 4x2
p
=5⇥ Z 3 2
6 1 4 dx
5⇡ = r✓ ◆
= 2 0 3 2
of
6 x2
2
Z
6
5 5 p
6dx x 3 2
d 2
= tan 1 1 1 x 4
0 25 + x 5 5 0 = sin
2 3 0
o
6 ⇡
= ⇥ 2
5 4 p
3⇡ 1 1 2
sin
pr
=
=
10 2 2
⇡
3 3
=
Z Z 8
2 3dx 3 2 dx
e = ✓ 3 ◆2 1 1
0 9 + 4x 2 4 0
Z Z
+ x2 3 3dy 3 dy
2 i p = r✓ ◆
d
0 1 9y2 0 1 2
" # 32 y2
3 2 x 3
= ⇥ tan 1
4 3 3 0 " # 13
1 ⇡
e 2 = sin 1 y
1
3 0
= ⇥
ct
2 4 ⇡
=
⇡ 2
=
8 Z 2 Z 2
dx 1 dx
Z Z j =
re
2
dx 1 2
dx 1 + 3x 2 3 ✓ 1 ◆2
0 0
f 2
= 2 p + x2
0 8 + 2x 2 0 4+x 3
1 1 x 2 " #2
= ⇥ tan 1 1 p 1 x
2 2 2 0 = ⇥ 3 tan
or
3 p1 0
1 ⇡ 3
= ⇥ p
4 4 3 p
⇡ = tan 1 2 3
= 3
16 ⇡ 0.745
nc
Z 3  3
2 dx 1 x 2 ⇡
g p = sin =
0 9 x2 3 0 6
U
8
1 a 1 1
f (u) = 2 =
Let u = x2 + 1 u sin2 x
Z Z
cos xdx du
du ) =
Then = 2x and sin2 x u2
of
dx
1
f (u) = u3 = (x2 + 1)3 = +c
Z Z u
2 3 du 3 1
) 2x(x + 1) dx = u dx = +c
o
dx sin x
Z
Z
= u3 du 1 1
e (2x + 1)5 dx = ⇥ (2x + 1)6 + c
pr
2 6
u4
= +c (linear substitution)
4
(x2 + 1)4 (2x + 1)6
= +c = +c
4 12
u = x2 + 1
d
b Let f Let 9 + x2 = u
du du
Then = 2x and Then = 2x, and
dx dxp
e
u
1
f (u) = 2 = 2
1
(x + 1)2
Z p
p
f (u) = u = 9 + x2
5
Z
p
) 2
5x 9 + x dx = udu
ct
Z Z
x dx du 2
) =
(x2 + 1)2 2u2 5 2 3
Z = ⇥ u2 + c
1 2 3
= u 2 du 5p
re
2 = (9 + x2 )3 + c
1 1 3
= u +c
2 g Let x2 3 = u
1 du
+c
or
= Then = 2x, f (u) = u5 = (x2 3)5

2(x2 + 1) dx
c Let sin x = u Z Z
2 5 1
du ) x(x 3) dx = u5 du
Then = cos x 2
dx
nc
Z Z 1 1
= ⇥ u6 + c
) 3
cos x sin x dx = u3 du 2 6
1
u4 = (x2 3)6 + c
= +c 12
4
h Let x2 + 2x = u
U
sin4 x
= +c du
4 Then = 2x + 2 = 2(x + 1)
dx
d Let sin x = u
du
Then = cos x and
dx
9
Z
du 1 1
) 2(x + 1) = , f (u) = = ) (x2 2x)(x3 3x2 + 1)4 dx
dx u3 (x2 + 2x)3
Z Z Z
x+1 1 du 1
) dx = = u4 du
(x2 + 2x)3 2 u 3 3
Z
1 1
= u 3 du = u5 + c
of
2 15
1 1 2 (x3 3x2 + 1)5
= ⇥ u +c = +c
2 2 15
1
o
= + c l Let x2 + 1 = u
4(x2 + 2x)2
du
Then = 2x
i Let 3x + 1 = u dx
pr
du 1 1
Then =3 f (u) = = 2
dx u x +1
Z Z
1 1 3x 3 1
f (u) = 3 = ) 2
dx = du
u (3x + 1) 3 x +1 2 u
Z Z
2 2 du 3
d
) dx = = loge |u| + c
(3x + 1) 3 3 u 3 2
2 1 2 3
= ⇥ u +c = loge (x2 + 1) + c
=
e3
1
2
+ c
2
(since x2 + 1 > 0)
3(3x + 1)2
ct
m Let 2 x2 = u
j Let 1 + x = u du
Then = 2x
du dx
Then =1
re
dx 1 1
f (u) = =
1 1 u 2 x2
) f (u) = p = p Z Z
u x+1 3x 3 1
Z Z ) 2
dx = du
dx du 2 x 2 u
or
) p = p
1+x u 3
p = loge |2 x2 | + c
2
=2 u+c
p
=2 1+x+c Z Z
dx dx
nc
2 a 2
=
x + 2x + 2 (x + 1)2 + 1
k Let x3 3x2 + 1 = u
du = tan 1 (x + 1) + c
2 2
Then = 3x 6x = 3(x 2x)
dx
) f (u) = u4 = (x3 3x2 + 1)4
U
10
Z Z
dx dx
b ) p
x2 x+1 10x x2 24
Z Z
dx du
= ✓ ◆ = p
1 2 1 1 u2
x +1
2 4 = sin 1
u+c
Z
of
dx
= ✓ 1 ◆ 2 ✓ p3 ◆2 = sin 1 (x 5) + c
x +
2 2 e 40 x2 6x = (x2 + 6x + 9) + 49
1
o
2 x = 72 (x + 3)2
= p tan 1 p 2 + c Let x + 3 = u
3 3
du
pr
2 Then =1
p dx
2 3 2x 1 1
= tan 1 p + c and f (u) = p
3 3
p p 72 u2
2 3 3(2x 1) 1
= tan 1 +c = p
3 3
d
72 (x + 3)2
c 21 4x x2 = (x2 + 4x + 4) + 25 1
= p
Let x + 2 = u
= 25
e(x + 2) 2
)
Z
p
40
dx
x2
=
6x
Z
p
du
du 40 x2 6x 72 u2
ct
Then =1 u
dx = sin 1 + c
Z Z 7
dx du
) p = p x+3
21 4x x2 25 u2 = sin 1 +c
7
re
u
= sin 1 + c
5
x+2
= sin 1 +c
5
or
d 10x x2 24 = (x2 10x + 25)+1

=1 (x 5)2
Let x 5=u
nc
du
Then =1
dx
1
and f (u) = p
1 u2
U
1
= p
1 (x 5)2
1
= p
10x x2 24
11
Z Z p
dx
f ) x 1 xdx
3x2 + 6x + 7
Z Z
1 dx p
= = (1 u) u( du)
3 7
x2 + 2x + Z ✓
3 3 1◆
Z = u 2 u 2 du
1 dx
of
=
3 7 2 5 2 3
(x + 1)2 + 1 = u2 u2 + c
3 5 3
Z
1 dx 2 5 2 3
o
= ✓ 2 ◆2 = (1 x) 2 (1 x) 2 + c
3 2 5 3
(x + 1) + p
3 c Let 3x 7 = u
p
pr
1 3 x+1 du u+7
= ⇥ tan 1 +c Then = 3, x =
3 2 2 dx 3
p Z
3 6x
p p ) 1
dx
3 3(x + 1) (3x 7) 2
= tan 1 +c Z
6 2 6(u + 7) 1 du
d
= u 2
3 3
Z ✓ ◆
3 a Let 2x + 3 = u 2 1 1
Then
du
dx
Z p
= 2, x =
u 3
2
e =
3
u 2 + 7u 2 du
✓2 3◆ 3 ✓2 ⇥ 7 1◆ 1
= ÷ u2 + ÷ u2 + c
ct
) x 2x + 3dx 3 2 3 2
Z 4 3 28 1
u 3 p du = (3x 7) 2 + (3x 7) 2 + c
= u 9 3
2 2
re
Z ✓
1◆
d Let 3x 1 = u
1 3
= u 2 3u 2 du du u+1
4 Then = 3, x =
dx 3
1 2 5 3 2 3 Z p
= ⇥ u2 ⇥ u2 + c ) (2x + 1) 3x 1dx
or
4 5 4 3
1 5 1 3 Z ✓ ◆ 1 du
= (2x + 3) 2 (2x + 3) 2 + c 2(u + 1)
10 2 = + 1 u2
3 3
b Let 1 x=u Z
1 1
nc
du = (2u + 5)u 2 du
Then = 1, x = 1 u 9
dx Z Z
2 3 5 1
= u du +
2 u 2 du
9 9
2 2 5 5 2 3
= ⇥ u2 + ⇥ u2 + c
U
9 5 9 3
4 5 10 3
= (3x 1) 2 + (3x 1) 2 + c
45 27
12
e Z 5(u 1)
2x 1 5x 1= 1
dx 2
(x 1)2 5u 5 2
Z =
2x 2 + 1 2
= dx
(x 1)2 5u 7
Z Z =
x 1 1 2
of
=2 dx + dx 1 1
(x 1) 2 (x 1)2 f (u) = 2 =
Z Z Z u (2x + 1)2
dx dx 5x 1
=2 + ) dx
x 1 (x 1)2 (2x + 1)2
o
1 Z
= 2 loge |x 1| +c 5u 7 1 du
x 1 = ⇥ 2⇥
2 u 2
pr
Z Z
f Let 3x + 1 = u 5 du 7 du
=
4 u 4 u2
du u 1
Then = 3, x = , 5 71
dx 3 = loge |u| + +c
4 4u
u+8
x+3= 5 7
3 = loge |2x + 1| + +c
d
Z p 4 4(2x + 1)
(x + 3) 3x + 1dx
Z i Let x 1=u
=
Z
u + 8 1 du
3
u2
3
eZ
Then
du
dx
= 1, x = u + 1
1 3 8 1
ct
2
= u 2 du + u 2 du ) xZ = (u + 1)2
9 9 p
) x2 x 1dx
1 2 5 8 2 3
= ⇥ u2 + ⇥ u2 + c Z
9 5 9 3 p
re
= (u + 1)2 udu
2 5 16 3
= (3x + 1) 2 + (3x + 1) 2 + c Z
45 27 5 3 p
Z = u 2 + 2u 2 + udu
1
g (x + 2)(x + 3) 3 dx 2 7 4 5 2 3
or
Z = u2 + u2 + u2 + c
1 7 5 3
= (x + 3 1)(x + 3) 3 dx 2 3
Z Z = u 2 (15u2 + 42u + 35) + c
4 1 105
= (x + 3) 3 dx (x + 3) 3 dx 2
nc
3
= (x 1) 2 (15(x 1)2
105
3 7 3 4
= (x + 3) 3 (x + 3) 3 + c + 42(x 1) + 35) + c
7 4
2 3
h Let 2x + 1 = u = (x 1) 2 (15x2 + 12x + 8) + c
105
U
du u 1
Then = 2, x = ,
dx 2 j Let x 1=u
du
Then = 1, x = u + 1
dx
) x2 = (u + 1)2
13
Z
x2 CAS:
) p dx
x 1
Z
(u + 1)2
= p du
u
Z
1
(u + 1)2 u
of
= 2 du
Z
3 1 1
= u 2 + 2u 2 + u 2 du
o
2 5 4 3 1
= u 2 + u 2 + 2u 2 + c
5 3
2 1 2
pr
= u 2 (3u + 10u + 15) + c
15
2 1
= (x 1) 2 (3(x 1)2
15
+ 10(x 1) + 15) + c
p
d
2 x 1 2
= (3x + 4x + 8) + c
15 e
ct
re
or
nc
U
14
Z ⇡
1 a Let u = x2 + 16 2
du ) sin x cos2 x dx
Then = 2x 0
dx Z
When x = 0, u = 16 0
u2 du
of
and Z
when x = 3, u = 25 =
3 p 1
Z 1
) x x2 + 16dx
0 = u2 du
Z 25 0
p du " #1
o
= u u3
16 2 =
" #25 3 0
1 2 3
pr
= ⇥ u2 1
2 3 =
16 3
1
= (125 64) d Let x 3 = u
3 du
61 Then = 1, x = u + 3
= dx
3 When x = 3, u = 0
b Let u = sin x
Then
du
dx
= cos x
When x = 0, u = 0 p
⇡ 2
deand Z
)
=
when x = 4, u = 1
Z
3
1
4
x(x
(u + 3)u17 du
3)17 dx
ct
and when x = , u = 0
4 2 Z Z
Z ⇡ 1 1
4 18
) cos x sin3 x dx = u du + 3 u17 du
0 0 0
" # " #
re
p
19 1 18 1
Z 2 u u
2 3 = +3
= u du 19 0
18 0
0
p 1 3
" # 2 = +
4
u 2 19 18
or
= 25
4 0 =
1 114
=
16 e Let 1 x = u
du
nc
c Let cos x = u Then = 1, x = 1 u

dx
du When x = 0, u = 1
Then = sin x
dx and when x = 1, u = 0
When x = 0, u = 1
⇡
and when x = , u = 0
2
U
15
Z 1 p h Let u = e x + 1
) x 1 xdx du
0 Then = ex
Z 0 dx
p 1
= (1 u) udu When x = 1, u = + 1
1 e
Z 1
andZwhen x = 1, Zu = e + 1
p 1 x
e dx e+1
du
of
= (1 u) udu ) = 1
x
0 1 e +1 e +1
u
Z 1 Z 1
1 3 h ie+1
= u 2 du u 2 du = loge |u| 1
0 0 e +1
o
" #1 " #1
2 3 2 5 = loge (e + 1)
= u2 u2
3 0
5 0 ⇣1 ⌘
pr
2 2 loge + 1
= e
3 5 e+1
4 = loge 1
= e +1
15
e(e + 1)
= loge
f Let loge x = u 1+e
d
du 1
Then = = loge e
dx x
When x = e, u = 1 =1
and when x = e2 , u = 2
Z e2
dx
e i Let u = cos x
) du
ct
e x loge x Then = sin x
Z 2 dx
du When x = 0, u = 1 p
= ⇡ 2
1 u and when x = , u =
4 2p
re
h i2
= loge |u| Z ⇡ Z 2
1 4 sin x dx 2 du
) =
= loge 2 0 cos3 x 1 u3
p
Z 2
or
g Let 3x + 4 = u 2
du = u 3 du
Then =3 1
dx p
2
When x = 0, u = 4 " 2
#
u 2
and Z
when x = 4, u = 16Z =
nc
4 2
dx 1 16 du 1
) p = p 2 1
0 3x + 4 3 4 u =
2 h p i16 1 2
= u 1
3 4 =
2
U
2
= (4 2)
3 j Let x2 + 3x + 4 = u
4 du
= Then = 2x + 3
3 dx
When x = 0, u = 4
16
Z 3 Z 8
andZwhen x = 1, u = 1 +Z3 + 4 = 8 2x du
1 8 ) dx =
2x + 3 du 4 1 x2 15 u
) 2
dx = Z
0 x + 3x + 4 4 u du 15
h i8 =
= loge |u| 8 u
4 h i 15
= loge |u|
of
= loge 8 loge 4 8
= loge 2 = loge 15 loge 8

15
k Let u = sin x = loge
o
du 8
Then = cos x
dx m Let 1 e x = u
⇡ 1 du
When x = , u = p
pr
4 2p Then = ex
dx
⇡ 3 1
and when x = , u = When x = 2, u = 1
3 2
p e2
Z ⇡ Z 3 1
3 cos x dx 2 du and when x = 1, u = 1
) ⇡ = 1 Z 1 e
sin x p u ex
d
4 2 ) dx
p 2 1 ex
h i 3
= loge |u| 2 Z 1 1
e du
p1
e 3
p
2
1
=
1 2 u
1
e
= loge loge p Z 1
ct
1 2
2 2 e du
p =
3
1
1 e u
= loge p 1
2 h i1
e2
= loge |u|
re
p 1
6 1 e
= loge ✓
2 1◆ ✓ 1◆
= loge 1 loge 1
e2 e
l Let 1 x2 = u ! ✓e
du e2 1 1◆
or
Then = 2x = loge loge

dx e2 e
When x = 4, u = 15 ! ✓e
and when x = 3, u = 8 (e + 1)(e 1) 1◆
= loge loge
e2 e
nc
!
(e + 1)(e 1) e
= loge ⇥
e2 e 1
!
e+1
= loge
e
U
= loge (e + 1) loge e
= loge (e + 1) 1
17
Z
Some useful formulae: 1 a sin2 x dx
For even powers of sine and cosine use: Z
1
1 = (1 cos 2x)dx
2
of
• sin kx cos kx = sin 2kx Z
2 1
= 1 cos 2x dx
1 2
• sin2 kx = (1 cos 2kx) " #
2 1 1
= x sin 2x + c
o
1 2 2
• cos2 kx = (1 + cos 2kx) 1 1
2 = x sin 2x + c
pr
2 4
For odd powers of sine and cosine use:
b Z
2 2
• sin kx + cos kx = 1 sin4 x dx
Z !2
Secant, tangent, cosecant and cotangent 1
d
= (1 cos 2x) dx
2 2
2
• 1 + tan kx = sec kx Z
1
1 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x dx
• 1 + cot2 kx = cosec2 kx
e =
4
1
Z
= 1 2 cos 2x
Integrals
ct
4
1
R 1 + (1 + cos 4x)dx
• sin kxdx = cos kx + c 2
k " #
1 1 1
re
R = x sin 2x + x + sin 4x + c
1 4 2 8
• cos kxdx = sin kx + c
k 3 1 1
= x sin 2x + sin 4x + c
R 1 8 4 32
• sec2 kxdx = tan kx + c
or
k Z
c 2 tan2 x dx
R 1
• cosec2 kxdx = cot kx + c Z ✓ ◆
k
= 2 sec2 x 1 dx
nc
= 2 tan x 2x + c
U
18
Z Z
d 2 sin 3x cos 3x dx h cos2 x sin2 x dx
Z Z
= 2 sin 3x cos 3x dx = cos 2x dx
Z
1 1
=2 (sin 6x)dx =sin 2x + c
of
2 2
Z Z Z ⇣ ⌘
= sin 6xdx i 2
cot x dx = cosec2 x 1 dx
1
o
= cos 6x + c = cot x x + c
6 Alternatively,
Z Z Z ✓ ◆
2
cot x dx = cosec2 x 1 dx
pr
e sin2 2x dx
Z Z !
1 1
= 1 cos 4x dx = 1 dx
2 sin2 x
" # Z !
1 1 sec2 x
= x sin 4x + c = 1 dx
2 4 tan2 x
f
Z
=
1
2
x
tan2 2x dx
1
8
sin 4x + c
e d Let u = tan x
Then
Z
du
dx
=
Z
= sec2 x
Z
sec2 x
tan2 x
dx x + c
ct
Z 2 1
) cot x dx = du x + c
= sec2 2x 1dx u2
1
1 = x+c
tan 2x x+c
re
= u
2
Z 1
= x+c
g sin2 x cos2 x dx tan x
Z = cot x x + c
or
= (sin x cos x)2 dx Z

!2 j cos3 2x dx
Z
1 Z
= sin 2x dx
2 = cos 2x · cos2 2x dx
nc
Z
1 Z ✓ ◆
= sin2 2x dx 2
4 = cos 2x 1 sin 2x dx
Z
1 Let u = sin 2x
= 1 cos 4x dx
8
U
" #
1 1
= x sin 4x + c
8 4
1 1
= x sin 4x + c
8 32
19
du ✓1 ◆
= 2 cos 2x An antiderivative of sec2 x is
dx ✓1 ◆ 2
Z !
1 du ✓ 2
◆
2 tan x (c = 0)
= 1 u dx 2
2 dx
Z R R
1 d sec2 (kx)dx = sec2 udx
= 1 u2 du
of
2 du
" # where u = kx and =k
1 1 3 Z dx
= u u +c 1
2 3 = sec2 udu
k
o
1 1 3 1
= u u +c = tan u + c
2 6 k
Z
1
pr
) cos3 2x dx = tan(kx) + c
k
1 1 3 An antiderivative of sec2 (kx) is
= sin 2x sin 2x + c 1
2 6 tan(kx) (c = 0)
k
R Z Z
2 a sec2 x dx = tan x + c 2
sec2 (3x) 1dx
d
e tan (3x)dx =
An antiderivative of sec2 x is Z
tan x(c = 0) = sec2 (3x)dx
R R
b sec2 (2x)dx = sec2 udx
e Z
1dx
du
ct
where u = 2x and =2
Z dx 1
1 = tan(3x) x + c
= sec2 udu 3
2 An antiderivative of tan2 (3x) is
re
1 1
= tan u + c tan(3x) x(c = 0)
2 3
1 Z
= tan(2x) + c f 1 tan2 x dx
2
An antiderivative of sec2 (2x) is
or
Z
1
tan(2x)(c = 0) = 1 (sec2 x 1)dx
2
Z
!
R
2 1
R = 2 sec2 x dx
c sec x dx = sec2 udx
nc
2 Z Z
1 du 1 = 2dx sec2 x dx
where u = x and =
Z 2 dx 2
= 2 sec2 udu = 2x tan x + c
An antiderivative of 1 tan2 x is
U
= 2 tan u + c 2x tan x(c = 0)

✓1 ◆
= 2 tan x + c
2
20
Z Z Z ⇡
2 2
g tan x sec x dx = (sec2 x 1) b
4
tan3 x dx
0
sec2 x dx Z ⇡
Z 4
= tan x tan2 x dx
= 1dx 0
Z ⇡
of
4
= x+c = tan x sec2 x 1 dx
0
An antiderivative of tan2 x sec2 x Z ⇡
is x(c = 0) 4
= tan x dx
o
Z ! 0
2 ⇡ Z ⇡
h cosec x dx 4
2 + tan x sec2 x dx
pr
Z 0
1
✓ Z ⇡
⇡ ◆dx
= 4 sin x
sin2 x = dx
2 0 cos x
Z
1 Z ⇡
⇡ ⌘2 dx
= 4
⇣ + tan x sec2 x dx
sin(x )
d
0
2 For the first integral, let z = cos x
Z
1 dz
= dx Then = sin x
( cos x)2
=
Z
1
dx
e dx
When x = 0, z = 1
⇡
and when x = , z = p
1
cos2 x 4
ct
Z 2
For the second integral, let u = tan x
= sec2 x dx du
Then = sec2 x
= tan x + c dx
When x = 0, u = 0
re
✓ ⇡◆ ⇡
An antiderivative of cosec2 x is and when x = , u = 1
2 4
tan x(c = 0) Z ⇡ Z p1 Z 1
4 3 2 dz
) tan x dx = + udu
0 1 z 0
or
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
" 2 #1
2 2 1 cos 2x  p1
3 a sin2 x dx = dx 2 u
2 = loge |z| +
0 0 1 2 0
" #⇡ p
x sin 2x 2 1
= loge 2 +
nc
=
2 4 0 2
⇡ 1 loge 2
= =
4 2
1 1
= loge 2
2 2
U
c Let u = sin x
du
Then = cos x
dx
When x = 0, u = 0
21
⇡ Z ⇡ Z 1
and when x = , u = 1 3
sin x dx = (1 u2 )du
2
Z ⇡ Z 1 0 1
2 2 Z
) sin x cos x dx = u2 du 1
0 0 = 1 u2 du
" #
3 1
1
u " #1
= u3
of
3 0 = u
3 1
1 ✓
= 1◆ ✓ 1◆
3 = 1 1+
3 3
✓ cos 2x + 1 ◆2
o
2 ✓ 2◆
d cos4 x = =
2 3 3
!
1 4
pr
= cos2 2x + 2 cos 2x + 1 =
4 3
!
1 cos 4x + 1 Z ⇡ Z ⇡
= + 2 cos 2x+1 2 2 2 1 cos 4x
4 2 f sin 2x dx = dx
! 0 0 2
1 " #⇡
d
= 3 + 4 cos 2x + cos 4x x sin 4x 2
8 =
2 8 0
3 cos 2x cos 4x
⇡
)
Z
=
⇡
4
8
+
2
+
cos4 x dx
8
e =
4
Z ⇡
ct
0 3
" # ⇡4 g sin2 x cos2 x dx
3x sin 2x sin 4x 0
= + + Z ⇡
8 4 32 0 1 3
= sin2 2x dx
re
3⇡ 1 4 0
= +
32 4 " # ⇡3
1 x sin 4x
⇡ 0.545 =
4 2 8 0
Z p
or
⇡
⇡ 3
e sin3 x dx = +
0 24 64
Z ⇡
⇡ 0.158
= sin2 x sin x dx
nc
0 Z Z
Z ⇡✓ ◆ 1 1
2 2
= 2
1 cos x sin x dx h (sin x + cos x)dx = 1dx
0 0 0
Let u = cos x = [x]10
du
Then = sin x
dx =1
U
When x = 0, u = 1
and when x = ⇡, u = 1
22
4 a Z Z Let sin t = u
3 2 du
cos x dx = cos x cos x dx Then = cos t
Z ✓ Zdt✓ ◆3
◆
= 1 2
sin x cos x dx =7 1 u2 du
Z ✓ ◆
Let u = sin x
1 3u2 + 3u4 u6 du
of
du =7
Then = cos x
dx
Z 21 5
= (1 u2 )du = 7u 7u3 + u u7 + c
5
21 5
o
u3 = 7 sin t 7 sin3 t + sin t
=u +c 5
3
sin7 t + c
pr
sin3 x
= sin x +c ✓✓ ◆
3 = 7 sin t 1 sin2 t
Z
x
b sin3 dx 3 4 sin6 t ◆
4 + sin t +c
Z 5 7
x x ✓
sin2 sin6 t ◆
d
= sin dx 3
4 4 = 7 sin t cos2 t + sin4 t +c
Z ✓ 5 7
x◆ x
= 1 cos2 sin dx e R R✓ ◆
x
Let cos = u
4
4 4
e 3 2
cos 5x dx = 1 sin 5x cos 5x dx
Let sin 5x = u
ct
du 1 x du
Then = sin Then = 5 cos 5x
dx Z ✓ 4 ◆4 dxZ ✓ ◆
2 1
= 4 1 u du = 1 u2 du
5
re
✓u3 ◆ u u3
= 4 u +c = +c
3 5 15
x 4 x 1 sin3 5x
= 4 cos + cos3 + c = sin 5x +c
4 3 4 5 15
or
Z f Z
c cos2 (4⇡x)dx 8 sin4 x dx
Z
1 + cos(8⇡x) Z ✓
= dx 1 cos 2x ◆2
nc
2 = 8 dx
2
x sin 8⇡x Z ✓ ◆
= + +c 2
2 16⇡ = 2 1 2 cos 2x + cos 2x dx
Z Z
1 + cos 4x
d 7 cos7 tdt = 2x 2 sin 2x + 2 dx
U
2
Z
sin 4x
= 7 cos6 t cos tdt = 2x 2 sin 2x + x + +c
4
Z ✓ ◆3 sin 4x
=7 1 sin2 t cos tdt = 3x 2 sin 2x + +c
4
23
Z Z
2 4
g sin x cos x dx ) sin2 x cos4 x dx
Z ✓ ◆ Z ✓ ◆
1
= sin2 x cos2 x ⇥ cos2 x dx = 1 cos 4x dx
16
Z ✓1 ◆ Z
1
= sin 2x cos2 x dx
2
+ u2 du
of
4 16
Z
1 1 + cos 2x x sin 4x u3
= sin2 2x dx = + +c
4 2 16 64 48
Z
1 x sin 4x sin3 2x
o
= sin2 2x dx = + +c
8 16 64 48
Z
1
sin2 2x cos 2x dx h Z Z
pr
+
8 5
For the first integral, use the formula cos x dx = cos4 x cos x dx
1 cos 4x Z
sin2 2x =
2 = (1 sin2 x)2 cos x dx
For the second integral, use
substitution sin 2x = u Let sin x = u
du du
d
Then 2 cos 2x = , Then = cos x
dx dx✓
Z ◆2
1 1 u2 du
cos 2x dx = du =
2
e =
Z
1 2
!
2u + u du 4
ct
2u3 u5
=u + +c
3 5
2 sin3 x sin5 x
re
= sin x + +c
3 5
or
nc
U
24
Z Z
1 1
1 dx 3 p dx
x2 + 9 x+ x
⇡ ⇡
Let x = 3 tan u, u Let x = u2 , u>0
2 2
of
dx dx
= 3 sec2 u = 2u
du du
Z Z
1 p dx
2
dx x+ x
x +9
o
Z Z
1 1
= ⇥ 3 sec2 u du = 2
⇥ (2u) du
2
9 tan u + 9 u +u
pr
Z Z
1 2u
= ⇥ 3 sec2 u du = 2
du
2
9(tan u + 1) u +u
Z Z
1 2
= ⇥ 3 sec2 u du = du
2
9(sec u) u+1
Z
1 = 2 loge (u + 1) + c
d
= du p
3 = 2 log ( x + 1) + c
Z e
u 1 p
= +c
)
Z
1
3
1
dx = arctan
✓ x◆
e+c
)
x+ x
p dx = 2 loge ( x + 1) + c
x2 + 9 3 3
ct
Z
1
4 p dx
2 Z 3 x + 4x
1
p dx Let x = u2 , u>0
re
4 x2
dx
Let x = 2 cos u, 0u⇡ = 2u
du
dx Z
= 2 sin u 1
du p dx
or
Z 3 x + 4x
1 Z
p dx 1
4 x2 = ⇥ (2u) du
Z 3u + 4u2
1 Z
= p ⇥ ( 2 sin u) du 2u
du
nc
=
4 4 cos u2 3u + 4u2
Z Z
1 2
= p ⇥ ( 2 sin u) du = du
2
4(1 cos u ) 3 + 4u
Z
1
= 1 du = loge (3 + 4u) + c
U
Z 2
1 1
= u + c ) p dx = loge (3 + 4u) + c
Z ✓ x◆ 3 x + 4x 2
1
) p dx = arccos +c
4 x2 2
25
5 Z 6 Z p
1
p dx 9 x2 dx
9 x2
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
Let x = 3 sin u, u Let x = 3 sin u, u
2 2 2 2
dx dx
of
= 3 cos u = 3 cos u
du du
Z Z p
1
p dx 9 x2 dx
9 x2 Z p
Z
o
1 = 9 9 sin2 u ⇥ (3 cos u) du
= p ⇥ (3 cos u) du
2
9 9 sin u Z
Z
pr
1 = 9 cos2 u) du
= q ⇥ (3 cos u) du
2 Z
9(1 sin u) 9
Z = cos 2u + 1 du
2
= 1 du 9 1
= ( sin(2u) + u) + c
2 2
d
Z =u+c
1 ✓ x◆ 9
) dx = arcsin +c = (sin(u) cos(u) + u) + c
p 2
9 x2 3
e 9 x x x
= sin(sin 1 ) cos(sin 1 ) + sin 1 + c
2 3 3 3
1 p 9 x
ct
= x 9 x2 + sin 1 + c
Z p 2 p 2 3
1 9 x
9 x2 dx = x 9 x2 + sin 1 + c
2 2 3
re
or
nc
U
26
Z Z
1 1
7 p dx 8 3
dx
x(x + 3 x (1 x2 ) 2
3
Let x = u , u>0 ⇡ ⇡
Let x = sin u, u
dx 2 2
= 3u2 dx
du = cos u
of
Z du
1 Z
p dx 1
x(x + 3 x dx
Z 3
1 (1 x2 ) 2
= ⇥ (3u2 ) du Z
o
3
u (1 + u) 1
Z = 3
⇥ (cos u) du
3 2
= du (1 sin u) 2
u(1 + u) Z
pr
Z 1
3 3 = du
= du cos2 u
u u+1 Z
= 3 loge (u) 3 loge (1 + u) + c = sec2 u du
✓ u ◆
= 3 loge +c = tan u + c
d
u+1
)
Z ✓ ◆ = tan(arcsin x) + c
1 x
p3 dx = 3 loge p3 3 + c x
x(x + x
e(1 + x)) = p
1 x2
ct
re
or
nc
U
27
1 a c
5x + 1 A B 3x 2 A B
= + = +
(x 1)(x + 2) x 1 x + 2 (x + 2)(x 2) x + 2 x 2
A(x + 2) + B(x 1) A(x 2) + B(x + 2)
of
= =
(x 1)(x + 2) (x + 2)(x 2)
Ax + Bx + 2A B Ax + Bx 2A + 2B
= =
(x 1)(x + 2) (x + 2)(x 2)
o
A+B=5 1 A+B=3
2A B=1 2 2A + 2B = 6 1
pr
1 + 2 : 2A + 2B = 2 2
3A = 6 1 + 2 :
A=2 4B = 4
2+B=5 B=1
)
5x + 1
1
=
2
B=3
+
3
(x 1)(x + 2) x 1 x + 2
e d )
3x 2
A+1=3
=
2
A=2
+
1
(x + 2)(x 2) x + 2 x 2
ct
b
(x + 1)(2x + 1) d
A B 4x + 7 A B
= + = +
x + 1 2x + 1 (x + 3)(x 2) x + 3 x 2
re
A(2x + 1) + B(x + 1) A(x 2) + B(x + 3)

= =
(x + 1)(2x + 1) (x + 3)(x 2)
2Ax + Bx + A + B Ax + Bx 2A + 3B
= =
(x + 1)(2x + 1) (x + 3)(x 2)
or
2A + B = 0 1
A+B=4
A+B= 1 2
2A + 2B = 8 1
1 2 : 2A + 3B = 7
nc
2
A=1 1 + 2 :
1+B= 1 5B = 15
B= 2 B=3
U
1 1 2
) = A+3=4
(x + 1)(2x + 1) x + 1 2x + 1
A=1
4x + 7 1 3
) = +
(x + 3)(x 2) x + 3 x 2
28
9
e b
7 x A B (1 + 2x)(1 x)2
= + A B C
(x 4)(x + 1) x 4 x + 1 = + +
1 + 2x 1 x (1 x)2
A(x + 1) + B(x 4)
= A(1 x)2 + B(1 + 2x)(1 x) + C(1 + 2x)
(x 4)(x + 1) =
(1 + 2x)(1 x)2
Ax + Bx + A 4B
of
= A 2Ax + Ax2 + B + Bx 2Bx2 + C + 2Cx
=
(x 4)(x + 1) (1 + 2x)(1 x)2
A+B= 1 1
A 2B = 0 1
A 4B = 7 2A + B + 2C = 0 2
o
2
1 2 : A+ B+C = 9 3
2A + 2B + 2C = 18
pr
4
5B = 8
8 4 2 :
B=
5 4A + B = 18
8
A = 1 1 ⇥ 4 : 4A 8B = 0
5
d
3 9B = 18
A=
5 B=2
7 x 3 8
) =
(x 4)(x + 1) 5(x 4)
e5(x + 1) 4A + 2 = 18
A=4
ct
2x + 3 A B 4+2+C = 9
2 a = +
(x 3)2 x 3 (x 3)2
C=3
A(x 3) + B 9
re
= ) =
(x 3)2 (1 + 2x)(1 x)2
Ax 3A + B 4 2 3
= + +
(x 3)2 1 + 2x 1 x (1 x)2
or
A=2 2x 2
c
(x + 1)(x 2)2
3A + B = 3
A B C
= + +
6+B=3 (x + 1) (x 2) (x 2)2
A(x 2)2 + B(x + 1)(x 2) + C(x + 1)
nc
B=9 =
(x + 1)(x 2)2
2x + 3 2 9 Ax2 4Ax + 4A + Bx2 Bx 2B + Cx + C
) = + =
(x 3)2 x 3 (x 3)2 (x + 1)(x 2)2
U
29
A+B=0 1 A+B=0 1
4A B+C = 2 2 A+ B+C = 3 2
4A 2B + C = 2 3 A+C = 1 3
3 2 : 8A B= 4 4 2 1 :C=3
of
4 + 1 : 9A = 4 A+3=1
4 A= 2
A=
9
A+ B+C = 3
o
A+B=0
2+B+3 = 3
4
B= B=2
pr
9
4A 2B + C = 2 3x + 1
)
16 8 (x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
+C = 2 2 2x + 3
9 9 = + 2
24 2 x+1 x +x+1
C = 2+
d
=
9 3 3x2 + 2x + 5
2x 2 4 b
) = (x2 + 2)(x + 1)
(x + 1)(x 2)2
+
9(x + 1)
4
e = 2
Ax + B
x +2
+
C
x+1
9(x 2)
ct
(Ax + B)(x + 1) + C(x2 + 2)
2 =
(x2 + 2)(x + 1)
+
3(x 2)2
Ax2 + Ax + Bx + B + Cx2 + 2C
=
(x2 + 2)(x + 1)
re
3x + 1 A+C = 3 1
3 a
(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
A Bx + C A+B=2 2
= +
x + 1 x2 + x + 1 B + 2C = 5 3
or
A(x2 + x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)

= 1 2 :
(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
Ax2 + Ax + A + Bx2 + Bx + Cx + C C B=1 4
=
(x + 1)(x2 + x + 1) :
nc
3 + 4
3C = 6
C=2
A+2=3
U
30
A=1 3A + B = 1
1+B=2 A+B=1
B=1 B= 2
3x2 + 2x + 5 x+1 2 x2 + 2x 13 x 2 1
) = 2 + ) = 2
of
2
(x + 2)(x + 1) x + 2 x + 1 2
2(x + 1)(x + 3) x + 1 2(x + 3)
c Factorise the denominator:
2x3 + 6x2 + 2x + 6 4 (x 1)(x 2) = x2 3x + 2
o
First divide:
= 2x2 (x + 3) + 2(x + 3)
3x2 4x 2 = 3(x2 3x + 2) + 5x 8
2
= 2(x + 1)(x + 3)
3x2 4x 2 5x 8
pr
=
The 2 factor can be put with either (x 1)(x 2) (x 1)(x 2)
fraction. 5x 8 A B
= +
(x 1)(x 2) x 1 x 2
x2 + 2x 13
2(x2 + 1)(x + 3) A(x 2) + B(x 1)
=
d
Ax + B C (x 1)(x 2)
= 2 + Ax + Bx 2A B
x + 1 2(x + 3) =
(x 1)(x 2)
=
2
2(x2 + 1)(x + 3)
e
2(Ax + B)(x + 3) + C(x2 + 1)
2
A+B=5 1
2Ax + 6Ax + 2Bx + 6B + Cx + C
ct
= 2A B= 8 2
2(x2 + 1)(x + 3)
2A + C = 1 1 1 + 2 :
6A + 2B = 2 A= 3
re
9A + 3B = 3 2 A=3
6B + C = 13 3 3+B=5
1 3 : B=2
or
2A 6B = 14 5x 8 3 2
) = +
(x 1)(x 2) x 1 x 2
A 3B = 7 4
Use the previous working:
:
nc
2 + 4
3x2 4x 2 3 2
10A = 10 =3+ +
(x 1)(x 2) x 1 x 2
A=1
2+C = 1 9 1 1
5
U
=
(x 10)(x 1) x 10 x 1
C= 1
31
Z Z
9 5
dx dx
(x 10)(x 1) (x2 + 2)(x 4))
Z Z
1 1 5(x + 4) 5
= dx = + dx
x 10 x 1 2
18(x + 2) 18(x 4)
Z
= loge |x 10| loge |x 1| + c 5 1 x+4
= dx
of
|x 10| 18 x 4 x2 + 2
= loge +c Z
|x 1| 5 1 x 4
= 2 2
dx
18 x 4 x +2 x +2
5✓ 1
o
x4 + 1 32x + 47 = loge |x 4| loge (x2 + 2)
6 = x2 4x + 12 18 2
✓ p2x ◆◆
(x + 2) 2 (x + 2)2
32x + 47 a b p
pr
Consider = + 2 2 arctan
(x + 2)2 x + 2 (x + 2)2 2
Therefore 32x + 47 = a((x + 2) = b
) b = 17 and a = 32 7
9 a To decompose into
Z 4 (x 2)(x + 5)
x +1 partial fractions, find A and B such
dx
d
(x + 2)2 that
Z 7 A B
32 17
= x2 4x + 12 + dx =
(x 2)(x + 5) x 2 x + 5
+
x + 2 (x + 2)2
1
= x3 2x2 + 12x
17
e ) 7 = A(x + 5) + B(x 2)
32 loge |x + 2| + c When x = 2, A = 1
3 x+2
ct
When x = 5, B = 1
7 1 1
7x + 1 7 13 ) =
7 = (x 2)(x + 5) x 2 x + 5
2 2
Z + 2) ) x + 2 Z (x + 2)
(x Z
7
re
7x + 1 7 13 dx
dx = dx (x 2)(x + 5)
(x + 2)2 ) x + 2 (x + 2)2 Z Z
13 dx dx
= 7 loge |x + 2| + +c =
x+2 x 2 x+5
or
= loge |x 2| loge |x + 5| + c
5 5x 20 x 2
8 = + = loge +c
(x2 + 2)(x 4)) 18(x2 + 2) x+5
5
nc
18(x 4) x+3
b To decompose into
x2 3x + 2
partial fractions, factorise x2 3x + 2
x2 3x + 2 = (x 1)(x 2)
Find A and B such that
U
x+3 A B
= +
(x 1)(x 2) (x 1) (x 2)
) x + 3 = A(x 2) + B(x 1)
When x = 2, B = 5
32
When x = 1, A = 4
x+3 4 5
) = +
(x 1)(x 2) (x 1) (x 2)
Z Z
x+3 2x2
2
dx dx
x 3x + 2 x2 1
Z Z Z Z Z
of
dx dx dx dx
= 4 +5 =2 dx +
x 1 x 2 x 1 x+1
= 4 loge |x 1| + 5 loge |x 2| + c = 2x + loge |x 1| loge |x + 1| + c
5
o
(x 2) x 1
= loge +c = 2x + loge +c
(x 1)4 x+1
pr
2x + 1 A B e Since x2 + 4x + 4 = (x + 2)2
c = +
(x + 1)(x 1) (x + 1) (x 1) 2x + 1 A B
= +
) 2x + 1 = A(x 1) + B(x + 1) x + 4x + 4 x + 2 (x + 2)2
2
3 ) 2x + 1 = A(x + 2) + B
When x = 1, B =
2 When x = 2, B = 3
d
1 When x = 1, 3 = 3A 3
When x = 1, A =
2
Z A=2
2x + 1
(x + 1)(x 1)
Z
dx
Z
e ) 2
2x + 1
=
2
x + 4x + 4 x + 2 (x + 2)2
3
1 dx 3 dx Z
ct
= + 2x + 1
2 x+1 2 x 1 dx
2
x + 4x + 4
1 3 Z
= loge |x + 1| + loge |x 1| + c 2 3
2 2 = dx
re
1 x + 2 (x + 2)2
= loge |(x + 1)(x 1)3 | + c
2 3
= 2 loge |x + 2| + +c
x+2
2x2 2(x2 1) + 2
d = 4x 2 A B
x2 1 x2 1
or
f = +
2 (x 2)(x + 4) x 2 x + 4
=2+
(x 1)(x + 1) ) 4x 2 = A(x + 4) + B(x 2)
Find A and B such that When x = 2, A = 1
2 A B When x = 4, B = 3
nc
= + Z
(x 1)(x + 1) x 1 x + 1 4x 2
) 2 = A(x + 1) + B(x 1) dx
(x 2)(x + 4)
When x = 1, A = 1 Z Z
dx dx
When x = 1, B = 1 = +3
x 2 x+4
U
2 1 1
) = = loge |x 2| + 3 loge |x + 4| + c
(x 1)(x + 1) x 1 x + 1
CAS: = loge |(x 2)(x + 4)3 | + c
33
10 a Since x2 5x + 6 = (x 2)(x 3) 3
When x = 2, A =
2x 3 A B 4
= + 1
x2 5x + 6 x 2 x 3 When x = 2, B =
) 2x 3 = A(x 3) + B(x 2) 4
3 2
When x = 2, A = 1 x 2x 3x + 9
)
of
When x = 3, B = 3 x2 4
2x 3 1 3 3 1
) 2 = x 2+ +
x 5x + 6
= +
x 2 x 3 Z 3 4(x 2) 4(x + 2)
Z x 2x2 3x + 9
2x 3 dx
o
2
dx x2 4
x 5x + 6 Z Z
Z Z 3 dx
dx dx = (x 2)dx +
+3 4 x 2
pr
=
x 2 x 3 Z
1 dx
= loge |x 2| + 3 loge |x 3| + c +
4 x+2
(x 3)3 x2 3
= loge +c = 2x + loge |x 2|
x 2 2 4
d
5x + 1 A B 1
b = + + loge |x + 2| + c
(x 1)(x + 2) x 1 x + 2 4
x2 1
) 5x + 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x 1)
When x = 1, A = 2
e =
2
2x + log e|(x + 2)
3
4
⇥ (x 2) | + c
When x = 2, B = 3
ct
Z
5x + 1 x2 1
dx = 2x + loge (x + 2) 4
(x 1)(x + 2) 2
Z Z
2 3 3
dx + dx ⇥ (x 2) 4 + c
re
=
x 1 x+2
= 2 loge |x 1| + 3 loge |x + 2| + c d Since x2 + 5x + 4 = (x + 1)(x + 4)
= loge |(x 1)2 (x + 2)3 | + c 4x + 10 A B
⌘ +
or
2
x + 5x + 4 x + 1 x + 4
c Dividing through ) 4x + 10 = A(x + 4) + B(x + 1)
x 2 When x = 1, A = 2
x2 4 x3 2x2 3x + 9 When x = 4, B = 2
nc
x3 4x Z
4x + 10
2
2x + x + 9 dx
x2 + 5x + 4
Z Z
2x2 +8 dx dx
=2 +2
x+1 x+1 x+4
x32x2 3x + 9
U
x+1 = 2 loge |x + 1| + 2 loge |x + 4| + c

) 2
= x 2+ 2
x 4 x 4
= loge ((x + 1)2 (x + 4)2 ) + c
x+1 A B
= +
x2 4 x 2 x + 2
Alternate solution:
) x + 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x 2)
34
Let x2 + 5x + 4 = u x3 + 3 A B
2
= +
du x x x 1 x
Then = 2x + 5
dx
Z x + 3 = Ax + B(x 1)
du When x = 0, B = 3
2 = 2 loge |u| + c
u When x = 1, A = 4
of
= 2 loge |x2 + 5x + 4| + c Z 3
x +3
dx
= 2 loge |(x + 1)(x + 4)| + c x2 x
Z Z
= loge ((x + 1)2 (x + 4)2 ) + c dx
= (x + 1)dx + 4
o
x 1
Z
e Dividing through dx
3
x2 x 1 x
pr
x + 2 x3 + x2 3x + 3 x2
= + x + 4 loge |x 1|
x3 + 2x2 2
x2 3x 3 loge |x| + c
x2 2x x2 (x 1)4
+ x + loge +c
d
x+3 =
2 x3
x e2
5 3x 1 x+2
11 a = + 2
x3 + x2 3x + 3 (x 2
Z + 1)(x + 2) x+1 x +2
) = 3x
x+2
ct
5 dx
x2 x 1 + (x + 1)(x2 + 2)
x+2 Z
Z 3 1 x+2
2
x + x 3x + 3 = + 2 dx
dx x+1 x +2
Z
re
x+2 1 x 2
Z Z = + 2 + 2 dx
2 dx x+1 x +2 x +2
= (x x 1)dx + 5
x+2
1 p ✓ p2x ◆
2
x3 x2 = loge (x + 2) + 2 arctan loge |x + 1| + c
2 2
or
= x + 5 loge |x + 2| + c
3 2 ✓ p x2 + 2 ◆ p ✓ p2x ◆
f Dividing through = loge + 2 arctan +c
|x + 1| 2
x+1
2
nc
x2 x x3 + 3 b =
(x +1)2 (x2
+ 1)
x3 x2 1 1 x
x2 + 3 +
x + 1 (x + 1)2 x2 +1
x2 x
U
x+3
x+3
) f racx3 + 3x2 x= x+1+
x2 x
35
Z
2 e Z
dx 24(x + 2)
(x + 1)2 (x2 + 1) dx
Z (x + 2)2 (x2 + 2)
1 1 x Z
= + dx 4 8 4x
x + 1 (x + 1)2 x2 +1 = + 2 dx
p 1 x + 2 (x + 2)
= loge (|x + 1) loge x2 + 1 +c Z
4 8 4x
of
x+1 = + 2 dx
✓ |x + 1| ◆ 1 x + 2 (x + 2) (x + 2) 2
= loge p +c ✓ p2x ◆
x2 + 1 x+1 p
= 4 loge |x + 2| loge (x2 + 2)2 + 4 2 tan 1
+c
2
o
3
5x 1 4x 16
c = 5+ + 2
(x 2
Z 1)(x +34) x 1 x +4 1✓ x 1 ◆ 3x2 + 9x + 10
5x f loge +
2 x 1 3(x + 1)3
pr
dx +
(x 1)(x2 + 4)
Z
1 4x 16 Z 2
= 5+ + 2 dx 1
x 1 x +4 12 a dx
Z 1 x(x + 1)
1 4x 16
= 5+ + 2 2
dx 1 A B
x 1 x +4 x +4
d
= +
x(x + 1) x x+1
= 5x + loge |x 1| + 2 loge (x2 + 4) 1 = A(x + 1) + Bx
x
8 tan 1 + c
2
e 1 x
When x = 0, A = 1
When Z x2 = 1, B = 1
2 2
= 5x + loge (|x 1|(x + 4) )) 8 tan +c 1
ct
2 ) dx
1 x(x + 1)
Z Z 2 Z 2
16(4x + 1) dx dx
d dx =
(x 2)2 (x2 + 4) x
Z 1 1 x+1
re
1 18 x 16
= + 2
+ 2 dx = [loge |x| loge |x + 1|]21
x 2 (x 2) x +4 " #2
Z
1 18 x
= + = loge
x 2 (x 2)2 x+1 1
or
x 16 2 1
+ 2 dx = loge loge
x +4 x +4 2 3 2
18 4
= loge |x 2| = loge
x 2 3
nc
1 ✓ x◆
Z 1
+ loge (x2 + 4) 8 tan 1 +c 1
2 2 b dx
0 (x + 1)(x + 2)
1 A B
= +
(x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
U
) 1 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1)
When x = 1, A = 1
When x = 2, B = 1
36
Z 1 Z 3
dx x 2
) ) dx
0 (x + 1)(x + 2) 2 (x 1)(x + 2)
Z 1 Z 1 Z 3
dx dx 1 4
= = + dx
0 x+1 0 x+2 2 3(x 1) 3(x + 2)
 1 4 3
= [loge |x + 1| loge |x + 2|]10
of
= loge |x 1| + loge |x + 2|
" #1 3 3 2
x+1 !
= loge 1 4
x+2 0 = loge 2 + loge 5
3 3
2 1
o
!
= loge loge 1 4
3 2 loge 1 + loge 4
4 3 3
= loge
pr
4 1 4
3 = loge 5 3 loge 2 3 loge 4 3
Z 3
x 2 1 1 1
c dx = loge 54 loge 2 loge 4
2 (x 1)(x + 2) 3 3 3
!
x 2 A B 1 54
= + = loge
(x 1)(x + 2) x 1 x + 2
d
3 2 ⇥ 44
) x 2 = A(x + 2) + B(x 1) 1 625
When x = 2, 3B = 4 = loge
3 512
) B=
e 4
d
x2 (x2 + 3x + 2) 3x 2
3 =
x2 + 3x + 2 x2 + 3x + 2
ct
When x = 1, 3A = 1
1 3x + 2
) A= =1
3 (x + 1)(x + 2)
3x + 2 A B
re
= +
(x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
3x + 2 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1)
When x = 1, A = 1
or
When x = 2, B = 4
Z 1
x2
) 2
dx
0 x + 3x + 2
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
dx dx
nc
= dx + 4
0 0 x+1 0 x+2
= [x]10 + [loge |x + 1|]10

4[loge |x + 2|]10
U
= 1 + loge 2 4 loge 3 + 4 loge 2

25
= 1 + loge
34
32
= 1 + loge
81
37
x+7 A B 1
e = + When x = 4, B =
(x + 3)(x 1) x + 3 x 1 2
Z 3
x + 7 = A(x 1) + B(x + 3) x+2
) dx
When x = 1, B = 2 2 x(x + 4)
When x = 3, A = 1 Z Z
1 3 dx 1 3 dx
Z 3
of
= +
x+7 2 2 x 2 2 x+4
) dx 1
2 (x + 3)(x 1) 3
Z 3 Z 3 = (loge |x| + loge |x + 4|)
dx dx 2 2
= +2 p
2 x+3 2 x 1
o
= [loge x(x + 4)]32
= [ loge |x + 3| + 2 loge |x 1|]32 r
21
" #3 = loge
pr
(x 1)2 12
= loge p !
x+3 2 7
= loge ⇡ 0.28
4 1 2
= loge loge
6 5 Z 1
10 1 4x
= loge h dx
d
3 0 3+x 2x2
Z 1
2x + 6 A B (4x 1)dx
f =
(x 1) 2
= +
x 1 (x 1)2
) 2x + 6 = A(x 1) + B
e =
0 2x
Z 1
2 x 3
(4x 1)dx
✓ 1 1 ◆ 25
ct
When x = 1, B = 8 0
2 x2 x+
When x = 0, 6 = A + 8 2 16 8
✓ 1 ◆
) A=2 Z 1 4 x dx
4
re
2x + 6 2 8 = ✓✓
2
= + 0 1 ◆2 25 ◆
(x 1) x 1 (x 1)2 2 x
Z 3 4 16
2x + 6 ✓ 1◆
) dx Z 1 x dx
2 (x 1)2 4
or
Z 3 Z 3 =2 ✓
1 dx 0 1 5 ◆✓ 1 5◆
=2 dx + 8 x x +
2 x 1 2 (x 1)2 4 4 4 4
" #3 ✓ 1◆
8 Z 1 x dx
= 2 loge |x 1| 4
nc
x 1 2 =2 ✓
0 3◆
x (x + 1)
= loge 4 4+8 2
Z 1
= loge 4 + 4 4x 1
= dx
0 (2x 3)(x + 1)
U
x+2 A B 4x 1 A B
g = + = +
x(x + 4) x x+4 (2x 3)(x + 1) (2x 3) x + 1
x + 2 = A(x + 4) + Bx 4x 1 = A(x + 1) + B(2x 3)
1 When x = 1, B = 1
When x = 0, A =
2
38
3 1 4x 5 1
When x = , A = 2 = +
2 (x +Z6)(x + 1) x+6 x+1
Z 1 2
1 4x
1 4x ) dx
) dx
0 3+x 2x2 3 (x + 6)(x + 1)
Z 1 Z 1 Z 2 Z 2
dx dx 1 1
=2 = 5 dx + dx
of
+
0 2x 3 0 x+1 3 x+6 3 x+1
 2
= [loge |2x 3| + loge |x + 1|]10 = 5 loge |x + 6| + loge |x + 1|
3
= loge | 1| + loge 2 loge | 3|
= 5 loge 4 + loge | 1| + 5 loge 3
o
loge 1
loge | 2|
2
pr
= loge 3
3 = 5 loge loge 2
4
1 A B
i ⌘ +
x(x 4) x x 4 13 a Z
0
) 1 = A(x 4) + Bx 10
1 2
dx
d
When x = 0, A = 1 (x + 1)(x + 1)
4 Z 0 Z 1
1 5 5x + 5
When x = 4, B = = dx + dx
4 x+1 x+ 1
1
x(x 4)
=
1
+
4x 4(x 4)
e 1
=

1 0
5
5 loge |x + 1| + loge (x2 + 1) + 5 tan 1 x
1
2 0
ct
Z 2
1 5
) dx = 5 loge 2 + loge 2 + 5 tan 1 1 ( 5 loge 1
1 x(x 4) 2
Z 2 Z 2 5
1 1 1 1 + loge 1 + 5 tan 1 0
re
= dx + dx 2
4 1 x 4 1 x 4
5 5⇡
1 2 = loge 2 + 0
= [loge |x 4| loge |x|]1 2 4
4
5⇡ 5
1 loge 2
or
=
= [loge | 2| loge 2 loge | 3| 4 2
4
+ loge 1]
1
loge 3
nc
=
4
1 1
= loge
4 3
1 4x A B
j ⌘ +
U
(x + 6)(x + 1) x + 6 x + 1
) 1 4x = A(x + 1) + B(x + 6)
When x = 1, B = 1
When x = 6, A = 5
39
Z p
3 d
x3 8 Z
b dx 1
6
0 (x 1)(x2 + 1) dx
p 1 (x2 + x + 1)(x 1)
Z 3
(x 2)(x2 + 2x + 4) 2
Z 1
= dx 2x 4 2
0 (x 2)(x2 + 1) = ( + ) dx
Z p
3
1 x2 +x+1 x 1
x2 + 2x + 4
of
2
= dx Z 1
0 x2 + 1 4 2x 2
p = 1 2 3
+ dx
Z 3
1 (x + 2) + x2 +x+1 x 1
2x + 3 2 4
= 1+ 2 dx Z 1
x +1 4
o
0
p = 1 2 3
 1 (x + 2)
3 +
2 1 2 4
= x + loge (x + 1) + 3 tan x ✓ 2x + 1 ◆
1 2
pr
0
p + dx
= 3 + loge 4 + ⇡ x2 + x + 1 1 2 3
(x + 2 ) + 4 x 1
Z 1
Z 1
3 2x + 1 2
x2 1 = 1 2
+ dx
c dx 1(x + 2) + 34 x2 + x + 1 x 1
0 x2 + 1 
2
Z p p
1
( 33 (2x + 1)) loge (x2 + x + 1)
d
1 2 3 tan
2 =
= 1 2
dx
0 x +1 0
 1 + 2 loge |x 1|
= x 2 tan
⇡
1
x
0
e p
3⇡
1
2
=1 loge 3
ct
=
2 3
2 ⇡
= x2 + 6x + 5
2 14 f (x) =
(x 2)(x2 + x + 1)
re
a bx + c
a Let f (x) = +
x 2 x2 +x+1
2
) x + 6x + 5
or
= a(x2 + x + 1) + (bx + c)(x 2)

Let x = 2, ) 21 = 7a ) a = 3
Let x = 0, ) 5 = 3 2c ) c = 1
Let x = 1,
nc
) 12 = 9 + (b 1)( 3) ) b = 0
3 2x + 1
Therefore f (x) = 2
x 2 x +x+1
R R2x + 1 3
b f (x) dx = dx
U
x 2 +x+1 x2
= 3 loge |x 2| loge (x2 + x + 1) + c
R 1 
c 2 f (x) dx = 3 loge |x 2|
1
loge (x2 + x + 1)
✓9◆ 2
40
= 2 loge
8
Z 1 Z 1
1 e2x
1 dx = loge p 3 dx
0 (x + 1)(x + 2) 0 1 + ex
1 A B dt
= + Let e x = t, then = ex
(x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2 dx
of
1 = A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) e2x ex ⇥ ex
=
When x = 2, B = 1 1 + ex 1 + ex
When te x
Z x1 = 1, A = 1 =
1 t+1
o
) dx
0 (x + 1)(x + 2) (t + 1 1)e x
Z 1 Z 1 =
dx dx t+1
!
pr
= 1
0 x+1 0 x+2 = 1 ex
t+1
= [loge |x + 1| loge |x + 2|]10
When x = 0, t = 1
" #1
x+1 and Zwhen x = 1, t = e
= loge 1 2x
e dx
x+2 0 )
d
x
2 1 0 e +1
= loge loge Z e Z e
3 2 d
= dt
1 t+1
= loge
4
3
e 1
= [t loge |t + 1|]e1
4
ct
) p= =e loge (e + 1) 1 + loge 2
3
2
=e 1 + loge
Z ⇡ e+1
6
!
e+1
re
2 sin2 x cos xdx =e 1 loge

0 2
Let sin x = t
dt
Then = cos x
dx Z ⇡
When x = 0, t = 0
or
3
⇡ 1 4 sin3 x cos xdx
and when x = , t = 0
6 2 Let sin x = t
Z ⇡ dt
6 Then = cos x
) sin2 x cos xdx dx
nc
0 When x = 0, t = 0 p
Z 1 ⇡ 3
2 2 and when x = , t =
= t dt 3 2
0
" 3 # 12
t
U
=
3 0
1
=
24
41
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
3 3 6 cos xdx
) sin x cos xdx )
0 0 1 + sin x
p
Z 3 Z 3
2 3 2 du
= t dt =
u
0 1
p 3
of
" 4# 3
t 2 = [loge |u|]12
=
4 0 3
= loge
9 2
o
=
4 ⇥ 16 3
) c=
9 2
=
pr
64 Z
7 sin 3x cos5 3x dx
x A B
5 = + Let cos 3x = u
(x 2)(x + 1) x 2 x + 1 du
x = A(x + 1) + B(x 2) Then = 3 sin 3x
2 Z dx Z
1
d
When x = 2, A = ) cos5 3x sin 3x dx = u5 du
3 3
1
When x = 1, B = u6
3
)
Z 4
3 (x
x
2)(x + 1)
dx
e =
18
1
+c
= cos6 3x + c
ct
Z Z 18
2 4 dx 1 4 dx
= +
3 3 (x 2) 3 3 (x + 1)
" #4 Z 6
2 1 2
8 dx = loge p
re
= loge |x 2| + loge |x + 1| x2 4
3 3 3
4
2 2
" #4 =
1 x2 4 (x 2)(x + 2)
= loge |(x 2)2 (x + 1)|
3 3
A B
= +
or
1 x 2 x+2
= (loge 20 loge 4) 2 = A(x + 2) + B(x 2)
3
1 1
= loge 5 ⇡ 0.536 When x = 2, A =
3 2
1
nc
When x = 2, B =
2
Z ⇡
(cos x)dx
6
6 = loge c
0 1 + sin x
Let 1 + sin x = u
du
U
Then = cos x
dx
When x = 0, u = 1
⇡ 3
and when x = , u =
6 2
42
Z 6 Z 6
2 3
) dx ) dx
4 x2 4 5 x2 5x + 4
Z 6 Z 6 Z 6 Z 6
1 dx 1 dx dx dx
= = +
2 4 x 2 2 4 x+2 5 x 1 5 x 4
1 = [ loge |x 1| + loge |x 4|]65
[loge |x 2| loge |x + 2|]64
of
=
2 " #6
" #6 x 4
1 x 2 = loge
= loge x 1 5
2 x+2 4
2 1
o
!
1 4 2 = loge loge
= loge loge 5 4
2 8 6 8
= loge
pr
1 3 5
= loge
2 2 8
r ) p=
3 5
= loge
2
Z
r !1 p cos x
10 a dx
d
3 3 2 6
) p= = = sin3 x
2 2 2 Let sin x = u
du
9
Z 6
3
dx = loge p
e Then
Z
dx
= cos x
cos xdx
Z
du
x2
5x + 4 ) =
ct
5 3
3 3 sin x u3
=
2
x 5x + 4 (x 1)(x 4) u 2
= +c
A B 2
= +
re
x 1 x 4 1
= +c
3 = A(x 4) + B(x 1) 2 sin2 x
When x = 4, B = 1 1
= cosec2 x + c
When x = 1, A = 1 2
or
Z
3
b x(4x2 + 1) 2 dx
Let 4x2 + 1 = u
du
nc
Then = 8x
Z dx
3
) x(4x2 + 1) 2 dx
Z
1 3
= u 2 du
8
U
2 5
= u2 + c
5⇥8
1 5
= (4x2 + 1) 2 + c
20
43
Z Z 3 Z
c sin2 x cos3 x dx x dx 1 16 du
p = p
0 25 x2 2 25 u
Let sin x = u p 16
du =[ u]25
Then = cos x,
dx = 4+5
sin2 x cos3 x = sin2 x cos2 x cos x
of
=1
Z = u2 (1 u2Z
) cos x
) sin2 x cos3 x dx = (u2 u4 )du Z Z
dx dx
12 a =
o
u3 u5 (x + 1)2 + 4
(x + 1)2 + 22
= +c 1 x+1
3 5 = tan 1 +c
sin3 x sin5 x 2 2
pr
= Z Z
3 5 1 1 dx
b p dx = s !
+c 1 9x2 3 2
1
Z x2
ex 3
d dx !
e2x 2e x + 1 1 1 x
d
x
Let e = u = sin 1 + c
3
du 3
Then = ex 1
)
Z
dx
2x
e x dx
x
=
Z
e 2
du
Z
3
sin 1 3x + c
Z
=
e 2e + 1 u 2u + 1 1 1 dx
ct
Z c p dx = s !
du 1 4x2 2 2
= 1
(u 1)2 x2
2
1 !
+c
re
= 1
u 1 1 x
= sin 1 + c
1 2 2
= +c
1 ex 1 1
= sin 2x + c
2
or
Z 3 Z
x dx
11 p dx d
0 25 x2 (2x + 1)2 + 9
Z
Let 25 x2 = u 1 dx
nc
du = !2 !2
Then = 2x 4 1 3
dx x+ +
2 2
When x = 0, u = 25 !
and when x = 3, u = 16 1 2 1 2 1
= ⇥ tan x+ +c
4 3 3 2
U
1 1 2x + 1
= tan +c
6 3
44
! Z
1 f 0 (x)dx
13 f : (1, 1) ! R, f (x) = sin 1
p c = loge ( f (x))
x f (x)
+ c (for f (x) > 0)
a By the chain rule ! Also note that
1 1 3 Z 0
f 0 (x) = s ⇥ x 2 f (x)
!2 2 dx = loge | f (x)|
of
1 f (x)
1 p (for f (x) , 0)
x
Z
1
= r d sin( f (x)) f 0 (x)dx
p 1
o
2 x3 1 Z
x
= sin udu
1
pr
= p
2x x 1 = cos u + c
Z 4 Z 4 = cos[ f (x)] + c
dx dx
b p = 2 p
2 x x 1 2 2x x 1
" !#4 p
1 1
15 y=x 4 x
d
= 2 sin p
x 2 dy p x
= 4 x p (product rule)
⇡ ⇡ dx 2 4 x
= 2⇥ +2⇥
=
⇡ ⇡
6
e 4
=
2(4 x) x
p
2 4 x
2 3
ct
⇡ 8 3x
= = p
6 Z 22 4 x
8 3x h p i2
) p dx = 2 x 4 x
re
4 x 0
14 For each of the following let f (x) = u. 0
p
Then f 0 (x) dx = du =4 2
Therefore
Z Z
or
a 0 2
f (x)( f (x)) dx = u2 du 16 2x 3
2
x 4x + 4 2x3
11x2 + 20x 13
3
u 2x3 8x2 + 8x
= +c
3 3x2 + 12x 13
nc
1 3x2 + 12x 12
= [ f (x)]3 + c
3 1
Z Z
b
f 0 (x)dx du Z) a = 2, b = 3, c = 1
( f (x))2
=
u2 2x3 11x2 + 20x 13
) dx
(x 2)2
U
1 Z Z
= +c dx
u = (2x 3)dx
1 (x 2)2
= +c 1
f (x) = x2 3x + +c
x 2
45
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
4 2 4 1 cos 4x and when x = e2 , u = 2
17 a sin 2x dx = dx Z e2 Z 2
0 0 2 dx du
) =
" # ⇡4 e x loge x 1 u
1 1
= x sin 4x = [loge |u|]21
2 8 0
= loge 2 ⇡ 0.693
of
⇡
=
8 Z ⇡ Z ⇡
4 2 4
b Let x2 14x + 1 = u e tan x dx = (sec2 x 1)dx
du 0 0
Then = 2x 14
o
⇡
dx
When x = 1, u = 16 = [tan x x]04
and Z
when x = 0, u = 1 ⇡
pr
0 p =1 ⇡ 0.215
4
) (14 2x) x2 14x + 1dx
1
Z f Let 2 + cos x = u
1 p du
= udu Then = sin x
dx
16 When x = 0, u = 3
" #1 ⇡
d
2 3 and when x = , u = 2
= u2 2
3 Z ⇡ Z 2
16 2 sin x du
2 ) dx =
=
3
(1 64)
e 0 2 + cos x 3 u
= [loge |u|]23
= 42
ct
= loge 2 + loge 3
c Let cos x = u 3
du = loge ⇡ 0.405
Then = sin x 2
dx
re
1 1 R
When x = ⇡, u =
3 2 18 a sin x cos x dx
1 1 Let u = sin x
and when x = ⇡, u =
3 2 du
Z 1⇡ Then = cos x
or
3 sin x Z dx Z
) 9 1 p dx
⇡ cos x ) sin x cos x dx = u cos x dx
3
Z 1 Z
2 du = udu
=9 p
nc
1 u
2
1
=0 = u2 + c
Ra 2
(since a f (x)dx = 0) 1
= sin2 x + c
2
U
d Let loge x = u
du 1
Then =
dx x
When x = e, u = 1
46
Z p
b sin x cos x dx b y = loge (x + x2 1)
Z dy 1
1 = p
= 2 sin x cos x dx dx x + x2 1
2 !
Z 1 1
1 ⇥ 1 + (x2 1) 2 ⇥ 2x
= sin 2x dx 2
of
2 !
1 1 x
= cos 2x + c = p 1+ p
4 x + x2 1 x2 1
p !
1 x2 1 + x
o
p = p p
19 a y = loge (x + x2 + 1) x + x2 1 x2 1
dy 1 1
pr
= p = p
dx x + x2 + 1 Z 7 x 1
2
! 1
1 1 ) p dx
⇥ 1 + (x2 + 1) 2 ⇥ 2x 2 x2 1
2
! Z 7
dy
1 x = dx
1+ p
d
= p 2 dx
x + x2 + 1 x2 + 1 p
p ! = [loge |x + x2 1|]72
1 x2 + 1 + x p
= p
x + x2 + 1
1
p
e
x2 + 1 = loge (7 + 72 1)
p
= p loge (2 + 22 1)
ct
Z x2 + 1 p p
1 = loge (7 + 48) loge (2 + 3)
) p dx p !
x2 + 1 7+4 3
Z = loge p
dy
re
= dx 2+ 3
dx p p !
7+4 3 2 3
=y+c = loge p ⇥ p
p 2+ 3 2 3
p p !
= loge |x + x2 + 1| + c
or
14 + 8 3 7 3 12
= loge
4 3
p
= loge (2 + 3), as required to show.
nc
Z Z
1 1 2
20 a 2
dx = dx
4+x 2 4 + x2
!
1 1 x
= tan +c
2 2
U
!
1 1 x
= tan (c = 0)
2 2
47
1 1 1
b = , x 2 ( 2, 2)
4 x2(2 + x)(2 x) 2
x + 4 x2
A B x2 + 4
= +
(2 + x) (2 x) 4
1
When x = 2, B = x 2
4
4 =1
of
1 2
xZ + 4 2
x +4
When x = 2, A = x2
4 dx
2 1 1 x2 + 4
) f rac14 x = + Z Z
4(x + 2) 4(2 x) 2
o
Z = 1dx 2 dx
1 4 + x2
) dx !
4 x2
"Z Z # 1 x
= x 2 tan +c
pr
1 1 1 2
= dx + dx !
4 x+2 2 x
1 x
1 = x 2 tan (c = 0)
= (loge |x + 2| loge |2 x)| + c 2
4 Z Z
1 x+2 1 1
f dx = ! dx
d
= loge (c = 0) 1 + 4x 2
4 2 x 1 2
4 +x
Z 4
4 + x2
c
Z
x
dx
Z
e =
1
Z 1
2 dx
4 2 1
ct
= dx + xdx + x2
x 4
1 1
= 4 loge |x| + x2 + c = tan 1 (2x) (c = 0)
2 2
re
1 Z p
= 4 loge |x| + x2 (c = 0)
2 g x 4 + x2 dx
Z
x Let u = 4 + x2
d dx du
4 + x2 ) = 2x
or
dx
Let u = 4 + x2 Z p
du ) x 4 + x2 dx
) = 2x Z
dx
Z Z 1 p
x 1 1 udu
nc
) dx = du =
4 + x2 2 u 2
1 1 2 3
= loge (4 + x2 ) + c = ⇥ u2 + c
2 2 3
1 ! 32
= loge (4 + x2 ) (c = 0) 1 2
U
2 = 4+x (c = 0)
3
Z
x2 Z p
e dx
4 + x2 h x 4 + xdx
Let u = x + 4
48
Z
du x
) x = u 4 and =1 ) p dx
Z p dx 4 x
Z
) x 4 + xdx 4 u
= p du
Z
1
u
= (u 4)u 2 du Z Z
1 1
= 4 u 2 du + u 2 du
of
Z
3 1
= u 2 4u 2 du 1 2 3
= 8u 2 + u 2 + c
2 5 8 3 3
= u2 u2 + c p 2 3
o
5 3 = 8 4 x + (4 x) 2 (c = 0)
2 5 8 3 3
= (x + 4) 2 (x + 4) 2 (c = 0) R x
5 3
pr
l p dx
Z 4 x2
1
i p dx Let u = 4 x2
4 x du
Let u = 4 x ) = 2x
dx
Z Z
du x 1 1
) = 1 ) p dx = p du
dx
Z Z 4 x2 2 u
d
1 1
) p dx = p du 1 1
4 x u = ⇥ 2u 2 + c
2
=
p
e
1
2u 2 +c =
p
4 x2 (c = 0)
= 2 4 x (c = 0)
ct
Z Z 21 a y = x cos x
1 1
j p dx = p dx
4 x2 22 x2 dy
! = x ⇥ sin x + 1 ⇥ cos x
dx
re
x
= sin 1 +c = cos x x sin x
2
! dy
1 x
) x sin x = cos x
= sin (c = 0) dx
2 Z Z Z
dy
or
Z ) x sin x dx = cos x dx dx
x dx
k p dx
4 x = sin x y + c
= sin x x cos x + c
nc
Let u = 4 x
du
) x=4 u and = 1
dx
U
49
Z ⇡ Z 3
x3 x + 2
b (x ⇡) sin x dx ) dx
0 2 x2 1
Z ⇡ Z ⇡ Z 3 Z 3
= x sin x dx ⇡ sin x dx 1
= x dx + dx
0 0 2 2 x+1
= [sin x x cos x]⇡0 + ⇡[cos x]⇡0 Z 3
1
of
+ dx
= (sin ⇡ ⇡ cos ⇡) (sin 0 0) 2 x 1
" #3
+ ⇡(cos ⇡ cos 0) 1
= x2 + [ loge |x + 1|]32
2
= (0 + ⇡) (0 0) + ⇡( 1 1) 2
o
+ [loge |x 1|]32
=⇡ 2⇡
1
pr
= ⇡ = (32 22 ) loge 4 + loge 3
2
+ loge 2 loge 1
Z
x3 x + 2 !
22 dx = c + loge d 5 3⇥2
x2 1 = + loge
2 4⇥1
x
d
5 3
x2 1 x3x+2 = + loge
2 2
x3x
5 3
)
Z 3 3
x
+2
x+2
dx
e ) c = and d =
2 2
ct
2 x2 1
Z 3 Z 3 23 a f (x) = sin(x) cosn 1 (x)
2
= x dx + 2
dx f 0 (x) = sin(x) ⇥ (n 1) cosn 2 (x)
2 2 x 1
2 2
re
Now 2 = ⇥ sin(x) + cos(x)

x 1 (x + 1)(x 1)
A B ⇥ cosn 1 (x)
⌘ +
x+1 x 1 = (n 1) sin2 (x) cosn 2 (x)
) A(x 1) + B(x + 1) = 2
or
When x = 1, B = 1 + cosn (x)

When x = 1, A = 1 Z
2 1 1 b ) f 0 (x)dx
) 2 = +
x 1 x+1 x 1 Z
nc
= (n 1) sin2 (x) cosn 2 (x)dx

Z
+ cosn (x)dx
U
50
Z !
) sin(x) cosn 1 (x) 2 1 1
Z cos (x)dx = x + sin(2x)
2 2
= (n 1) (1 cos2 (x)) " !
1 1 ⇡ 1 ⇡
Z = 3 ⇥ + sin 2 ⇥
4 2 2 2 2
⇥ cos (x)dx + cosn (x)dx
n 2
!#
1 1
of
Z ⇥0 sin(2 ⇥ 0)
2 2
= (n 1) cosn 2 (x)dx !!
1 ⇡ 1 1
Z ! Z = 3 + sin ⇡ 0 sin 0
n n 4 4 2 2
cos (x)dx + cos (x)dx
o
!
Z 3 ⇡
= +0 0
= (n 1) cosn 2 (x)dx + (n 1) 4 4
pr
Z Z 3⇡
=
⇥ cos (x)dx + cosn (x)dx
n 16
Z Z ⇡
2
= (n 1) cosn 2 (x)dx ii cos6 (x)dx
0
d
Z Z ⇡
+ n cosn (x)dx 1 2
= ⇥6 cos6 (x)dx
Z 6 0
Z
e
) n cosn (x)dx = sin(x) cosn 1 (x) 1
" ⇡
= [sin(x) cos5 (x)]02
6
ct
+ (n 1) cosn 2 (x)dx, Z ⇡
2
#
4
as required to verify. +5 cos (x)dx
0
Z " #
⇡
1 3⇡
re
2 = 0 0+5⇥ from i.
c i cos4 (x)dx 6 16
0
Z ⇡ 5⇡
1 2 =
= ⇥4 cos4 (x)dx 32
4 0
or
" ⇡ iii
1 Z ⇡
= [sin(x) cos3 (x)]02 2
4 cos4 (x) sin2 (x)dx
0
Z ⇡ #
2 2
Z ⇡
nc
+3 cos (x) dx 2
0 = cos4 (x)(1 cos2 (x))dx
" 0
1 ⇡ ⇡ Z ⇡ Z ⇡
= sin cos3 sin 0 cos3 0 2 4 2
4 2 2 = cos (x)dx cos6 (x)dx
0 0
" # ⇡2 #
1 1 3⇡ 5⇡
U
+ 3 x + sin(2x) =
2 2 0
16 32
⇡
=
32
51
Z Z Z
⇡ ⇡
x
iv
4
sec (x)dx = 4
cos (x)dx
4 4 24 a dx
(x + 1)n
0 R 0 du
Now n cosn x dx = R sin x Let u = x + 1, ) =1
dx
cos (x) + (n 1) cosn 2 (x)dx
n 1
and Zx = u 1
Z ⇡ x
4 ) dx
) 2 cos 2 x dx (x + 1)n
of
0 Z
u 1
⇡
= du
= [sin x cos 3 (x)]04 un
Z
Z ⇡
u1 n u n du
o
4 =
+ ( 3) cos 4 (x)dx
0
1 1
Z ⇡ = u2 n
u1 n
+c
pr
4 2 2 n 1 n
) 2 sec x dx
0 1 1
" ! = (x + 1)2 n
(x + 1)1 n
⇡ 3 ⇡ 2 n 1 n
= sin cos
4 4 +c
#
Z 2
d
3
sin 0 cos (0)
b x(x 1)n dx
1
Z ⇡ Let u = x 1, ) x=u+1
4
3
0
cos 4 (x)dx
⇡
e and
du
dx
=1
) 2[tan x]04 When x = 1, u = 0
ct
" #
p 3 When
1
= p ⇥ ( 2) 0 Z x = 2, u = 1
2
2 ) x(x 1)n dx
Z ⇡ 1
re
4 Z
3 cos 4 (x)dx 1
0 = (u + 1)un du
0
) 2(1 0) Z 1
Z ⇡ = un+1 + un du
or
4 0
=2 3 cos 4 (x)dx " #1 " #1
0 1 n+2 1 n+1
Z ⇡ = u + u
4 n+2 n+1
) 4= 3 cos 4 (x)dx 0 0
1 1
nc
0
Z ⇡ = +
4 4 n+2 n+1
) cos 4 (x)dx =
0 3
Z ⇡
4 4
) sec4 (x)dx =
U
0 3
52
Z 1 du dv
25 a (1 + ax)2 dx dy v dx u dx
0
) =
dx v2
du
Let u = 1 + ax, ) =a (a cos x + b sin x)(a cos x + b sin x)
dx (a sin x b cos x)(b cos x a sin x)
When x = 0, u = 1 =
(a cos x + b sin x)2
WhenZ x = 1, u = 1 + a
of
1 a2 cos2 x + 2ab sin x cos x + b2 sin2 x
2
) (1 + ax) dx (2ab sin x cos x b2 cos2 x
0 a2 sin2 x)
Z 1+a =
1 (a cos x + b sin x)2
= u2 du
o
a 1 a2 (cos2 x + sin2 x)
" #1+a +b2 (sin2 x + cos2 x)
1 u3 =
= (a cos x + b sin x)2
pr
a 3 1
a2 + b2
1 =
(a cos x + b sin x)2
= [(1 + a)3 1]
3a
1 b Z ⇡
= (1 + 3a + 3a2 + a3 1) 2 dx
3a 0 (a cos x + b sin x)2
d
1 Z ⇡
= 1 + a + a2 =
1 2 a2 + b2
dx
3 a2 + b2 0 (a cos x + b sin x)2
" #⇡
1
b Let y = a2 + a + 1
3
e =
1 a sin x b cos x 2
a2 + b2 a cos x + b sin x 0
The value of y is a minimum when " a sin ⇡ b cos ⇡ #

ct
1 2 2 a sin 0 b cos 0
dy =
a2 + b2 a cos ⇡ ⇡ a cos 0 + b sin 0
=0 + b sin
da "
2
#
2
2 1 a b
) a+1=0 =
a2 + b2 b a
re
3 " #
1 a b
3 = +
) a= a2 + b2 b a
2 !
1 a2 + b2
=
a2 + b2 ab
or
a sin x b cos x u 1
26 a Let y = = =
a cos x + b sin x v ab
where u = a sin x b cos x and
v = a cos x + b sin x R⇡
27 Un = 04 tann x dx
nc
du
) = a cos x + b sin x and
dx where n 2 Z and n > 1
dv
= a sin x + b cos x
dx
U
53
Z ⇡
a Un + Un 2 4
where U0 = tan0 x dx
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
0
4 n 4
= tan x dx + tann 2
x dx Z ⇡
0 0 4
= 1dx
Z ⇡
0
4
= tann 2
x(tan2 x + 1)dx ⇡
of
0 = [x]04
Z ⇡
⇡
4
= tann 2
x sec2 x dx =
4
0 1 1 ⇡
Let w = tan x ) U6 = +1
o
dw 5 3 4
) = sec2 x 13 ⇡
dx =
pr
When x = 0, w = 0 15 4
as required to show
⇡
When x = , w = 1
4
) Un + Un 2 1 1
28 a +
Z 1 1 + tan x 1 + cot x
= wn 2 dw 1 + cot x + 1 + tan x
d
0 =
" #1 (1 + tan x)(1 + cot x)
1 n 1 2 + tan x + cot x
= w
n
1
1 0
e =
1 + tan x + cot x + tan x cot x
2 + tan x + cot x
= [1 0] =
ct
n 1 2 + tan x + cot x
1 (since tan x cot x = 1)
=
n 1
=1
re
1
b Un + Un = 2 R⇡ d✓
n 1 b Consider 02
1 1 + tan ✓
) Un = Un 2 ⇡ d
n 1 Let = ✓ ) = 1
1 2 d✓
U6 = U4
or
⇡
5 ) ✓=
! 2
1 1 ⇡
= U2 When ✓ = 0, =
5 3 2
⇡
1 1 When ✓ = , = 0
nc
= + (1 U0 ) 2
5 3
1 1
= + 1 U0
5 3
U
54
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
2 d✓ 2 d✓
) c
0 1 + tan ✓ 0 1 + tan ✓
Z 0 Z ⇡
d 2 d
= ⇡
! =
2 1 + tan
⇡ 0 1 + cot
2 Z ⇡ !
of
2 1 1
Z ⇡ = + d
2 d 0 1 + tan 1 + cot
=
0 1 + cot Z ⇡
! ! 2 d
⇡
o
since tan = cot 0 1 + tan
2 Z ⇡ Z ⇡
as required to show. 2 2 d
= 1d
pr
0 0 1 + tan
R⇡ d✓ R⇡ d
Now 02 = 02
1 + tan ✓ 1 + tan
R ⇡
d✓ R ⇡
) 2 02 = 02 1d
1 + tan ✓
Z ⇡
d
2 d✓ 1 ⇡
) = [ ]02
0 1 + tan ✓ 2
" #
e =
1 ⇡
2 2
0
⇡
ct
=
4
re
or
nc
U
55
Z Z Z
3 2 dx
1 a cos 2xdx = (1 sin 2x)
1 4x2
Z Z
⇥ cos 2xdx 1 dx 1 dx
= +
2 1 2x 2 1 + 2x
of
Let sin 2x = u
1
du = loge |1 2x|
then = 2 cos 2x 4
Z ✓ dx ◆ 1
+ loge |1 + 2x| + c
o
2
) 1 sin 2x cos 2x dx 4
Z 1 1 + 2x
du = loge +c
= (1 u2 ) dx 4 1 2x
pr
dx
Z
1 d Let 1 4x2 = u
= (1 u2 )du
2
du
1 1 3 then
= 8x
= u u +c dx
2 6 Z Z
x dx 1 du
d
1 1 3 ) p = p
= sin 2x sin 2x + c 1 4x2 8 u
2 6
1p
b Z
2x + 3
dx
e =
4
1p
u+c
4x2 + 1 = 1 4x2 + c
ct
Z Z 4
du dx
= +3
4u + 1 4x2 + 1 x2 1 1
e = + ✓ ◆
du 1 4x2 4
where u = x2 , = 2x 4 1 4x 2
re
dx
Z
1 3 x2 dx x 1
= loge |4u + 1| + tan 1 2x+c ) = +
4 2 1 4x2 4 16
1 1 + 2x
= loge |4x2 + 1|
or
4 ⇥ loge +c
1 2x
3 see 1 c above
+ tan 1 2x+c
2
1 3 f Let 1 2x2 = u
= loge (4x2 + 1) + tan 1 2x + c, du
nc
4 2 then = 4x
2
Zdx p
since 4x + 1 > 0
) x 1 2x2 dx
1 A B Z
c = + 1 p
1 4x2 1 2x 1 + 2x = udu
U
4
) 1 = A(1 + 2x) + B(1 2x) 1 2 3
1 1 = ⇥ u2 + c
When x = , A = 4 3
2 2 r
1 1 1 ⇣ ⌘3
When x = , B= = 1 2x2 + c
2 2 6
56
⇣ ⇡⌘ Z p
2
g sin x x x + 1dx
3
⇣ 2⇡ ⌘ Z
1
1 cos 2x = (u 1)u 2 du
= 3
2 Z
Z ⇣
3 1
⇡⌘ = u 2 u 2 du
sin2 x
of
) dx
3
Z 2 5 2 3
1 = u2 u2 + c
= 1dx 5 3
2
Z 2 5 2 3
o
1 ⇣ 2⇡ ⌘ = (x + 1) 2 (x + 1) 2 + c
cos 2x dx 5 3
2 3 3 1
!
1
1 1 ⇣ 2⇡ ⌘ = 2(x + 1) 2 (x + 1) +c
pr
= x sin 2x +c 5 3
2 4 3
h Let x2 2=u l 1 + cos 2x = 2 cos2 x

Z Z
du dx 1 dx
then
= 2x =
dx 1 + cos 2x 2 cos2 x
d
Z Z 1
x dx 1 du = sec2 x + c
) p = p 2
x2 2 2 u
p 1
= u+c
p
e Z 3x
= tan x + c
2
= x2 2 + c e +1
ct
Z Z m dx
1 cos 6x e3x+1
i 2
sin 3xdx = dx Z
2 = (e 1 + e 3x 1 )dx by division
1 1
re
= x sin 6x+c x 1
2 12 = + 3x+1 + c
e 3e
j Let cos 2x = u
du n Let x2 1=u
then 2 sin 2x =
or
dx
sin3 2x = 1 cos2 2x sin 2x du
then = 2x
Z dx
Z Z
sin3 2x dx x dx 1 du
2
=
x 1 2 u
nc
Z
1 1
= (1 u2 )du = loge |u| + c
2 2
1⇣ u3 ⌘ 1
= u +c = loge |x2 1| + c
2 3 2
U
1 ⇣ ⌘
= cos 2x cos2 2x 3 +c
6
k Let u = x + 1
du
then = 1 and x = u 1
dx
57
o sin2 x cos2 x Z 1 "
2 dx 1
) = loge |1 x|
1 0 1 x2 2
= sin2 2x
4 # 12
1 cos 4x 1
= + loge |1 + x|
8 2 0
Z
of
1
sin2 x cos2 x dx = loge 3
2
Z Z
1 1 Z 1
= 1dx cos 4xdx 2
✓ ◆1
8 8 2 2
o
c x 1 + x dx
x 1 0
= sin 4x + c Z 5
8 32 1 4 1
pr
= u 2 du
x2 1 2 1
p = x 1+
1+x x+1 du
where u = 1 + x2 , = 2x
by division dx
Z " #5
x2 dx x2 1 2 3 4
x = ⇥ u2
d
=
1+x 2 2 3 1
p !
+ loge |x + 1| + c 1 5 5
1
2 a Let 1 x2 = u
e =
3 8
p
5 5 8
du
ct
=
then = 2x 24
dx
When x = 0, u = 1 and when 1 A B
1 3 d = +
x= , u= x(x + 6) x x+6
2 4
re
Z 1⇣ Z 3 1 = A(x + 6) + Bx
2 ⌘1 1 4 1 1
2 2 When x = 0, A = and when
) 1 x x dx = u 2 du
0 2 1 6
1
3 x = 6, B =
1 3 4 6
or
= u2 Z 2
3 1 dx
p ! )
1 3 3 0 x(x + 6)
= 1 " #2
3 8 1 1
p = loge |x| loge |x + 6|
nc
1 3 6 6 1
= " #2
3 8 1 x
= loge
1 AB 6 x+6 1
b = + ✓
1 x2
1 x 1+x 1 2 1◆
= loge ÷
U
1 = A(1 + x) + B(1 x) 6 8 7
1 1 7
When x = 1, A = and when = loge
2 6 4
1
x = 1, B =
2
58
2x2 + 3x + 2 3x + 2 Z ⇡
2
e =2 h sin2 2x dx
x2 + 3x + 2 (x + 1)(x + 2) 0
by division Z ⇡
1 2
A B = (1 cos 4x)dx
=2 2 0
x+1 x 2 ⇡
1
of
) A(x + 2) + B(x + 1) = 3x + 2 1 2
= x sin 4x
When x = 1, A = 1 and when 2 4 0
x = Z 2, B = 4 ⇡
1 =
2x2 + 3x + 2 4
) dx
o
0 x2 + 3x + 2 Z ⇡
Z 1 i sin2 x cos2 xdx
1 4
= 2+ dx ⇡
pr
x+1 x+2 " #⇡
"
0 x 1
= sin 4x ( see 1 o)
= 2x + loge |x + 1| 8 32 ⇡
⇡
#1 =
4
4 loge |x + 2|
d
0 j Using
Z 1 o again with 2x = t
1 ⇡ 2
= 2 + loge 2 4 loge 3 + 4 loge 2 sin t cos2 tdt
2 0
= 2 + loge
32
81
e =
"
1 t
2 8 32
1
sin 4t
#⇡
0
ct
f Let 4 3x = u ⇡
du =
then 3 = 16
dx
When x = 0, u = 4 and when k Let u = 2 sin x + cos x
du
re
xZ= 1, u = 1
1 Z = 2 cos x sin x
dx 1 1 1 dx
p = p du Z ⇡
0 4 3x 3 4 u 4 2 cos x sin x
) dx
" #1 0 2 sin x + cos x
2 1 p
or
= u2 Z 3 2
3 4 2 1
= du
2 2 u
= (2 1) p
3  3 2
2 2
nc
= = loge |u|
3 2
✓ 3 p2 ◆
Z " #1
1
dx x = loge
g p = sin 1 2
0 4 x2 2 0
l Let x3 + 1 = u
U
⇡
= du
6 then = 3x2
dx
When x = 1, u = 0
and when x = 2, u = 9
59
Z 2 p 1
Z 9 p d✓ p ◆
1 1
x 2
x3 + 1dx = udu 4 a sin x = p
1 3 0
dx 1 x
2 3 9
⇥ p
1
= u2
9 0 2 x
=6 1
= p
of
2 x(1 x)
Z
! dx p
1 2x + 2 1 ) p = 2 sin 1 x + c
3 x(1 x)
2 x2 + 2x + 3 x2 + 2x + 3
o
x+1 1 d✓ ◆ 2x
= 2 b sin 1 (x2 ) = p
x + 2x + 3 dx 1 x4
Z
pr
x 2x
= 2
x + 2x + 3 ) p dx = sin 1 (x2 ) + c
1 x 4
x2 + 2x + 3 = (x + 1)2 + 2
Let x + 1 = u
du d✓ ◆ x
then =1 5 a x sin 1 x = sin 1 x + p
Z dx dx 1 x2
d
x dx Z
2
x + 2x + 3
Z sin 1 x dx = x sin 1 x
x
=
Z
(x + 1)2 + 2
u 1
dx
e Z
p
x dx
1 x2
du Z
ct
=
u2 + 2 1 1 du
Z Z = x sin x + p
u 1 2 u
= 2
du 2
du
u +2 u +2 where u = 1 x2 ,
Z Z
re
1 2u 1 du
= du du = 2x
2 u2 + 2 u2 + 2 dx
1 p
= loge (u2 + 2) = x sin 1 x + u + c
2
or
1 ✓ u ◆ = x sin 1 x
p tan 1 p + c p
2 2 + 1 x2 + c
1
= loge (x2 + 2x + 3) d✓ ◆
2 b
nc
! x loge x = loge |x| + 1

1 dx
1 x+1 Z Z
p tan p +c
2 2 loge x dx = x loge |x| 1dx
= x loge |x| 1 +c
U
c
d x
(x tan 1 x) = tan 1 x +
dx 1 + x2
Z Z
1 1 x dx
) tan x dx = x tan x
1 + x2
60
Z Z
du 1 x2 1
2
Let 1 + x = u, then = 2x xe dx = eu du
Z Z dx 2
x dx 1 du
= 1 u
1+x 2 2 u = e +c
2
1 1 1 x2
= loge |1 + x2 | + c = e +c
2 2
of
Z
tan 1 x dx = x tan 1 x Z
e tan2 (x + 3)dx
1 Z
loge |1 + x2 | + c
o
2 = sec2 (x + 3) 1dx
Z
= tan(x + 3) x+c
pr
6 a sin 2x cos 2xdx
Z f Let 6 + 2x2 = u
1 du
= sin 4x dx then = 4x
2 Z dx Z
1 2x dx 1 du
= cos 4x + c p = p
8 6 + 2x2 2 u
d
p
= u+c
b Let x3 + 1 = u p
du
then
Z dx
3
= 3x2
2 2
x + 1 x dx =
1
Z
u2 du
e g Let tan x = u
= 6 + 2x2 + c
3
ct
du
1 then = sec2 x
= u3 + c Z dx Z
9 2 2
tan x sec xdx = u2 du
1
= x3 + 1 3 +c
re
9 u3
= +c
c Let 3 + 2 sin ✓ = u 3
du 1
then 2 cos ✓ = = tan3 x + c
Z d✓ 3
or
cos ✓d✓
R R sin x dx
3 + 2 sin ✓ 2 h Now sec3 x tan x dx =
Z cos4 x
1 du Let cos x = u
=
2 u2
nc
du
1 then = sin x
= +c dx
2u Z Z
sin x dx du
1 =
= +c cos4 x u4
2(3 + 2 sin ✓)
1 1
U
= 3 = sec3 x
d Let 1 x2 = u 3u 3
du
then = 2x
dx
61
Z Z Z ⇡
⇡
i 2
tan 3xdx = sec2 3x 1dx 8 2 1
c sec 2x dx = [tan 2x]08
0 2
1 1
= tan 3x x+c
3 =
2
Z 2 " #2
of
7 a Let cos x = u 1 2 3
d (3 y) 2 dy = (3 y) 2
du 1 3 1
then = sin x
dx 2 p
When x = 0, u = 1 and when = (1 2 2)
3
o
⇡
x= , u=0 2 p
2 = (2 2 1)
3
) sin5 x = sin4 x sin x
pr
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
1 cos 2x
= (1 cos2 x)2 sin x e sin2 x dx = dx
Z ⇡ 0 0 2
2 " #⇡
) sin5 xdx x 1
0 = sin 2x
Z 0
2 4 0
u2 2 du
d
= 1 ⇡
1
=
Z 0✓ 2
◆2
2 4
1 2u + u du f Let u = x3 + 3x
=
"
1
2u3 u5
e#0 )
du
= 3x2 + 3
u dx
ct
= +
3 5 1 = 3(x2 + 1)
2 1 When x = 3, u = 36 and when
=1 +
3 5 x =Z 1, u = 4 Z 4
re
1
8 x2 + 1 1 1
= ) 3
dx = du
15 3 x + 3x 3 36 u
b Let 13 5x = u 1
= [loge |u|] 436
du 3
or
then = 5 1
dx = (loge | 4|
When x = 1, u = 8 and 3
when loge | 36|)
Z x = 8, u = 27
8 1
1 1
nc
) (13 5x) 3 dx = loge

1 3 9
Z 27
1 1
= u 3 du
5 8
1 3  4 27
U
= ⇥ u3
5 4 8
3
= (81 16)
20
39
=
4
62
1 1
d ✓ 2 1◆2 1✓ 2 1◆ 2 b Z
8 x + = x + 0
4x2 + 16x
dx x 2 x dx
2 (x 2)2 (x2 + 4)
⇥ (2x x 2 ) Z 0
Z "✓ 1 #2 1 6 x+4
2
2x x 2 2 1◆2 = + dx
r dx = 2 x + 2 x 2 (x 2)2 x2 + 4
x
of
1 1 1 Z 0
x2 + 1 6 x 4
x = + dx
r 2 x 2 (x 2)2 x2 +4 x2 +4
1  6 1 x 0
=2 4+ = loge |x 2| loge (x2 + 4) 2 tan 1 ( )
2
o
p x 2 2 2 2
=3 2 1
= (loge 2 + 3 loge 4 2 tan 1 0)
2
pr
3 1
4x2 + 16x (loge 4 + loge 8 2 tan 1 ( 1))
9 a = 2 2
(x 2)2 (x2 + 4)
1 6 x+4 3 ⇡ + 12 loge 2
+ =
x 2 (x 2) 2 x2 + 4 2
Therefore c = 3 and d = 2
e d
ct
re
or
nc
U
63
1 E
Let 4 x = u, ) x=4 u
du
Then = 1
Z dx p
of
) x 4 xdx
Z
p
= (4 u) udu
o
Z
3 p
= u 2 4 udu
pr
2 5 8 3
= u2 u2 + c 3 C Z Z
5 3 sin(2x)
2 5 8 3 tan(2x)dx = dx
= (4 x) 2 (4 x) 2 (c = 0) cos(2x)
5 3 du
Let cos 2x = u ) = 2 sin 2x
2 C Z dxZ
d
Rm 3 1 1
tan x sec2 x dx = ) tan(2x)dx = du
0 2 2 u
du 1
Let tan x = u then
When x = 0, u = 0
dx
e
= sec2 x =
2
1
loge |u| + c
When
Z x = m, u = tan Z m loge | cos 2x| + c
ct
=
m tan m 2
) tan x sec2 x = udu 1 1
0 0 = loge +c
 u2 tan m 2 cos 2x
1
re
=
2 0 = loge | sec 2x|
2
tan2 m (where c = 0)
=
2
Thus, 4 D
or
tan2 m 3 R ⇡
sin 2x
2
= ⇡ dx
2 2 ! 2 + cos 2x
4
p ⇡ Let 2 + cos 2x = u
) tan m = 3 since m 2 0, du
2 Then = 2 sin 2x
dx
nc
⇡ ⇡
) m= When x = , u = 2
3 4
Or using a CAS calculator
! with the ⇡
⇡ When x = , u = 1
condition that m 2 0, 2
2
U
64
Z ⇡ Z 2
sin 2x
2
6 C cos2 x sin2 x dx
) ⇡ dx
2 + cos 2x 0
4 Z
Z 2
1 11 = cos 2x dx
= du 0
2 2 u 1
Z 2
1 21
of
= sin 2x
= du 2 0
2 1 u
1 1
2 = sin 4
= loge |u| 2
2 1
o
⇡ 0.3784
1 Using CAS
= log 2
2
Using CAS
pr
Z
d
2
7 D p dx
1 16x2
Z
1
e =2
Z
p
1 (4x)2
dx
1 4
ct
= p dx
5 A 2 1 (4x)2
Z ⇡
3
sin x cos3 x dx 1
0
= sin 1 (4x) + c
2
re
Let cos x = u, ) f racdudx =

1
sin x = sin 1 (4x) (c = 0)
2
When x = 0, u = 1
⇡ 1
When x = , u =
or
3 2
Z ⇡
3
) sin x cos3 x dx
0
Z 1
2
nc
= u3 du
1
Z 1
= 1
u3 du
2
U
65
Z
1 9 A
8 C dx d(x f (x))
9 + 4x2 = x f 0 (x) + f (x)
Z dx
1
= ! dx d(x f (x))
9 ) f (x) = x f 0 (x)
4 + x2 dx
4
Z d(x f (x)) 1
of
1 1 ) f (x) =
= ✓ ◆ dx dx 1 + x2
4 3 2 Z Z
+x 2 1
2 ) f (x)dx = x f (x) dx
! ! 1 + x2
1 2 Z
1 x
o
= ⇥ tan 3 + c ) f (x)dx = x f (x) tan 1 x
4 3 2
1 ✓ 2x ◆
pr
= tan 1 +c 10 D
6 3 Given F 0 (x) = f (x)
!
1 1 2x ) F 0 (3 2x) = f (3 2x) ⇥ 2
= tan (c = 0)
6 3
1 0
) F (3 2x) = f (3 2x)
2
d
3 0
) 3 f (3 2x) = F (3 2x)
2
Z
3
e ) 3 f (3 2x)dx =
2
F(3 2x)
ct
re
or
nc
U
66
Chapter 8 – Applications of integration
Z 3!
1 y 1
3 A= x + 2 dx
2 x
1 " 2 #3
3 x 1
=
2 x 2
–3 –1 0 1 3 x 9 1 1
2 2 = 2+
2 3 2
By symmetry,
Z 1 2
dx = 2 square units
A=2 p 3
9 4x2
0
Z 1
dx
= s ! 4 y
0 2
3 y=x
x2
2 0
" #1 1 2 x
1 2x
= sin
3 0
Z 2 !
2 2
= sin 1
square units A= x + dx
3 1 x
" 2 #2
x
2 y
= + 2 loge x
2 1
9
4 1
= 2 + 2 loge 2
2
!
3
= + 2 loge 2 square units
–2 0 2 x 2
By symmetry,
Z 2
9 dx
A=2 2 5 a y = tan 1
x.
0 4+x
" #2
1 x i
= 9 tan
2 0
1
= 9 tan 1
9⇡
= square units
4
567
π
π
Area A can be calculated as area 1

x= cos y
of the rectangle OABC minus area 2
under the tangent curve.
π π
x = tan y
ii Comparing Picture 1 with
π π π π Picture 2 makes it obvious that
Z 1
2
A= cos 1 2x dx
0
Z ⇡
2 1
= cos y dy
0 2
⇡
Z ⇡ 1
⇡ 4 = [sin y]02
ii A = tan y dy 2
4 0 1
⇡ ⇡ = square unit
= + [loge cos y]04 2
4
!
⇡ p
= loge 2 square units
4
1
b y = cos 2x
568
1 1
c y = cos 2x d y = 2 sin x
i i
π π
A
B
1
x= cos y y
2 x = sin
2
π π π π
π π
Z 1
D C
ii 2 sin 1 x dy
ii By symmetry, the shaded area is 0
Z ⇡
half that of the rectangle ABCD. y
=⇡ sin dy
Area of rectangle = ⇡ square units 0 2
" #⇡
Z 1 y
2 = ⇡ + 2 cos
) A= cos 1
2x 2 0
1
2 = (⇡ 2) square units
1
=⇡⇥
2
⇡
= square units
2
569
! !
1 x 1 x
e y = sin f y = sin .
2 2
i i
π π
x = 2 sin y
x = 2 sin y π π π π π π
Z 2 Z 0
1 x 1 x
Z 2 ii sin dx = sin dx
1 x 1 2 1 2
ii sin dx Z
0 2 2
1 x
Z ⇡ + sin dx
⇡ 2 Z 0 2
=2⇥ 2 sin y dy 2
x
2 0 sin 1
dx
⇡ 0 2
=⇡+ 2[cos y]02 =⇡ 2 square units (see 6 e)
= (⇡ 2) square units
and
570
Z 0 Z 1
1 x 1 x c When, y = 0,
sin dx = sin dx
1 2 0 2 2
1+ 2 =0
(by symmetry) x +1
Z 1 Z ⇡ ) x2 + 1 = 2
x ⇡ 6
sin 1 dx = 2 sin y dy
0 2 6 0 x = ±1
⇡ ⇡ y
= + 2[cos y]06
6 1
⇡ p
= + 3 2
Z 6 !
2
x ⇡ p –1 0 1 x
1
) sin dx = (⇡ 2) + 3 2
1 2 6
5⇡ p Z 1 !
= 3 square units 2
6 Area = 1+ 2 dx
1 x +1
Z 1 !
6 2
y =2 1+ 2 dx
0 x +1
1
4 = 2[ x + 2 tan x]10
9 !
⇡
=2 1+2⇥
–3 –2 0 2 3 x 4
By symmetry,
Z 2 = (⇡ 2) square units
4 dx
A=2
0 9 x2
Z 2 Z 4
4 dx 4 2 dx 8 a x =0
= + x+3
3 0 3 x 3 0 3+x
) x2 + 3x 4 = 0
(using partial fractions)
" #2 ) (x + 4)(x 1) = 0
4 3+x
= loge ) x = 4 or x = 1
3 3 x 0
4
4 When x = 0, y = 0
= loge 5 square units 3
3 4
=
3
7 a Hence intercepts with the! axes are:
dy 4x 4
= ( 4, 0), (1, 0) and 0,
dx (x2 + 1)2 3
4x
) = 0 for stationary points b y = x non-vertical asymptote
(x2
+ 1)2
) x = 0, y = 1 is a turning point x = 3 vertical asymptote
(maximum)
Hence turning point occurs at (0, 1)
b y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote
571
!
c 3
y y=x ) , 4 is a minimum turning point
2
Equations of asymptotes are:
y = 0, x = 1 and x = 2
0
8
c Range of g = R [ [4, 1)
–4 1 x
–4 Z 4
3 dx
d Area =
3 (1 x)(x 2)
Z 4
dx
x = –3 =
3 (x 1)(x 2)
d Z ! 1 A B
8 = +
4 (x 1)(x 2) x 1 x 2
Area = x dx
1 x+3
" #8 1 = A(x 2) + B(x 1)
x2
= 4 loge (x + 3) When x = 2, B = 1
2 1
When x = 1, A = 1
64 1 Z 4 Z 4
= 4 loge 11 + 4 loge 4 dx dx
2 2 Area =
! 3 x 2 3 x 1
1 4 " #4
= 31 + 4 loge square units
2 11 x 2
= loge
x 1 3
9 a R\{1, 2} 2 1
= loge loge
3 2
b 4
= loge square units
y 3
10 y 1
2
x=1 1 x=2
(1 2 , 4) –1 0 1 x
0 3 4
–3
x
–1
2
Z 1
1
2 3 1
p dx = 3[sin x]02
dy 2x 3 0 1 x2
=
dx [(1 x)(x 2)]2 ⇡
= 3⇥
2x 3 6
) ⇡
[(1 x)(x 2)]2 =
2
= 0 for stationary points
3
) x=
2
572
Z e Z 1
11 2 loge x
13 Area = dx = 2 u du
1 x 0
du 1
where u = loge x, =
dx x
) Area = [u2 ]10
= 1 square unit
14
Z ⇡
2
Area = sin3 2x dx
Z p
2 " #p2 0
dx 1 x Z ⇡
Area = p = sin 2
1 4 x2 2 1 = (1 cos2 2x) sin 2x dx
⇡ ⇡ 0
=
4 6 Let cos 2x = u
⇡
= square units du
12 Then = 2 sin 2x
dx
When x = 0, cos 2x = 1
1
12 y = tan x ⇡
and when x = , cos 2x = 1
π Z2
1
1
) Area = (1 u2 )du
2 1
π " # 1
1 u3
= u
2 3 1
! !
1 1 1 1
= 1+ + 1
2 3 2 3
π
2
= square units
3
π
Z p
3 Z ⇡
1
Area = tan x dx 2
0 15 Area = cos2 x sin x dx
Z ⇡ 0
⇡ p 3 du
= ⇥ 3 tan y dy Let u = cos x, = sin x
3 0 dx
p ⇡
⇡ 3 When x = 0, cos x = 1
= + [loge cos y]03
3 ⇡
p ! and when x = , cos x = 0
⇡ 3 1 2
= + loge
3 2
p !
⇡ 3
= loge 2 square unit
3
573
Z 0 1 8
) Area = u2 du b When x = , y =
1
4 3
" # x 0 0.25 0.5
3 1
u
= dy
3 0 3 0 3
dx
1
= square units Slope \ — /
3 !
1 8
Hence the turning point , is a
4 3
16 y minimum.
x = –3
c y
=2 2
x = – 12 x=1
0 3 x
3
2x 2(x + 3) 6 1 8
( 4, 3 )
=
x+3 x+3 0 x
6
=2
x+3
Z 3 !
6 1
Area = 6 2 dx d When y = 3, x = 0 or x =
0 x+3 2
1
=6 [2x 6 loge (x + 3)]30 ) Area = ⇥3
2
=6 (6 6 loge 6) + ( 6 loge 3) 3dx
Z 1
2
= 6 loge 2 square units 0 (2x + 1)(1 x)

3 A B
= +
(2x + 1)( x + 1) 2x + 1 x+1
dy 3(4x 1)
17 a = A + 2B = 0
dx ( 2x2 + x + 1)2
A+B=3
3(4x 1)
) B=1
( 2x2 + x + 1)2
A=2
= 0 for stationary points Z 1
3 2 dx
) 4x 1=0 ) Area = +
2 0 x+1
1 Z 1
) x= 2 dx
4 +2
As there is only one possible value 0 2x + 1
for x above, there is only one turning " !# 1
3 x + 12 2
point. = loge
2 1 x 0
3 1
= loge 2 + loge
2 2
!
3
= loge 4 square units
2
574
Z 1
1 y = x2 2x
Area = ( x2 x2 + 2x)dx
2 0
y = x + 8x 12 Z 1
) 2
x 2x = x + 8x 2
12 = ( 2x2 + 2x)dx
0
2x2 10x + 12 = 0 " #1
2x3
x 2
5x + 6 = 0 = + x2
3 0
(x 2)(x 3) = 0 2
=1
x = 2, x = 3 3
1
y = 0, y = 3 = square units
hence points of intersection are (3, 3) 3
and (2, 0)Z
3
1
Area = [( x2 + 8x 12) 3 a = x2
2 x2
(x2 2x)]dx x = ±1
Z 3 Z 1 !
2 2 1
= ( 2x + 10x 12)dx A= 2
x dx
2 1 x2
" #3
2x3 1
= + 5x2 12x "
1 x3
#
3 2
2
=
28 x 3 1
= 9+ ! !
3 1 1
= 2+ 1+
1 24 3
= square units
3 49 4
=
24 3
2 y = x2 17
= square units
24
y = x2 2x
Z 1 Z 2
) x2 = x2 2x 2 1
b B= x dx + 2
dx
2x2 2x = 0 0 1 x
" 3 #1 " # 2
x = 0, x = 1 x 1
= +
points of intersection are (0, 0) and 3 0 x 1
(1, 1) 1 1
= +1
3 2
5
= square units
6
575
Z a
4 12
5 Area = dx = [12 loge x]a1
y = x2 – 4 1 x
y
= 12 loge a
(–2 2, 4) (2 2, 4)
) 12 loge a = 24
loge a = 2
–2 0 2
–4 a = e2
16
y= 2
x –4
Using CAS:
Intersections:
16
x2 4 = 2
x 4
2
x 4 = ±4
p 6 y = 4 x2 has x axis intercepts at
x = 0, x = ±2 2
x = ±2
By symmetry,
Z !
1
16 ) The straight line has equation
2
Area = 2 x 4 dx y=2 x
0 x2 4
" !#1 Intersections:
x3 x 2 4 x2 = 2 x
=2 4x 4 loge
3 x+2 0
! x2 x 2=0
1 1
=2 4 4 loge (x + 1)(x 2) = 0
3 3
! x = 1, y = 1 is a point where the
22 parabola and a straight line meet.
= 8 loge 3 square units
3 Z 2
Using CAS:
a A= [(4 x2 ) (2 x)]dx
1
Z 2
= (2 + x x2 )dx
1
" #2
x2 x3
= 2x +
2 3 1
! !
8 3 1
= 6 +
3 2 3
10 7
= +
3 6
9
= square units
2
576
Z 1
b
b B= [(2 x) (4 x2 )]dx
2
Z 1 y = cosx y = sin(2x)
2
= (x x 2)dx
2
" # 1
x3 x2
= 2x
3 2 2 π π
7 2
= +
6 3
11
= square units
6
c Intersection:
Z 3 sin 2x = cos x
C= [(2 x) (4 x2 )]dx
2 2 sin x cos x = cos x
" 3 2
#3
x x cos x = 0
= 2x
3 2 2 ⇡
x=±
11 2
= square units (C = B by symmetry)
6 1
sin x =
2
⇡
7 a x=
6
p
3
y = 2 sinx
y=
2
Z ⇡
6
y
Area = ⇡
(cos x sin 2x)dx
2
Z ⇡
π π π π 2
+ ⇡
(sin 2x cos x)dx
6
" # ⇡6
y = sin(2x)
1
= sin x + cos 2x
2 ⇡
2
Z ⇡ " # ⇡2
Area = (2 sin x sin 2x)dx 1
0 sin x + cos 2x
" #⇡ 2 ⇡
1 6
= 2 cos x + cos 2x 1 1 1
2 0 = + +1+
2 4 2
1 1
=2+ +2 1 1 1
2 2 1+ + +
2 2 4
= 4 square units 1
= 2 square units
2
577
c y d
y=6–x
y= x
A (4, 2)
y=1 ( -1 , 1 ) (1,1)
0 1 5 6 x
To find the coordinates of point A:
p
x=6 x
p
Let x = u
Then u2 + u 6 = 0, u > 0
(u 2)(u + 3) = 0 By symmetry,
Z 1 !
) u=2 2 dx
Area = 2 1
0 1 + x2
) x = 4, y = 2
Z 4p = [4 tan 1
x 2x]10
Area = x dx
1 = (⇡ 2) 0
Z 5
+ (6 x)dx 4 =⇡ 2 square units
4
e
(4 is the area of the rectangle)
" #4 " #5
2 3 x2 π
= x 2 + 6x 4
3 1
2 4 π
!
2 25
= (8 1) + 30 π
3 2
(24 8) 4
14 35 π
= + 16 4
3 2 π
1
= 2 square units
6 π
Alternatively, Z 1
2
Area = sin 1 (x)dx
0
Z ⇡
⇡ 6
= sin(y)dy
12 0
⇡
⇡
= + [cos y]06
12
p !
⇡ 3
= 1+ square units
12 2
578
f To find the coordinates of A,
1 2 3
(x + 1) = 2
3 x +1
2 2
(x + 1) = 9
x2 + 1 = 3
y = 1 – sin(x) p
x= 2
π π π π π π π π π π π π
y=1
By symmetry,
p Z 2" #
y = cos(2x) 1 2 3
Area = 2 (x + 1) dx
0 3x2 + 1
" #p2
By symmetry, 1
p
2 2 x3
"Z ⇡ = 6[tan x]0 +x
6 3 3 0
Area = 2 (cos 2x 1 + sin x)dx p
p p
0 4 2 2 2
= 6 tan 1 2
Z ⇡ 9 3
2 p
p 10 2
+ ⇡
(1 sin x cos 2x)dx] = 6 tan 1 2
6
9
" # ⇡6 ⇡ 4.161 square units
1
= 2 sin 2x x cos x
2 0
8 a y
" # ⇡2
1 y = loge x
+2 sin 2x + x + cos x
2 ⇡ 1
6
p p p
3 ⇡ 3 3
=2 +1+ 0 1 e x
4 6 2 4
p ! Z e
⇡ 3 ⇡ Area = loge x dx
+
6 2 2 1
Z
p ! 1
⇡ 3 =1⇥e ey dy
=2 +1 0
6 2
p
! =e [ey ]10
⇡
= +2 3 square units = 1 square unit
3
g y 1 b y y = loge 2x
y = 3 (x2 + 1)
3
1
loge 2
3
A ( 2, 1) 0 1 1 x
3 2
y=
x2 + 1
– 2 0 2 x
579
Z 1
Z Z
Area = loge 2x dx ) f (x)dx = f 0 (x)dx
1
2 Z
Z loge 2
1 y e x dx
= loge 2 e dy
0 2
= f (x) ex + c
1 y loge 2
= loge 2 [e ]0
2 = xe x ex + c
1
= loge 2 1 +
2
! 10 a f (x) = 1 + loge x
1
= loge 2 square units dy 1
2 =
dx x
dy
x When x = 1, =1
9 a f (x) = xe dx
) m= 1
) f 0 (x) = e x + xe x = (x + 1)e x
y 1 = (x 1)
b f 0 (x) = 0 when x = 1 * e x , 0
) y= x+2
c y b y y = loge x + 1
y=2–x
A
(1, 1)
0
C
x 0 e–1 B 2 x
(–1, – 1e ) Area =
R1
(1 + loge x)dx +
1
e 1
2 !
d f 0 ( 1) = 0 1
Note: Area of triangle ABC =
Hence, 2
Z 1
when x = 1, the equation of the 1
) Area = 1 ey 1 dy +
1 0 2
tangent is y =
e 3
Z 0 = [ey 1 ]10
1 2
e Area = + xe x dx 3
e 1 = 1+e 1
2
1 !
= + [xe x e x ]0 1 1 1
e = + square units
2 e
1 1 1
= 1+ +
e e e
!
3
= 1 square units
e
Note: f (x) = f 0 (x) e x
580
!
3(x 1) 1
11 a (x 1)(x 2) = = 5 3 loge 3 square units
x 3
A : x = 1, y = 0 ) (1, 0)
3 12 Intersection:
B: x 2=
x 3 cos x = 4 sin x
x2 2x 3=0 3
) tan x =
(x 3)(x + 1) = 0 4
3
x = 3, y = 2 ) (3, 2) x0 = tan 1
4
Z x0 Z ⇡
C : x = 1, y = 6 ) ( 1, 6) 2
Using CAS: Area = 4 sin x dx + 3 cos x dx
0 x0
⇡
= 4[cos x]0x0 + 3[sin x] x20
= 4 cos x0 + 4 + 3 3 sin x0
=7 4 cos x0 3 sin x0
3 opposite
b Since tan x0 = =
4 adjacent
y
4
y = (x – 1)(x – 2)
x0
C (–1, 6) 3
5
y=3
3 4
2 B (3, 2) ) sin x0 = , cos x0 =
5 5
2 x 16 9
0
A (1, 0)
) Area = 7
5 5
Z 3" =7 5
3(x 1)
c Area = = 2 as required
1 x
#
(x 1)(x 2) dx 13 a The graphs of y = 9 x2 and
Z ! 1
3
3 y= p intersect when:
2
= 3 x + 3x 2 dx 9 x2
1 x 1
" 9 x2 = p
x3 9 x2
= 3x 3 loge x 3
3
) (9 x2 ) 2 = 1
#3
3x2 ) 9 x2 = 1
+ 2x
2 1
! ! ) x2 = 8
15 13 p
= 3 loge 3 ) x = ±2 2
2 6
581
p
When x = ±2 2, y = 1 14
Hence the coordinates pof the points
ofpintersection are ( 2 2, 1) and 2
y=x
(2 2, 1)
b Required area
Z 2p2 y=x+2
1
= p 9 x2 p dx
2 2 9 x2
" !#2p2
1 3 1 x
= 9x x sin
3 3 p
2 2
"
p 1 p 3
= 9⇥2 2 (2 2) Intersection:
3 x2 = x + 2
p !#
1 2 2 ) x2 x 2=0
sin
3
" ) (x 2)(x + 1) = 0
p 1 p
9⇥ 2 2 ( 2 2)3 ) x = 1 or 2
3
p !# Required area
2 2 Z 2
sin 1
3 = x + 2 x2 dx
p p ! 1
p 16 2 1 2 2 " #2
= 18 2 sin 1 1 3
3 3 = x2 + 2x x
p p ! 2 3 1
p 16 2 2 2 " #
+ 18 2 sin 1 1 1 3
3 3 = (2)2 + 2 ⇥ 2 (2)
p p ! 2 3
p 32 2 2 2 " #
= 36 2 2 sin 1 1 1
3 3 ( 1)2 + 2 ⇥ 1 ( 1)3
p p ! 2 3
76 2 2 2 8 1 1
= 2 sin 1 =2+4 +2
3 3 3 2 3
⇡ 33.36 9
=
The area of the shaded region is 2
The area enclosed by the graphs of
33.36 square units, correct to two 9
decimal places. y = x2 and y = x + 2 is square units.
2
582
15 Required area Using CAS:
Z 3
10
= 2
e x 3 dx
1 1+x
1
= [10 tan x e x 3 ]31
1
= (10 tan 3 e0 ) (10 tan 1
1 e 2) b Total area of shaded regions
1 1 2
= 10(tan 3 tan 1) 1+e Z 4 Z 2p5
= 3.77181 . . . = f (x)dx f (x)dx
0 4
The required area is 3.772 square units, Z 4
p
8 5
correct to three decimal places. = p x dx
Alternatively, CAS: 0 36 x2
Z p
2 5
p
8 5
p x dx
4 36 x2
" ! #4
p 1 x 1 2
= 8 5 sin x
6 2 0
" ! #2p5
p 1 x 1 2
p 8 5 sin x
6 2 4
8 5 !
16 a f (x) = p x p 4 1 2
36 x2 = 8 5 sin 1
(4)
p 6 2
8 5 " p !
When f (x) = 0, p x=0 p 2 5
2
p 36 x
1
8 5 sin
8 5 6
) p =x ! !
36 x2 1 p 2 p 1 4
p p (2 5) 8 5 sin
) 8 5 = x 36 x2 2 6
p !#
p 1 2
) (8 5)2 = (x 36 x2 )2 (4)
2
) 320 = x2 (36 x2 ) "
p
! #
1 2
) 320 = 36x2 x4 = 2 8 5 sin 8
3
p !
) x4 36x2 + 320 = 0 p 1 5
8 5 sin + 10
) (x2 16)(x2 20) = 0 3
" !
) x2 = 16 or 20 p 1 2
= 8 5 2 sin
p 3
) x = ±4 or ± 2 5 p !#
5
0 but x sin 1 6
p 3
) x = 4 or 2 5 = 5.06203 . . .
p
Therefore, a = 4 and b = 2 5
583
The total area of the shaded regions 17 The graphs of y = cos2 x and y = sin2 x
is 5.06 square units, correct to two intersect where sin2 x = cos2 x
decimal places. ) tan2 x = 1
Using CAS: ) tan x = ±1
⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡
) x= , , ,
4 4 4 4 Z ⇡
4
Total area of shaded regions = 8 cos2 x sin2 x dx
0
Z ⇡
4
=8 cos 2x dx
0
" # ⇡4
1
= 8 sin 2x
2 0
" #
⇡
= 4 sin sin 0
2
= 4 square units
584
Set your TI CAS calculators Calculation c
mode to Approximate.
Set your Casio ClassPad to Decimal mode.
1a,b
3 a and b
c and d
2a,b
585
Z 1
e and f 1
b f (x) = dt, 0 < x < 1
x t
= [loge t]1x
= loge 1 loge x
= loge x
Z x
c f (x) = et dt, x 2 R
0
= [et ]0x
g and h = ex e0
= ex 1
Z x
d f (x) = sin t dt, x 2 R
0
= [ cos t]0x
= [cos x cos 0]
=1 cos x
Z x
i and j 1
e f (x) = dt, x 2 R
1 1 + t2
= [tan 1 (t)] x 1
= tan 1 (x) tan 1 ( 1)
⇡
= tan 1 (x)
4
⇡
= tan 1 (x) +
4
Z x
1
f f (x) = p dt, 1 < x < 1
0 1 t2
Z = [sin 1 (t)]0x
x
1
4 a f (x) = dt, x > 1 = sin 1 (x) sin 1 (0)
1 t
= [loge t]1x = sin 1 (x)
= loge x loge 1
5 TI and CP: follow instructions given in
= loge x
Example 16 and 17
586
a Set Xmin = 2⇡,
Xmax = 2⇡,
Ymin = 2,
Ymax = 2
d Set Xmin = ⇡,
Xmax = ⇡,
Ymin = 2,
Ymax = 2
b Set Xmin = ⇡,
Xmax = ⇡,
Ymin = 2,
Ymax = 2
e Set Xmin = 0,
Xmax = 12,
Ymin = 0.2,
Ymax = 1
c Set Xmin = 1.5.
Xmax = 1.5
Ymin = 1
Ymax = 1
587
Z 4
1 y b V=⇡ (2x + 1)2 dx
0
4
⇡ 1
= ⇥ [(2x + 1)3 ]40
2 3
⇡
= (729 1)
–2 0
Z 22 x 6
364⇡
Area = 2 (4 x2 )dx = cubic units
0 3
" #2
x3 1
= 2 4x c Since 2x 1 = 0 when x = ,
3 0 Z 4 2
!
8 V = ⇡ 1 (2x 1)2 dx
=2 8
3 2
⇡
32 = [(2x 1)3 ]41
= square units 6 2
3 Z
4 ⇡
Volume = ⇡ x2 dy = (343 0)
6
0
Z 343⇡
4 = cubic units
=⇡ (4 y)dy 6
0
" #4 Z ⇡
2
y2 d V=⇡ sin2 x dx
= ⇡ 4y
2 0
0
Z ⇡
= ⇡(16 8) 2 1 cos 2x
=⇡ dx
0 2
= 8⇡ cubic units " # ⇡2
⇡ 1
= x sin 2x
Z 4
2 2 0
p !
2 a V=⇡ ( x)2 dx ⇡ ⇡
0 = 0
Z 4 2 2
=⇡ x dx ⇡2
0 = cubic units
⇡ 24 4
= [x ]0 Z 2
2
= 8⇡ cubic units e V=⇡ (e x )2 dx
0
Z 2
=⇡ e2x dx
0
⇡
= [e2x ]20
2
⇡ 4
= (e 1) cubic units
2
588
Z 3 Z 2
2
f V=⇡ (9 x )dx c V=⇡ x dx
3 0
" #3 ⇡ 22
x3 = [x ]0
= ⇡ 9x 2
3 3
= 2⇡ cubic units
= ⇡[(27 9) ( 27 + 9)]
p
= 36⇡ cubic units d y = a2 x2 ) x2 + y2 = a2 , y 0
Hence y is a semi-circle with centre
Z p (0, 0) and radius a.
3
3 V=⇡ (x2 1)dx
1
" 3
#p3
x
=⇡ x
3 1
" !#
p p 1
=⇡ ( 3 3) 1
3
2⇡
= cubic units
3 Z a p
V = 2⇡ ( a2 x2 )2 dx
Z 0
4
1 " #a
4 a V=⇡ dx x3
1 x
2 = 2⇡ a2 x
" #4 3 0
1 3
!
= ⇡ a
x 1 = 2⇡ a3
! 3
1
= ⇡ 1 4⇡a3
4 = cubic units
3
3⇡
=cubic units e Same as d, with a = 3
4 4⇡(3)3
Z 1 ) V=
3
b V=⇡ (x2 + 1)2 dx
0 = 36⇡ cubic units
Z 1
=⇡ (x4 + 2x2 + 1)dx 1
0
f Since x 0 volume is the same as
2
" #1 of e,
x5 2x3
=⇡ + +x ) V = 18⇡ cubic units
5 3 0
! Alternatively,
1 2
=⇡ + +1
5 3
28⇡
= cubic units
15
589
Z 3
6 y
V=⇡ 9 x2 dx
0 sin x
" # A
3 3
x
) V = ⇡ 9x
3 0
0 cos x x
) V = ⇡(27 9)
Intersection:
) V = 18⇡ cubic units
cos x = sin x
p
⇡ 2
5 Intersection: ) x= , y=
4 2
5 = x2 + 1 Z ⇡
4
x2 = 4 ) V=⇡ (cos2 x sin2 x)dx
0
x = ±2 Z ⇡
4
=⇡ cos 2x dx
0
⇡
⇡
= [sin 2x]04
2
⇡
= (1 0)
2
⇡
= cubic units
2
Z 2
V=⇡ (25 (x2 + 1)2 )dx Z 4
2 16
Z 2
7 V=⇡ 4
dx
1 x
= 2⇡ (24 2x2 x4 )dx " #4
0 16⇡ 1
" #2 =
4x3 2x5 3 x3 1
= ⇡ 48x !
3 5 0 16⇡ 1
" # = 1
32 64 3 64
= ⇡ 96
3 5 16⇡ 63
" # = ⇥
1 2 3 64
= 32⇡ 3 21⇡
3 5 = cubic units
4
1088⇡
= cubic units
15
8 y
y2 = x
y = x2
0 1 x
590
Z 1 Z ⇡
V=⇡ 4
( x + x)dx
2 x
10 V = ⇡ tan2 dx
0 0 2
" 5
#
2 1 Z ⇡ !
x x 2 x
=⇡ + =⇡ sec 1 dx 2
5 2 0 0 2
!
1 1 " #⇡ ⇡
=⇡ x 2
2 5 = 2⇡ tan ⇡[x]02
2 0
3⇡
= cubic units ⇡2
10 = 2⇡
2
⇡
9 Intersection: = (4 ⇡) cubic units
p 2
x= 6 x
) x2 = 6 x, x > 0 11
) x2 + x 6 = 0, x > 0
y = sin(2x)
) (x 2)(x + 3) = 0 y = sinx
) x = 2, x > 0
y
π π π
0 2 6 x
Z 2 Z 6
V=⇡ x2 dx + ⇡ (6 x)dx
0 2 Intersection:
" #
2 6 sin x = sin 2x
⇡ 32 x
= [x ]0 + ⇡ 6x
3 2 2 ) sin x = 2 sin x cos x
8⇡ sin x = 0, x = 0
= + 18⇡ 10⇡
3
1 ⇡
32⇡ cos x = , x =
= cubic units 2 3
3 Z ⇡
3
Area = (sin 2x sin x)dx
0
" # ⇡3
1
= cos 2x + cos x
2 0
1 1 1
= + + 1
4 2 2
1
= square units
4
591
Z ⇡ Z 1 Z 1 !
3
V=⇡ 2
(sin 2x 2
sin x)dx V=⇡ 1
(3x + 1)dx 3x dx
0 3 0
Z ⇡ ! " #1 "
#1 !
3 1 cos 4x 1 cos 2x 3x2 3x2
=⇡ dx =⇡ +x
0 2 2 2 1 2 0
3
Z ⇡ !
⇡ 3 3 1 1 3
= (cos 2x cos 4x)dx =⇡ +1 +
2 0 2 6 3 2
" # ⇡3 7⇡
⇡ 1 = cubic units
= sin 2x sin 4x 6
4 2 0
p p !
⇡ 3 3 Z 1
= +
4 2 4 14 a V = ⇡ (4y2 + 4)dy
p 0
3⇡ 3 " 3 #1
= cubic units y
16 = 4⇡ +y
Note: the following identity was used. 3 0
cos(2kx) = 1 2 sin2 (kx) 1
!
= 4⇡ + 1
3
Z 4
1 16⇡
12 V = ⇡ 2
dx = cubic units
b x 3
" #4
1 b Since y = loge (2 x),
= ⇡
x b 2 x =Zey and x = 2 ey
! 2
1 1 V=⇡ (2 ey )2 dy
=⇡ 0
b 4 Z
! 2
1 1 =⇡ (4 4ey + e2y )dy
) ⇡ = 3⇡
b 4 0
" #2
1 1 1
) =3 = ⇡ 4y 4e + e2yy
b 4 2 0
4 !
) b= 1 4 1 2
13 = ⇡ 8 4e + e + 4
2 2
!
e4 23
13 y =⇡ 4e2 + cubic units
2 2
2
1
15 a y = ex
dy
–1 0 x = ex
1 dx
3
dy
When x = 1, =e
dx
Therefore, the tangent has equation
y e = e(x 1)
592
Z 2
) y = ex
)V=⇡ (x2 2x)2 dx
y 0
y = ex Z 2
y = ex =⇡ (x4 4x3 + 4x2 )dx
e 0
" 5 #2
x 4 4x3
=⇡ x +
5 3 0
0 x
Z 11
" #
32 32
=⇡ 16 +
Area = (e x ex)dx 5 3
0 " #
" #1 1 1 1
ex2 x = 32⇡ +
= e 5 2 3
2 0
" ! # 16⇡
1 = cubic units
= e e (1) 15
2
! Z
e ⇡
x
= 1 square units 17 V = ⇡ cos2 dx
2 0 2
Z ⇡
Z 1 1 + cos x
=⇡ dx
b V=⇡ (e2x e2 x2 )dx 0 2
0
" # ⇡
3 1 = [x + sin x]⇡0
1 2x 2x 2
=⇡ e e ⇡
2 3 0 = (⇡ 0)
" ! !# 2
1 2 1 2 1
=⇡ e e ⇡2
2 3 2 = cubic units
2
⇡ ⇡ Note: the following identity was used.
= e2
6 2 cos(2kx) = 2 cos2 (kx) 1
⇡ 2
= (e 3) cubic units
6
18 y
16 y 2 (2, 2)
(2, 4)
4 (1, 2)
(1, 3)
0 3 x
0 1 2 x
The volume generated by the given
region is the same as the volume
generated by the region defined by
x2 2x  y  0, when it is rotated about
the x axis.
593
Z 2 Z loge 2
2 2
V=⇡ [(3x x) 4]dx 20 V = ⇡ (e x 1)2 dx
1 0
Z 2 Z loge 2
=⇡ (9x2 6x3 + x4 4)dx =⇡ (e2x 2e x + 1)dx
1 0
" #2 " #loge 2
3 3x4 x5 1 2x x
= ⇡ 3x + 4x =⇡ e 2e + x
2 5 1 2 0
" ! " !#
32 1
= ⇡ 24 24 + 8 = ⇡ (2 4 + loge 2) 2
5 2
!# !
3 1 1
3 + 4 = ⇡ loge 2 2 + 2
2 5 2
! !
8 23 1
=⇡ + = ⇡ loge 2 cubic units
5 10 2
7⇡
= cubic units
10 Z loge 2
4x
21 V = ⇡ e dx
19 To find the intersection of two curves, 0
⇡ 4x loge 2
solve the equation x2 + 3x 4 = 0. = [e ]0
4
) (x + 4)(x 1) = 0 !
⇡ 1
) x = 1, x = 4 = 1
4 16
) x = 1, * x 0 15⇡
Z 1 Z 2 ! = cubic units
2 64
) V=⇡ 3x dx + (4 x )dx
0 1
" #
2 1
" #2 22
3x x3
=⇡ + ⇡ 4x
2 0
3 1
!
3 8 1
=⇡ +8 4+
2 3 3
!
3 7
=⇡ +4
2 3
19⇡
= cubic units
6
594
Z ⇡ Z 1
4
V=⇡ 2
4 tan x dx V= ⇡y2 dx
⇡ 0
4 Z 1
Z ⇡
4 = 4⇡ 1 x dx
) V = 4⇡ ⇡
sec2 x 0
4 " #1
1 2
1 dx = 4⇡ x x
2 0
2
using tan x + 1 = sec x 2 !
1
⇡ = 4⇡ 1
4 2
) V = 4⇡[tan x x] ⇡
Z
4 = 2⇡ cubic units
using sec2 x dx = tan x + c
b y2 = 4(1 x) rotated about the y axis
" !
⇡ y
) V = 4⇡ 1
4
!#
⇡
1+ 0 x
4
!
⇡
) V = 4⇡ 2 y2 = 4(1 x)
2
=4 4x
) V = 8⇡ 2⇡2 cubic units
) 4x = 4 y2
y2
23 a y2 = 4(1 x) rotated about the x axis ) x=1
4
(bounded by the y axis) When x = 0, y2 = 4(1 0)
y
=4
) y = ±2
Z 2
0 x
V= ⇡x2 dy
2
Z 2 !2
When y = 0, 4(1 x) = 0 y2
=⇡ 1 dy
) 1 x=0 2 4
Z 2
) x=1 y2 y4
=⇡ 1 + dy
2 2 16
" #2
y3 y5
=⇡ y +
6 80 2
595
" !
8 32 1
=⇡ 2 + b y= p rotated about the y axis
6 80 x2 + 9
!# (bounded by the x axis and x = 4)
8 32
2+ y
6 80 x=4
! 1
8 4 3
=⇡ 4 +
3 5
32⇡ –4 0 4 x
=
15 1 1
Ratio of volumes When x = 0, y = p =
9 3
32⇡ 1
= 2⇡ : y= p
15
p x2 + 9
= 30⇡ : 32⇡ 1
) x2 + 9 =
= 15 : 16, as required to show. y
1
) x2 + 9 = 2
y
1
24 a y = p rotated about the x axis 1
x2 + 9 ) x2 = 2 9
(bounded by the y axis and x = 4) y
Consider the volume in two parts.
y 1 1
x=4 When x = 4, y = p =
42 + 9 5
Z 1
1 3
0 4 x ) V = ⇡ ⇥ 4 ⇥ + 1 ⇡x2 dy
2
5
5
Z Z 1
4
2 16⇡ 3 2
V= ⇡y dx = +⇡ y 9 dy
0 5 1
5
Z 4
1 16⇡ 1
=⇡ 2
dx = + ⇡[ y 1
9y] 31
0 x +9 5
Z 5
4 " !
⇡ 3 16⇡ 1
= 2
dx +⇡ 3 9⇥
3 0 9+x
=
5 3
" !#4 !#
⇡ 1 x 1
= tan 5 9⇥
3 3 0 5
" ! # " #
⇡ 1 4 1 16⇡ 34
= tan tan (0) = +⇡ 6+
3 3 5 5
!
⇡ 1 4 16⇡ 4⇡
= tan cubic units = +
3 3 5 5
20⇡
=
5
= 4⇡ cubic units
596
R 40 !
25 V = ⇡x2 dy 2 2 x2
0 ! 26 a y =b 1
20 x a2
Now y = 40 loge !2
10 b 2
! = b2 x
y x 20 a
) = loge Z
40 10 a
) V= ⇡y2 dx
y x 20 a
) e 40 = Z !2
10 a
b 2
2
y =⇡ b x dx
) x 20 = 10e 40 a a
y " !2 #a
) x = 20 + 10e 40 2 1 b 3
=⇡ b x x
! 3 a
y 2 a
) 2
x = 20 + 10e 40 " !2 !
1 b 3
= ⇡ b2 a a
y y 3 a
= 400 + 400e 40 + 100e 20 !2 !#
Therefore, 2 1 b 3
Z 40 b a+ a
y y 3 a
V=⇡ 400 + 400e 40 + 100e 20 dy !
0 2 2 2
Z 40 y y
= ⇡ 2ab ab
3
= 100⇡ 4 + 4e 40 + e 20 dy
0 4⇡ab2
" #40 = cubic units
y y 3
= 100⇡ 4y + 160e 40 + 20e 20 !
0
2 2 y2
2 b x =a 1
= 100⇡[(160 + 160e + 20e ) b2
!2
(0 + 160 + 20)] 2 a 2
=a y
= 100⇡(20e2 + 160e 20) b
Z b
= 2000⇡(e2 + 8e 1) ) V= ⇡x2 dx
b
= 176 779.371 . . . Z !2
b
If the bucket were filled to the brim, it a 2
2
=⇡ a y dy
could hold 176 779 cm3 , to the nearest b b
cubic centimetre. " !2 #b
2 1 a 3
=⇡ a y y
3 b b
" !2 !
1 a 3
= ⇡ a2 b b
3 b
!2 !#
2 1 a 3
a b+ b
3 b
597
!
2 2 dy
= ⇡ 2a b 2
ab 28 a When = 0,
3 dx
9
4⇡a2 b 2 =0
= cubic units x2
3
9
) x2 =
2
27 a The equation of the line PQ is p
3 3 2
given by ) x = ±p = ±
2 6 2 2
y 6= (x 2) !
6 2 3 9
) y = 2 ±p +
4 2 3
= (x 2) ±p
4 2
= x+2 p p
= ±3 2 ± 3 2
) x+y=8 p
= ±6 2
Z 6 !2 3 2
2 12 ,6 2
b i V=⇡ (8 x) dx 2
2 x
Z 6
=⇡ 64 16x + x2 y = 2x
2
144x 2 dx
" y=9
1 x
= ⇡ 64x 8x2 + x3
3
#6
1
+ 144x
3 2
2 − ,−6 2
" 2
= ⇡ (384 288 + 72 + 24) Z 3

!# b V=⇡ y2 dx
8 1
128 32 + + 72 Z !2
3 3
9
! =⇡ 2x + dx
512 1 x
= ⇡ 192 Z
3 3
81
=⇡ 4x2 + 36 + dx
64⇡ 1 x2
= cubic units
3 " #3
4 81
Z 6 !2 = ⇡ x3 + 36x
2 12 3 x 1
ii V = ⇡ (8 y) dy
2 y
64⇡
= cubic units as in part i.
3
598
"
= ⇡ (36 + 108 27)
!#
4
+ 36 81
3
!
131 Thus the volume is 2.642 cubic units
= ⇡ 117 +
3 correct to three decimal places.
482⇡
= cubic units
3 Z ⇡
3
30 V = ⇡ 16 4 sec2 x dx
Z 0
3
⇡
29 V = ⇡ y2 dx = ⇡[16x 4 tan x]03
2
Z 3 16⇡2 ⇡
=⇡ 2
(loge x) dx = 4⇡ tan
2
3 3
Using CAS: 16⇡ 2 p
= 4 3
3
!
4⇡ p
= 4⇡ 3 cubic units
3
599
s s
Z 1 ✓ dy ◆2 Z 1 ✓ dx ◆2 ✓ dy ◆2
1 a L= 1+ 2 a L= + dt
0 dx 0 dt dt
3 dy 1 dx
Now y = 2x 2 ) = 3x 2 Now x = t 1) =1
dx dt
Z 1p 3 dy 3 1
)L= 1 + 9x dx Also y = t 2 ) = t2
0
dt 2
Z Z 1r
1 1 9x
= (1 + 9x) 2 dx )L= 1+ dt
0 0 4
2 Z 1
3 1 9x 1
= (1 + 9x) 2 = (1 + ) 2 dt
27 0 0 4
2 3 2 1 3 1
= 10 2 = (9t + 4) 2
27 27 27 0
2 p 1 3 3
= (10 10 1) = (13 2 4 2 )
27 27
p
20 10 2 1 p
= = (13 13 8)
27 27
s b
Z 3 ✓ dy ◆2 s
Z 1 ✓ dx ◆2 ✓ dy ◆2
b L= 1+
0 dx L= + dt
0 dt dt
dy
Now y = 2x + 1 ) =2 dx
dx Now x = t3 + 3t2 ) = 3t2 + 6t
Z 3p dt
)L= 1 + 4 dx dy
Also y = t3 3t2 ) = 3t2 6t
Z
0 dt
3 p Z 3 p
= 5 dx )L= (3t2 + 6t)2 + (3t2 6t)2 dt
0 0
p 3 Z 3 p
= 5x = 18t2 (t2 + 4) dt
0
p 0
=3 5 p Z 3 p
=3 2 t2 (t2 + 4) dt
0
p Z 3 p
=3 2 t (t2 + 4) dt
0
600
du 4
Let u = t2 + 4, = 2t Z
s
dt 1 ✓ dx ◆2 ✓ dy ◆2
p Z L= + dt
3 2 3 p du dt dt
L= (u dt 0
2 0 dt dx
p Z Now x = 3 sin 2t ) = 6 cos 2t
3 2 p dt
= 34 (u du
2 1 dy
p  Also y = 6 cos 2t ) = 6 sin 2t
3 2 2 3 1 dt
= u2 3 Z ⇡ q
2 3 4 6
p p )L= 36 cos2 (2t) + 36 sin2 (2t) dt
= 13 26 8 2 0
Z ⇡
6
= 6 dt
3 a f (x) = loge (sec x + tan x) 0
=⇡
sec x tan x + sec2 x
f 0 (x) =
sec x + tan x
sec x(tan x + sec x 5 a 4y2 = x3
=
sec x + tan x dy
= sec x ) 8y = 3x2
dx
b dy 3x2
s ) =
Z 1 ✓ dy ◆2 dx 8y
L= 1+ s
0 dx Z 4 ✓ dy ◆2
Now y = loge (cos x) b L= 1+ dx
0 dx
dy s
) = tan x Z 4
dx 9x4
= 1+ dx
Z ⇡ p 0 64y2
4
)L= 1 + tan2 x dx Z 4r
0 9x
= 1 + dx
Z ⇡ p 0 16
4
= sec2 x dx  32 9x 3 4
0 = (1 + ) 2
Z ⇡ 27 16 0
4 ⇡ ✓✓ 13 ◆ 3 ◆
= sec x dx since 0  x  32 2
0 4 = 1
 ⇡ 27 4
4 p
= loge (sec x + tan x) 4(13 13 8
0 =
p 27
= loge ( 2 + 1)
601
s
Z 6 ✓ dy ◆2 8 s
6 L= 1+ dx Z ⇡ ✓ dx ◆2 ✓ dy ◆2
dx 2
0 L=4 + dt
1 3 0 dt dt
Now y = (x2 + 2) 2 dx
3 Now x = cos3 t ) = 3 cos2 t sin t
dy p dt
)) = x x2 + 2 dx dy
dx Also y = sin3 t ) = 3 sin2 t cos t
Z 6p dt
= 1 + x2 (x2 + 2) dx Z ⇡ p
0 2
Z )L=4 9 cos4 t sin2 t + 9 sin4 t cos2 t dt
6 p 0
= x4 + 2x2 + 1 dx Z ⇡ q
0 2
Z 6 p = 12 cos2 t sin2 t(cos2 t + sin2 t) dt
0
= (x2 + 1)2 dx Z ⇡
0 2 p
Z 6 = 12 cos2 t sin2 t dt
= x2 + 1 dx 0
0 Z ⇡
2
x 3 6 = 12 | cos t sin t| dt
= +x 0
3 0 Z ⇡
2 ⇡
= 78 = 12 cos t sin t dt since 0  t 
0 2
Z ⇡
s 2 1
Z 2⇡ ✓ dx ◆2 ✓ dy ◆2 = 12 sin 2t dt
0 2
7 L= + dt
0 dt dt =6
dx
Now x = t sin t )
= 1 cos t
dt
dy
Also y = 1 cos t ) = sin t
dt
Z 2⇡ q
)L= (1 cos t)2 + sin2 t dt
0
Z 2⇡ p
= 2 2 cos t dt
0
p Z 2⇡ p
= 2 1 1 cos t dt
0
=8
602
Z 6 Z 4
1 x u+2
) p dx = 1
du
− 3 x 2 1
u2
Z 4 1 1
= u 2 + 2u 2 du
1
" #4
2 3 1
= u 2 + 4u 2
First find the points of intersection A and 3
x 1
!
B of y = p and y = 3. 2 2
x 2 = ⇥8+8 +4
x 3 3
p =3
x 2 16 2 2
p =+4 =8
) x=3 x 2 3 3 3
2 1
) x2 = 9(x 2) ) Area = 9 8 =
3 3
) x2 9x + 18 = 0
) (x 3)(x 6) = 0 Z ⇡
⇡
2
2 a (1 cos x)dx = [x sin x]02
) x = 3 or x = 6 0
Therefore,
Z A6 = (3, 3) and B = (6, 3). ⇡
x = 1
Area = 3 p dx 2
3 x 2 π
Z 6
6 x
= [3x]3 p dx
3 x 2
Z 6
x π
=9 p dx
Z 6 3 x 2
x Z 1 Z ⇡
2
For p dx, b x dy = |OABC| y dx
3 x 2 0 0
!
let u = x 2) x=u+2 ⇡ ⇡
= 1 =1
du 2 2
=1
dx
603
Z ⇡
4
3 a V=⇡ sec2 x dx
0
⇡
= ⇡[tan x]04 = ⇡
Z ⇡
4
b V=⇡ sin2 x dx
0
Z ⇡
Z
⇡ 4 8
= (1 cos 2x)dx e V=⇡ (1 + x)dx
2 0 0
" # ⇡4 " #8
⇡ 1 x2
= x sin 2x =⇡ x+ = 40⇡
2 2 0 2 0
!
⇡ ⇡ 1 ⇡
= = (⇡ 2) Z
2 4 2 8 4 p
4 V=⇡ (1 + x)2 dx
Z ⇡ 1
4 2 Z 4
c V=⇡ cos x dx p
0 =⇡ (1 + 2 x + x)dx
Z ⇡ 1
⇡ 4 " #4
= 1 + cos 2x dx 4 3 x2
2 0 = ⇡ x + x2 +
3 2 1
" # ⇡4
⇡ 1 ⇡ 119⇡
= x + sin 2x = (⇡ + 2) =
2 2 0
8 6
d To find the intersection of the two Z 3
graphs, solve the equation 5 a V=⇡ (1 + x2 )dx
x2 = 4x 0
" #3
) x = 0 or x = 4 x3
=⇡ x+
Z 4 3 0
V=⇡ ((4x)2 (x2 ))2 dx = 12⇡
0
Z 4
=⇡ (16x2 x4 )dx
0
" #4
16x3 x5
=⇡
3 5 0
2048⇡
=
15
604
Z p
10
Z 2
b V = ⇡r h 2
⇡ 2
x dy b V=⇡ (8x 4x2 )dx
1 0
Z p ! " #2
p 10 4x3
= ⇡ 9 10 (y2 1)dy = ⇡ 4x2
1
3 0
" #p10 ! 16⇡
p y3 =
= ⇡ 9 10 y 3
3 1
p !
20 10 2 8 a
=⇡
3 3
−
Z ⇡
4
6 V=⇡ ⇡
sec2 x dx
4
⇡ −
4
= ⇡[tan x] ⇡ Z
4 1
b Area = (1 x2 x + x3 )dx
= 2⇡ 1
" #1
x3 x2 x4
= x +
3 2 4 1
4
=
−π π 3
9 a
7 a Let 8x = (2x)2 x 2 + y2 = 2
= 4x2 ) x2 = 2 y2
) 0 = 4x(x 2) Also, at A and B, x2 = y
) x = 0 or x = 2 ) 2 y2 = y
) y = 0 or y = 4 ) y2 + y 2=0
Therefore A = (0, 0) and B = (2, 4).
) (y 1)(y + 2) = 0
) y = 2, 1
but y>0
) y=1
When y = 1, x = ±1
p
) A( 1, 1), B(1, 1) and C = (0, 2).
605
Z b2
b By symmetry,
Z 1 ii V2 = ⇡ ydy
2 4 0
V = 2⇡ (2 x x )dx
0 4
⇡b
" 3
#
5 1
=
x x 2
= 2⇡ 2x
3 5 0 b
44⇡ b4 b5
= V1 = V2 when =
15 2 5
) 5b4 5
2b = 0
10 a y = 2x x2 5
) b= since b > 0
2
= x (2 x)
12 a
Z 2
b Area = (2x x2 )dx dy 8x
0 b =
" #2 dx (4x2 + 1)2
2 x3 4 1 1
= x = When x = , y=
3 0
3 2 2
Z dy
2 and = 1
c V=⇡ (4x2 4x3 + x4 )dx dx
0
) equation of tangent
! is
" #2 1 1
4x3 x5
4
y = x
=⇡ x + 2 2
3 5 0
y= x+1
16⇡
=
15 Z 1 !
2 1
c Area = 2
(1 x) dx
Z b 0 4x + 1
11 a i V1 = ⇡ x4 dx " # 12
0 1 x2
5
= tan 1 (2x) x+
⇡b 2 2 0
=
5 ⇡ 1 1 ⇡ 3
= + =
8 2 8 8
606
13 a 15 The graph can be drawn as a reciprocal
to the graph of y = 2 + x x2
−
− = (x 2)(x + 1)
Asymptotes are x = 1, x = 2, y = 0
1 1
y-axis intercept . y = also when
2 2
− x=1 Z
1 !
1 1
Area = dx
Z 0 2 2 + x x2
3 Z 1
b Area = (f + g f + g)dx 1 1 1
1 = + dx
Z 2 0 2 (x 2)(x + 1)
3
=2 g(x)dx
1
Z 3
9
=2 dx
1 x
Z 3
1
= 18 dx
1 x
Using partial fractions,
= 18[loge |x|]31 1 A B
= +
= 18 loge 3 (x 2)(x + 1) x 2 x + 1
) 1 = A (x + 1) + B(x 2)
14 Find the x-axis intercepts for 1
When x = 2, A = and when
x2 5x + 4 3
y= 1
x x = 1, B =
y = 0 when x = 1and x = 4 3 Z Z
Z 4 ! 1 1 1 dx 1 1 dx
4 ) Area = +
Area = x 5 + dx 2 3 0 x 2 3 0 x+1
1 x " !#1
" 2 #4 1 1 x 2
= + loge
x 2 3 x+1 0
= 5x + 4 loge |x|
2 1 1 1
! = + loge 14
1 2 3
= 7 15 + 4 loge 4
2 1 1
= loge 4
2 3
= 7.5 4 loge 4
607
1 2 D Let the upper curve of the shaded
1 C y= p
4 x2 region be f (x). Let the lower curve
of the shaded region be g(x).
Since the region is rotated about the
x-axis, the rule for determining the
volume of the solid of revolution is
given by:
R2
V = ⇡ 0 ([ f (x)]2 [g(x)]2 )dx
6
Since f (x) = p and g(x) = 2
5 + x2
Z 2 !2
Z 6
1
) V=⇡ p (2)2 dx
V=⇡ y2 dx 0 5+x 2
0 Z 2 !2
Z 1 6
1 ) V=⇡ p 4 dx
) V=⇡ dx
0 4 x2 0 5 + x2
Z 1
1 3 B The points of intersection occur
) V= ⇡ dx
0 x2 4 when,
Z 1 1
1 sin2 x = cos2 x
) V= ⇡ dx 2
0 (x + 2)(x 2)
1
Using partial fractions, ) sin2 x = (1 2 sin2 x)
1 1 1 2
= 1
(x + 2)(xZ 2) 4(x 2) 4(x + 2) ) sin2 x = sin2 x
⇡ 1 1 1 2
) V= dx 1
4 0 x+2 x 2 ) 2 sin2 x =
⇡h i1 2
) V = loge (x + 2) loge (x 2) 1
4 0
) sin2 x =
" !#1 4
⇡ x+2
) V = loge 1
4 x 2 0 ) sin x = ±
2
⇡
) V = (loge ( 3) loge ( 1)) ⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 11⇡
4 ) x= , , ,
!! 6 6 6 6
⇡ 3
) V = loge
4 1
⇡
) V = loge (3)
4
608
R⇡
Using CAS: 5 C A = 2 ⇡ a sinx dx
h i⇡
) A = 2 cos x
⇡ a
) A = 2[ cos ⇡ ( cos(⇡ a))]

) A = 2[1 + cos(⇡ a)]
) A = 2[1 cos a]
since cos(⇡ ✓) = cos(✓)
Using CAS:
Observations from the given graph:
i The blue line is y = sin2 x

6 E y = sin3 x
1
ii The red line is y = cos 2x
2
iii There are 4 lots of the shaded
" #
⇡
region over the interval x 2 0,
6
iv There are 2 lots of the shaded π π
region
" over#the interval
⇡ 5⇡
x2 ,
6 6
Hence, the total area of the shaded Z a

region is: A= sin3 x dx
Z ⇡ 0
6 1 Z
A=4 cos(2x) sin2 x dx a
0 2 ) A= sinx. sin2 x dx
Z 5⇡ 0
6 1 Z a
+ 2 ⇡ sin2 x cos(2x) dx ) A= sin x(1 cos2 x)dx
2
6 0
let u = cos x
4 C For a rotation about the x-axis use, du
R then = sin x
V = ⇡ y dx2 dx
R e3 and when x = 0, u = 1
) V = ⇡ e2 [loge (x)]2 dx
x = a, u = cos a
609
Z cos a !
x
) A= (u2 1)du 9 C y = cos
1 2
" #cos a
1
) A = u3 u
3 1
! !
1 1
) A= cos3 a cos a 1
3 3
2 1
) A= cos a + cos3 a
3 3 π π π π π π π π
7 B For a rotation
R about the x-axis use,
2
V = ⇡ y dx
R 1 x2
) V=⇡ 0 dx
4 x2 Z ⇡ !
By long division, x
x2 1 1 A= cos dx
= 1 0 2
4 x2 Z x + 2 x 2 " !#⇡
1
1 1 x
) V=⇡ + 1dx ) A = 2 sin
2 0
0 x+2 2 x
" #1 !
⇡
) V = ⇡ loge (x + 2) loge (2 x) x ) A = 2 sin 0
2
0
" ! #1 ) A = 2(1)
x+2
) V = ⇡ loge x
2 x ) A=2
0
) V = ⇡[(loge (3) 1) (loge (1) 0] 10 E y = cos x

) V = ⇡(loge (3) 1)
8 D By close inspection response D is a

false statement.
Rb
Note that a f (x)dx = F(b) F(a)
where F is any antiderivative of f .
π π
However,
Rb
a
[ f (x)]2 dx , [F(b)]2 [F(a)]2
This is because the square needs
to be absorbed into f (x) before
integrating.
For a rotation
Z about the y-axis use,
y=a
V=⇡ x2 dy
y=b
1
y = cos x ) x = cos y
Z 1
) V=⇡ (cos 1 y)2 dy
0
610
1 a
−
− 0
Asymptotes y = 1, x = 2
1
Axis intercepts y = and x = 1
2
Z 2 !
1
b Area = 1 dx
0 x+2
= [x loge |x + 2|]20
=2 loge 2
Z 2 !2
1
c Volume = ⇡ 1 dx
0 x+2
Z 2 !
2 1
=⇡ 1 + dx
0 x + 2 (x + 2)2
" #2
1
= ⇡ x 2 loge |x + 2|
x+2 0
!
9
=⇡ 2 loge 2
4
2 a f (x) = x tan 1 (x)

1
f 0 (x) = x ⇥ + tan 1 (x)
1 + x2
x
= + tan 1 (x)
1 + x2
611
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
1 0 x
b tan (x)dx = f (x)dx dx
0 0 0 1 + x2
Z 1
x
= [x tan 1 (x)]10 dx
0 1 + x2
Z 1
⇡ x
= dx
4 0 1 + x2
Let u = 1 + x2 .
du
Therefore, = 2x and when x = 0, u = 1 and when x = 1, u = 2.
dxZ Z
1
x 1 21
) 2
dx = du
0 1+x 2 1 u
1
= [loge u]21
2
1 1
= (loge 2 loge 1) = loge 2
2 2
Z 1
⇡ 1
Therefore, tan 1 (x)dx = loge 2.
0 4 2
⇡
c At the point of intersection, tan 1 (x) = . Therefore, x = 1.
4
−
π
4
0
Z 1
⇡
Required area = ⇥ 1 tan 1 (x)dx
4 0
!
⇡ ⇡ 1 1
= loge 2 = loge 2
4 4 2 2
d i g(x) = (tan 1 (x))2

1
g0 (x) = 2 tan 1 (x) ⇥
1 + x2
2 tan 1 [x]
=
1 + x2
ii When x > 0, tan 1 (x) > 0 and 1 + x2 > 0
Therefore, g0 (x) > 0
612
iii
π2
4
−
e y = tan 1 (x)
) x = tan y
) x2 = tan2 y
and when x = 1, y = tan 1 (1)
⇡
=
4
Z ⇡
4
V=⇡ (1 x2 )dy
0
Z ⇡
4
=⇡ (1 tan2 y)dy
0
Z ⇡
4
=⇡ (2 sec2 y)dy
0
Now
⇡
= ⇡[2y tan y]04
" ! #
⇡ ⇡
=⇡ tan (0 tan 0)
2 4
!
⇡
=⇡ 1
2
!
⇡
The required volume is ⇡ 1 cubic units.
2
d
3 a i (x loge x) = loge x + 1 product rule
dx
Z Z
) loge xdx = x loge x 1 dx
= x loge x x+c
613
d
ii (x(loge x)2 ) = (loge x)2 + 2 loge x
dx
Z Z
2 2
) (loge x) dx = x(loge x) 2 loge x dx
= x(loge x)2 2x loge x + 2x + c using a above
b −
y = e−x y = ex
c Rearrange y = e x , x = loge y
When x = 0, y = 1 and when x = 2, y = e2
Z e2
V=⇡ (loge y)2 dy
1
2
= ⇡[y(loge y)2 2y loge y + 2y]e1
= ⇡(4e2 4e2 + 2e2 2)
= 2⇡(e2 1)
⇡ 40 cm3
A full glass contains approximately 40 mL of liquid.
Z 1
4 a V=⇡ ydy
0
⇡
= cubic units
2
dV 1
b Given = R, y = .
dt 4
y2
Now V = ⇡ when depth is y units.
2
dV
) = ⇡y
dy
dy dy dV
) = ⇥
dt dV dt
1
= ⇥R
⇡y
R
=
⇡y
614
1 dy 4R
When y = , = .
4 dt ⇡
4R
So rate of increase of the depth is units/s.
⇡
!2
1 ⇡ 1
c i y= V=
2 2 2
⇡
=
8
⇡
The volume of liquid is cubic units.
8
y2 ⇡ ⇡
ii ⇡ = , since half full is cubic units
2 4 4
1
) y2 =
2
1
) y= p
2
p
2
=
2 p
2
The depth of liquid is units.
2
5 a By symmetry, the whole area equals twice the shaded
area.
−
To find the x coordinate of the point A, first solve the
equation B
x2
ax2 = 1
a
!
1
) x2 a + =1
a
0
a
) x2 = 2
a +1
r
a
) x= 2
since x > 0
a +1
615
q
Z a !
a2 +1 x2 2
Area = 2 1 ax dx
0 a
q
" # a
3 3
x ax a2 +1
=2 x
3a 3 0
r
a
2 ! !!
a2 + 1 a 1
= 3 a+ 2 +a
3 a +1 a
r
4 a
=
3 a2 +1
b i The maximum area A and! the maximum of A2 occur at the same value, so
16 a
use A2 = 2
9 a +1
!
d[A2 ] 16 a2 + 1 2a2
=
da 9 (a2 + 1)2
!
16 1 a2
=
9 (a2 + 1)2
d[A2 ]
Area is a maximum when =0
da
) a = 1 since a > 0
r
4 1
ii When a = 1, Area = 2
3 1 +1
4
= p
3 2
p
2 2
=
p 3
2 2
Maximum area is square units.
3
x2
c When x = 0, 1 =1
a
y
For y = ax2 , x2 =
a 1
x2 x 2
For y = 1 , =1 y a
,
a2
a a a2 + 1 a2 +1
) x2 = a(1 y) 0
x2
y = 1 − a2 , a > 0
616
Z a2 Z 1
a2 +1 y
V= ⇡ dy + ⇡a(1 y)dy
0 a a2
a2 +1
2
⇡a 2 a2a+1 ⇡a
= [y ]0 + [2y y2 ]1 a2
2 2 a2 +1
3
⇡a ⇡a
= +
2(a2 + 1)2 2(a2 + 1)2
⇡a[a2 + 1]
=
2(a2 + 1)2
⇡a
=
2(a2 + 1)
⇡a
The volume of the solid is cubic units.
2(a2 + 1)
6 a When x = 0, 16 sin2 x = 0 π
3 sec2 2x = 3
π
⇡
When x = , 16 sin2 x = 8
4
3 sec2 x = 6
3
0 π
4
b At the point of intersection, 16 sin2 x = 3 sec2 x

3
=
cos2 x
3
) sin2 x(1 sin2 x) =
16
3
) sin2 x sin4 x =
16
3
) sin4 x sin2 x + =0
16
! !
2 1 2 3
) sin x sin x =0
4 4
617
1 3
) sin2 x = or
4 4
p
1 3
) sin x = ± or ±
2 2
1 ⇡
) sin x = since 0  x 
2 4
⇡
) x=
6
!
⇡ 2 ⇡
When x = y = 16 sin
60 6
!2
1
= 16 ⇥
2
=4
!
⇡
The point of intersection is , 4 .
6
Z ⇡
6
c Area = 3 sec2 x 16 sin2 x dx
0
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
6 2 6
=3 sec x dx 16 sin2 x dx
0 0
⇡ Z ⇡
6
= 3[tan x]06 8 1 cos 2x dx
0
" # ⇡6
⇡ 1
= 3 tan 8 x sin 2x
6 2 0
! !
1 ⇡ 1 ⇡
=3⇥ p 8 sin (0 0)
3 6 2 3
p !
p ⇡ 3
= 3 8
6 4
p 4⇡
=3 3
3
p 4⇡
The area of the region is 3 3 square units.
3
618
7 a f (x) = loge (x a) + c
loge (2 a) + c = 1 1
1
loge (1 + e a) + c = 0 2
!
2 a
Therefore, loge =1 using 1 2 .
1+e 1 a
2 a
and =e
1+e 1 a
Solving for a, 2 a = e + 1 ae
a(e 1) = e 1
a=1
1
Hence, f (x) = loge (x 1) loge (1 + e 1)
= loge (x 1) + 1
b Asymptote at x = 1.
x-axis intercept when y = 0
) loge (x 1) + 1 = 0
1
) x 1=e
1
) x=e +1
−
0
c For the inverse x = loge (y 1) + 1

) y 1 = ex 1
) y = ex 1
+1
) f 1 (x) = e x 1 + 1
1
Domain f = R, range f 1 = (1, 1).
619
Z 1
d Area = (e x 1 + 1)dx −
0
x 1
= [e + x]10
1
=2 e −
e The
Z 2 area ABC in b is equal to the area ABC in d
f (x)dx = 2 (2 e 1 )
e 1 +1
1
=e
8 To find the coordinates of P

x3
consider = ax
c
As x , 0, x2 = ac
p
Therefore, x = ac
Z pac 3
x2
A1 = p dx
0 c
p
" 5 # ac 0
2 x2
=
5 12 0
c
2 5 3
= a4 c4
5
Z pac
p 1
A2 = ax 2 dx
0
" #pac
2 1 3
= a2 x2
3 0
2 5 3
= a4 c4
3
2 2
Hence A1 : A2 = : = 3 : 5
5 3
Z pac 3
x
V1 = ⇡ dx
0 c
620
⇡ 4 pac
[x ]0
=
4c
⇡
= a2 c
4
Z pac
V2 = ⇡ ax dx
0
⇡a 2 pac
= [x ]0
2
⇡
= a2 c
2
⇡ ⇡
Hence, V1 : V2 = : = 1 : 2
4 2
9 a The domain of cos x is [0, ⇡] for an inverse function to exist.
Therefore, a = 2⇡ in this case.
The largest value of a is 2⇡.
1 1
b i Domain f = [ 3, 3], range f = [0, 2⇡].
1
ii Consider x = 3 cos y
2
!
1 x
With y the subject, y = 2 cos
3
!
1 1 x
Therefore f (x) = 2 cos
3
iii
− π 2π
dy 2 1
c = r ⇥
dx x2 3
1
9
2
=p
9x2
dy 2
When x = 0, = .
dx 3
621
d The shaded
Z ⇡ volumes!are equal, i.e., V1 = V2
x
V1 = ⇡ 9 cos2 dx
0 2
Z
9⇡ ⇡
= (cos x + 1)dx
2 0
9⇡
= [sin x + x]⇡0 0 π
2
9⇡2
=
2 !
x cos x + 1
Note: cos2 =
2 2
p
10 a QP = 0P2 OQ2
q
= r2 y2
Area = ⇡(QP)2
= ⇡(r2 y2 )
0
Z r
b V=⇡ 3r
(r2 y2 )dx
4
" #r
2 y3
=⇡ r y
3 3r
4
!
2 3 3 9 3
= ⇡ r3 r + r
3 4 64
11⇡r3
= , as required.
192
x2 y2
11 a 2 = 1, a  x  2a, y > 0
a b2 !
2
2 2 x
Therefore y = b 2 1
a
622
Z 2a
V= ⇡y2 dx
a
Z 2a !
x2
2
=⇡ b 2 1 dx
a a
" #2a
x3 2
= ⇡b x
3a2 a 0
3
! 3
!!
8a a
= ⇡b2 2a a
3a2 3a2
!
2 22
= ⇡b a + a
3 3
4⇡ab2
=
3
4⇡ab2
Volume when rotated about the x axis is cubic units.
3
!
2 y2 2
b x =a 1+ 2
b
!
4a2 2 2
When x = 2a, y = b 1 = 3b2
a2
p
Therefore y = ± 3b
Z p
p 3b
V = ⇡ ⇥ (2a)2 ⇥ 2 3b p ⇡x2 dy
3b
Z p !
p 3b
y2
= 8 3⇡a2 b 2⇡a 2
1 + 2 dy
0 b
p
" # 3b
p y 3
= 8 3⇡a2 b 2⇡a2 y +
3b2 0
! p
p 3 3b3 p
= 8 3⇡a2 b
2⇡a 3b + 2
3b2
p p p
= 8 3⇡a2 b 2⇡a2 ⇥ 2 3b = 4 3⇡a2 b
p
Volume when rotated about the y axis is 4 3⇡a2 b cubic units.
3x 1
12 a Let =p
2 1 x2
p
) 3x 1 x2 = 2
) 9x2 (1 x2 ) = 4
) 9x4 9x2 + 4 = 0
623
This is a quadratic equation in x2 with = ( 9)2 4⇥9⇥4
= 81 144 = 63
3x 1
Since < 0 there are no points of intersection between y = and y = p .
2 1 x2
1
b y= p
1 x2 −
Z 1
2 1 3x
Area = p dx
0 1 x2 2
h
1 3x2 i 12
= sin x
4 0
! !2 !
1 1 3 1
= sin ⇥ (0 0)
2 4 2 0
⇡ 3
=
6 16
Z 1 !2 Z 1 !2
2 1 2 3x
c ) Volume = ⇡ p dx ⇡ dx
0 1 x2 0 2
Z 1 Z 1
2 1 2 9x2
=⇡ 2
dx ⇡ dx
x 0 1 0 4
1 A B
Now 2
= +
1 x 1 x 1+x
) A(1 + x) + B(1 x) = 1
When x = 1, 2B = 1
1
) B=
2
When x = 1, 2A = 1
1
) A=
2
1 1 1
) = +
1 2(1x2 x) 2(1 + x)
Z 1
2 1 1 9 2
Volume = ⇡ + x dx
0 2(1 x) 2(1 + x) 4
Z 1
⇡ 2 1 1 9 2
= + x dx
2 0 1 x 1+x 2
624
" # 12
⇡ 9 3
= loge |1 x| + loge |1 + x| x 1<x<1
2 6 0
" #1
⇡ 1 x 9 3 2
= loge + x
2 1+x 6 0
!
⇡ 9
= loge 13 + loge 1
2 48
!
⇡ 9 1
= + loge
2 48 3
!
⇡ 3
= loge 3
2 16
13 a
0
The volume of the solid of revolution, V, equals the sum of the volumes of two
cones (one has height a and base radius 1 and the other has height 1 a and base
radius 1).
1 1
) V = ⇡ ⇥ 12 ⇥ a + ⇡ ⇥ 12 ⇥ (1 a)
3 3
⇡a ⇡(1 a)
= +
3 3
⇡
=
3
⇡
So is the volume of the solid of revolution.
3
(Alternatively, find the rules for each straight line and use integration.)
p
1 k2
b f (x) = (x k), 0  x  k
k p
Volume of cone with base radius 1 k2 and −
height k.
1
So V = ⇡ ⇥ (1 k2 ) ⇥ k
3
⇡ 0
) V = (k k3 )
3
dV ⇡
= (1 3k2 )
dk 3
625
dV
When = 0, 1 3k2 = 0
dk
) 3k2 = 1
1
) k2 =
3
1 0
) k = p as 0  k  1
3
!
1 1
⇡⇥ p ⇥ 1
1 3 3
When k = p , V =
3 3
p
2⇡ 2⇡ 3
= p =
9 3 p 27 p
2⇡ 3 3
Volume is a maximum of cubic units when k = .
27 3
14 a i Using (0, 0) d=0

Using (5, 1) 125a + 25b + 5c = 1 1
Using (10, 2.5) 1000a + 100b + 10c = 2.5 2
Using (30, 10) 27 000a + 900b + 30c = 10 3
ii 2 2 ⇥ 1 yields
750a + 50b = 0.5 4
3 3 ⇥ 2 yields
24 000a + 600b = 2.5 5
5 12 ⇥ 4 yields
15 000a = 3.5
7
) a=
30 000
7
Substituting a = into 4
30 000
7
750 ⇥ + 50b = 0.5
30 000
7
) + 50b = 0.5
40
27
) 50b =
40
27
) b=
2000
7 27
Substituting a = and b = into 1
30 000 2000
626
7 27
125 ⇥ + 25 ⇥ + 5c = 1
30 000 2000
7 27
) + + 5c = 1
240 80
83
) 5c =
120
83
) c=
600
7 3 27 2 83
b f (x) = x + x + x
30 000 2000 600
1
= ( 7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x)
30 000
Z 30
1
Area = ( 7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x)dx
0 30 000
" #30
1 7 4 3 2
= x + 135x + 2075x
30 000 4 0
1
= ( 1 417 500 + 3 645 000 + 1 867 500 0)
30 000
273
=
2
Z 30
c i V= ⇡( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 30
⇡
= 7x3 + 405x2 + 4150x 2 dx
900 000 000 0
627
ii
d i Using a CAS calculator, the point of intersection between f (x) and y = 5 is

(16.729335,5)
) w = 16.729335
R 30
ii New volume = 16.729 335 ⇡( f (x))2 dx
Using a CAS calculator as in c ii, the volume is 2487 cubic units, correct to four
significant figures.
1
e f 0 (x) = ( 21x2 + 810x + 4150)
30 000
1
f 00 (x) = ( 42x + 810)
30 000
1
= ( 7x + 135)
5000
1
Now f 00 (p) = ( 7p + 135)
5000
628
and when f 00 (p) = 0,
1
( 7p + 135) = 0
5000
) 7p = 135
135
) p=
7
!3 !2 !!
1 135 135 135
and f (p) = 7 + 405 + 4150
30 000 7 7 7
!
1 2 460 375 7 381 125 3 921 750
= + +
30 000 49 49 49
1179
=
196 !
135 1179
Therefore (p, f (p)) = , .
7 196
15 a The line segment AB is described by the function

H
y= (x a), a  x  b
b a
b a
) y+a= x
H
!2
2 b a
) x = y+a
H
[b a]2 2a[b a]
= y2 + y + a2
H2 H
Z H
V=⇡ x2 dy
0
Z H !
[b a]2 2 2a[b a] 2
=⇡ y + y + a dy
0 H2 H
629
" #H
[b a]2 3 a[b a] 2
=⇡ y + y + a2 y
3H 2 H 0
2 3 2
!
[b a] H a[b a]H
=⇡ 2
+ + a2 H
3H H
!
[b a]2 H 3a[b a]H 3a2 H
=⇡ + +
3 3 3
⇡H 2
= (b 2ab + a2 + 3ab 3a2 + 3a2 )
3
⇡H 2
= (a + ab + b2 )
3
⇡H 2
The capacity of the bowl is (a + ab + b2 ) cubic centimetres.
3
Z H
2
b Volume of water = ⇡ x2 dy
0
" # H2
[b a]2 3 a[b a] 2
=⇡ y + y + a2 y
3H 2 H 0
2 3
! 2
[b a] H a[b a] H a2 H
=⇡ ⇥ + ⇥ +
3H 2 8 H 4 2
!
[b a]2 6a[b a] 12a2
= ⇡H + +
24 24 24
!
⇡H 2 2 2 2
= b 2ab + a + 6ab 6a + 12a
24
⇡H 2
= (7a + 4ab + b2 )
24
⇡H 2
The volume of water is (7a + 4ab + b2 ) cubic centimetres.
24
H[r a]
c When x = r, y =
b a
Z H[r a]
b a
V=⇡ x2 dy
0
" # H[r a]
[b a]2 3 a[b a] 2 b a
=⇡ y + y + a2 y
3H 2 H 0
2 3 3
!
[b
a] H [r a] a[b a]H 2 [r a]2 a2 H[r a]
=⇡ + +
3H 2 (b a)3 H(b a)2 b a
⇡H[r a]
= ((r a)2 + 3a(r a) + 3a2 )
3(b a)
630
⇡H[r a][r2 + ar + a2 ]
=
3(b a)
⇡H
= (r3 + ar2 + a2 r ar2 a2 r a3 )
3(b a)
⇡H
= (r3 a3 )
3(b a)
dV ⇡Hr2
d i =
dr b a
H[r a]
ii h =
(b a)
dV ⇡ ⇥ 20 ⇥ r2
e i If a = 10, b = 20 and H = 20 then =
dr 20 10
= 2⇡r2
dV dr dr dV
ii =3 ) = ⇥
dt dt dV dt
1
= ⇥3
2⇡r2
3
=
2⇡r2
dr 3
When r = 12, =
dt 2⇡ ⇥ 122
1
=
96⇡
dh dh dr dh H
Now = ⇥ and =
dt dr dt dr b a
20
= =2
20 10
dh 3
) =2⇥
dt 2⇡r2
3
= 2
⇡r
dh 3
When r = 12, =
dt ⇡ ⇥ 122
1
=
48⇡
631
Chapter 9 – Di↵erential equations
dy ) y = x loge |x| x + 4 is the
1 a If y = Ae2t 2 then = 2Ae2t
dt particular solution.
dy
Given = 2y + 4 p
dt c If y = 2x + c
LHS = 2Ae2t dy 1
then = p ⇥2
RHS = 2(Ae2t 2) + 4 dx 2 2x + c
= 2Ae2t 4+4 1
= p
= 2Ae2t 2x + c
1
) y = Ae2t 2 =
p y
is a solution of ) y = 2x + c is a solution of
dy 1
dy =
= 2y + 4 dx y
dt Substituting y(1) = 9 into
Substituting y(0) = 2 into y = Ae2t 2 p
y = 2x + c gives:
gives: p
2 = Ae2⇥0 2 9= 2⇥1+c
=A 2 81 = 2 + c
)A=4 ) c = 79
p
) y = 4e2t 2 is the particular solution. ) y = 2x + 79
b If y = x loge |x| x + c is the particular solution.

dy
then = loge |x| + 1 1 d If y loge |y + 1| = x + c
dx dx 1
= loge |x| then =1
dy y+1
) y = x loge |x| x+c y+1 1
=
is a solution of y+1
y
dy =
y+1
= loge |x|
dx
dy y + 1
Substituting y(1) = 3 into ) =
dx y
y = x loge |x| x + c gives:
) y loge |y + 1| = x + c is a solution
3 = 1 loge |1| 1+c dy y + 1
of =
= 1+c dx y
Substituting y(3) = 0 into
)c=4
1
y loge |y + 1| = x + c gives: dy
then = 2Ae2x 2Be 2x
dx
0 loge |0 + 1| = 3 + c
d2 y
0=3+c and 2 = 4Ae2x + 4Be 2x
dx
) c= 3 = 4(Ae2x + Be 2x )
) y loge |y + 1| = x 3 is the particular
= 4y
solution.
) y = Ae2x + Be 2x
4
x
e If y = + Ax + B is a solution of
2
dy d2 y
then = 2x3 + A = 4y
dx dx2
d2 y Substituting y(0) = 3 and
and 2 = 6x2
dx y(loge 2) = 9 into
x4 y = Ae2x + Be 2x gives:
)y= + Ax + b is a solution of
2
d2 y 3 = Ae2⇥0 + Be 2⇥0
= 6x2
dx2 ) 3= A+B 1
Substituting y(0) = 2 and y(1) = 2 and
x4 ) 9 = Ae2 loge 2 + Be 2 loge 2
into y = + Ax + B gives:
2
= Aeloge 4 + Be loge 4
04
2= +A⇥0+B
2 1
) 9 = 4A + B 2
) B=2 4
and 4⇥ 1 2 gives
14 15
2= +A⇥1+B 3=0+ B
2 4
1 12 4
= +A⇥1+2 ) B= =
2 15 5
1 4
)A= Substituting B = in 1 gives
2 5
x4 x 4
)y= + 2 is the particular 3= A+
2 2 5
solution. 11
) A=
5
f If y = Ae2x + Be 2x
11 2x 4 2x
) y= e + e
5 5
is the particular solution.
2
g If x = A sin 3t + B cos 3t + 2 1 2
b y= x
dx 2
then = 3A cos 3t 3B sin 3t
dt dy 1 3
= x =
d2 x dx x3
and 2 = 9A sin 3t 9B cos 3t !2
dt 2 1 4x 1
4xy = 4x 2 = =
= 9(A sin 3t + B cos 3t) 2x 4x4 x3
2
d x dy
Given 2 + 9x = 18 ) = 4xy2
dt dx
LHS = 9(A sin 3t + B cos 3t)
c y = x loge |x| + x
+ 9(A sin 3t + B cos 3t + 2)
dy x
= 9A sin 3t 9B cos 3t = loge |x| + + 1 = loge |x| + 2
dx x
+ 9A sin 3t + 9B cos 3t + 18 y
+ 1 = loge |x| + 1 + 1 = loge |x| + 2
x
= 18
dy y
= RHS ) = +1
dx x
) x = A sin 3t + B cos 3t+2 is a solution 1
d2 x d y = (3x2 + 27) 3
of 2 + 9x = 18
dt dy 1 2 2
Now x(0) = 4 = (3x + 27) 3 · (6x)
dx 3
) 4 = B+2 2x
= p3
(3x2 + 27)2
) B=2
and
✓⇡◆ 2x 2x
2
= p3
x = 1 y (3x2 + 27)2
2
dy 2x
) 1= A+2 ) =
dx y2
) A=3
2x
e y=e + e3x
) x = 3 sin 3t + 2 cos 3t + 2
dy
is the particular solution. = 2e 2x + 3e3x
dx
d2 y
= 4e 2x + 9e3x
2 a y = 4e2x dx2
dy
= 8e2x
dx
dy
) = 2y
dx
3
d2 y dy 2x h y = enx + e nx
6y = 4e + 9e3x
dx2 dx dy
( 2e 2x
+ 3e3x ) = nenx ne nx
dx
6(e 2x
+ e3x ) d2 y
) = n2 enx + n2 e nx
2x dx2
= ( 6 + 2 + 4)e
= n2 (enx + e nx )
+( 6 3 + 9)e3x
= n2 y
=0
d2 y dy x+1
) 2 6y = 0 i y=
d x dx 1 x
dy (1 x) ( 1)(1 + x)
=
f y = e4x (x + 1) dx (1 x)2
= xe4x + e4x 2
=
dy (1 x)2
= 4xe4x + e4x (x + 1)2
dx 1+
+ 4e4x 1 + y2 (x 1)2
=
1 + x2 1 + x2
= 4xe4x + 5e4x (x 1)2 + (x + 1)2
=
d2 y (1 + x2 )(x 1)2
= 16xe4x + 4e4x
dx2 2(x2 + 1)
=
+ 20e4x (x2 + 1)(x 1)2
= 16xe4x + 24e4x 2
=
(x 1)2
d2 y dy
8 + 16y = (16 32 dy 1 + y2
dx2 dx ) =
dx 1 + x2
+ 16)xe4x
4 1
+ (16 40 j y= = 4(x + 1)
x+1
+ 24)e4x dy 4
=
=0 dx (x + 1)2
d2 y dy d2 y 8
) 8 + 16y = 0 =
d2 x dx dx2 (x + 1)3
d2 y 4 8 32
g y = a sin(nx) y2
= ⇥ =
dx x + 1 (x + 1) (x + 1)4
3
dy ✓ dy ◆2 2 ⇥ 16 32
= na cos(nx) 2 = =
dx dx (x + 1) 4 (x + 1)4
d2 y ✓ dy ◆2
) = n2 a sin(nx) = n2 y d2 y
dx2 ) y 2 =2
dx dx
4
dx 1 ) n(n 1) 2n 10 = 0
3 /
dy y
) n2 3n 10 = 0
dx k
) = (y > 0) ) (n 5)(n + 2) = 0
dy y
) x = k loge y + c ) n = 2 or n = 5
Substituting y(0) = 2 and y(2) = 4
0 = k loge 2 + c 1
5 If y = a + bx + cx2
and dy
2 = k loge 4 + c then = b + 2cx
dx
) 2 = 2k loge 2 + c 2 d2 y
= 2c
2 1 dx2
k loge 2 = 2 d2 y dy
as 2 + 2 + 4y = 4x2
2 dx dx
) k= ) 2c + 2(b + 2cx) + 4(a + bx + cx2 ) = 4x2
loge 2
Substituting into 1 gives ) 4c = 4 c=1
c= 2 4b + 4c = 0 b= 1
2 loge y
) x= 2 2c + 2b + 4a = 0 a=0
loge 2
) a = 0, b = 1 and c = 1
When x = 3,
2 loge y
3= 2 6 If x = t(a cos 2t + b sin 2t)
loge 2
then
5 dx
) loge y = loge 2 = a cos 2t + b sin 2t
2 dt
p
) y=4 2 + t( 2a sin 2t + 2b cos 2t)
= (a + 2bt) cos 2t + (b 2at) sin 2t
4 If y = axn
dy d2 x
then = naxn 1 = 2b cos 2t 2(a + 2bt) sin 2t
dx dt2
d2 y 2a sin 2t+2(b 2at) cos 2t
and 2 = n(n 1)axn 2
dx = (4b 4at) cos 2t
Therefore,
2 (4a + 4bt) sin 2t
2d y dy n
x 2x 10y = n(n 1)ax d2 x
dx2 dx ) + 4x = 4b cos 2t 4a sin 2t
2anxn 10axn dt2
d2 x
and since 2 + 4x = 2 cos 2t
=0 dt
) 4b cos 2t 4a sin 2t = 2 cos 2t
5
1 d2 y dy
) 4b = 2 ) b = +2 +y
2 dx 2 dx
and a = 0 = ax + (b + 6a)x2 + (c + 4b + 6a)x
3
1 + (d + 2c + 2b)
) a = 0, b =
2 d2 y dy
and since 2 + 2 + y = x3
dx dx
7 If y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, ) a=1
dy b + 6a = 0 ) b= 6
then = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
dx c + 4b + 6a = 0 ) c = 18
d2 y
= 6ax + 2b d + 2c + 2b = 0 ) d = 24
dx2
) a = 1, b = 6, c = 18, d = 24
6
dy dy
1 a = x2 3x + 2 g = tan(2t)
dx dt
1 3 2 sin(2t)
) y = x3 x + 2x + c, =
3 2 cos(2t)
c 2 R, is the general solution. Let u = cos(2t)
dy x2 + 3x 1 du
b = , x,0 ) = 2 sin(2t)
dx x dt
Z
1 1 du
= x+3 ) y= dt
x 2u dt
Z
1 2 1 1
) y= x + 3x loge |x| + c, = du
2 2 u
c 2 R, is the general solution. 1
= loge |u| + c,
dy 2
c = (2x + 1)3 1
dx ) y= loge | cos(2t)| + c,
2
= 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + 1
c 2 R, is the general solution.
) y = 2x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + x + c,
c 2 R, is the general solution. dx 3y
h =e
dy
dy 1 1 3y
d = p , x>0 ) x= e + c,
dx x 3
1 c 2 R, is the general solution.
=x 2
dx 1
1 i = p
) y = 2x 2 + c dy 4 y2
p
) y = 2 x + c, 1
c 2 R, is the general solution. = p
22 y2
✓ ◆
dy 1 1 1 y
e = , t, ) x = sin + c,
dt 2t 1 2 2
1 c 2 R, is the general solution
) y = loge |2t 1| + c,
2
dx 1
c 2 R, is the general solution. j =
dy (1 y)2
dy du
f = sin(3t 2) Let u = 1 y, then = 1
dt dy
1
) y= cos(3t 2) + c,
3
7
Z Z Z
2 2 3
) x= u ( du) ) y= u 2 dx + c dx
3
Z Z Z
2 3
= u 2 du = u 2 ( du) + c dx
3
Z Z
= u 1
+c 2 3 du
= u 2 dx + c dx
1 3 dx
) x= +c Z Z
1 y 2 3
= u du + c dx
2
3
1
) x= + c, 4 5
y 1 = u 2 + cx + d
15
4 5
= (1 x) 2 + cx + d,
15
d2 y where c, d 2 R
2 a = 5x3
dx2
4 5
dy 5 4 ) y= (1 x) 2 + cx + d
) = x +c 15
dx 4
1 is the general solution.
) y = x5 + cx + d,
4 ✓
where c, d 2 R, is the general d2 y ⇡◆
c = sin 2x +
solution. dx2 4
dy 1 ✓ ⇡◆
d2 y p ) = cos 2x + +c
b = 1 x dx 2 4
dx2 1 ✓ ⇡◆
du ) y= sin 2x + + cx + d,
Let u = 1 x, then = 1 4 4
dx where c, d 2 R, is the general
Z
dy 1
) = u 2 ( du) solution.
dx
Z d2 y x
1
= u 2 du d = e 2
dx2
2 3 dy x
= u2 + c ) = 2e 2 + c
3 dx
x
) y = 4e 2 + cx + d,
where c, d 2 R, is the general
solution.
8
d2 y 1 3
e = Initial condition: y(4) =
dx 2 cos2 x 4
3 1
= sec2 x ) = +c
4 4
dy )c=1
) = tan x + c
dx
1 x 1
sin x ) y= +1=
= +c x x
cos x
Z
sin x dy
) y= + cdx b =e x
cos x dx
du Z
Let u = cos x ) = sin x ) y= e x dx
dx
Z Z
1 du
) y= dx + cdx ) y= e x+c
u dx Initial condition: y(0) = 0
Z Z
1 ) 0= 1+c
= du + cdx
u
)c=1
= loge |u| + cx + d,
x
) y=1 e
= loge | cos x| + cx + d,
where c, d 2 R dy x2 4
c =
dx x
) y= loge | cos x| + cx + d, Z 2
x 4
is the general solution. ) y= dx
x
Z ✓
4◆
d2 y 1 = x dx
f 2
= x
dx (x + 1)2
x2
= (x + 1) 2 = 4 loge |x| + c
2
dy 3
) = (x + 1) 1 + c Initial condition: y(1) =
dx 2
1 3 1
= +c ) = + c (Note: loge 1 = 0)
x+1 2 2
) y = loge |x + 1| + cx + d, )c=1
where c, d 2 R is the general x2
solution. ) y= 4 loge |x| + 1
2
d Using partial fractions
dy 1 x A B
3 a = 2 = +
dx x 2
x 4 x 2 x+2
Z
dx
) y= ) x = A(x + 2) + B(x 2)
x2
1
) y= +c
x
9
p
1 3 p
When x = 2, A = ) c= 8 3
2 12
Z p
xdx
) y= 95 3
2
x 4 ) c=
Z Z 12
1 dx 1 dx p
= + 1 3 95 3
2 x 2 2 x+2 ) y = (x2 4) 2
3 12
1
= loge |x2 4| + c dy 1
2 f = p
1 dx 4 x2
) y = loge |x2 4| + c Z
2 dx
p )y= p
Initial condition: qy(2 2) = loge 2 4 x2
p ✓ x◆
) loge 2 = loge ((2 2)2 4) + c ) y = sin 1 +c
p 2
) loge 2 = loge 4 + c ⇡
Initial condition: y(1) =
) loge 2 = loge 2 + c 3
1
)c=0 When x = 2, B =
2
1 ⇡ 1
) y= loge |x2 4| ) = sin 1
+c
2 3 2
⇡
dy p )c=
e = x x2 4 6
dx ✓ x◆ ⇡
1
du ) y = sin +
Let x2 4 = u, then = 2x 2 6
dx
Z p dy 1
y= x x2 4dx g =
dx 4 x2
Z 1
1p =
= u du (2 x)(2 + x)
2 !
1 3 1 1 1
) y = u2 + c = +
4 2 x 2+x
3
1
Initial condition: y(4) = p using partial fractions.
4 3
But when x = 4, u = 12 1
) y = ( loge |2 x|+loge |2 + x| + c)
p 4
1 1
) p = (12 12) + c 1 2+x
4 3 3 = loge +c
p 4 2 x
3 p
) c= 4 12 Initial condition: y(0) = 2
12
1
) 2 = loge |1| + c
4
) c=2
1 2+x
) y= loge +2
4 2 x
10
dy 1 8
h = Initial conditions: y(0) =
dx 4 + x2 15
Z p p
dx 8 8 43 2 45
) y= ) = + +c
4 + x2 15 3 5
1 x 8 64 64
) y = tan 1 + c ) = + +c
2 2 15 3 5
3⇡ 8 128
Initial conditions: y(2) = ) = +c
8 15 15
3⇡ 1 ) c=8
) = tan 1 1 + c
8 2 p p
3⇡ ⇡ 8 (4 x)3 2 (4 x)5
) = +c ) y= + +8
8 8 3 5
⇡
) c= dy ex
4 j = x
✓ ◆ ⇡ dx e + 1
1 1 x
) y = tan + Let u = e x + 1
2 2 4
du
i = ex
dy p dx
=x 4 x Z
dx 1
) y= du
du u
Let u = 4 x, = 1
dx ) y = loge (e x + 1) + c (as e x > 0)
x=4 u Initial condition: y(0) = 0
Z p ) 0 = loge 2 + c
) y= x 4 xdx
) c= loge 2
Z
1
= (4 u)u 2 du ) y = loge (e x + 1) loge 2
✓ ex + 1 ◆
Z
1 3 ) y = loge
= 4u 2 u 2 du 2
✓8 2 5◆
3
= u2
u2 + c d2 y
3 5 4 a = e x ex
✓8 ◆ dx 2
3 2 5
Z
= (4 x) 2 (4 x) 2 +c dy
3 5 = (e x e x )dx
p p dx
8 (4 x)3 2 (4 x)5
= + +c dy
3 5 = e x e x + c1
dx
11
dy dy 1
Initial condition: = 0, x = 0 Initial condition: = , x=0
dx dx 2
) 0= 1 1 + c1 dy 1
) = 2x cos 2x
dx 2
) c1 = 2 Z ✓ ◆
1
dy y= 2x + cos 2x dx
) = e x ex + 2 2
dx 1
Z y = x2 + sin 2x + c2
y = ( e x e x + 2)dx 4
Initial condition: y(0) = 1
y = e x e x + 2x + c2 ) c2 = 1
Initial condition: y(0) = 0 1
) y = x2 + sin 2x 1
) 0 = 1 1 + 0 + c2 4
) c2 = 0 d2 y 1
d 2
=1
) y=e x
e x + 2x dx x2
Z ✓
dy 1◆
= 1 dx
d2 y dx x2
b = 2 12x
dx2 1
Z = x + + c1
dy x
= (2 12x)dx
dx dy
Initial condition: = 0, x = 0
dy dx
= 2x 6x2 + c1
dx ) 0 = 1 + 1 + c1
dy
Initial condition: = 0, x = 0 ) c1 = 2
dx
dy 1
) c1 = 0 ) = x+ 2
dx x
dy Z ✓ ◆
) = 2x 6x2 1
dx y= x+ 2 dx
Z x
y = (2x 6x2 )dx x2
y= + loge |x| 2x + c2
2
y = x2 2x3 + c2 3
Initial condition: y(1) =
Initial condition: y(0) = 0 2
) c2 = 0 3 1
) = 2 + c2
) y = x2 2x3 2 2
(Note: loge 1 = 0)
d2 y ) c2 = 3
c = 2 sin 2x
dx2
Z x2
dy ) y= + loge |x| 2x + 3
= (2 sin 2x)dx 2
dx
dy 1
= 2x + cos 2x + c1
dx 2
12
d2 y 2x Initial condition: y( 1) = 2
e 2
=
dx (1 + x2 )2 ) 2 = 8 + 12 6 + c2
Z
dy 2xdx
= ) c2 = 0
dx (1 + x2 )2
Z
dw ) y = 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x
= , where w = 1 + x2
w2 d2 y x
1 g =
= + c1 dx2 3
w (4 x2 ) 2
1 Let 4 x2 = u
= + c1
1 + x2 du
dy then = 2x
Initial condition: = 0, x = 0 dx
dx Z
dy x
) c1 = 1 ) = 3
dx
dx 2
(4 x ) 2
dy 1 Z
) = +1 1 1
dx 1 + x2 = 3
du
2
) c1 = 0 u 2
Z Z 1
dx =u 2 + c1
y= + 1dx
1 + x2 1
1 = p + c1
= tan x + x + c2 4 x2
Initial condition: y(1) = 1 dy 1
⇡ Initial condition: = , x=0
) 1= + 1 + c2 dx 2
4 dy 1
⇡ ) = p
) c2 = dx 4 x2
4
⇡ x
) y = x tan 1 x + ) y = sin 1 + c2
4 2
⇡
Initial condition: y( 2) =
d2 y 2
f = 24(2x + 1) ⇡
dx2 ) = sin 1 ( 1) + c2
Z 2
dy
= 24(2x + 1)dx ) c2 = 0
dx
x
= 24(x2 + x) + c1 ) y = sin 1
2
dy
Initial condition: = 6, x = 1
dx dy
) c1 = 6 5 a = 3x + 4
dx
dy 3
) = 24(x2 + x) + 6 ) y = x2 + 4x + c,
dx 2
✓ x3 x2 ◆ c 2 R, represents the family of
y = 24 + + 6x + c2 curves.
3 2
= 8x3 + 12x2 + 6x + c2
13
d2 y dy
b = 2x b = x + sin 2x
dx2 dx
dy 1 1
) = x2 + c ) y = x2 cos 2x + c
dx 2 2
1 3 Now y(0) = 4
) y= x + cx + d,
3 1 1
c, d 2 R, represents the family of ) 4 = (0)2 cos(2 ⇥ 0) + c
curves. 2 2
1
dy 1 =0 +c
c = 2
dx x 3 9
) c=
) y = loge |x 3| + c, 2
c 2 R, represents the family of 1 1 9
) y = x2 cos 2x +
curves. 2 2 2
dy 1
dy c =
6 a =2 e x dx 2 x
dx
) y = loge |2 x| + c
) y = 2x + e x + c
Now y(3) = 2
Now y(0) = 1
0
) 2= loge |2 3| + c
) 1=2⇥0+e +c
= 0+c
) c=0
x
) c=2
) y = 2x + e
) y=2 loge |2 x|
) c1 = 0
14
dy ) |2y 1| = e 2(x c)
1 a = 3y 5
dx 2x
dx 1 ) |2y 1| = Ae where A = e2c
) = 2x
dy 3y 5 ) 2y 1 = Ae or 2y 1
1 = Ae 2x
) x = loge |3y 5| + c, c 2 R,
3
1
1 ) y = (Ae 2x + 1) or
) x c = loge |3y 5| 2
3 1
) 3(x c) = loge |3y 5| y = (1 Ae 2x )
2
) |3y 5| = e3(x c) 1 1
) y = (Ae 2x + 1) for y >
2 2
) |3y 5| = Ae3x where A = e 3c
1 1
) 3y 5 = Ae3x or 3y 5 = Ae3x or y = (1 Ae 2x ) for y <
2 2
1 dy
) y = (Ae3x + 5) or c = e2y 1
3 dx
1 dx
y = (5 Ae3x ) ) = e1 2y
3 dy
1 5
) y = (Ae3x + 5) for y > 1 1 2y
3 3 ) x= e + c, c 2 R
2
1 5
or y = (5 Ae3x ) for y < 1 1 2y
3 3 ) x c= e
2
dy ) 2(x c) = e1 2y
b = 1 2y
dx
) 1 2y = loge | 2(x c)|
dx 1
) = ) 2y = 1 loge | 2(x c)|
dy 1 2y
1 1
= ) y = (1 loge | 2(x c)|)
2y 1 2
1 1 1
) x= loge |2y 1| + c, ) y= loge |2c 2x|
2 2 2
c 2 R, dy
d = cos2 y
1 dx
) x c= loge |2y 1| dx
2 ) = sec2 y
) 2(x c) = loge |2y 1| dy
) x = tan y + c
) x c = tan y
) y = tan 1 (x c)
15
dy When y = 1,
e = cot y
dx
dx 2A = 1
) = tan y 1
dy ) A=
sin y 2
= When y = 1,
cos y
du 2B = 1
Let u = cos y ) = sin y
dy 1
dx 1 du ) B=
) = 2
dy u dy 1 1 1
Z ) ⌘
1 du (y + 1)(y 1) 2(y 1) 2(y + 1)
) x= dy
u dy dx 1 1
Z ) =
1 dy 2(y 1) 2(y + 1)
= du
u 1
) x = loge |y 1|
= loge |u| + c, c 2 R 2
1
= loge | cos y| + c loge |y + 1| + c,
2
) x c= loge | cos y| c 2 R,
) (x c) = loge | cos y| 1 y 1
c x = loge +c
) | cos y| = e 2 y+1
) y = cos 1 (ec x ) for cos y > 0 1 y 1
) x
loge c=
2 y+1
or y = cos 1 ( ec x )for cos y < 0
y 1
) 2(x c) = loge
dy y+1
f = y2 1
dx y 1
) = e2(x c)
dx 1 y+1
) = 2
dy y 1 y 1
) = Ae2x where A = e 2c
1 y+1
=
(y + 1)(y 1) For y > 1 or y < 1:
1 A B ) y 1 = Ae2x (y + 1)
Let ⌘ +
(y + 1)(y 1) y + 1 y 1 ) y Aye2x = Ae2x + 1
) A(y 1) + B(y + 1) = 1
) y(1 Ae2x ) = Ae2x + 1
1 + Ae2x
) y=
1 Ae2x
For 1 < y < 1:
1 Ae2x
y=
1 + Ae2x
16
dy ) A(y + 4) + By = 1
g = 1 + y2
dx
dx 1 When y = 4,
) =
dy 1 + y2 4B = 1
) x = tan 1
y + c, c 2 R 1
) B=
1 4
) x c = tan y
When y = 0,
) y = tan(x c)
4A = 1
dy 1 1
h = 2 ) A=
dx 5y + 2y 4
dx 1 1 1
) = 5y2 + 2y ) ⌘
dy y(y + 4) 4y 4(y + 4)
5 dx 1 1
) x = y3 + y2 + c, c 2 R ) =
3 dy 4y 4(y + 4)
1 1
dy p 1 ) x = loge |y| loge |y + 4|
i = y = y2 4 4
dx
dx 1 + c, c 2 R
) =y 2 1 y
dy ) x = loge +c
4 y+4
1
) x = 2y 2 + c, c 2 R 1 y
) x c = loge
1 4 y+4
) x c = 2y 2 y
1 1 ) 4(x c) = loge
) (x c) = y 2 y+4
2 y
1 ) e4(x c) =
) y = (x c)2 y+4
4 y
) = Ae4x where A = e 4c
dy y+4
j = y2 + 4y For y > 0 or y < 4:
dx
dx 1 ) y = Ae4x (y + 4)
) = 2
dy y + 4y ) y(1 Ae4x ) = 4Ae4x
1 4Ae4x
= ) y=
y(y + 4)
1 Ae4x
1 A B
Let ⌘ + For 4 < y < 0:
y(y + 4) y y + 4
4Ae4x
y=
1 + Ae4x
17
dy d
2 a =y dy
dx = 2y + 1
Z
dy dx
) x= Z
y dy
) x=
2y + 1
) x + c = loge |y|
1
When x = 0, y = e ) x = loge |2y + 1| + c
2
) c=1 When x = 0, y = 1
) x + 1 = loge |y| ) c=0
) e x+1 = |y| ) 2x = loge |2y + 1|
x+1
) y=e for y > 0 ) |2y + 1| = e2x
b 1 2x 1
y= (e + 1) for y <
dy 2 2
=y+1
dx
Z dy ey
dy e = y
) x= dx e + 1
y+1 Z y
e +1
) loge |y + 1| = x + c ) x= dy
ey
When x = 4, y = 0 Z
) x = (1 + e y )dy
) c= 4
y
) |y + 1| = e x 4 ) x=y e +c
) y = ex 4
1 for y > 1 When x = 0, y = 0
) c=1
dy
c = 2y ) x=y e y
+1
dx
Z
1 dy q
) x= dy
2 y f = 9 y2
dx
) loge |y| = 2x + c Z
dy
) x= p
When x = 1, y = 1 9 y2
c= 2 y
) ) x = sin 1 + c
3
) |y| = e2x 2
When x = 0, y = 3
) y = e2x 2
for y > 0 ⇡
) c=
✓ 2⇡◆
) y = 3 sin x +
2
) y = 3 cos x
18
⇡ ⇡ ⇡
Also < x+ < h
2 2 2 dy
) ⇡ < x < 0 ) y = 3 cos x, ⇡< = 1 + 9y2
dx
x<0 Z
1
) x= dy
dy 1 + 9y2
g = 9 y2
dx Z
Z 1
1 ) x= dy
) x= dy 1 + (3y)2
9 y2
1 A B 1
⌘ + ) x= tan 1 3y + c
9 y 2 3 y 3+y 3
⇡ 1
) 1 = A(3 + y) + B(3 y) When x= , y=
12 3
1 1 ⇡
When y = 3, B = ) tan 1 ( 1) + c =
6 3 12
1 ⇡ ⇡
When y = 3, A = ) c =
Z 6 Z 12 12
1 dy 1 dy
) x= + ) c=0
6 3 y 6 3+y
1
1 ) tan 3y = 3x
) x= loge |3 y|
6 ) 3y = tan 3x
1
+ loge |3 + y| + c 1
6 ) y= tan 3x
3
1 3+y ⇡ ⇡
) x = loge +c Also < 3x <
6 3 y 2 2
⇡ ⇡
7 ) <x<
When x = , y = 0 6 6
6
1 ⇡ ⇡
7 ) y = tan 3x, <x<
) c= 3 6 6
✓ 67◆ 3+y
) 6 x = loge dy y2 + 2y
6 3 y i =
dx 2
3+y Z
) = e6x 7 2
3 y ) x= 2
dy
y + 2y
For 3 < y < 3: Z
2
) x= dy
) 3 + y = e6x 7 (3 y) y(y + 2)
2 A B
) y(1 + e6x 7 ) = 3e6x 7
3 = +
y2 + 2y y y + 2
3(e6x 7 1)
) y= ) 2 = A(y + 2) + By
e6x 7 + 1
When y = 0, A = 1
When y = 2, B = 1
19
Z
2dy 1
x= x = y3 + c
)
y2 + 2y 3
Z Z 1
dy dy ) x c = y3
) x= 3
y y+2
y ) 3(x c) = y3
) x = loge +c
y+2 1
) y = [3(x c)] 3
When x = 0, y = 4 is the equation for the family of
) c= loge 2 curves.
y dy
) x = loge b = 2y 1
2(y + 2) dx
For y < 2 dx 1
) =
dy 2y 1
y = 2e x (y + 2)
1
) y(1 2e x ) = 4e x ) x = loge |2y 1| + c, c 2 R,
2
4e x 1
) y= ) x c = loge |2y 1|
1 2e x 2
4e x e x
) 2(x c) = loge |2y 1|
) y= x
⇥ x
1 2e e ) |2y 1| = e2(x c)
4
) y= x ) |2y 1| = Ae2x where A = e 2c
e 2
1
) y = (Ae2x + 1)
dy 1 2
3 a = 2
dx y
dx
) = y2
dy
20
1 a From the table, dN 1
c / 2, N , 0
dx dt N
= 2t + 1
dt dN k
) = 2 , N , 0 and k > 0 since the
) x = t2 + t + c dt N
population is increasing.
Now x(0) = 3
dx 1
) 3=c d / , x,0
dt x
) x = t2 + t + 3 dx k
) = , x , 0 and k > 0
dt x
b From the table,
dx dm
= 3t 1 e / m
dt dt
3 dm
) x = t2 t + c ) = km, k > 0
2 dt
Now x(1) = 1 or alternatively,
3 dm
) 1= 1+c = km, k < 0
2 dt
1
) c= f The gradient of the tangent at the
2 y
3 1 point (x, y) is . Three times this is,
) x = t2 t + x
2 2 3y
x
c From the table, Therefore the gradient of the normal
dx
= 2t + 8 at the point (x, y) is
dt
dy 1
) x = t2 + 8t + c =
dx 3y
Now x(2) = 3 x
) 3 = (2)2 + 8(2) + c dy x
) = , y,0
dx 3y
= 4 + 16 + c
= 12 + c
dP
3 a i /P
) c = 15 dt
) x = t2 + 8t 15 dP
) = kP, k > 0
dt
dy 1 dt 1
2 a = , y,0 ii =
dx y dP kP
Z
1 1
dy 1 ) t= dP
b = 2, y , 0 k P
dx y 1
) t = loge P + c, P > 0
k
21
loge (1.1)t ✓ P ◆
b i = loge
When t = 0, P = 1000 2 1000
1
1 ) P = 1000e 2 t loge (1.1)
) 0 = loge 1000 + c 1
k t
) P = 1000(1.1) 2
When t = 2, P = 1100
1 When t = 5,
) 2= loge 1100 + c 2 5
k P = 1000(1.1) 2
2 1 yields
= 1269.05870 . . .
1 After five years, the population
2= loge 1100
k is 1269.
1
loge 1000 t
k ii P = 1000(1.1) 2 , t 0
1 ✓ 1100 ◆
= loge P
k 1000
1
= loge 1.1
k
1
) k= loge 1.1 3
2
Substituting 3 in 1 yields 1000
1
0= loge 1000 + c
1
loge 1.1
2 0 t
2 loge 1000
= +c
loge 1.1 p
dP
2 loge 1000 4 a i / P, P > 0
) c= dt
loge 1.1 dP p
1 ) = k P, k < 0 and P > 0
) t= loge P dt
1
loge 1.1 dt 1
2 ii = p
dP k P
2 loge 1000 Z
+ 1 1
loge 1.1 ) t= P 2 dP
2 k
= (loge P loge 1000) 1 1
loge 1.1 = ⇥ 2P 2 + c
✓ P ◆ k
2 p
) t= loge 2 P
loge 1.1 1000 ) t= + c, k < 0
Rearranging to make P the k
subject of the formula:
22
p p p p
b i 2t( 135 p 5 6) +p50 6 =p P
When t = 0, P = 15 000 ) P = [2t( 135 5 6) + 5 6]2
p When t = 10,
2 15 000 p p
) 0= +c
k P = (20 135 100 6
p p
100 6 + 50 6)2
) 0= +c 1
k p p
When t = 5, P = 13 500 = (20 135 50 6)2
p = 400 ⇥ 135 + 2500 ⇥ 6
2 13 500 p p
5= +c
k 2 ⇥ 20 135 ⇥ 50 6
p p
20 135 = 69 000 2000 810
5= +c 2
k p
2 1 yields = 69 000 18 000 10
p p = 12 079.00212 . . .
20 135 100 6
5= The population after 10 years is
k k
12 079.
20 p p
) 5 = ( 135 5 6) p p p 2
k ii P = [2t( 135 5 6) + 50 6] ,
p p
) k = 4 135 20 6 3
t 0
Substituting 3 in p1 yields
From 4 in part b i. p
100 6
0= p p +c 25 6
4 135 20 6 When P = 0, t = p p
p 5 6 135
25 6 P
= p p +c
135 5 6 15 000
p
25 6
) c= p p
135 5 6
p
2 P
) t= p p
4 135 20 6
p 0 25 6 t
25 6 5 6 – 135
p p
135 5 6
p
P dP 1
= p p 5 a i /
2( 135 5 6) dt P
p dP k
2(25 6) = , k > 0 and P > 0
p p dt P
2( 135 5 6)
p p
P 50 6
= p p 4
2( 135 5 6)
Rearranging to make P the
23
dt P Substituting 3 in 1 yields
ii =
dP k 1
Z 0=
1 2(2.625 ⇥ 1010 )
) t= PdP
k (1 000 000)2 + c
1 1
= ⇥ P2 + c 1 ⇥ 1012
k 2 = +c
1 5.25 ⇥ 1010
) t = P2 + c 100
2k =
5.25
b i When t = 0, P = 1 000 000 400
= +c
1 21
) 0= (1 000 000)2 400
2k ) c=
21
+c 1
1 400
When t = 4, P = 1 100 000 ) t= 10
P2
2(2.625 ⇥ 10 ) 21
1 1 400
) 4= (1 100 000)2 = P2
2k 5.25 ⇥ 10 10 21
+c 2 Rearranging to make P the
2 1 yields ✓ 400 ◆
2 10
P = 5.25 ⇥ 10 t +
1 21
4= (1 100 000)2 r ✓ 400 ◆
2k
) P = 5.25 ⇥ 1010 t +
1 21
(1 000 000)2
2k (The negative square root is not
1 appropriate as
= ((1 100 000)2 rP ✓ 0.)
2k 400 ◆
= 50 000 21 t +
(1 000 000)2 ) 21
p
1 ) P = 50 000 21t + 400, t 0
= (2.1 ⇥ 1011 )
2k p
1.05 ⇥ 1011 ii P = 50 000 21t + 400, t 0
=
k P
1
) k = (1.05 ⇥ 1011 )
4
= 2.625 ⇥ 1010 3
1000 000
0 t
24
dy 1 When t = 40
6 = y
dx 10 ✓ 60 ◆
Z 20
1 40 = ✓ 3 ◆ loge
x = 10 dy T 20
y loge
2
) x = 10 loge y + c, y > 0 ✓3◆ ✓ 60 ◆
2 loge = loge
y = 10 when x = 0 2 T 20
✓9◆ ✓ 60 ◆
) c = 10 loge 10 loge = loge
4 T 20
y
) x = 10 loge 9 60
10 =
x 4 T 20
) y = 10e 10 9T 180 = 240
140
T=
7 3
dT
= k(T 20)
dt
dt 1 d✓
= 8 = 0.01✓
dT T 20 dt
1 dt 100
t= loge (T 20) + c, )
T > 20 =
k d✓ ✓
When t = 0, T = 80 ) t = 100 loge ✓ + c, ✓ > 0
1 ✓ = 300 when t = 0
)c= loge 60
k ) c = 100 loge 300
1 ✓ 60 ◆
✓ ✓ ◆
) t = loge
k T 20 ) t = 100 loge
300
When t = 20, T = 60
) ✓ = 300e0.01t
1 ✓ 60 ◆
20 = loge When t = 10,
k 60 20
1 20 ✓ = 300e0.1
= ✓3◆
k ⇡ 331.55 K
loge
2
20 ✓ 60 ◆
)t= ✓ 3 ◆ loge dQ
T 20 9 = kQ
loge dt
2
dt 1
) =
dQ kQ
1
) t= loge Q + c, Q > 0
k
When t = 0, Q = 50
1
) c= loge 50
k
25
When t = 10, Q = 25 30
) t= loge (20 3x)
3
1 1
) 10 = loge 25 + loge 50 20
k k + c, x <
3
1
) 10 = loge 2 = 10 loge (20 3x)
k
1 +c
) k= loge 2
10
✓ 50 ◆ When t = 0, x = 2
10
) t= loge ) c = 10 loge (14)
loge 2 Q
✓ 14 ◆
t 50
) loge 2 = loge ) t = 10 loge
10 Q 20 3x
14 t
When Q = 10, ) loge = 1
20 3x 10
10 loge 5 14 t
) t= ⇡ 23.22 ) = e 10
loge 2 20 3x
20 3x t
) = e 10
dm 14
10 = km t
dt ) 20 3x = 14e 10
dt 1 t
=
dm km ) 3x = 20 14e 10
1 t
) t= loge m + c, m > 0 20 14e 10
k ) x=
3
Let m = m0 initially.
1✓ t ◆
1 ) x= 20 14e 10
) c=
loge m0 3
k
1 m0 b From 1 ,
) t = loge 14
k m t = 10 loge
m0 1 20 3x
When m = , t = loge 2 Therefore, when x = 6,
2 k 14
t = 10 loge
20 18
dx 20 3x ) t = 10 loge 7 ⇡ 19 min
11 a =
dt 30
dt 30
) =
dx 20 3x
26
dy y When t = 4, n = 8000
12 = 10
dx 10
1 1
dy 100 y ) 4=
loge 8000 loge 4000
= k k
dx 10
1
dx 10 ) 4 = loge 2
) = k
dy 100 y
1
) x = 10 loge (100 y) + c, ) k = loge 2
4
y < 100 4 n
) t= loge
loge 2 4000
When x = 0, y = 10
After 3 more days,
✓ nt =◆ 7
) c = 10 loge (90) 7
✓ 90 ◆ ) loge 2 = loge
4 4000
) x = 10 loge 7
100 y ) loge n = loge 2 + loge 4000
90 x 4
) = e 10 7
100 y ) n = 4000 ⇥ 2 4
100 y x
⇡ 13 454
) = e 10
90
x ⇡ 13 500
) 100 y = 90e 10
x
(to the nearest hundred)
) y = 100 90e 10
y
dN
100 14 a /N
dt
dN
) = kN, k > 0
dt
dt 1
) =
0 x dN kN
1
) t = loge N + c, N > 0
k
dn Let year 1990 be t = 0, then 2000 is
13 = kn
dt t = 10 and 2010 is t = 20.
dt 1 When t = 0, N = 10 000:
) =
dn kn
1
1 ) c= loge 10 000
) t = loge n + c, n > 0 k
k
When t = 10, N = 12 000:
When t = 0, n = 4000
1
1 ) 10 = loge 12 000
) c= loge 4000 k
k
1
loge 10 000
k
1 6
) 10 = loge
k 5
27
1 6 dN p
) k= loge c / N
10 5 dt
10 N dN p
) t= loge ) = k N, k > 0
loge 1.2 10 000 dt
) N = 10 000e0·1t loge 1·2 dt 1 1 1
) = p = N2
dN k N k
= 10 000(1.2)0.1t
2 1
For t = 20, ) t = N2 + c
k
) N = 10 000 ⇥ (1.2)2 When t = 0, N = 10 000
= 14 400 200
) c=
k
dN 1 2 1 200
b / ) t= N2
dt N k k
dN k When t = 10, N = 12 000
) = , k>0
dt N
2p 200
dt N ) 10 = 12 000
) = k k
dN k p
1
N2 ) 10 = (2 12 000 200)
) t= +c k
2k 1p
When t = 0, N = 10 000 ) k= 12 000 20
5
p
108 = 4 30 20
) c=
2k For t = 20,
When t = 10, N = 12 000 "
! 1 1 p
1 144 ⇥ 106 108 ) N 2 = (4 30 20)
) 10 = 2
k 2 2 ✓ ◆#
! 200
144 ⇥ 106 108 20 + p
) k= ÷ 10 4 30 20
2 2 p
1
= (80 30 400 + 200)
= 22 ⇥ 105 2
p
N2 108 = 40 30 100
) t= p
44 ⇥ 105 44 ⇥ 105 ) N = (40 30 100)2
For t = 20,
p ⇡ 14 182
) N = 20(44 ⇥ 105 ) + 108
⇡ 13 711 15 a rate of inflow = 0.3
p
rate of outflow = 0.2 V
dV p
) = 0.3 0.2 V,
dt
V>0
28
b 5x
) rate of outflow =
rate of inflow = 5 ⇥ 10 = 50 200 + t
m dx 5x
rate of outflow = ⇥ 12 =0
volume dt 200 + t
dV 5x
= rate in rate out =
dt 200 + t
= 10 12 where t 0
= 2
dm 1
) V = 2t + c, c 16 a = 0.25 m = (1 4m)
dt 4
is a constant
dt 4
b =
When t = 0, V = 200: dm 1 4m
t = loge (1 4m) + c
) c = 200
When t = 0, m = 0
) V = 200 2t ) t = loge (1 4m)
12m
) rate of outflow = ) e t = 1 4m
200 2t 1
) m = (1 e t )
6m 4
=
100 t c
dm 6m
= 50 ,
dt 100 t
0  t < 100
c
rate of inflow =0⇥6
=0
x
rate of outflow = ⇥5
volume 1
dV d When t = 2, m = (1 e 2)
= rate in rate out 4
dt
=6 5 m
17 a rate of outflow = ⇥ rate out
=1 volume
m
= ⇥1
) V = t + c, c is a constant 100
m
When t = 0, V = 200: =
100
) c = 200 The sugar is being removed at
m
kg/ min at time t minutes.
) V = 200 + t 100
b rate of inflow = 0 ⇥ 1 = 0
29
dm m
= rate of inflow rate of outflow b rate of outflow = ⇥1
dt 100
m m
=0 =
100
100
dm m The sugar is being removed at a rate
) = m
dt 100 of kg/ min at time t.
100
dt 100
c = dm
dm m c = rate of inflow rate of outflow
Z dt
100 m
) t= dm = 0.25
m 100
= 100 loge m + c, m > 0 dm 25 m
d =
When t = 0, m = 20: dt 100
dt 100
) 0 = 100 loge 20 + c ) =
dm 25 m
) c = 100 loge 20 Z
1
) t = 100 dm
) t = 100 loge m + 100 loge 20 25 m
✓ 20 ◆ = 100 loge (25 m) + c,
) t = 100 loge where 0 < m < 25
m
t ✓ 20 ◆ When t = 0, m = 0
) = loge ) 0 = 100 loge 25 + c
100 m
20 t
) c = 100 loge 25
) = e 100
m ) t = 100 loge (25 m)
t
) m= 20e 100 , t 0 + 100 loge 25
t
✓ 25 ◆
d m = 20e 100 , t 0 ) t = 100 loge 1
25 m
m
t ✓ 25 ◆
20 ) = loge
100 25 m
25 t
) = e 100
25 m
t
) 25 = (25 m)e 100
0 t t t
= 25e 100 me 100
t t
18 a rate of inflow = 0.25 ⇥ 1 ) me 100 = 25e 100 25
✓ t ◆
= 0.25 = 25 e 100 1
The sugar is being added at a rate of
✓ t ◆ t
0.25 kg/ min at time t.
) m = 25 e 100 1 e 100
✓ t ◆
) m = 25 1 e 100 , t 0
30
e When the concentration is 0.1 kg per dt 50 50
b = =
litre, dx 10 x x 10
m = 0.1 ⇥ 100 = 10 ) t = 50 loge (x 10) + c
Substitute m✓= 10 in ◆1 from d. When t = 0, x = 20
25
) t = 100 loge ) c = 50 loge 10
25 10
✓ 25 ◆ ✓ 10 ◆
= 100 loge ) t = 50 loge
15 x 10
✓5◆
= 100 loge When x = 18,
3
10
) t = 51.08256 . . . ) t = 50 loge ⇡ 11.16 min
8
It will take 51 minutes (to the nearest
minute) for the concentration in the
dx 2x
tank to reach 0.1 kg per litre. 20 a = 0.4 , where 0.4 is a
dt 400
✓ t ◆ 2x
f m = 25 1 e 100 , t 0 constant rate added and is the
400
rate of solution drawn o↵.
When t = 0, m = 25(1 e0 ) dx x
) = 0.4
dt 200
= 25(1 1) 80 x
=
=0 200
t dt 200
As t ! 1, e 100 ! 0 ) m ! 25 ) =
dx 80 x
m = 25 is a horizontal asymptote.
m
) t = 200 loge (80 x) + c
25 Initially, x = 10
) c = 200 loge 70
✓ 70 ◆
) t = 200 loge
80 x
0 t 70 t
) = e 200
80 x
t
19 a If x L is the amount pure serum in ) 70 = e 200 (80 x)
the tank at time t, then with 2 L of t t
solution drawn o↵ we lose 0.02x L ) xe 200 = 80e 200 70
t
pure serum, but we add at the same ) x = 80 70e 200
time 0.2 L each minute.
dx
) = 0.2 0.02x
dt
dx 20 2x 10 x
) = =
dt 100 50
31
b 0 < x < 50
x
rate of outflow = ⇥1 When t = 0, x = 0
volume
dV ) 0 = 10 loge 50 + c
=2 1=1
dt
) c = 10 loge 50
) V = t + c,
) t = 10 loge (50 x)
c is a constant
+ 10 loge 50
When t = 0, V = 400: ✓ 50 ◆
) c = 400 = 10 loge
50 x
t ✓ 50 ◆
) V = 400 + t
) = loge
x 10 50 x
) rate of outflow =
400 + t 50 t
) = e 10
dx x 50 x
) = 0.4 t
dt 400 + t ) 50 = (50 x)e 10
t t
dx dV = 50e 10 xe 10
21 rate of inflow = ⇥ ✓ t ◆
dV dt t
) xe = 50 e
10 10 1
= 0.5 ⇥ 10
✓ t◆
=5 ) x = 50 1 e 10 , t 0
dx dV
rate of outflow = ⇥
dV dt
x 22 a rate of inflow =0⇥2=0
= ⇥ 10 x x
100 rate of outflow = ⇥2=
x 20 10
=
10 dx x x
dx x ) =0 =
) =5 dt 10 10
dt 10
dt 10
50 x b =
= dx x
10
dt 10 ) t = 10 loge (x) + c
) =
dx 50 x When t = 0, t = 10 :
Z
1
) t = 10 dx ) c = 10 loge 10
50 x ✓ 10 ◆
= 10 loge (50 x) + c, ) t = 10 loge 1
x
t
) x = 10e 10 , t 0
32
!
c x 0.1N 5000
) t = 10 loge 1
495 000
10 !
t 0.1N 5000
) = loge
10 495000
t 0.1N 5000
) e 10 =
495 000
0 t t
) 0.1N = 495 000e 10 + 5000
d From 1 in part b t
When x = 5, ) N = 4 950 000e 10 + 50 000
✓ t ◆
) t = 10 loge 2 ⇡ 6.93 min ) N = 50 000 99e 10 + 1 , t 0
23 a b From 1 in a, when N = 10 000 000 !

dN 0.1 ⇥ 10 000 000 5000
= 0.1N 5000 ) t = 10 loge
dt 495 000
dt 1 ✓ 199 ◆
) = = 10 loge
dN 0.1N 5000 99
Z
1
) t= dN = 6.98184 . . .
0.1N 5000 The country will have a population of
1 10 million at the end of 2016.
= loge (0.1N 5000) + c,
0.1
where N > 50 000
= 10 loge (0.1N 5000) + c
When t = 0, N = 5 000 000:
) 0 = 10 loge (0.1 ⇥ 5 000 000
5000) + c
= 10 loge (495 000) + c
) c = 10 loge (495 000)
33
dy dy 1
1 a = yx d =
dx dx xy
Z Z Z Z
1 1
) dy = x dx ) y dy = dx
y x
1 1
) loge |y| = x2 + c ) y2 = loge |x| + c
2 2
1 2
|y| = e 2 x +c y2 = 2 loge |x| + c
x2
y = Ae 2
2 a
Notice that when we divide both dy x
sides of the equation by y we have = and y(1) = 1
dx y
assumed y , 0 but it is clear that Z Z
y = 0 is a solution of the equation. ) y dy = x dx
dy x 1 1 2
b = ) y2 = x +c
dx y 2 2
Z Z We have y(1) = 1
) y dy = x dx
1 1
) = +c
1 1 2 2
) y2 = x2 + c
2 2 )c=1
y = x2 + c
2 p
) y2 = 2 x2 , y > 0 or y = 2 x2
Here y , 0
4 dy dy y
c =y b = and y(1) = 1
x2 dx dx x
Z Z Z Z
1 1 2 1 1
) dy = x dx ) dy = dx
y 4 y x
1 3 ) loge |y| = loge |x| + c
) loge |y| = x +c
12 We have y(1) = 1
x3
y= Ae 12 ) loge |y| = loge |x|
Notice that when we divide both
) |y| = |x| (y(1) = 1)
sides of the equation by y we have
assumed y , 0 but it is clear that )y=x
y = 0 is a solution of the equation.
c y
√2
x
−√2 0 √2
34
Note that y > 0 for the semicircle dy x + 1
5 =
and x , 0 for y = x. There is an open dx 3 y
Z Z
circle at (0,0) and open circles at ) 3 y dy = x + 1 dx
the end points of the semicircle(not
shown). 1 2 1 2
) 3y y = x +x+c
2 2
dy ) 6y y = x2 + 2x + c1
2
3 (1 + x2 )= 4xy and y(1) = 2
dx ) (y2 6y + 9) = x2 + 2x + 1 + d
1 dy 4x
= ) (x + 1)2 + (y 3)2 = d
y dx 1 + x2 Notice that when we divide both sides of
Z Z
1 4x the equation by 3 y we have assumed
) dy = dx
y 1 + x2 y,3.
) loge |y| = 2 loge (1 + x2 ) + c The result is a family of circles with
We have y(1) = 2 centre ( 1, 3) for d > 0
loge 2 = 2 loge 2 + c
dy 1
)c= loge 2 6 y2 = 3 and x , 0
dx x
Z Z
) loge |y| = 2 loge (1 + x2 ) loge 2 2 1
) y dy = dx
✓ (1 + x2 )2 ◆ x3
) loge |y| = loge 1 1 2
2 ) y3 = x +c
2 2 3 2
(1 + x )
) |y| = 3
2 ) y3 = +d
2x2
(1 + x2 )2
)y= (y(1) = 2)
2
dy
7 x3 = y2 (x 3)
dx
dy x Z Z
4 = and y(2) = 3 1 x 3
dx y ) 2
dy = dx
Z Z y x3
) y dy = x dx 1 1 3
) = + 2 +c
y x 2x
1 1 1 1 3
) y2 = x2 + c ) = +d
2 2 y x 2x2
We have y(2) = 3
2x2
5 )y= +d
)c= 3 2x
2
) y = x2 + 5
2
p
) y = x2 + 5 y(2) = 3
35
8 a dy
dy 9 a y= 1 + x2 y(0) = 1
= y(1 + e x ) dx
Z Z
dx
1 dy
Z
1
Z ) y dy = 1 + x2 dx
x
=1+e ) dy = 1 + e x dx
y dx y 1 1
x ) y2 = 1 + x 3 + c
) loge |y| = x + e + c 2 3
x 2
) |y| = e x+e +c ) y2 = 2x + x3 + c
x
3
) y = Ae x+e y(0) = 1, ) c = 1
Notice that when we divide both
sides of the equation by y we have 2
) y2 = 2x + x3 + 1
assumed y , 0 but it is clear that 3
y = 0 is a solution of the equation. dy ⇡
b x2
= cos2 y y(1) =
dx 4
dy Z Z
b = 9x2 y 1
dx ) sec2 y dy = dx
Z Z x2
1 dy 2 1
= 9x ) dy = 9x2 dx 1 1
y dx y ) y2 = 1 + x 3 + c
2 3
) loge |y| = 3x3 + c 1
) tan y = +c
3
) |y| = e3x +c x
⇡
3 y(1) = , ) c = 2
) y = Ae3x 4
Notice that when we divide both 1
sides of the equation by y we have ) tan y = +2
x
assumed y , 0 but it is clear that
y = 0 is a solution of the equation. dy x2 x
10 =
4 dy 1 dx y2 y
c = x , 0, y , 0 Z Z
y3 dx x
Z Z ) y2 y dy = x2 x dx
4 1
) dy = dx
y3 x 1 1 2 1 3 1 2
) y3 y = x x +c
2 3 2 3 2
) 2 = loge |x| + c
y ) 2y3 3y2 = 2x3 3x2 + c
2
) 2 = loge |x| + d
y
2
) y2 =
d loge |x|
36
dx dN N
11 a = inflow rate outflow rate b k = 0.6, = 0.6N
dt dt 50 t
When t = 0, N = N0
Amount in tank after t minutes dN 3N N
=
= 50 2t litres dt 5 50 t
✓ 145 3t ◆
The concentration =N
x 5(50 t)
= 1 dN 145 3t
50 2t ) =
dx 4x N dt 5(50 t)
) =2⇥0 Z Z
dt 50 2t 1 145 3t
) dN = dt
dx 4x N 5(50 t)
) =
dt 50 2t 3t
loge N = + loge (50 t) + c
2x 5
= with x(0) = 50
25 t When t = 0, N = N0
1 dy 1 ✓N ◆
0
b = x(0) = 50 ) c = loge
2x dx 25 t 50
Z Z ✓N ◆
1 1 3t 0
) dx = dt ) loge N = + loge (50 t) + loge
2x 25 t 5 50
1 ✓ 50N ◆ 3t
) loge |x| = loge |25 t| + c ) loge =
2 N0 (50 t) 5
) loge |x| = 2 loge |(25 t)| + c 50N 3t
= e5
0 < x  50 and 0  t  25 N0 (50 t)
50N
) loge x = loge (25 t)2 + c When t = 24, = e14.4
26N0
) x = A(25 t)2 ) N = 0.52 ⇥ N0 e14.4
Number of bacteria present after
c When t = 0, x = 50
24 hours
50 = A(25)2
13N0 72
2 = e5
A= 25
25
2
) x = (25 t)2
25
2
When t = 10, x = (15)2 = 18
25
9
Fraction remaining is
25
dN
12 a = rate in rate out
dt
dN 2N
= kN
dt 100 2t
dN N
) = kN , 0  t  50
dt 50 t
37
dy p Note y = 0 is a solution
13 x = y + x2 y y(1) = 2 e
dx
1 dy 1 + x2
y dx
=
x 14
dy
Z Z = (1 + y)2 sin2 x cos x y(0) = 2
1 1 + x2 dx
) dy = dx
y x 1 dy
2
= sin2 x cos x
) loge |y| = loge |x| + x + c (1 + y) dx
Z Z
p 1
When x = 1,y = 2 e ) 2
dy = sin2 x cos x dx
(1 + y)
p 1
loge (2 e) = loge 1 + + c 1 1
2 ) = sin3 x + c
(1 + y) 3
1 1
c = loge 2 + 1
2 2 When x = 0, y = 2, ) c =
3
) c = loge 2 1 1 1
✓y◆ 1 ) = sin3 x
loge = x2 (1 + y) 3 3
2x 2 3
y 1 2 )y= 1
= e2 x 1 sin3 x
2x
1 2
) y = 2xe 2 x
38
1 a And so,
dh dh dV
= ⇥
dt dV dt
1 p
= (Q c h), where h > 0
A
dV
c = rate in rate out
dt
Let V cm3 be the volume at time t p
minutes. = 0.3 0.2 V
0.5 L/min = 0.5 ⇥ 1000 cm3 /min Volume of tank V = 6⇡h
= 500 cm3 /min dV
) = 6⇡
dV dh
) = 500 Hence,
dt dh dh dV
1 = ⇥
Volume of cone V = ⇡r2 h dt dV dt
3 1 p
r h = (0.3 0.2 V)
Using similar triangles = 6⇡
25 50 1 p
h = (3 2 V), where V > 0
)r= 60⇡
!2 2 1 p
3 (3 2 6⇡h), where h > 0
1 h ⇡h =
) V= ⇡ h= 60⇡
3 2 12
d
dV ⇡h2
So, =
dh 4
dh dh dV
) = ⇥
dt dV dt
4
= 2 ⇥ 500
⇡h
2000
= , h>0
⇡h2
b dV p
= h
dt
Volume of cylinder V = ⇡r2 h
With r = 1.5;
!2
dV p 3 9⇡h
= rate in rate out = Q c h V=⇡ h=
dt 2 4
Volume of tank dV 9⇡
V = A ⇥ h, where A is the area ) =
dh 4
dV
) =A
dh
39
And so, dh dh dV
= ⇥
dh dh dV dt dV dt
= ⇥ p
dt dV dt 1
p = 2⇥ 5 h
4 ⇡h
= ⇥ h
9⇡ 5
p = p , where h > 0
4 h ⇡ h3
= , where h > 0 p
9⇡ dt ⇡ h3
) =
dh 5
dx Z p
2 a = sin t and y = 5x ⇡ h3
dt ) t= dh
dy 5
Therefore, =5 Z
⇡ 3
dx ) t= h 2 dh
dy dy dx 5
and, = ⇥ = 5 sin t !
dt dx dt ⇡ 2 5
) t= h2 + c
dy 5 5
b = 5 sin t p
dt 2⇡ h5
y = 5 cos t + c ) t= +c
25
When t = 0, h = 25:
3 a 2⇡(3125)
) c=
25
) c = 250⇡
p
2⇡ h5
) t = 250⇡ h>0
25
b When h = 0, t = 250⇡
) t ⇡ 785.40 min
) t ⇡ 13 hrs 5 min
dV p Tank is empty when h = 0:
= 5 h
dt
1
Volume of cone V = ⇡y2 h 4 a
3
y
h y
Using similar triangles; =
r r 2
2 2
x + y = 4
) y=h
Hence,
1
V = ⇡h3 x
3 -2 2 2 – h
dV
) = ⇡h2
dh h
And so, -2
40
3
When y = 2 h, t = 320(4) 2 = 320 ⇥ 8 = 2560 min
x2 + (2 h)2 = 4 2
= 42 hrs
) x2 + h2 4h + 4 = 4 3
p ) t = 42 hrs 40 min
) x = ± 4h h2
Therefore the width ofp the rectangu-
lar water surface = 2 4h h2 dV
5 a Given: = 2A2
Thus the area of rectangular water dt
surface p dr dr dV
= ⇥
= 6 ⇥ 2 4h h2 dt dV dt
p 4
Volume of sphere V = ⇡r3
= 12 4h h2 3
Changing h to x, the area of dV
) = 4⇡r2
the rectangular
p water surface dr
A = 12 4x x2 And so,
p dr 1
dx 0.025 x = ⇥ 2A2
) = p dt 4⇡r2
dt 12 4x x2
r 2A
1 =
p A
x x where 4⇡r2 is the surface area of a
= p ⇥ r
480 4x x2 1 sphere.
dr
x ) = 2A
dt
dx 1 dr
) = p ) = 2 ⇥ 4⇡r2
dt 480 4 x dt
dt p
b = 480 4 x
dx
Z
1
) t= 480(4 x) 2 dx
3
480(4 x) 2
) t= +c
3
⇥ 1
2
3
) t = 320(4 x) 2 + c
When t = 0, x = 4 :
) c=0
3
) t = 320(4 x) 2
c Tank is empty when x = 0.

So,
41
dt 1 Surface area, A = 4⇡r2
b =
dr 8⇡r2 r
Z A
1 )r=+
) t= dr 4⇡
8⇡r2 r
Z
1 1 A 2
) t= dr ) =
8⇡ r2 4⇡ 16⇡t + 1
Z
1 A 4
) t= r 2 dr ) =
8⇡ 4⇡ (16⇡t + 1)2
1 16⇡
) t= ⇥r 1+c ) A=
8⇡ (16⇡t + 1)2
1 A
) t= +c
8⇡r
When t = 0, r = 2:
1
) c=
16⇡
1 1
) t=
8⇡r 16⇡
1 1 t
) =t+
8⇡r 16⇡
1 1
) = 8⇡t + 6 a
r 2
1 16⇡t + 1
) =
r 2
2
) r=
16⇡t + 1
dr Let V cm3 be the volume at time
) = 8⇡r2 t minutes.
dt
dV
c radius-time graph = rate in rate out
dt
r
= Q kh
(Q kh) L/min = (Q kh)
2
⇥ 1000 cm3 /min
= 1000(Q kh)
cm3 /min
dV
) = 1000(Q kh)
t dt
surface area-time graph cm3 /min
Volume of tank
42
V = A ⇥ h, where A is the area A
) t= loge (Q kh0 )
dV 1000k
) =A !
dh 2
⇥
And so, Q kh0
dh dh dV !
= ⇥ A
dt dV dt ) t= loge 2 minutes
1000k
1000
= (Q kh), where h > 0
A
dt A
b =
dh 1000(Q kh)
Z
A 1
) t= dh
1000 Q kh
A
) t= loge (Q kh) + c
1000k
When t = 0, h = h0 :
A
)c= loge (Q kh0 ),
1000k
(Q > kh0 )
!
A Q kh0
) t= loge ,
1000k Q kh
Q > kh0
Q + kh0
c When h = ,
2k
!
A Q kh0
t= loge
1000k Q k Q+kh 0
2k
!
A Q kh0
) t= loge
1000k Q Q+kh 0
2
!
A Q kh0
) t= loge Q kh
1000k 0
2
43
1 TI: Set Calculation Mode to
Approximate and Display Digits
to Fix4
CP: Set to Decimal mode and change
the Number Format to Fix4
dy p
a = cos x, y(0) = 1 dy
dx c = loge (x2 ), y(1) = 2
⇡
Find y when x = . dx
4
On your calculator type: Find y when x = e.
R⇡ p On your calculator type:
4
0 cos(x) dx + 1 R e1
1
ln(x2 ) dx + 2
dy 1 dy p
b = p , y(0) = 1 d = loge x, y(1) = 2
dx cos x dx
⇡ Find y when x = e.
Find y when x = .
4 On your calculator type:
On your calculator type: R e1 p
R⇡ 1 ln(x) dx + 2
4 1
0 p dx + 1
cos(x)
44
dy ) y1 = 0.01 and
1 a = cos x and y(0) = 1
dx
x1 = 1 + 0.01 = 1.01
Using Euler’s method:
yn+1 = yn + 0.1[cos(xn )] 1 Put n = 1 into 2 :
" #
with x0 = 0, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 1
) y2 = y1 + 0.01 2
Put n = 0 into 1 : x1
" #
) y1 = y0 + 0.1 cos(x0 ) 1
= 0.01 + 0.01
1.012
= 1 + 0.1 ⇥ 1
20201
) y1 = 1.1 and x1 = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1 =
1020100
Put n = 1 into 1 : = 0.01980296 . . .
) y2 = y1 + 0.1[cos(x1 )] 20201
) y2 = and x2 = 1.02
1020100
= 1.1 + 0.1 ⇥ cos(0.1)
Put n = 2 into 2 :
= 1.19950041 . . . " #
1
) y2 = 1.1995 and ) y3 = y2 + 0.01 2
x2
x2 = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 !
20201 1
= + 0.01
Put n = 2 into 1 : 1020100 1.022
) y3 = y2 + 0.1[cos(x2 )] 78045301
=
2653280100
= 1.1995 + 0.1 ⇥ cos(0.2)
= 0.029414648 . . .
= 1.29750707 . . .
78045301
) y3 = 1.2975 and x3 = 0.3 ) y3 = and x3 = 1.03
2653280100
dy 1 Put n = 3 into 2:
b = 2 and y(1) = 0
dx x 78045301
) y4 =
Using Euler’s method: " # 2653280100
!
1 1
yn+1 = yn + 0.01 2 2 + 0.01
xn 1.032
with x0 = 1, y0 = 0, h = 0.01 = 0.038840607 . . .
Put n = 0 into 2 : ) y4 = 0.0388 and x4 = 1.04
!
1
) y1 = y0 + 0.01
x02
= 0 + 0.01(1)
45
dy p Put n = 1 into 4 :
c = x and y(1) = 1
dx !
1
Using Euler’s method: ) y2 = 0.005 + 0.01
p 2.0301
yn+1 = yn + 0.1[ xn ] 3
with x0 = 1, y0 = 1, h = 0.1 ) y2 = 0.009925865 . . . and
Put n = 0 into 3 : x2 = 0.02

p Put n = 2 into 4 :
) y1 = y0 + 0.1 ⇥ x0
= 1 + 0.1 ⇥ 1 ) y3 = 0.009925 . . .
!
) y1 = 1.1 and x1 = 1.1 1
+ 0.01
2.0604
Put n = 1 into 3 :
p = 0.01477929 . . .
) y2 = y1 + 0.1 ⇥ x1
p ) y3 = 0.0148 and x3 = 0.03
= 1.1 + 0.1 ⇥ 1.1
= 1.20488088 . . . 2 a i
dy
) y2 = 1.20488 . . . and x2 = 1.2 = cos x with y(0) = 1
dx
Put n = 2 into 3 : ) y = sin x + c
p
) y3 = y2 + 0.1 ⇥ x2 When x = 0, y = 1:
p
= 1.20488 . . . + 0.1 ⇥ 1.2 ) c=1
= 1.31442539 . . . ) y = sin x + 1
) y3 = 1.3144 and x3 = 1.3 When x = 1,
y = sin(1) + 1 ⇡ 1.8415
dy 1
d = 2 and y(0) = 0
dx x + 3x + 2 ii TI: Use the leonhard_euler
Using Euler’s method: program as outlied in the
yn+1 = yn + 0.01 textbook.
" #
1 CP: Use the Spreadsheet
⇥ 2 4
xn + 3xn + 2 instructions as outlied in the
textbook.
with x0 = 0, y0 = 0, h = 0.01
Put n = 0 into 4 :
!
1
) y1 = y0 + 0.01 2
x0 + 3x0 + 2
!
1
= 0 + 0.01
2
) y1 = 0.005 and x1 = 0.01
46
) y(1) = 1.8438 using Euler ii
dy 1
b i = 2 with y(1) = 0
dx x
Z
) y= x 2 dx
1
) y= +c
x
When x = 1, y = 0 :
) c=1 ) y(2) = 2.2169 using Euler
1
) y=1 dy 1
x d i = 2 with y(0) = 0
dx x + 3x + 2
When x = 2,
1
1 1 =
) y=1 = = 0.5 (x + 1)(x + 2)
2 2 1 A B
⌘ +
ii (x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
) 1 = A(x + 2)
+ B(x + 1)
When x = 2,
) B= 1
When x = 1,
) y(2) = 0.5038 using Euler ) Z A=1

1
) y= 2
dx
c i x + 3x + 2
dy p Z
= x with y(1) = 1 1 1
dx = dx
Z x+1 x+2
1
) y= x 2 dx ) y = loge (x + 1) loge (x + 2) + c
!
2 3 x+1
) y= x2 + c ) y = loge +c
3 x+2
When x = 1, y = 1 : When x = 0, y = 0:
!
1 1
) c= ) c = loge = loge 2
3 2
2 3 1 !
) y = x2 + x+1
3 3 ) y = loge + loge 2
x+2
When x = 2, !
2x + 2
2 p 1 ) y = loge
) y = (2 2) + = 2.2190 x+2
3 3
47
When x = 2, using the Euler program and a
3 step size of 0.1 is 3.444969502
) y = loge = 0.4055 correct to 9 decimal places.
2
ii ii step size = 0.05
) y(2) = 0.4076 using Euler

Therefore the solution at x = 1
dy using the Euler program and a
3 = sec2 x with y(0) = 2
dx step size of 0.05 is 3.498989223
Z correct to 9 decimal places.
1
a Recall: sec2 kx = tan kx + c
k
Z iii step size = 0.01
) y= sec2 xdx
) y = tan x + c
When x = 0, y = 2,
) c=2
) y = tan x + 2
When x = 1,
) y = tan(1) Therefore the solution at x = 1
using the Euler program and a
+ 2 (⇡ 3.5574)
step size of 0.01 is 3.545369041
b i step size = 0.1 correct to 9 decimal places.
dy
4 = y3 , with y(0) = 1
dx
Answer: 2.205
dy
5 = y2 + 1), with y(0) = 1
dx
Answer: 30.69
Therefore the solution at x = 1
48
dy b TI: In a Lists & Spreadsheet page,
6 = xy, with y(0) = 1
dx input the numbers
. Answer: 1.547 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, . . . , 1
into column A. In cell Bl
dy 1 x2 1 type = normCdf( 1, A1, 0, 1).
7 = p e 2 , with y(0) =
dx 2⇡ 2 Press Menu ! 3:Data ! Fill and
scroll down to cell 11 to copy the
a For Euler’s method the method
formula into the remaining cells.
described in 2a(ii.) will be used.
Use the down arrow key to view all

results.
CP: In a Spreadsheet page, input the
numbers 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, . . . , 1
into column A. In cell Bl
type = normCDf( 1, Al, 1, 0).
Select cell Bl through to B11. Tap
Edit ! Fill Range then OK.
Tabulating these results against
Tabulating these results (correct to 8
Euler’s method gives:
decimal places) gives:
Pr(Z < z)
Pr(Z < z)
z Euler’s method From tables
z Euler’s Method
0 0.5 0.5
0 0.5
0.1 0.53989423 0.53983
0.1 0.53989423
0.2 0.57958948 0.57926
0.2 0.57958948
0.3 0.61869375 0.61791
0.3 0.61869375
0.4 0.65683253 0.65542
0.4 0.65683253
0.5 0.69365955 0.69146
0.5 0.69365955
0.6 0.72886608 0.72575
0.6 0.72886608
0.7 0.76218854 0.75804
0.7 0.76218854
0.8 0.79341393 0.78814
0.8 0.79341393
0.9 0.82238309 0.81594
0.9 0.82238309
1 0.84899161 0.84134
1 0.84899161
49
c i For Euler’s method the method ii For Euler’s method the method
described in 2a(ii.) will be used. described in 2a(ii.) will be used.
Therefore an approximation
to Pr(Z  0.5) using the Euler
Therefore an approximation
program and a step size of 0.01 is
to Pr(Z  1) using the Euler
0.69169538 correct to 8 decimal
program and a step size of 0.01 is
places.
0.84212759 correct to 8 decimal
places.
50
dy c
1 a = 3x2 with y(1) = 0 dy
dx = e 2x with y(0) = 1
Z
dx
) y= 3x2 dx Z
) y= e 2x dx
3
) y= x +c
1 2x
Using y(1) = 0: ) y= e +c
2
0 = 13 + c using y(0) = 1:
) c= 1 1 0
1= e +c
) y = x3 1 2
3
) c=
2
3 1 2x 1 2x
) y= e = (3 e )
2 2 2
dy
b = sin(x) with y(0) = 0
dx
Z
) y= sin(x) dx
) y= cos(x) + c
using y(0) = 0:
0= cos(0) + c
) c=1
) y=1 cos(x)
51
dy dy
d = y2 with y(1) = 1 e = y2 with y(1) = 1
dx dx
dx 1 dx 1
) = 2 ) = 2
dy y dy y
Z Z
1 1
) x= dy ) x= dy
y2 y2
Z Z
) x= y 2 dy ) x= y 2 dy
1 1
) x= +c ) x= +c
y y
using y(1) = 1: using y(1) = 1:
1 1
1= +c 1= +c
1 1
) c=2 ) c=0
1 1 1
) x= +2 ) x= ,y= and
y y x
1 x>0
) x 2=
y
1
) y= , x<2
x 2
1
) y=
(x 2)
1
) y= , x<2
2 x
52
f
dy
= y(y 1) with y(0) = 1
dx
dx 1
) =
dy y(y 1)
dx 1 1
) =
dy y 1 y
using partial fractions
Z !
1 1
) x= dy g
y 1 y dy
= y(y 1) with y(0)
) x = loge |y 1| loge |y| + c dx
= 2 from part f.
y 1
) x = loge +c y 1
y x = loge +c
y
using y(0) = 1:
using y(0) = 2:
1 1
0 = loge +c 2 1
1 0 = loge +c
2
) c= loge (2) !
! 1
y 1 ) c = loge = loge (2)
) x = loge loge (2), 2
y !
y 1
y>1 ) x = loge + loge (2),
! y
y 1
) x = loge y>1
2y !
y 1 2(y 1)
) ex = ) x = loge
2y y
1 1 2(y 1)
) ex = ) ex =
2 2y y
1 1 2
) ex = ) ex = 2
2 2y y
1 2
) 1 2e x = ) ex 2=
y y
1 2
) y= ) y= x
1 2e x e 2
2
) y=
2 ex
53
dy
h = tan(x) with y(0) = 0 2 a
dx
Z
) y= tan(x) dx
Z
sin x
) y= dx
cos x
du
Let u = cos x ) = sin x
dx
Z du
) y= dx dx
u
Z
1
) y= du
u b
) y= loge (u) + c, u > 0
) y= loge (cos x) + c
using y(0) = 0:
0= loge (1) + c
) c=0
) y= loge (cos x)
54
dy x2 + 1 d2 y
1 a = d = e 3x + e x
dx x2 dx 2
Z
1 dy
=1+ 2 ) = e 3x + e x dx
x dx
Z
1 3x
) y = (1 + x 2 )dx = e e x + c1
3
1 Z !
=x x +c 1 3x x
) y= e e + c1 dx
1 3
=x +c
x 1 3x x
= e +e + c1 x + c2
9
1 dy
b ⇥ = 10
y dx dy 3 y
e =
dy dx 2
) = 10y dx 2
dx ) =
dx 1 dy 3 y
) = Z
dy 10y 2
Z ) x= dy
1 3 y
) x= dy
10y ) x = 2 loge (3 y) + c, y < 3
1 x c
= loge y + d, since y > 0 ) 3 y=e 2
10
x c
) e10(x d) = y ) y=3 e 2
) y = ce10x
dy 3 x
f =
d2 y 1 dx 2
Z
c = (sin 3t + cos 2t), t 0 3 x
dt2 2 ) y= dx
Z 2
dy 1
) = (sin 3t + cos 2t)dt 3 x2
dt 2 = x +c
1 1 2 4
= cos 3t + sin 2t + c1
6 4
Z !
1 1
) y= cos 3t+ sin 2t+c1 dt
6 4
1 1
= sin 3t cos 2t+c1 t+c2
18 8
55
dy dy 1 + x2
2 a = ⇡ cos(2⇡x) c =
dx dx x2
Z Z !
) y = ⇡ cos(2⇡x)dx 1
y= + x dx
x
⇡
= sin(2⇡x) + c x2
2⇡ = loge |x| ++c
5 2
When y= 1, x = , and When y = 0, x = 1, and
2
1 1
1= sin 5⇡ + c 0 = loge 1 + +c
2 2
1 1
) 1= +c ) c=
2 2
1 x2 1
) c= ) y = loge |x| +
2 2 2
1 1
) y= sin(2⇡x) dy x
2 2 d =
dx 1 + x2
dy cos 2x du
b = Let 1 + x2 = u, 2x =
dx sin 2x dx
du Z
Let sin 2x = u, then = 2 cos 2x 1 du
dx ) y=
Z 2 u
1 du 1
) y= = loge |u| + c
2 u 2
1 1
= loge |u| + c = loge (1 + x2 ) + c
2 2
1
= loge | sin 2x| + c When y = 1, x = 0, and
2
⇡ 1
When y = 0, x = , and 1= loge 1 + c
4 2
!
1 ⇡ ) c=1
0 = loge sin + c
2 2 1
) y= loge (1 + x2 ) + 1
1 2
) 0= loge 1 + c
2
) c=0
1
) y= loge | sin 2x|
2
56
dy 1 3 a
e = y dy
dx 2 = sin x + x cos x
dx 2 dx
) =
dy y product rule
Z
2 d2 y
) x= dy ) = cos x+cos x x sin x
y dx2
= 2 loge |y| + c = 2 cos x x sin x
When y = e 1 , x = 2, and d2 y
) x2 = 2x2 cos x x3 sin x
2= 2⇥ 1+c dx2
dy
) c=0 and kx = kx sin x + kx2 cos x
dx
) x = 2 loge y and (x2 m)y = (x2 m)x sin x
x
) y=e 2 since y = x sin x
= x3 sin x mx sin x
d2 x 2
f = 10 d y dy
dt2 ) x2 kx + (x2 m)y = 0
dx2 dx
dx
= 10t + c1 becomes 2x2 cos x x3 sin x
dt
dx kx sin x kx2 cos x
Since = 4 when x = 0,
dt +x3 sin x mx sin x = 0
4 = 10 ⇥ 0 + c1 (2x2 kx2 ) cos x + ( kx mx) sin x = 0
) c1 = 4 (2 k)x2 cos x + ( k m)x sin x = 0
dx Equating coefficients, 2 k=0
) = 10t + 4
dt ) k=2
Z
) x= 10t + 4dt and k m=0
) m= k
= 5t2 + 4t + c2
= 2
When x = 0, t = 4, and
So k = 2 and m = 2.
0 = 5 ⇥ 16 + 16 + c2
dy
b = e2x + 2xe2x
) c2 = 64 dx
) x = 64 + 4t 5t2 d2 y
) = 2e2x + 2e2x + 4xe2x
dx2
= 4e2x + 4xe2x
d2 y dy
) 3e2x = 4e2x + 4xe2x e2x
dx2 dx
2xe2x 3e2x
= 2xe2x , as required.
57
4 a f 00 (x) = 2 sec2 x 6 a
dy
) f 0 (x) = 2 tan x + c = (y + 4)2 + 9 and y(0) = 0
dx
✓⇡◆
dy 1
f 0( =1 ) =
4 dx (y + 4)2 + 9
1 ✓ ◆
) c = 1. 1 y+4
) x = tan +c
⇡ 3 3
) f 0 (x) = 2 tan 1
6 When x = 0, y = 0
✓⇡◆ ✓⇡◆
f0 = 2 tan 1 1 4 1
6 6 )c= tan
p 3 3
2 3 1 ✓ ◆ 1
1 1 y+4 4
= ) x = tan tan 1
p3 3 3 3 3
2 3 1 ✓y + 4◆ 1 4
Gradient is 1 ) tan 1 = x + tan 1
3 3 3 3 3
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ 8
00 ⇡ 2 ⇡
b f = 2 sec = b y0 = 0, x0 = 0
6 6 3
y1 = y0 + h f (x0 )
5 y = enx ) y1 = 0 + 0.2 ⇥ ((0.14)2 + 9)
dy ) y1 = 5
) = nenx
dx
d2 y 1
) 2 = n2 enx 7 a y0 = , x0 = 1
dx 2
Hence y1 = y0 + h f (x0 )
d2 y dy 1
2
2 15enx = 0 ) y1 = + 0.1 ⇥ 1
dx dx 2
2
, n 2n 15 = 0 3
) y1 =
, (n 5)(n + 3) = 0 5
3 1
, n = 5 or n = 3 y2 = + 0.1 ⇥
5 1.12
) y2 = 0.6816
dy 1 1
b = 2 , x = 1, y =
dx x 2
1
)y= +c
x
3
c=
2
3x 2
y=
2x
c When x = 1.2, y = 0.667
58
10 ✓ 75 ◆
8 a Use calculator b t= ✓5◆ loge
T 25
loge
b 4
dy
= (y + 4)2 and y(2) = 1 When t = 15
dx
10 ✓ 75 ◆
dx 1 15 =
) = ✓ 5 ◆ loge
dy (y + 4)2 T 25
loge
1 ✓ ◆ 4
1 y ✓5◆ ✓ 75 ◆
) x = tan +c 3
2 2 loge = loge
2 4 T 25
When x = 2, y = 1
✓5◆3 ✓ 75 ◆
1 1 2
)c=2 tan 1 loge = loge
2 2 4 T 25
1 ✓ ◆ ✓ 1◆ ✓5◆ 3
1 y 1 2 75
) x = tan + 4 tan =
2 2 2 4 T 25
✓ ✓ 1 ◆◆
y = 2 tan 2x 4 + tan 1 ✓4◆3
2
2 T 25 = 75
5
✓4◆3
dT 2
9 a = k(T 25) T = 25 + 75
dt 5
p
dt 1 1 T = 25 + 24 5 (⇡ 78.67)
) =
dT k T 25
1 p
)t= loge (T 25) + c dy
k 10 = 2x 25 x2 , y(4) = 25
dx
When t = 0, T = 100 Z p
1 )y= 2x 25 x2 dx
)0= loge (75) + c Z
k p du
1 ✓ 75 ◆ = u dx
) c = loge dx
k T 25 Z
1
When t = 10, T = 85 = u 2 du
1 ✓ 75 ◆ 2 3
10 = loge = u2 + c
k 60 3
1 ✓5◆ 2 3
k= loge = (2 x2 ) 2 + c
10 4 3
2 3
x = 4, y = 25 ) 25 = (9) 2 + c
3
) c = 43
2 3
)y= (25 x2 ) 2 + 43
3
59
11 13 Now C = 2⇡r,
x
y = e sin x C
) r=
dy 2⇡
= e x sin x + e x cos x
dx Also A = ⇡r2 ,
= e x ( cosx + sin x) ✓ C ◆2
) A=⇡
d2 y 2⇡
2
= e x (cos x x
sin x) + e (sin x + cos x) 2
dx C
=
= 2e x cos x 4⇡
dA C
d2 y dy ) =
2
+ k + y = e x cos x dC 2⇡
dx dx
dA dA dC
x
, 2e cos x Now = ⇥
dt dC dt
+ ke x (sin x + cos x) + e x sin x) = e x cos x dA dC C
Given = 4, =4÷
x x x
, e cos x + ke (sin x + cos x) + e sin x = 0 dt dt 2⇡
8⇡
, cos x(1 + k) + sin x(1 + k) = 0 =
C
This is to be true for all x. Therefore
k= 1
dx x
14 =
dt 100
dV dV dx dt 100
12 = ⇥ ) =
dt dx dt dx x
dV dx dV Z
Given = 3 cm3 /s, =3÷ 100
dt dt dx ) t= dx
! x
dV d ⇡
Now = (18x2 x3 ) = 100 loge x + c, x > 0
dx dx 3
⇡ When t = 0, x = x0 and
= (36x 3x2 ) = ⇡(12x x2 )
3
0 = 100 loge x0 + c
dx 3
) = ) c = 100 loge x0
dt ⇡ 12x x2
!
3 x0
= ) t = 100 loge
⇡x(12 x) x
x0
When x = , t = 100 loge 2 ⇡ 69
2
It takes approximately 69 days.
15 Each minute, the amount of soap in

the solution decreases by the same
40 1
proportion, i.e. = , since the
1000 25
volume of water remains constant.
60
dS S 60
) = b ✓ = 30 20e 20
dt 25
dt 25 ⇡ 29
) = So temperature is approximately
dS S
Z 29 C .
25
) t = dS !
S 20
c t = 20 loge
= 25 loge S + c, S > 0 30 ✓
When t = 0, S = 3, and At ✓ = 20, t = 20 loge 2 ⇡ 14
0 = 25 loge 3 + c So it takes approximately14 minutes.
) c = 25 loge 3
17 a The rate of change is a constant
) t = 25 loge S + 25 loge 3
proportion of the area, 2%,
3 dA
) = 25 loge ) = 0.02A
S dt
t 3
) = loge dA
25 S b = 0.02A
t dt
) S = 3e 25 A
=
50
dt 50
d✓ 30 ✓ ) =
16 a = dA A
dt 20 Z
50
dt 20 ) t= dA
) = A
d✓ 30 ✓
Z
20 = 50 loge A + c, A > 0
) t= d✓
30 ✓ 1
When t = 0, A = , and
= 20 loge 2
1
(30 ✓) + c, ✓ < 30 0 = 50 loge + c
2
At t = 0, ✓ = 10, 0 = 20 loge 20+c 1
) c = 50 loge
) c = 20 loge 20 2
! = 50 loge 2
20
) t = 20 loge ) t = 50 loge (2A)
30 ✓
t ) 2A = e0.02t
) ✓ = 30 20e 20
1
t 20 ) A = e0.02t
) e 20 = 2
30 ✓ After 10 hours, the area is
1
A = e0.2 ⇡ 0.61 hectares.
2
61
1 ) d=0
c 3 = 2 e0.02t
Lx2 x3
) 6 = e0.02t ) y=
32 32
) loge 6 = 0.02t 2L L ⇥ 4L2 8L3
When x = , y=
loge 6 3 32 ⇥ 9 32 ⇥ 27
) t= L 3
L 3
0.02 =
72 108
⇡ 89.59
So 3 hectares have been covered L3
1 =
at 89 hours. 216
2 2L
So the magnitude is greater at x =
3
Z L3
dy 1 where the deflection is .
18 = (L 3x)dx 216
dx 16
Lx 3x2
= +c 19 r = h tan 30
16 32 p
The rate of change of the deflection is h
zero at the point of the support, = p
dy 3
i.e., = 0 at x = 0. 1
dx V = ⇡r2 h
) c=0 3
!2
To find where the deflection has its 1 h
= ⇡ p h
greatest magnitude, we need to find x for 3 3
dy 3
which = 0 (x > 0). ⇡h
dx =
Lx 3x2 9
) =0 dV ⇡h2 dV p
16 32 ) = and = 2 0.05 h
2L dh 3 dt
) x= dh dh dV
3 = ⇥
Z !
Lx 3x2 dt dV dt
Now y= dx 3 p
16 32 = 2 (2 0.05 h)
⇡h
Lx2 x3 p
= +d 6 0.15 h
32 32 =
The deflection itself is zero at the point ⇡h2
of the support, i.e., y = 0 when x = 0,
62
1 C a = Rsin(2t), when t = 0, v = 4 Put n = 1 into 2 :
t
) v = 0 sin(2x)dt + 4 ) y2 = y1 + 0.1[x1 loge (x1 )]
2 D = 2 + 0.2 loge (2)
0 2
f (x) = x 1 and f (1) = 3 + 0.1[2.1 loge (2.1)]
Using Euler’s Method:
= 2 + 0.2 loge (2)
yn+1 = yn + 0.2[(xn )2 1] 1
+ 0.21 loge (2.1)
with x0 = 1, y0 = 3
= 2.294436 . . .
Put n = 0 into 1 :
) y2 ⇡ 2.294 and x = 2.2
) y1 = y0 + 0.2[(x0 )2 1]
= 3 + 0.2[12 1] 4 A
dy 2 y
=
) y1 = 3 and x1 = 1.2 dx 4
Put n = 1 into 1: dx 4
) =
dy 2 y
) y2 = y1 + 0.2[(x1 )2 1] Z 1
2 4
= 3 + 0.2[(1.2)2 1] ) x= dt + 3
1 2 t
= 3 + 0.088
dy 2x + 1
) y2 = 3.088 and x = 1.4 5 E = , y(2) = 0
dx 4
Z
3 B 1
dy ) y= (2x + 1)dx
= x loge (x) and y(2) = 2 4
dx 1
Using Euler’s Method: ) y = (x2 + x) + c
4
yn+1 = yn + 0.1[xn loge (xn )] 2 When x = 2, y = 0:
with x0 = 2, y0 = 2
3
Put n = 0 into 2 :
)c=
2
) y1 = y0 + 0.1[x0 loge (x0 )] 1 3
) y = (x2 + x)
= 2 + 0.1[2 loge (2)] 4 2
1
) y1 = 2 + 0.2 loge (2) and x = 2.1 ) y = (x2 + x 6)
4
63
6 C Response A:
dy (y 1)2 dy
= , y(0) = 0 2y = 2e2x , 0
dx 5 dx
dx 5
) = = 5(y 1) 2 Response B:
dy (y 1)2
Z d2 y dy
2 = 4e2x , 0
) x = 5 (y 1) 2 dy dx 2 dx
Response C:
5 dy dy
) x= +c + 2y
y 1 dx dx
When x = 0, y = 0 : = 8xe4x (2x + 1)+e2x (4x + 2) , 0
Response D:
) c= 5
d2 y
5 4y = 8e2x , e2x
) x+5= dx 2
y 1
Response E:
5
) y 1= d2 y
x+5 4y = 8e2x = RHS
5 dx2
) y=1 p
x+5 dV 5 h
x 9 A Given: =
) y= dt 2h + 45
x+5
Using CAS: V = ⇡(15h2 + 225h)
dV
) = ⇡(10h + 225)
dh
= 5⇡(2h + 45)
dh dh dV
= ⇥
dt dV dt
dh 1
) =
dt 5⇡(2h + 45)
p
5 h
⇥
7 D 2h + 45
dy 2 p
= e x , y(1) = 4 h
dx =
Z x ⇡(2h + 45)2
2
) y= e u du + 4
1
8 E y = 2xe2x
dy
then = 2e2x + 4xe2x
dx
d2 y
and = 4e2x + 4e2x + 8xe2x
dx2
= 8e2x + 8xe2x
64
dy 11 A
10 C =y
dx
dx 1 12 E
) =
dy y
13 D
) x = loge (y) + c, for y > 0
When x = 0, y = 2 : 14 E
) c= loge (2)
! 15 C
y
) x = loge
2 16 C
y
) ex =
2
) y = 2e x , for y > 0
65
dx
1 a i = kx, k > 0
dt
dt 1 1
ii Now = ⇥
dx k x
Z
1 1
) t= ⇥ dx
k x
1
= loge x + c, x > 0
k
x = 100 when t = 0, since the initial amount counts as 100%.
1
) c = loge 100
k
1 100
) t = loge
k x
x
) e kt =
100
) x = 100e kt
Now x = 50 when t = 5760,
1
) k= loge 2
5760
t
) x = 100e 5760 loge 2
5760 100
b t= loge
loge 2 45.1
⇡ 6617 years
The eruption occurred 6617 years ago.
t loge 2
c x = 100e 5760 , t 0
x
100
0 t
66
1
2 a Unreacted amount of A after x minutes = 2 x
4
8 x
=
4
3
Unreacted amount of B after x minutes = 3 x
4
3(4 x) ◆
=
4
dx 3k(8 x)(4 x)
) =
dt 16
dt 16 1
b Now = ⇥
dx 3k (8 x)(4 x)
1 A B
and = +
(8 x)(4 x) 8 x 4 x
) A(4 x) + B(8 x) = 1
When x = 4, 4B = 1,
1
) B=
4
When x = 8, 4A = 1,
1
) A=
4
Z
16 1 1 1
) t= ⇥ dx
3k 4 4 x 8 x
4
= loge |8 x| loge |4 x| + c
3k
4 8 x
= loge +c
3k 4 x
x = 0 when t = 0 (no reaction yet) ,
4
) c= loge 2
3k
4 8 x
) t= loge
3k 2(4 x)
x = 1 when t = 1,
67
4 8 1
) 1= loge
3k 2(4 1)
4 7
) k= loge
3 6
1 8 x
) t= 7
loge
loge 6 2(4 x)
1 6
c At x = 2, t = 7
loge
loge 6
4
⇡ 2.633
⇡ 2 min 38 s
It takes 2 minutes 38 seconds to form 2 kg of X.
8 x 7
d = et loge 6
2(4 x)
! ⇣ ⌘
7 7
t loge 6
x 2e 1 = 8 et loge 6 1
!t !
7
8 1
6
x= !t
7
2 1
6
!
49
8 1
36
When t = 2, x =
49
2⇥ 1
36
52
=
31
52
The mass of X formed after two minutes is kg.
31
dT
3 a = k(T T s ), k < 0
dt
dT
b = k(T 22)
dt
dt 1 1
) = ⇥
dT k T 22
Z
1 1
) t= ⇥ dT
k T 22
1
= loge (T 22) + c, T > 22
k
68
When T = 72, t = 0,
1
) 0= loge (72 22) + c
k
1
) c= loge 50
k
1 1
) t = loge (T 22) loge 50
k k
!
1 T 22
= loge
k 50
!
1 T 22
i ) k = loge
t 50
When T = 65, t = 5,
!
1 65 22
) k = loge
5 50
1
= loge 0.86
5
!
5 T 22
) t= loge
loge 0.86 50
!
5 50 22
When T = 50, t = loge
loge 0.86 50
5 loge 0.56
=
loge 0.86
⇡ 19.2
The co↵ee remains drinkable for 19.2 minutes.
!
5 T 22
ii Now at t = 30, 30 = loge
loge 0.86 50
!
30 T 22
) loge 0.86 = loge
5 50
!
6 T 22
) loge (0.86) = loge
50
T 22
) = (0.86)6
50
) T = 50(0.86)6 + 22
⇡ 42.2
The temperature of the co↵ee at the end of 30 minutes is 42.2 C.
69
dp
4 a = rate of increase–rate of decrease
dt
= kp 1000, k > 0
dt 1
b =
d p kp 1000
Z
1
) t= dp
kp 1000
1
= loge (kp 1000) + c, kp 1000 > 0
k
When t = 0, p = 5000,
1
) 0= loge (5000k 1000) + c
k
1
) c= loge (5000k 1000)
k
1 1
) t = loge (kp 1000) loge (5000k 1000)
k k
!
1 kp 1000
= loge
k 5000k 1000
c i When t = 5, p = 6000,
!
1 6000k 1000
) 5 = loge
k 5000k 1000
!
1000(6k 1)
) 5k = loge
1000(5k 1)
!
6k 1
) 5k = loge
5k 1
ii TI: Type solve(5 ⇥ k = ln((6 ⇥ k 1)/(5 ⇥ k 1)), k)
Interpreting these results gives k = 0 or k = 0.22183565 . . .

CP: Sketch the graphs of y1 = 5x and y2 = ln((6x 1)/(5x 1)). Tap
Analysis ! G-Solve ! Interset
Thus an approximation for the value of k of 0.221 835 66.
70
!
1 kp 1000
d t = loge
k 5000k 1000
!
kp 1000
) kt = loge
5000k 1000
kp 1000
) = ekt
5000k 1000
) kp 1000 = ekt (5000k 1000)
1
) p = (ekt (5000k 1000) + 1000)
k
p
5000
0 t
dN
5 a = 100 kN, k > 0
dt
dt 1
b =
dN 100 kN
Z
1
) t= dN
100 kN
1
= loge (100 kN) + c, 100 kN > 0
k
When t = 0, N = 1000,
1
) 0= loge (100 1000k) + c
k
1
) c= loge (100 1000k)
k
1 1
) t= loge (100 kN) + loge (100 1000k)
k k
1 100 1000k
= loge ( )
k 100 kN
c When t = 10, N = 700,

!
1 100 1000k
) 10 = loge
k 100 700k
!
1 10k
) 10k = loge
1 7k
TI: Type solve (10 ⇥ k = ln((1 10 ⇥ k)/(1 7 ⇥ k)), k)
71
Interpreting these results gives k = 0 or k = 0.16018368 . . .
CP: Sketch the graphs of y1 = 10x and y2 = ln((1 10x)/(1 7x)). Tap Analysis !
G-Solve ! Intersect
Thus an approximation for the value of k of 0.160 183 68.
!
1 100 1000k
d t = loge
k 100 kN
!
100 1000k
) kt = loge
100 kN
100 1000k
) ekt =
100 kN
) 100 kN = e kt (100 1000k)
1 kt
) N = (100 e (100 1000k))
k
1 0.16t
When k ⇡ 0.16, N ⇡ (100 e (100 1000 ⇥ 0.16))
0.16
25
⇡ (100 + 60e 0.16t
)
4
N
1000
100
k
0 t
100
e As t ! +1, N !
k
100
The eventual trout population in the lake will be .
k
100
When k ⇡ 0.16, ⇡ 625
k
So the trout population approaches 625.
Z
dy 9
6 a = (3x L)dx
dx 40L2
!
9 3x2
= LX + c
40L2 2
72
dy
When x = 0 (at A),
= 0, ) c=0
dx
!
dy 9 3x2
) = Lx
dx 40L2 2
dy 3x2
= 0 when = Lx(x , 0)
dx 2
2L
) x=
3
2L
The maximum deflection occurs cm from the end A.
3
Z !
9 3x2
b y= LX dx
40L2 2
!
9 x3 Lx2
= +c
40L2 2 2
When x = 0, y = 0, ) c=0
9x2
) y= (x L)
80L2
!2 !
2L 9 2L 2L
when x = , y= 2
⇥ ⇥ L
3 80L 3 3
9 ⇥ 4L2 ⇥ ( L)
=
80L2 ⇥ 9 ⇥ 3
L
=
60
L
The maximum deflection is cm downwards.
60
dT
7 a =2 k(T T0)
dt
dT
When T = 60, = 1, ) 1 = k(60 T0)
dt
1
) k=
60 T 0
dT T 20
) =2
dt 60 T 0
dT T 20
Given T 0 = 20, =2
dt 40
100 T
=
40
73
dt 40
b =
dT 100 T
Z
40
t= dT
100 T
= 40 loge (100 T ) + c, T < 100
When t = 0, T = 20,
) c = 40 loge 80
!
80
) t = 40 loge
100 T
t 80
) e 40 =
100 T
t
) 100 T = 80e 40
t
) T = 100 80e 40
3
c When t = 30, T = 100 80e 4
= 62.210 . . .
The temperature is 62.2 C after 30 minutes.
d T
100
20
0 t
dW
8 a i = 0.04W
dt
dt 1
) =
dW 0.04W
25
=
W
Z
25
) t= dW
W
= 25 loge W + c, W > 0
74
When t = 0, W = 350,
) 0 = 25 loge 350 + c
) c = 25 loge 350
) t = 25 loge W 25 loge 350
!
W
= 25 loge
350
!
t W
ii = loge W
25 350
W t
) = e 25
350 350
t
) W= 350e 25
0 t
50
iii When t = 50, W = 350e25
= 350e2 ⇡ 2586
dW dW
b If = kW and the population remains constant then = 0.
dt dt
) k = 0 since W > 0
dW
c i = (0.04 0.00005W)W
dt
dt 1 20 000
) = =
dW (0.04 0.00005W)W (800 W)W
20 000 A B
Now = +
(800 W)W 800 W W
) AW + B(800 W) = 20 000
When W = 0, 800B = 20 000, ) B = 25
When W = 800, 800A = 20 000, ) A = 25
75
20 000 25 25
) = +
(800 W)W 800 W W
dt 25 25
) = +
dW 800 W W
Z
25 25
) t= + dW
800 W W
= 25 loge (800 W) + 25 loge W + c, 0 < W < 800
!
W
= 25 loge +c
800 W
!
350
t = 0, W = 350, ) 0 = 25 loge +c
450
7
) c = 25 loge
9
!
W 7
) t = 25 loge 25 loge
800 W 9
!
9W
= 25 loge
7(800 W)
!
t 9W
ii = loge W
25 7(800 W) 800
9W t
) = e 25
7(800 W) 350
t
) 9W = 7(800 W)e 25 0 t
t t
= 5600e 25 7We 25
t t
) 9W + 7We 25 = 5600e 25
!
t t
) W 9 + 7e 25 = 5600e 25
t
5600e 25
) W= t
9 + 7e 25
50
5600e 25
iii When t = 50, W = 50
9 + 7e 25
5600e2
=
9 + 7e2
= 681.429 55 . . .
The population after 50 years is approximately 681 iguanas.
76
dx
9 a i = rate of input rate of output
dt
= R kx, k > 0
dt 1
ii =
dx R kx
Z
1
) t= dx
R kx
1
) t= loge (R kx) + c, R kx > 0
k
When t = 0, x = 0,
1
) 0= loge R + c
k
1
) c= loge R
k
1 1
) t= loge (R kx) + loge R
k k
!
1 R
= loge
k R kx
!
R
) kt = loge
R kx
R
) ekt =
R kx
kt
) (R kx)e = R
) kxekt = R(ekt 1)
R(ekt 1)
) x=
kekt
R
= (1 e kt )
k
b i If R = 50 and k = 0.05, x
1000
50
x= (1e0.05t )
0.05
!
t
= 1000 1 e 20
0 t
77
!
1 R
ii t = loge
k R kx
When R = 50 and k = 0.05,
!
50
t = 20 loge
50 0.05x
!
1000
= 20 loge
1000 x
!
1000
When x = 200, t = 20 loge
1000 200
5
= 20 loge = 4.4628 . . .
4
There are 200 mg of the dmg in the patient after 4.46 hours, correct to two decimal
places.
5 dx 1
c i When t > 20 loge , = kx and k = 0.05 = ,
4 dt 20
dx x
) =
dt 20
dt 20
) =
dx x
Z
20
) t= dx
x
= 20 loge x + c, x > 0
5
When t = 20 loge , x = 200,
4
5
) 20 loge = 20 loge 200 + c
4
5
) c = 20 loge + 20 loge 200
4
5
) t = 20 loge + 20 loge 200 20 loge x
4
250
= 20 loge
x
5
When x = 100, t = 20 loge
2
= 18.325 81 . . .
The amount of dmg falls to 100 mg after 18.33 hours, correct to two decimal
places, a further 13.86 hours after the drip was disconnected.
78
250
ii t = 20 loge x
x
200
t 250
) = loge
20 x 100
t 250
) e 20 =
x
t 0 5 5
t
20 loge 4 20 loge 2
) x = 250e 20
8 !
>
>
>
t 5
<1000 1 e
> 0  t  20 loge
> 20
) x=> 4
>
>
> t 5
>
:250 e 20 t > 20 loge
4
79
Chapter 10 – Kinematics
1 x = 3t t2 3
From part a this occurs when t = s
2
t 0 1 2 3 4 9
a and where x = m from O.
x 0 2 2 0 4 4
Need to find the times when g Distance travelled
17
velocity = 0. = 2.25 + 2.25 + 4 = 8.5 = m
dx 2
v= = 3 2t
dt distance travelled
So, h Average speed =
3 t2 t1
3 2t = 0 ) t = = 1.5 s
2 17
) the particle is at rest after 17
1.5 seconds and this occurs when = 2 = m/s
4 8
x = 2.25 m
Hence, the motion of the particle can 2 a x
be illustrated by: ( 53 , 493)
t
0 4
b When t = 5, x = 15 25 = 10
10 ( 4)
) displacement = = b v(t) = 6t + 10 v
5 4
6
= 6m 10
1
4 (0)
c average velocity =
4 0 t
0 5
= 1 m/s 3
dx c a(t) = 6
d v= =3 2t
dt a
e When t = 2.5, v = 3 2(2.5) O t
= 2 m/s
f Particle changes direction when

v = 0.
−6
670
d t = 6, x = −40 dx
v= = 1 ⇥ (t 3)2
dt
t = 0, x = 8 t = 5, x = 49
3 3
+ t ⇥ 2(t 3)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
) v = (t 3)2 + 2t(t 3)
e x(3) x(2) = 11 16 = 5
) v = (t 3)(3t 3)
5
f Changes direction when x = ) when t = 2, v = 3 m/s
✓ 5 ◆ 49 3
x(0) = 8 x = b Instantaneously at rest when v = 0.
3 3
x(3) = 11 ) (t 3)(3t 3) = 0
Therefore distance travelled ) t = 1 s or t = 3 s
49 49 41
= 8+ 11 = dv
3 3 3 c a= = 1 ⇥ (3t 3) + (t 3) ⇥ 3
dt
) a = 6t 12
3 x = t3 9t2 + 24t ) when t = 4, a = 12 m/s2
Using CAS:
a Instantaneously at rest when v = 0.
dx
v= = 3t2 18t + 24
dt
So,
3t2 18t + 24 = 0
) t2 6t + 8 = 0
) (t 4)(t 2) = 0 5 x = 2t3 4t2 100
) t = 2 s or t = 4 s dx
v= = 6t2 8t
dt
dv Zero velocity when v = 0:
b a= = 6t 18 ) 6t2 8t = 0
dt
) when t = 5, a = 12 m/s2 ) 2t(3t 4) = 0
20 0 4
c Average velocity = = 10 m/s ) t = 0 s or t = s
2 0 3
t 0 1 2 3 4
d 6 v = 4 + 3t t2
x 0 16 20 18 16
20 + 4 24 a Maximum value of velocity requires
Average speed = = = 6 m/s
4 0 4 the equation v0 = 0 to be solved.
v0 = 3 2t
3
4 x = t(t 3)2 Solving v0 = 0 gives t = s
2
) maximum velocity occurs when
a Using the product rule to 3
t= s
di↵erentiate: 2 ✓ 3 ◆ ✓ 3 ◆2 25
) v=4+3 = m/s is
2 2 4
671
the maximum velocity
Z
b x= v dt
Z
) x= 4 + 3t t2 dt
3 13
) x = 4t + t2 t +c
2 3
Passes through (0, 0) ) c = 0
3 13
) x = 4t + t2 t
2 3
56 Since the area under the curve
when t = 4, x = m between t = 4 and t = 6 is under the
3
t-axis,
Distance travelled
7 v = 3t2 30t + 72
Z 6
dv = 3t2 30t + 72 dt
a a= = 6t 30 4
dt
when t = 0, a = 30 m/s2 = [t 3
15t2 + 72t]64
b Instantaneously at rest when v = 0. = [(216 540 + 432)

) 3t2 30t + 72 = 0 (64 240 + 288)]
2
) 3(t 10t + 24) = 0 = [108 112]
) 3(t 6)(t 4) = 0 =4m
) t = 4 s or t = 6 s
d when t = 0, x = 0 m
R
c x = 3t2 30t + 72 when t = 4, x = 112 m
dt = t3 15t2 + 72t + c
when t = 6, x = 108 m
Passes through (0, 0) ) c = 0
) x = t3 15t2 + 72t when t = 7, x = 112 m
) distance travelled = 112 + 4 + 4
when t = 6, x = 108 m
= 120 m
when t = 4, x = 112 m Alternatively, this distance can
) distance travelled = 112 108 be calculated by evaluating the
=4m following
R4 definite integral:
R6
Alternatively, distance travelled 3t 30t + 72 dt 4 3t2 30t +
2
0 R7
is equal to the area under the 72 dt + 6 3t2 30t + 72 dt
velocity-time graph
The graph of v = 3t2 30t + 72 is
672
Z
Using CAS for question 6 parts a, b a v= a dt
and c we have: Z
) v= 13 6t dt
) v = 13t 3t2 + c
when t = 0, v = 30 :
) c = 30
) v = 13t 3t2 + 30
) when t = 3, v = 42 m/s
b For maximum distance solve

x0 = 0 $ v = 0
8 a = 12 6t
) 3t2 + 13t + 30 = 0
a a = 12 6t, and
Z when t = 0, v = 8. ) (t 6)(3t + 5) = 0
v= a dt 5
Z ) t= s or t = 6 s
3
) v= 12 6t dt ) t=6s *t 0
) v = 12t 3t2 + c Z
c x= v dt
when t = 0, v = 8 : Z
)c=8 ) x= 3t2 + 13t + 30 dt
) v = 12t 3t2 + 8 13 2
) x = t3 + t + 30t + c
) when t = 2, v = 20 m/s 2
Z when t = 0, x = 0 :
b x= v dt )c=0
Z
13 2
) x= 12t 3t2 + 8 dt ) x = t3 +t + 30t
2
) x = 6t2 t3 + 8t + c ) when t = 6, x = 198 m
when t = 0, x = 0 :
)c=0
) x = 6t2 t3 + 8t
) when t = 2, x = 32 m
9 a = 13 6t
673
10 a = 9.8 m/s2 b
Z
a i v= a dt
(π , 2.5)
Z
) v= 9.8 dt (4π , 0.5)
) v = 9.8t + c
π π π π
Initially, the object is at rest
) when t = 0, v = 0:
) c=0
(3π , − 1.5)
) v = 9.8t
Z The particle is instantaneously at rest
ii x= v dt at t = ⇡ and t = 3⇡.
Z dv
) x= 9.8t dt c a=
dt
1 ✓1 ◆
) x = 4.9t2 + c ) a= sin t
2 2
Initially, the object starts from O
✓1 ◆
) when t = 0, x = 0:
d i We have: x = 2 sin t + 0.5 and
) c=0 2
1 ✓1 ◆
) x = 4.9t2 a= sin t
2 2
) x = 4a + 0.5
b The object takes two seconds to reach ✓1 ◆
the bottom. ii We have: x = 2 sin t + 0.5 and
) when t = 2, x = 4.9 ⇥ 4 = 19.6 m ✓1 ◆ 2
Hence, the depth of the well is 19.6 m v = cos t
2
Using the Pythagorean identity
c when t = 2, v = 9.8 ⇥ 2 = 19.6 m/s we have:
speed = |19.6| = 19.6 m/s
✓1 ◆
11 v = cos t , t 2 [0, 4⇡]
2
Z ✓1 ◆
a x= cos t dt
2
✓1 ◆
) x = 2 sin t + c
2
when t = 0, x = 0.5 :
) c = 0.5
✓1 ◆
) x = 2 sin t + 0.5
2
674
✓1 ◆ ✓1 ◆
cos2 t + sin2 t = 1 3t2 15t = 12 = 0
2 2
✓1 ◆ ) 3(t 4)(t 1) = 0
) v2 + sin2 t = 1
2 ) t = 1 s and t = 4 s
✓1 ◆
) sin2 t = 1 v2 when t = 1, x = 15.5 m
2
✓1 ◆ p when t = 4, x = 2 m
) sin t = ± 1 v2
2
✓1 ◆ p b when t = 2, x = 12 m
) 2 sin t = ±2 1 v2 when t = 3, x = 5.5 m
2
✓1 ◆ p 5.5 12
) 2 sin t + 0.5 = ±2 1 v2 ) average velocity =
2 3 2
+ 0.5 = 6.5 m/s
p
) x = ±2 1 v2 + 0.5 c when t = 2, v = 3(2)2 15(2) + 12
✓1 ◆
= 6 m/s
iii We have: v = cos t and
2
1 ✓1 ◆ t 0 1 2
a= sin t d
2 2 x 10 15.5 12
2 1 2✓ 1 ◆
) a = sin t
4 2 ) distance travelled = 5.5 + 3.5
✓1 ◆
) 4a2 = sin2 t =9m
2 Alternatively, distance travelled can
Using the Pythagorean identity
we have: also be calculated by determining the
✓1 ◆ ✓1 ◆
area under the velocity-time graph
cos2 t + sin2 t = 1
2 2 between t = 0 and t = 2.
✓1 ◆
) v2 = 1 sin2 t i.e. Z 1
2 distance travelled = 3t2 15t + 12 dt
) v2 = 1 4a2 0
p Z 2
) v=± 1 4a2 3t2 15t + 12 dt
1
15 2
12 x = t3 t + 12t + 10
2
dx
a v= = 3t2 15t + 12
dt
Solving v = 0 gives:
675
e Using the table below, a sketch of the The first time the velocity reaches a
particle’s motion can be produced. maximum will occur when k = 0.
t 0 1 2 ) the velocity reaches a maximum
x 10 15.5 12 when t = 2⇡ s
t 3 4 t!1
x 5.5 2 x!1 14 a Take upwards as positive.
Before the stone was dropped it
followed the motion of the
balloon, i.e. it moved upwards with
a speed of 10 m/s. ) at the moment
when it was dropped v = +10.
Hence, the closest the particle comes The acceleration of the stone was
to O is 2 metres. due to gravity (downward) and
) the acceleration is downward,
✓1 ◆ 2
13 ẍ = 2 sin t ) a = 9.8 Z m/s .
2 v= 9.8 dt
Z
a v = ẋ = ẍ dt ) v = 9.8t + c.
Z ✓1 ◆ when t = 0, v = +10 :
) v= 2 sin t dt
2 ) c = 10
✓1 ◆
) v = 4 cos t + c ) v = 9.8t + 10.
2 Z
when t = 0, v = 1 : x= v dt
)c=5 Z
✓1 ◆ ) x= 9.8t + 10 dt
) v = 4 cos t + 5
2 ) x = 4.9t2 + 10t + d
The range of the velocity function is
When t = 0, x = 0: i.e. the starting
[1, 9], hence the maximum velocity is
point was where the stone was
9 m/s.
dropped.
b Time taken to reach maximum )d=0
velocity occurs ) x = 4.9t2 + 10t
✓ 1 ◆ when v = 9.
when t = 12, x = 4.9(12)2 + 10(12)
) 4 cos t + 5 = 9
2
✓1 ◆ = 585.6 m.
) cos t = 1 So the stone was 585.6 m below
2 ( sign) its starting point.
1
) t = (2k + 1)⇡, k 2 Z Hence. the height of the balloon
2
when the stone was dropped was
) t = 2(2k + 1)⇡, k 2 Z 585.6 m.
676
Z
b When the stone reached its highest x= ẋ dt
point the velocity must equal zero. Z
) 9.8t + 10 = 0 1 1
) x= + dt
50 2(2t + 3) 6
) t= Z Z
49 1 1 1
) x= dt + dt
When ✓ 50 ◆2 ✓ 50 ◆ 2 2t + 3 6
50
t = , x = 4.9 + 10 1 1
49 49 49 ) x= loge (2t + 3) + t + c
4 6
250
= when t = 0, x = 0 :
49
1
⇡ 5.1 m )c= loge (3)
i.e. the stone was 5.1 m above 4
(+ sign) its starting point. 1 1
) x= loge (2t + 3) + t
Hence the greatest height reached by 4 6
1
the stone = 585.6 + 5.1 = 590.7 m. + loge (3)
4
1 ✓ 3 ◆ 1
1 2
) x = loge + t
15 ẍ = = (2t + 3) 4 2t + 3 6
(2t + 3)2 1 ✓ 2t + 3 ◆ 1
Z ) x= loge + t
ẋ = ẍ dt 4 3 6
Z
) ẋ = (2t + 3) 2 dt 2t
16 ẍ =
(1 + t2 )2
(2t + 3) 1 Z
2t
) ẋ = +c ) ẋ = dt
1⇥2 (1 + t2 )2
1 du
) ẋ = +c Let u = 1 + t2 , ) = 2t
2(2t + 3) dx
Hence, Z Z
when t = 0, ẋ (or v) = 0 : 2t 1
ẋ = dt = du
1 (1 + t )2 2 u2
)c=
6 1
1 1 ) ẋ = +c
) ẋ = + u
2(2t + 3) 6 1
and so, ) ẋ = +c
1 + t2
when t = 0, ẋ = 0.5 :
) c = 1.5
1 3
) ẋ = 2
+
1+t 2
and so,
677
Z
1 3 1 t2
x= + dt ) =0
1 + t2 2 (1 + t2 )2
3 ) 1 t2 = 0
) x = tan 1 (t) + t + c
2
) t2 = 1
when t = 0, x = 0 :
) t = ±1
)c=0
3 ) t=1 *t 0
) x = tan 1 (t) + t 1
2 and when t = 1, ẋ = m/s
ẋ , 0 for t 0 and when 2
1
t = 0, x = 0, and when p ) maximum velocity is m/s
p p 3 3 2
t = 3, x = tan 1 ( 3) +
p 2 c A CAS calculator can be used to
⇡ 3 3 determine the distance travelled
) x= +
3 2 in
✓ 3 p3 ⇡ ◆ Z the
3
third second by evaluating
) distance travelled = m t
2 3 2
dt
Alternatively, distance travelled is equal 2 1+t
to the area under the velocity-time

graph.
Hence, distance travelled in the third

1
second = loge (2) m
2
Alternatively, using the answer to part
t d we have;
17 ẋ = 1
(1 + t2 ) when t = 2, x = loge (5)
2
a when t = 0, ẋ = 0 m/s 1
when t = 3, x = loge (10)
2
1
b Maximum velocity occurs when ) distance travelled = loge (10)
2
ẍ = 0
(1 + t2 ) ⇥ 1 t ⇥ 2t 1
) ẍ = loge (5)
(1 + t2 )2 2
1
1 + t2 2t2 = loge (2) m
) ẍ = 2
(1 + t2 )2
1 t2
) ẍ =
(1 + t2 )2
So,
678
du
d Let u = 1 + t2 , ) = 2t
dx
1 du
) t=
2 dx
Z
x= ẋ dt
Z
1 1
) x= du
2 u
1
) x = loge (u) + c
2
1
) x = loge (1 + t2 ) + c 1
2 ) Minimum acceleration = 0.125 = m/s2
8
When t = 0, x = 0 :
2. By hand
)c=0 1 t2
1 If ẍ = then,
) x= loge (1 + t2 ) (1 + t2 )2
2 ... (1 + t2 )2 ⇥ 2t (1 t2 ) ⇥ 2(1 + t2 ) ⇥ 2t
x =
(1 + t2 )4
e As calculated in part b
... 2t(1 + t2 )2 4t(1 t2 )(1 + t2 )
(1 + t2 ) ⇥ 1 t ⇥ 2t ) x =
) ẍ = (1 + t2 )4
(1 + t2 )2
... 2t(1 + t2 ) 4t(1 t2 )
2 ) x =
1 t (1 + t2 )3 ...
) ẍ = For minimum solve x = 0:
(1 + t2 )2
2t(1 + t2 ) 4t(1 t2 )
2 ) =0
f when t = 2, ẋ = m/s (1 + t2 )3
5
3 ) 2t(1 + t2 ) 4t(1 t2 ) = 0
when t = 3, ẋ = m/s
10 ) 2t[(1 + t2 ) + 2(1 t2 )] = 0
) average acceleration
3 2 ) 2t( t2 + 3) = 0
1
= 10 5 = = 0.1 m/s2 ) 2t = 0 or
3 2 10
t2 + 3 = 0
g The minimum acceleration can be
... ) t = 0 or
found by solving x = 0 by hand,
p
using a CAS calculator to solve t=± 3
...
x = 0 or a graphical approach. Since we are concerned with t 0, we
mustpexamine the points when t = 0 and
1. Graphically t = 3. i.e. check which t value gives a
Sketch the graph of ẍ and find the minimum.
minimum. when t = 0:
t 1 0 1
...
x 0.5 0 0.5
Slope / – \
679
p
Hence when t = 0, acceleration is a 18 x=2+ t+1
maximum.p 1
when t = 3: = 2 + (t + 1) 2
p dx
t 0.5 3 2 v=
... dt
x 1.408 0 0.032
1 1
Slope \ – / ) v= (t + 1) 2
p 2
Hence when t = 3, acceleration is a dv
a=
minimum. dt
So the minimum acceleration 1 3
p can be ) a= (t + 1) 2
found by substituting t = 3 into ẍ 4
1 3 When a = 0.016 m/s2 :
) Minimum acceleration = =
(1 + 3)2
2 1 1 3
= m/s2 (t + 1) 2 = 0.016
16 8 4
3 8
3. CAS ) (t + 1) 2 =
125
The fMin command.  2 ✓ 8 ◆ 2
3 3 3
) (t + 1) 2 =
125
✓ 125 ◆ 2
3
) t+1=
8
✓ p3 125 ◆2
) t + 1 = p3
8
✓ 5 ◆2
) t+1=
2
25
1 ) t+1=
) Minimum acceleration = m/s2 4
8 21
) t= = 5.25 s
4
19 x = 2 sin t + cos t, t 0
Instantaneously at rest when v = 0.
680
dx d2 x
v= 20 =8 e t
dt dt2
Z 2
) v = 2 cos t sin t dx d x
v= = dt
For v = 0: dt dt2
Z
2 cos t sin t = 0 ) v= 8 e t dt
) 2 cos t = sin t ) v = 8t + e t + c
sin t
) 2= when t = 0, v = 3:
cos t
) tan t = 2 )c=2
) t = tan 1 (2) ) v = 8t + e t + 2
1
) t = 1.1 s and when t = 2, v = 18 + = 18.14 m/s
e2
(using a calculator to obtain answer)
681
1 u = 15 m/s, v = 48 m/s, t = 11 s 1
s = ut + at2
2
Using v = u + at we have: 1
) 100 = 25t + ⇥ 3 ⇥ t2
48 = 15 + 11a 2
p
) 11a = 33 10( 7 1)
)t= ,t 0
3
) a = 3 m/s2
Time taken ⇡ 5.485seconds
2 a u = 5 km/h, v = 41 km/h, t = 10 s
4 u = 20, v = 0, s = 40
Units must be compatible
10 1 Now v2 = u2 + 2as
) t = 10 s = h= h 0 = 202 + 80a
60 ⇥ 60 360
Using v = u + at we have:
1 202
41 = 5 + a )a=
360 80
) a = 36 ⇥ 360 = 5
Acceleration is 5 m/s2
) a = 12 960 km/h2
b 12 960 km/h2 = 12 960 5 a u = 10 m/s, a = 4 m/s2 , t = 6 s

1 1
⇥ m/s2 Using s = ut + at2 we have:
12 960 2
s = 60 + 2(6)2 = 12 m
= 1 m/s2
) a = 1 m/s2 b Using v = u + at we have:
v = 10 + 24 = 14 m/s
3 a v = 25, u = 10, t = 5 c Using v = u + at we have:

v = u + at 0 = 10 + 4t
) 25 = 10 + 5a 10
) t= = 2.5 s
a=3 4
The acceleration is 3 m/s2 d v = 4t 10
Sketching a velocity-time graph
b v = 35, u = 10, t = 5 gives:
1
s = ut + at2
2
) s = 87.5
The distance is 87.5 m
c Now s = 100
682
b i O
Cliff 17.5 m
positive
Take the origin at the top of the

cli↵. s = 17.5, u = 21, a = 9.8
1
Using s = ut + at2 we have:
2
1
1 1 17.5 = 21t + ⇥ 9.8 ⇥ t2
Distance = (2.5)(10) + (3.5)(14) 2
2 2 ) 4.9t2 21t 17.5 = 0
= 37 m Using the quadratic formula
p
21 ± ( 21)2 4 ⇥ 4.9 ⇥ 17.5
6 t = 2 s, u = 21 m/s, a = 9.8 m/s2 t=
2 ⇥ 4.9
5
1 ) t= or t = 5
a i Using s = ut + at2 we have: 7
2 But t 0. Therefore, it takes
1
s = 21 ⇥ 2 + ⇥ 9.8 ⇥ 4 5 seconds for the stone to reach
2
the bottom of the cli↵.
) s = 22.4 m
ii v = 21 9.8t ii Using v = u + at
Maximum height occurs when v = 21 9.8 ⇥ 5 = 28 m/s
v = 0. Therefore, the stone has a velocity
) 0 = 21 9.8t of 28 m/s when it hits the
ground.
15
) t= s
7
Hence the maximum height 7 a u = 14, a = 9.8, v = 0
15
reached occurs when t = s
7 Using v = u + at
So,
1 15 0 = 14 9.8t
s = (21 + 0) = 22.5 m
2 7 10
Therefore the maximum height ) t= s
7
reached by the stone is 22.5 m. 10
Therefore, it takes s for the ball to
7
reach maximum height.
1 10
b s = (14 + 0) = 10 m
2 7
683
c 4.9t2 = 100
1000
) t2 =
10 s 49
7 r
1000
) t= since t 0
49
p
10 10
) t=
7 p
10 10
point of projection Hence, it takes seconds for
7
Time to return to point of the particle
10 20
projection = 2 ⇥ = s
7 7 b Using v = u + at
✓ 10 p10 ◆
v = 0 + 9.8
8 a a = 0.1, u = 20, v = 0 7
✓ p ◆
Using v = u + at 49 10 10
) v=
5 7
0 = 20 0.1t p
) v = 14 10 m/s
), t = 200 s Therefore, the object has a velocity of
Therefore, it takes 200 seconds for p
14 10 m/s when it hits the ground.
the particle to come to rest.
b v = 20 0.1t 10 a
Sketching a velocity-time graph positive
gives:
50 m
s = 50, u = 10, a = 9.8

1
2
50 = 10t + 4.9t2
) 4.9t2 10t 50 = 0
Using the quadratic
p formula
10 ± ( 10)2 4 ⇥ 4.9 ⇥ 50
t=
1 2 ⇥ 4.9
distance = (200)(20) = 2000 m = 2 km p
2 50 ± 30 30
) t=
49
9 a s = 100, a = 9.8, u = 0 ) t = 2.33 or t = 4.37
1
2
684
But t 0. Therefore, it takes 12 a u = 1.2, v = 0,
4.37 seconds for the object to reach s = 3.2, a = a
the ground.
Using v2 = u2 + 2as
b Taking upwards as the positive ) 0 = (1.2)2 + 2( a)(3.2)
direction. p
50 + 30 30 36
t= ) = 6.4a
49 25
9
Using v = u + at ) a= ⇡ 0.23 m/s2
40
✓ 50 + 30 p30 ◆
v = 10 9.8 b Using v = u + at
49
p 9
49 ✓ 50 + 30 30 ◆ 0 = 1.2 t
) v = 10 40
5 49
p 16 1
) v = 10 6 30 10 ) t= =5 s
3 3
p
) v = 6 30 m/s
13 Sketch a velocity-time graph of the
situation.
11 a a = 0.8, u = 1, v = 0 v
Using v = u + at
4
0=1 0.8t
32
5 0 12 T t
) t= s
4
) t = 1.25 s
Hence it takes 1.25 seconds for the
V
book to stop.
1 rise
b Using s = ut + at2 we have: a Acceleration (gradient) =
2 run
1
s = (1 + 0) ⇥ 1.25 4 V
2 ) =
T 12 32 T
) s = 0.625 m
4(32 T )
) s = 62.5 cm ) V= 1
T 12
After 32 seconds the particle has
returned to its original position. This
implies that after 32 seconds the
displacement is zero.
Area between graph and t-axis =
1 1
(12 + T ) ⇥ 4 + (32 T )V
2 2
685
1 b Travelling back towards the original
) 2(12 + T ) + (32 T )V = 0
2 position from t = T to t = 32.
) (32 T )V = 4(12 + T ) 55
Time taken = 32 T = s.
4(12 + T ) 4
) V= 2
32 T
Equating equations: 14 a u = 0, s = 4, v = 2
4(32 T ) 4(12 + T )
= 1
T 12 32 T using s = (u + v)t
) (32 T )2 = (12 + T )(T 12) 2
1
) T 2 64T + 1024 = T 2 144 ) 4 = (0 + 2)t
2
) 64T = 1168 ) t=4s
73 Hence it takes the child 4 seconds to
) T= go down the slide.
4
4 v2 v1
acceleration = b Average acceleration =
T 12 t2 t1
4 2 0
=
73 =
12 4 0
4 1
16 = m/s2
= 2
25
= 0.64
) a = 0.64 m/s2
686
1 a i The particle travels with constant 1
ii distance = 4 ⇥ 6 + (2)(4)
velocity of 6 m/s for 10 seconds. 2
1
+ (4)(8)
ii distance = area under curve 2
= 6 ⇥ 10 = 24 + 4 + 16
= 60 m = 44 m
b i The particle accelerates uniformly f i The particle accelerates uniformly

for 5 seconds by which time it has for 1 second by which time it has
reached 8 m/s. reached 7 m/s. It then decelerates
uniformly until it comes to rest
1 after 2.5 seconds before changing
ii distance = (5)(8) = 20 m
2 direction and continuing to
c i The particle accelerates uniformly decelerate uniformly for a further
for 4 seconds by which time it has 2.5 seconds until it reaches a
2
reached 6 m/s. It then decelerates velocity of 11 m/s.
3
uniformly until it comes to rest
after 10 seconds. 1 1✓3◆
ii distance = (1)(7) + (7)
2 2 2
1
ii distance = (10)(6) = 30 m 1 ✓ 5 ◆✓ 35 ◆
2 +
2 2 3
d i The particle travels with constant 7 21 175
= + +
velocity of 5 m/s for 7 seconds. It 2 4 12
then decelerates uniformly until it 70
= m
comes to rest after 15 seconds. 3
1 g i The particle travels with constant
ii distance = 5 ⇥ 7 + (8)(5)
2 velocity of 10 m/s for 1 second. It
= 35 + 20 then decelerates uniformly until
= 55 m it comes to rest after 3 seconds
before changing direction
e i The particle travels with constant and continuing to decelerate
velocity of 4 m/s for 6 seconds. It uniformly for a further 5 seconds
then decelerates uniformly until until it reaches a velocity of
it comes to rest after 8 seconds 25 m/s.
before changing direction
and continuing to decelerate
uniformly for a further 4 seconds
until it reaches a velocity of
8 m/s.
687
Z
1 1
ii distance = (1 + 3) ⇥ 10 iii x= t + 5 dt
2 2
1 12
+ (5)(25) ) x= t + 5t + c
2 4
125 Passes through (0, 0)
= 20 + )c=0
2
165 12
) distance = m ) x= t + 5t
2 4
h i An object starting at 4 m/s b i v = at2 + b
accelerates uniformly until it Passes through (0, 10)
comes to rest after 3 seconds ) v = at2 + 10
before changing direction and Passes through (5, 0)
continuing to accelerate uniformly 2
) a=
for a further 3 seconds by which 5
time it has reached 4 m/s. 22
) v= t + 10
The particle then decelerates 5
uniformly until it comes to rest dv 4
after 10 seconds before changing ii a = = t
dt 5
direction and continuing to Z
22
decelerate uniformly for a further iii x= t + 10 dt
5
3 seconds until it reaches a
2 3
velocity of 3 m/s. ) x= t + 10t + c
15
1 1 Passes through (0, 0)
ii distance = (3)(14) + (7)(4) )c=0
2 2
1 2 3
+ (3)(3) ) x= t + 10t
2 15
9
= 6 + 14 + c i By observation, the equation of
2
the line is given by v = 2t 10
49
=
2 dv
ii a = =2
= 24.5 m dt
Z
iii x= 2t 10 dt
2 a i By observation, the equation of
1 ) x = t2 10t + c
the line is given by v = t+5
2 Passes through (0, 0)
dv 1 )c=0
ii a = =
dt 2 ) x = t2 10t
d i v = at2 + bt + c
t-intercepts are 1 and 5.
688
) v = a(t 1)(t 5) 100
)d=
Passes through (0, 30) ⇡
100 ✓⇡ ◆
)a=6 ) x= cos t
⇡ 10
) v = 6(t 1)(t 5) 100
+ 10t +
) v = 6t2 36t + 30 ⇡
✓ 10 10 ✓ ⇡ ◆◆
dv ) x = 10 t + cos t
ii a = = 12t 36 = 12(t 3) ⇡ ⇡ 10
dt
Z f i v = aebt
iii x= 6t2 36t + 30 dt Passes through (0, 10)
) a = 10
) x = 2t3 18t2 + 30t + d Passes through (loge 2, 40)
Passes through (0, 0) ) 40 = 10e(loge 2)
b
)d=0
) 4 = 2b
) x = 2t3 18t2 + 30t
) 22 = 2b
e i v = a sin bt + c ) b=2
amplitude = 10 ) v = 10e2t
) a = 10
dv
period = 20 ii a = = 20e2t
dt
2⇡ Z
) = 20 iii x= 10e2t dt
b
⇡
) b= ) x = 5e2t + c
10
vertical shift upwards of 10 units Passes through (0, 0)
) c = 10 )c= 5
✓⇡ ◆
) v = 10 sin t + 10 ) x = 5e2t 5
10
dv ✓⇡ ◆
ii a = = ⇡ cos t 3 Distance travelled in the first 15 seconds
dt 10 1 5 625
= ⇥ 15 ⇥ 100 ⇥ = m
Z ✓⇡ ◆ 2 18 3
Distance travelled for the next 12
iii x= 10 sin t + 10 dt 5 10 000
10 seconds = 120 ⇤ ⇥ 100 = m
✓⇡ ◆ 18 3
100 Using the formula v = u + at
) x= cos t + 10t + d
⇡ 10 5
Passes through (0, 0) 0 = 120 ⇥ 8t
18
25
t=
6
Therefore distance travelled in period of
deceleration
1 25 5 3124
= ⇥ ⇥ 100 ⇥ = m
2 6 18 54
689
Total distance travelled ⇡ 3599.2 m 5 The velocity-time graph is
v m/s
4 a
v m/s
14
20
T + 10
0 10 14 ts
0 3 13 17 ts
1
distance = (17 + 10) ⇥ 14 = 189 m
– 5(T – 4) 2
b As the particle returns to its original 6 v m/s

position this implies that the forward
displacement is equal to the backward
displacement. V
forward displacement
= backwards displacement
1 0 5T
= (10 + 14) ⇥ 20 4T ts
2 5T = 120 s ) T = 24
= 240 m Thus,
So, v m/s
s = 240, u = 0, a = 5,
t = T + 10 14 = T 4
V
1
Using s = u + a t2
2
1
) 240 = ( 5)(T 4)2
2 0 96 120 ts
) 96 = (T 4)2 As the distance between stop A and stop
p B is 500 metres this implies that the area
) T 4=4 6
p under the graph and the t-axis is equal to
) T =4 6+4 500.
p
) T = 4( 6 + 1)
) T ⇡ 13.80 s
But we want T + 10
) It takes 23.80 seconds for the
particle to return to its original
position.
690
1 1 50
) (96)V + (24)V = 500 rise
2 2 gradient = = 3 =2
1 run 50
) V(120) = 500
2 6
Hence the velocity-time graph is:
) 60V = 500 v m/s
50
) V=
6
25 50
) V= m/s 3
3
1
) Vmax = 8 m/s
3
Hence, the maximum velocity reached x
1
by the tram is 8 m/s 0 50
ts
3 6
50
rise 6
a= Since the distance travelled is 1000 m
run
V this implies that the area under the graph
) a= and the t-axis is equal to 1000.
96
8 1 ✓ 50 ◆✓ 50 ◆
) a= Area of first triangle =
3 ⇥ 96 2 6 3
25 625
) a= m/s2 =
288 9
✓ 625 ◆
) Area of both triangles = 2 ⇥
7 All units must be compatible, so we 9
need to convert everything into metres 1250
=
and seconds. 9
1 km = 1000 m 1250
Distance left to travel = 1000
9
5 50
60 km/h = 60 ⇥ = m/s 7750
18 3 =
50 9
) Maximum velocity is m/s ) The area of the rectangle must equal
3 7750
Maximum rate of acceleration and
9
deceleration is 2 m/s2 . The word ‘rate’ 50 7750
refers to derivative or gradient. ) x⇥ =
3 9
dv
Since a = the information means that 155
dt ) x= s
the maximum gradient of acceleration 3
Therefore total time to travel
and deceleration is 2.
between the bus stops =
Thus, if the maximum velocity is 50 155 50 205 1
50 + + = s = 68 s
m/s then the time taken to reach 6 3 6 3 3
3
50
that speed must be s because
6
691
5 For car B:
8 90 km/h = 90 ⇥ m/s = 25 m/s 1
18 s = ut + at2
The velocity-time graph is: 2
v m/s
1
) s = (2)(T 20)2
2
x
) s = (T 20)2
25
gradient = 1.25 For car A:
1
s = (20)(20) + 20(T 20)
2
) s = 200 + 20T 400
0 36 t s
Since the distance travelled is 525 m this ) s = 20(T 10)
implies that the area under the graph and The cars draw level with each other
the t-axis is equal to 525. when their displacements are the same.
1 ) (T 20)2 = 20(T 10)
) (x + 36) ⇥ 25 = 525
2
) T2 40T + 400 = 20T 200
) x + 36 = 42
) T2 60T + 600 = 0
) x=6s p
Therefore, the distance covered when ) T = 10 3 + 30 or
travelling 90 km/h = 6 ⇥ 25 = 150 m p
T = 10 3 + 30
For the deceleration phase: p
rise ) T = 10 3 + 30
= 1.25
run
(practical solution)
25
) = 1.25 Time taken by B = T 20
run
p
25 = (10 3 + 30) 20
) run = = 20 s
1.25 p
Hence, it takes 20 seconds for the = 10 3 + 10
deceleration phase. p
= 10( 3 + 1) s
Thus, the time taken in the acceleration Therefore, the time
phase = 36 20 6 = 10 s p taken by car B to
catch car A is 10( 3 + 1) seconds
Therefore, the acceleration phase takes Distance travelled by B = (T 20)2
10 seconds. p
) (T 20)2 = 100( 3+1)2
) (T 20)2 = 100(3
9 v m/s
p
V + 2 3 + 1)
B
p
) (T 20)2 = 400+200 3
40 p
) (T 20)2 = 200(2+ 3) m
20 Therefore, the distance travelled
p by car
A
B to catch car A is 200(2 + 3) m
0 20 40 T t s
692
10 a The acceleration-time graph is:
2
a m/ s
0 1 T
– 1 t s
– 3
693
Z 2
The object comes to rest at t = T and
t2 t + 6 dt
a = A. Uniform deceleration means 0
same gradient throughout.  1 12 2
A+1 3+1 = t3 t + 6t
) = 3 2 0
T 1 8
) A = 2T 1 1 = 2 + 12
3
The area between the graph and 22
the t-axis is final velocity initial =
3
velocity 1
1 =7
) 0 6 = (T )(A 1) 3
2 Therefore the distance travelled by
) T (A 1) = 12 2 1
the object is 7 m
Substituting 1 into 2 gives 3
T ( 2T 2) = 12
5
) 2T 2 2T = 12 11 72 km/h = 72 ⇥ m/s = 20 m/s
18
) 2T 2 + 2T 12 = 0 5
108 km/h = 108 ⇥ m/s = 30 m/s
) T =2 18
The velocity-time graph is:
(practical solution) v m/s
Therefore it takes 2 seconds for the
object to come to rest. Motorcycle
30
b From the a t graph the relation-
ship between the two variables is
Car
a = 2t 1 20
Thus, Z
v= 2t 1 dt
0 3 T t s
) v = t2 t + c x
Initial velocity is 6 m/s. Acceleration phase for the motorcycle:
)c=6 1
(x)(30) = 300
2
) v = t2 t + 6
Since v 0 for t 2 [0, 2] the distance ) x = 20 s
travelled can be calculated by Hence it takes 20 seconds for the
evaluating the following definite motorcycle to reach a speed of
integral. 108 km/h.
Car:
s = 20T
Motorcycle:
s = 300 + 30(T 23)
) s = 30T 390
694
Equating displacements: 1 ✓ 160 ◆
+ V ⇥ 180 = 3600
30T 390 = 20T 2 9
160
) 10T = 390 ) + V = 40
9
) T = 39 200
It takes the motorcycle (T 3) seconds ) V= m/s
9
to catch the car. 200 18
) V= ⇥ km/h
Therefore it takes 36 seconds for the 9 5
motorcycle to catch the car. ) V = 80 km/h
Therefore, the distance travelled by A
5 160 and B is 3600 metres and the speed of
12 64 km/h = 64 ⇥ m/s = m/s A is 80 km/h.
18 9
5 40
48 km/h = 48 ⇥ m/s = m/s b By close inspection it can be seen
18 3
5 80 that the two triangles formed by the
96 km/h = 96 ⇥ m/s = m/s two graphs are congruent. Hence the
18 3
The velocity-time graph is: point of intersection between the two
v m/s graphs occurs at
1
⇥ 180 = 90 s
80 2
3
Therefore, the two cars are moving
V with the same speed 90 seconds after
160 A
9 A passed B.
40
The distance between them at this instant
3 B 1 ✓ 160 40 ◆
= ⇥ 90
2 9 3
= 200 m
0 180 t s
13 ÿ = ke t , k < 0
a distance travelled by A Z
= distance traveled by B a v = ẏ = ke t dt
= area under each graph ) ẏ = ke t + c

1 ✓ 40 80 ◆ When ẏ = 0, t = 0
= + ⇥ 180
2 3 3
)c=k
= 3600 m
Also, ) ẏ = ke t + k
) ẏ = k(1 e t ), k < 0
695
b The particle decelerates exponentially
with terminal velocity k m/s.
(0,0)
696
1 dt e2x
1 ẋ = , x>2 ) =
2x 4 dx 1 + e2x
Z
dx 1 e2x
a = ) t= dx
dt 2x 4 1 + e2x
dt 1
) = 2x 4 ) t = loge (1 + e2x ) + c
dx 2
Z
When x = 0, t = 0:
) t= 2x 4dx
1
2 )c= loge (2)
) t=x 4x + c 2
1 ✓ 1 + e2x ◆
When t = 0, x = 3: ) t = loge
2 2
)c=3
1 + e2x
) t = x2 4x + 3 ) e2t =
2
) t = x2 4x + 4 4+3 ) 2e = 1 + e2x
2t
) t = (x 2)2 1 ) 2e2t 1 = e2x

p
) t + 1 = x 2 since x > 2 ) 2x = loge (2e2t 1)
p 1
) x= t+1+2 ) x= loge (2e2t 1)
2
) When t = 24, x = 7 m
b To find the acceleration when
p
b As x = t + 1 + 2 is an increasing t = loge (5) we need to evaluate
function, the distance travelled in the d2 x
t = loge (5).
first 24 seconds isp dt2
p dx 1 ✓ 4e2t ◆
x(24) x(0) = ( 25 + 2) ( 1 + 2) v= =
dt 2 2e2t 1
=4m 4e2t
Therefore, the distance travelled in = 2t
4e 2
the first 24 seconds is 4 metres. dv
a=
dt
2x (4e2t 2) ⇥ 8e2t 4e2t ⇥ 8e2t
2 v=1+e =
(4e2t 2)2
dx 16e2t
a = 1 + e 2x ) a=
dt (4e2t 2)2
dx e2x 1
) = 2x + 2x
dt e e
2x
dx 1 + e
) =
dt e2x
697
Z
When t = loge (5): c x= v dt
2 loge (5)
16e Z
a=
(4e2 loge (5) 2)2 ) x= 3et 3 dt
16eloge (25)
= ) x = 3et 3t + c
(4eloge (25) 2)2
400 When t = 0, x = 0 :
=
(98)2 )c= 3
400
= ) x = 3et 3t 3
9604
100 ) x = 3(et t 1)
=
2401
Therefore when t = loge (5), 4 a=g kv, k > 0
100
a=
2401 dv
a = g kv
dt
3 a=3+v dt 1
) =
dv g kv
dv Z
a =3+v 1
dt ) t= dv
g kv
dt 1
) = 1
dv 3 + v ) t= loge (g kv) + c
Z k
1
) t= dv When t = 0, v = 0 :
3+v
) t = loge (3 + v) + c 1
)c= loge (g)
k
When t = 0, v = 0 : 1 ✓ g ◆
) t = loge
)c= loge (3) k g kv
✓3 + v◆ g
) t = loge ) ekt =
3 g kv
g
) 3et = 3 + v ) g kv = kt
e
) v = 3et 3 ) g kv = ge kt
) v = 3(et 1) ) kv = g ge kt
b If v = 3et 3 then 1
dv ) v = (g ge kt )
a= = 3et k
dt g
) v = (1 e kt ), k > 0
k
For terminal velocity let t ! 1
698
g
) v = (1 e 1 ) We
Z now have an integral of the form:
k f 0 (x)
g dx = loge ( f (x))
) v = (1 0) since e 1 = 0 f (x)
k Thus,
g 10 ✓ ✓⇡ 3 ◆◆
) v= ) x= loge cos t +c
k 3 3 10
g
Therefore, the terminal velocity is . When x = 0, t = 0 :
k
10
)c= loge (2)
5 a = 0.3(v2 + 1) 3
10 ✓ ✓⇡ 3 ◆◆
dv 3(v2 + 1) ) x= loge 2 cos t
a = 3 3 10
dt 10
dt 10 450 v
) = 2 6 a= , v < 450
dv 3(v + 1) 50
Z
10 1 dv 450 v
) t= dv ) =
3 v2 + 1 dt 50
10 dt 50
) t= tan 1 (v) + c ) =
3 dv 450 v
p Z
When t = 0, v = 3 : 1
) t = 50 dv
10⇡ 450 v
)c=
9 ) t = 50 loge (450 v) + c
10 10⇡ When t = 0, v = 0 :
) t= tan 1 (v) +
3 9
10⇡ 10 ) = c = 50 loge (450)
) t= tan 1 (v) ✓ 450 ◆
9 3
) t = 50 loge
⇡ 3 450 v
) t = tan 1 (v)
3 10 t 450
✓⇡ ) e 50 =
3 ◆ 450 v
) v = tan t
3 10 450
Z ) 450 v = t
✓⇡ 3 ◆ e 50
b x= tan t dt t
3 10 ) 450 v = 450e 50
✓⇡ 3 ◆
Z sin t t
3 10 ) v = 450 450e 50
) x= ✓⇡ dt
3 ◆ ✓ t ◆
cos t ) v = 450 1 e 50
3 10
Note that:
d  ✓⇡ 3 ◆ 3 ✓⇡ 3 ◆
cos t = sin t
dx 3 10 10 3 10
So, ✓⇡
3 3 ◆
Z sin t
10 10 3 10
x= ✓⇡ dt
3 3 ◆
cos t
3 10
699
7 dx 2
p a = x
a = 0.4 225 v2 dt 5
p dt 5
dv 2 225 v2 ) =
) = dx 2x
dt 5 Z
5 1
dv 5 ) t= dx
) = p 2 x
dt 2 225 v2 5
Z ) t = loge (x) + c
5 1 2
) t= dv
2 152 v2 When t = 0, x = 5 :
5 ✓v◆
) t = cos 1 +c 5
2 15 )c= loge (5)
2
When t = 0, v = 12 : 5 ✓ x◆
✓ ◆ ) t = loge
5 1 4 2 5
)c= cos ✓ ◆
2 5 2 x
✓ ◆ ) t = loge
5 1 v 5 5
) t = cos
2 15 x 2
✓ ◆ ) = e5t
5 1 4 5
cos 2
2 5 ) x = 5e 5t
5 ✓ 4 ◆ 5 ✓ v ◆
) t + cos 1 = cos 1
2 5 2 15 b When t = 10,
2 ✓4◆ ✓v◆
) t + cos 1 = cos 1 x = 5e4 ⇡ = 273 m
5 50 15
v ✓2 ✓ 4 ◆◆
) = cos t + cos 1
15 5 5 1
✓2 ✓ 4 ◆◆ 9 a = (500 v), 0  v < 500
50
) v = 15 cos t + cos 1
5 5 dv 500 v
a =
dt 50
8 v/x dt 50
) =
) v = kx dv 500 v
Z
1
When x = 5, v = 2 : ) t = 50 dv
500 v
) 2 = 5k ) t = 50 loge (500 v) + c
2 When t = 0, v = 0 :
) k=
5
2 ) c = 50 loge (500)
) v= x ✓ 500 ◆
5 ) t = 50 loge
500 v
700
b from part a: dv v
11 =
t 500 dt 5
e 50 =
500 v dt 5
=
500 dv v
) 500 v= Z
t 1
e 50 ) t= 5 dv
t v
) 500 v = 500e 50
) t = 5 loge (v) + c
t
) v = 500 500e 50 When t = 0, v = 8 :
✓ t ◆
) v = 500 1 e 50 ) c = 5 loge (8)
✓8◆
) t = 5 loge
v
10 a = k(2u v) t 8
) e5 =
dv v
) = k(2u v) t
dt ) v = 8e 5
dt 1
) = When t = 4,
dv k(2u v)
Z 4
1 1 v = 8e 5 ⇡ 3.59 m/s
) t= dv
k 2u v
1 When t = 10,
) t = loge (2u v) + c
k
When t = 0, v = u : 12 a = kv2
1 When t = 0, a = 20 and v = 30 :
)c= loge (u)
k
✓ 2u v ◆ 1
1 ) 20 = 900k, so k =
) t = loge 45
k u
The particle will come to rest when v2
v = 0. ✓ 2u ◆ a a=
1 45
) t = loge dv v2
k u ) =
1 dt 45
) t = loge (2) dt 45
k ) =
1 dv v2
Therefore it takes loge (2) seconds for Z
k 1
particle to come to rest. ) t = 45 dv
v2
45
) t= +c
v
701
When t = 0, v = 30 : b From part a:
dx 90
3 =
)c= dt 2t + 3
2 Z
1
45 3 ) x = 90 dt
) t= 2t + 3
v 2 Z
3 45 2
) t+ = ) x = 45 dt
2 v 2t + 3
45 ) x = 45 loge (2t + 3) + c
) v=
3 When t = 0, x = 0 :
t+
2
2 ⇥ 45 ) c = 45 loge (3)
) v= ✓ 3◆ ✓ 2t + 3 ◆
2 t+ ) x = 45 loge
2 3
✓ 23 ◆
90
) v= x = 45 loge ⇡ 91.66 m
2t + 3 3
702
1 v2 = 9 x2 ✓ b a=2 v
d 1 2◆
Now a = v dv
dx 2 ) =2 v
dt
d ✓ 9 1 2◆
)a= x = x dt 1
dx 2 2 ) =
dv 2 v
At x = 2, a = 2 Z
1
) t= dv
The acceleration is 2 m/s2 . 2 v
) t= loge (2 v) + c
2 a a= x When v = 0, t = 0 :
!
d 1 2 ) c = loge (2)
) v = x !
dx 2
Z 2
1 2 ) t = loge
) v = x dx 2 v
2
When v = 2,
1 1 2
) v2 = x +c !
2 2 1
t = loge
When v = 0, x = 4 : 2
)c=8 ) t = loge (2 1 )
1 2 1 2 ) t= loge (2)
) v = x +8
2 2
v2 = x2 + 16
When x = 0, v = ±4 m/s
703
c a=2 v b v= x+1
dv dx
) v =2 v i = x+1
dx dt
dv 2 v Z
) 1
dx
=
v ) t= dx
x+1
dx v 2
) = = 1 ) t = loge (x + 1) + c
dv 2 v 2 v
Z When x = 0, t = 0 :
2
) x= 1 dv
2 v )c=0
) x = 2 loge (2 v) v+c ) t = loge (x + 1)
When v = 0, x = 0 : ) x + 1 = et
) c = 2 loge (2) ) x = et 1
!
2
) x = 2 loge v ii As x = et 1
2 v
dx
When v = 2, v= = et
! dt
1 d2 x
x = 2 loge +2 ) a = 2 = et
2 dt
) x = 2 loge (2) + 2
iii From part i. t = loge (x + 1)
) x = 2(1 loge (2))
) a = eloge (x+1)
) a= x+1
3 a a = v3
and since v = x + 1
dv
) v = v3 ) a=v
dx
dv dv
) = v2 Alternatively, a = v
dx dx
Z dv
1 v = x + 1 so =1
) x= dv dx
v2
1 So a = v ⇥ 1 = v
) x= +c
v
When v = 1, x = 0 :
)c= 1
1
) x= 1
v
1
) x+1=
v
1
) v=
x+1
704
4 a= g 0.2v2 1
) t= sin 1 (x) + c
2
dv
) v = g 0.2v2 When t = 0, x = 1 :
dx
dv g 0.2v2 ⇡
) )c=
dx
=
v 4
dx v 1 ⇡
) ) t = sin 1 (x)
= 2 4
dv g 0.2v2 ⇡
Z ) 2t + = sin 1 (x)
v 2
) x= dv !
g 0.2v2 ⇡
Z x = sin 2t +
v 2
) x= dv
g + 0.2v2
Z x = cos(2t)
1 0.4v
) x= dv
0.4 g + 0.2v2 b x = cos(2t)
Using
Z 0 the fact that
f (x) dx
dx = log e( f (x)) ) v= = 2 sin(2t)
f (x) dt
1 dv
) x= loge (g + 0.2v2 ) + c ) a= = 4 cos(2t)
0.4 dt
5 ) a = 4x since
) x= loge (g + 0.2v2 ) + c
2
x = cos(2t)
When x = 0, v = 100 :
Alternatively, v2 = 4(1 x2 )
5
)c= loge (g + 2000) 1 2
2 v = 2(1 x2 )
! 2
5 g + 2000 !
) x = loge d 1 2
2 g + 0.2v2 a= v
or equivalently, dx 2
!
5 g + 0.2v2 = 2 ⇥ ( 2x)
x= loge
2 g + 2000
Maximum height occurs when = 4x
! v = 0.
5 g + 2000
) xmax = loge
2 g 1
6 a a=
1+t
p dv 1
5 v=2 1 x2 ) =
dt 1 + t
dx p Z
a = 2 1 x2 1
dt ) v= dt
1+t
dt 1
) = p ) v = loge (1 + t) + c
dx 2 1 x2
Z When v = 0, t = 0 :
1 1
) t= p dx
2 1 x2 )c=0
) v = loge (1 + t)
705
1 7 a = (2 + x) 2
b a= , x>1
1+x !
! d 1 2
d 1 2 1 ) v = (2 + x) 2
) v = dx 2
dx 2 1+x Z
Z 1 2
1 1 ) v = (2 + x) 2 dx
) v2 = dx 2
2 1+x
1 1
1 ) v2 = +c
) v2 = loge (1 + x) + c 2 2+x
2
When x = 0, v = 0 :
When v = 0, x = 0 :
1
)c=0 )c=
2
1 2 1 2 1 1
) v = loge (1 + x) ) v = +
2 2 2+x 2
) v2 = 2 loge (1 + x) 2
) v2 = +1
2+x
1 2+x 2
c a= ) v2 =
1+v 2+x 2+x
dv 1 2 x
) = ) v =
dt 1 + v 2+x
dt
) =1+v
dv
Z 8 a a = 1 + 2x
) t= 1 + v dv !
d 1 2
) v = 1 + 2x
1 dx 2
) t = v + v2 + c Z
2 1 2
) v = 1 + 2x dx
When t = 0, v = 0 : 2
1
)c=0 ) v2 = x + x2 + c
2
1
) t = v2 + v When x = 0, v = 2 :
2
) 2t = v2 + 2v )c=2
1 2
) 2t = v2 + 2v + 1 1 ) v = x2 + x + 2
2
) 2t + 1 = (v + 1)2 ) v2 = 2x2 + 2x + 4
p p
) ± 2t + 1 = v + 1 ) v = 2x2 + 2x + 4
p
) v + 1 = 2t + 1 (as x = 0 when v = 0)
as v = 0 when t = 0 p
) When x = 2, v = 16 = 4
p
) v = 2t + 1 1
706
b a=2 v
dv
) v =2 v
dx
dv 2 v
) =
dx v
Z
v
) x= dv
2 v
Using long division:
Z
2
) x= 1 dv
2 v
) x = 2 loge (2 v) v+c
When v = 0, x = 0 :
) c = 2 loge (2)
!
2
) x = 2 loge v
2 v
) When v = 1, x = 2 loge (2) 1
1 2
9 a= (v + 50)
5
dv 1 2
a ) v = (v + 50)
dx 5
dv 1 2
) = (v + 50)
dx 5v
dv v2 + 50
) =
dx 5v
dx 5v
) = 2
dv v + 50
Z
v
) x= 5 2
dv
v + 50
Z
5 2v
) x= 2
dv
2 v + 50
5
) x= loge (v2 + 50) + c
2
When x = 0, v = 50 :
5
)c= loge (2550)
2
707
! !
5 2550 5 1 v
) x = loge 2 ) t = p tan p +c
2 v + 50 50 50
!
Maximum height occurs when v = 0. 1 1 v
5 ) t = p tan p +c
) xmax = loge (51) ⇡ 9.83 m 2 5 2
2
Therefore the maximum height When t = 0, v = 50 :
reached by the particle is 9.83 metres. !
1 1 10
) c = p tan p
1 2 2 2
b a= (v + 50) !
5 1 v
1
dv 1 2 ) t = p tan p
) = (v + 50) 2 5 2
dt 5 !
dt 5 1 1 10
) = 2 + p tan p
dv v + 50 2 2
Z Maximum height occurs when v = 0.
1 !
) t= 5 dv 1 10
2
v + 50 ) t = p tan 1 p ⇡ 1.01
Z p 2 2
5 50 Therefore, it takes the particle
) t= p p dv
50 v2 + ( 50)2 1.01 seconds to reach maximum
We
Z now have an integral !of the form: height.
a x
2 2
dx = tan 1
x +a a
708
1 a For x = t2 7t + 10 So when v = 2, t = 2.5 and
dx x = 1.25, i.e. the particle is 1.25 m
the velocity v = to the left of O.
dt
= 2t 7
For the velocity to be 0, 2t 7=0 2
7 The acceleration, a = 2t 3
which implies t =
2 dv
The velocity is zero after 3.5 seconds. = 2t 3
dt
dv Antidi↵erentiating gives v = t2 3t+c
b acceleration =
dt
When t = 0, v = 3 hence v = t2 3t+3
=2
dx
The acceleration is 2 m/s2 . This can be written as = t2 3t + 3
dt
c t3 3t2
Hence x = + 3t + 2
3 2
−
1000
When t = 10, x = 150 + 30 + 2
3
646
=
3
− When t = 10, v = 100 30 + 3
Distance travelled is the total = 73
area of the shaded regions So, after 10 seconds, the body is
1 7 1 3 1
= ⇥ ⇥7+ ⇥ ⇥3 215 m from O moving at 73 m/s.
2 2 2 2 3
49 9
= +
4 4
58
=
4
= 14.5 metres
d v= 2
implies 2T 7= 2
5
Hence t =
2
!2 !
5 5 5
At t = , x = 7 + 10
2 2 2
5
=
4
709
3 150 125
4 a Deceleration =
0.003
25 000
= m/s2
3
b Distance travelled
= area under v t graph
0
0.003
= (150 + 125)
2
a Distance travelled is 800 m.
= 0.4125
Total time taken is 100 seconds.
Therefore, thickness is 0.4125
Area under graph gives the distance
metres.
travelled.
1
Hence, ⇥ 100 ⇥ V = 800 c Deceleration in wood
2
where V m/s is the maximum 125 75
velocity reached after T seconds. =
0.008 0.003
Therefore, 50V = 800 = 10 000 m/s2
800
and V=
50 d Distance travelled in wood
= 16 m/s 0.005
= (125 + 75)
= 57.6 km/h 2
= 0.5 metre
b Initial segment has gradient = a.
16 75
Therefore, using V = 16, =a e Deceleration in brick =
T 0.002
where T is the time at which maxi-
= 37 500 m/s2
mum velocity is reached and, using
the gradient of the other line segment,
16 f Distance travelled in brick
= 2a 0.002
T 100 = ⇥ 75
32 16 2
Therefore =
T T 100 = 0.075 metre
and 32T + 3200 = 16T
2 5 a Average velocity
Therefore, T = 66
3
Maximum speed occurs after h(2) h(0)
2 =
1 minute 6 seconds, when the 2
3 110 + 55 ⇥ 2 5.5 ⇥ 4 110
brakes are applied. =
2
2 16 = 44 m/s
c Substituting T = 66 in = a gives
3 T The average velocity is 44 m/s.
a = 0.24 m/s2 .
710
dh dx
b v= b v=
dt dt
= 55 11t 2t
= p
2 9 t2
c 55 11 = 44
using the chain rule
The velocity at 1 second is 44 m/s.
t
v= p
d 55 11t = 0 9 t2
) t=5 dv
Now a =
So it takes 5 seconds to reach zero dt
!
velocity. p t
9 t2 t p
9 t2
e h(5) = 110 + 55 ⇥ 5 5.5 ⇥ 25 = 247.5 =
9 t2
Maximum height reached is 247.5 9 t2 + t2
metres. = p
(9 t2 ) 9 t2
9
) a=
6 Using v = u + at, v = 8 2t 3
(9 t2 ) 2
) at v = 0, t = 4.
1 c The maximum magnitude of the
Using x = ut + at2 , x = 8 ⇥ 4 42 = 16
2 displacement from O is 3 metres.
The golf ball will roll a distance of 16
metres. t
d Now v = 0, ) p =0
p p 9 t2
7 a 5= 9 t2 ) t=0
5=9 t 2 So velocity is zero at t = 0.
t2 = 4 Z 2
t = 2, since t 0 8 a v= (12 6t) dt + 8
p 0
So the displacement is 5 metres
after 2 seconds. = [12t 3t2 ]20 + 8
= 12 + 8
) velocity = 20 m/s
Z 2
b displacement = (12t 3t2 + 8) dt
0
= [6t2 t3 + 8t]20
= 24 8 + 16
= 32 m
9 a Distance travelled is area under v t
711
graph v(t) = 0.
3 Now at v = 0,
= 60 + 4(12 + x) + x
2
11 35 gt = 0
= 108 + x
2 35
) t=
11 g
Now 108 + x = 218 !
2 1
11 ) total distance = 2 ut + at2
) x = 110 2
2
35 1
) x = 20 = 2 35 ⇥ +
g 2
!2 !
35
⇥ ( g) ⇥
g
!
1225 1225
=2
g 2g
1225
= m
distance g
b Average speed =
time !
218 70 70
= c v = 35 g⇥
5+8+3 g g
218 = 35
=
16 So velocity at x = 0 is 35 m/s.
109
=
8
11 Distance is area under v t graph.
= 13.625 m/s 10
Now at C, = 5
10 a The deceleration of the ball due to 11 T
gravity is g m/s2 . ) 10 = 5T 55
Using v = u + at, v(t) = 35 gt ) T = 13
i v(3) = 35 g⇥3 10
So, distance (area) = (13 + 6)
= 35 3g 2
So velocity is 35 3g m/s. (Note: = 95 m
v(3) > 0.)
ii v(5) = 35 g⇥5
= 35 5g
So velocity is 35 5g m/s. (Note: −
v(5) < 0.)
b The total distance is double the

distance up to the point where
712
dx c Substitute 2 into 1
12 v= !2
dt g 80
4 h= + 0.4
) v= 2 g
t 1 !
dv 80
a= + (80 + 0.4g) + 0.4
dt g
4 (80 + 0.4g)2
) a= = m
(t 1)2 2g
(80 + 0.4g)2
So the greatest height is
gt2 2g
13 We know that h = + ut 1 metres.
2
where h is height, t is time of movement,
u is the initial velocity and g is the d Length of time above the top
gravitational constant. of the tower on the way up
80
= + 0.4 0.8
h gt g
a u= + !
t 2 80
64 0.8g = 0.4 seconds.
= + g
0.8 2 So the total length time above the top
= 80 + 0.4g of the tower !
So the initial velocity is 80
=2⇥ 0.4
(80 + 0.4g) m/s. g
!
160
= 0.8 seconds.
b The height is the greatest when g
velocity is zero.
Using v = u + at,
u gt = 0
u
t=
g
80
= + 0.4 2
g
So the time taken to! reach the greatest
80
height is + 0.4 seconds.
g
713
1 A x(t) = t3 9t2 + 24t 1 Initial acceleration occurs when
) x(3) = 27 81 + 72 1 = 17 m t = 0.
1
) a = m/s2
2
2 C x(t) = t3 9t2 + 24t 1
x2 x1 6 C Deceleration phase:
Average velocity =
t2 t1 (80, 20) and (180, 10)
x(2) x(0) 30
= v= t+c
2 0 100
19 ( 1) 3
= ) v= t+c
2 10
20 Passes through (80, 20):
= = 10 m/s ) c = 44
2
3
3 A u = 30, a = 10, t = 2 ) v= t + 44
10
Use v = u + at When v = 0 :
) v = 30 + ( 10)(2) 3
t = 44
) v = 10 m/s 10
440
) t=
4 D ! 3
125 2
(0, 0) and 5, ) t = 146
9 3
Where t is in seconds and v is in Which is closest to 147.
m/s.
v2 v1 7 C x = 2t3 10t2 44t + 112
acceleration =
t2 t1 Sketch x for 0  t  10 and look for
125 the number of zeros.
0
= 9
5 0
125
=
45
25
= m/s2
9
2
5 B v=5
t+2
1
) v=5 2(t + 2)
dv 2 2
a= = 2(t + 2) = There are two zeros.
dt (t + 2)2
714
p p
8 C a = x, 3x 3 10 E v = 10 sin(⇡t)
! The velocity-time graph is:
d 1 2
) v = x
dx 2
Z
1 2
) v = x dx y = 10sin(πx)
2
1 2 1 2
v = x +c
2 2
p
When x = 0, v = 3 :
3
)c=
2
1 2 1 2 3
) v = x +
2 2 2
2 2 The distance the object has travelled
) v = x +3
p in the first 1.6 seconds can be cal-
) v = ± 3 x2 culated by evaluating the following
! definite
R1 integral. R
3⇡ ⇡ 1.6
10 sin(⇡t) dt 1 10 sin(⇡t) dt
9 A x = 2 2 cos t 0
4 2 Using CAS to compute the above we
Using a CAS calculator we can
8 have
determine the velocity when t =
3
by di↵erentiating x with respect to t
8
and making the substitution t =
3
Therefore the distance travelled by

the object in the first 1.6 seconds is
10.53 correct to two decimal places.
8
Therefore the velocity at time t = s
3
3⇡
is m/s
2
715
dv
1 a 5 + v = 50
dt
dv
By definition, a = , ) 5a + v = 50
dt
50 v
a=
5
50
When t = 0, v = 0, ) a=
5
) acceleration = 10 m/s2
dv
b 5 = 50 v
dt
dv 50 v
) =
dt 5
dt 5
) =
dv 50 v
Z
5
) t= dv
50 v
= 5 loge (50 v) + c, 50 v>0
When t = 0, v = 0,
) 0 = 5 loge 50 + c
) c = 5 loge 50
) t = 5 loge 50 5 loge (50 v)
!
50
= 5 loge
50 v
!
t 50
) = loge
5 50 v
t 50
) e5 =
50 v
t
) (50 v)e 5 = 50
t
) 50 v = 50e 5
!
t t
) v = 50 50e 5 = 50 1 e 5
716
c i
50
40
30
20
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
ii v = 47.5
t 50
) e5 =
50 47.5
= 20
t
) = loge 20
5
) t = loge 20
⇡ 14.98
⇣ t⌘
Alternatively, use a CAS calculator to solve the equation 50 1 e 5 = 47.5.
This gives t = 14.98, correct to 2 decimal places.
!
dx t
d i v= = 50 1 e 5
dt
Z !
t
) x= 50 1 e 5 dt
!
t
= 50 t + 5e 5 +c
When t = 0, x = 0,
) 0 = 50(0 + 5e0 ) c
= 250 + c
) c = 250
!
t
) x = 50 t + 5e 5 250
!
t
) x = 50 t + e 5 5, t 0
717
ii
−
iii Use a CAS calculator

! to solve the equation
t
50 t + 5e 5 5 = 8 for t > 0.
This gives t = 1.32 correct to 2 decimal places.
2 a i v=A loge (t + B)
If A = 1 and B = 0.5, v = 1 loge (t + 0.5), t 0
ii When t = 3, Z 3
position of the particle = 1 loge (t + 0.5) dt
0
= 1.268 756 (CAS calculator)

= 1.27, correct to two decimal places.
The particle is 1.27 metres from 0 after three seconds.
Z e 0.5 Z e 0.5
iii Distance = 1 loge (t + 0.5) dt 1 loge (t + 0.5) dt
0 0
= 1.371 708 2 ( 0.102 952 2)

= 1.474 660 4
The particle travels 1.47 metres in the three seconds after passing 0.
718
b v=A loge (t + B)
dv
) a=
dt
1
=
t+B
1 1 1
When t = 10, a = , ) =
20 20 10 + B
) B = 10
) v=A loge (t + 10)
When t = 100, v = 0, ) 0=A loge (110)
) A = loge (110)
= 4.700 48 . . .
3 a v = kt(1 sin(⇡t))
When v = 0, t = 0 or 1 sin(⇡t) = 0
) sin(⇡t) = 1
⇡
) ⇡t = first value only required
2
1
) t=
2
It takes half an hour for the train to travel from A to B.
dv
b i a=
dt
= kt( ⇡ cos(⇡t)) + k(1 sin(⇡t))
= k(sin(⇡t) + ⇡t cos(⇡t) 1)
ii v is increasing from t = 0 to the value of t where v is a maximum, i.e.,

t = 0.176 979 8 from a CAS calculator. Thus the interval of time for which the
velocity is increasing is [0, 0.18], or the first 0.18 hours, correct to two decimal
places.
719
Z 0.5
c To find k when kt(1 sin(⇡t)) dt = 20,
0
Z 0.5
t(1 sin(⇡t)) dt = 0.023 678 82 using a CAS calculator
0
Z 0.5 Z 0.5
) kt(1 sin(⇡t)) dt = k t(1 sin(⇡t)) dt
0 0
= k ⇥ 0.023 678 82
20
k=
0.023 678 82
= 844.636 81 . . .
= 845, to three significant figures.
4 a i x = 28 + 4t 5t2 t3
dx
v=
dt
= 4 10t 3t2
dv
ii a =
dt
= 10 6t
iii When v = 0, 3t2 10t + 4 = 0

p
10 ± 100 + 48
) t=
6
p
10 148
= since t 0
6
p
5 + 37
=
3
⇡ 0.36
iv When x = 28, 28 + 4t 5t2 t3 = 28

t3 + 5t2 4t = 0
t(t2 + 5t 4) = 0
p
5± 25 + 16
) t = 0 or
2
p
41 5
As t 0, t = 0 or
2
= 0 or 0.70, to two decimal places.
720
v Use a CAS calculator to solve 28 + 4t 5t2 t3 = 28. This gives t = 2.92
correct to 2 decimal places. Therefore the particle is 28 m to the left of 0
t = 2.92, correct to two decimal places.
b i For particle B, a = 2 6t
Z
) v= 2 6t dt
= 2t 3t2 + c
When t = 0, v = 2 ) c=2
) v = 2t 3t2 + 2
Z
Now the position of B is x = v dt
Z
= 2t 3t2 + 2 dt
= t2 t3 + 2t + d
When t = 0, x = 0 ) d=0
) x = t2 t3 + 2t is the position of B at time t.
ii When A and B collide,

28 + 4t 5t2 t3 = t2 t3 + 2t
) 28 + 2t = 6t2
) 3t2 t 14 = 0
) (3t 7)(t + 2) = 0
7
) t= since t 0
3
1
A and B collide after 2 seconds.
3
iii Velocity of A = vA = 4 10t 3t2

Velocity of B = vB = 2t 3t2 + 2
!2
7 7 7
When t = , vA = 4 10 ⇥ 3⇥
3 3 3
107
=
3
!2
7 7
vB = 2 ⇥ 3⇥ +2
3 3
29
=
3
721
Yes, both particles are travelling to the left at the time of collision.
!
⇡ ⇡
5 a i x = 5 cos t + 1
4 3
!
dx 5⇡ ⇡ ⇡
v= = sin t + 2
dt 4 4 3
!
dv 5⇡2 ⇡ ⇡
ii a = = cos t + 3
dt 16 4 3
!
225⇡2 2 ⇡ ⇡
b i Now from 2 v = sin t +
16 4 3
!
⇡ ⇡ 16v2
) sin2 t + =
4 3 25⇡2
!
2 2 ⇡ ⇡
and from 1 x = 25 cos t +
4 3
!!
⇡2 ⇡
= 25 1 sin t +
4 3
!
16v2
= 25 1
25⇡2
16v2
= 25
⇡2
16v2 2
) 25 x = 2
⇡
⇡2
) v2 = (25 x2 )
16
⇡p
) v=± 25 x2
4
⇡2
ii From 1 and 3 a = x
16
⇡p
c v=± 25 x2
4
When x = 2.5, v ⇡ ±3.400 87
The speed is 3.4 cm/s, correct to one decimal place.
722
!
5⇡2 ⇡ ⇡
d Now a = cos t +
16 4 3
!
5⇡2 ⇡
When t = 0, a = cos
16 3
5⇡2
=
32
= 1.542 12 . . .
The acceleration is 1.54 cm/s2 , correct to two decimal places.
e i Distance is modelled by a periodic circular function of amplitude 5. The

maximum distance from 0 is 5 cm.
5⇡
ii Velocity is modelled by a periodic circular function of amplitude . The
4
5⇡
maximum speed of the particle is cm/s.
4
5⇡2
iii Acceleration is modelled by a periodic circular function, amplitude . The
16
5⇡2
maximum magnitude of acceleration for the particle is cm/s2 .
16
6 For the second lift,
1
a= (t 6)
3
1
= t+2
3
−
t2
) v= + 2t + c
6
When t = 6, v = 24
36
) 24 = + 12 + c
6
) 24 = 6 + c
) c = 18
t2
) v= + 2t + 18
6
723
t-axis intercepts : v = 0
t2
) + 2t + 18 = 0
6
1
) (t 18)(t + 6) = 0
6
) t = 18(t 0)
6
For the first lift, a =
7
6
) v = 24 t
7
When t = t1 , v = 0,
7
) t1 = 24 ⇥
6
= 28
1
Distance travelled by first lift =
⇥ 24 ⇥ 28
2
= 336 m
Z 18 2
t
Distance travelled by second lift = 24 ⇥ 6 + + 2t + 18 dt
6 6
" 3 #18
t 2
= 144 + + t + 18t
18 6
= 144 + (324 132)

= 336 m
The di↵erence between the heights of the lifts when both have come to rest is zero.
7 a a = 30(v + 110)2 , v 0
dv
This can be written as = 30(v + 110)2
dt
dt 1
) =
dv 30(v + 110)2
Z
1 1
) t= dv
30 (v + 110)2
Z
1
= (v + 110) 2 dv
30
1
= +c
30(v + 110)
724
When t = 0, v = 300,
1
) 0= +c
30(300 + 110)
1
) c=
12 300
1 1
t=
30(v + 110) 12 300
1 1
and t + =
12 300 30(v + 110)
12 300t + 1 1
) =
12 300 30(v + 110)
410
) = v + 110
12 300t + 1
410
) v= 110
12 300t + 1
410 110(12 300t + 1)
=
12 300t + 1
300(1 4510t)
=
12 300t + 1
300(1 4510t)
When v = 0, =0
12 300t + 1
1
Solving for t, t =
4510
300(1 4510t) 1
) v= , 0t
12 300t + 1 4510
b
725
dx 300(1 4510t)
c i Now =
dt 12 300t + 1
410
= 110 +
12 300t + 1
Z
410
) x= 110 + dt
12 300t + 1
1
= 110t + loge (12 300t + 1) + c, t > 0
30
When t = 0, x = 0 and therefore c = 0
1
) x = 110t + loge (12 300t + 1)
30
ii Now a = 30(v + 110)2 , v > 0

dv
) v = 30(v + 110)2
dx
dv 30[v + 110]2
=
dx v
dx v
) =
dv 30(v + 110)2
Z
v
) x= dv
30(v + 110)2
Z
1 v
= dv
30 (v + 110)2
dw
Let w = v + 110, ) =1
dv
Z
1 (w 110)
and x = dw
30 w2
Z
1 1 110
= dw
30 w w2
1 11
= loge (w) + c, w > 0
30 3w
1 11
= loge (v + 110) +c
30 3(v + 110)
When x = 0, v = 300
1 11
) 0= loge (410) +c
30 3(410)
!
1 11
c= loge (410) +
30 41
! !
1 410 110 11
x= loge +
30 v + 110 v + 110 41
726
! !
1 41 11
iii When v = 0, x = loge 1+
30 11 41
!
1 41 1
= loge
30 11 41
= 0.019 46 . . .
The bullet penetrates the shield by 0.19 m or 19 mm, to the nearest millimetre.
d i a = 30(v2 + 11 000), v 0
dv
) = 30(v2 + 11 000)
dt
dt 1
) =
dv 30(v2 + 11 000)
Z
1 1
) t= 2
dv
30 v + 11 000
Z p
1 11 000
= p dv
30 11 000 (v2 + 11 000)
!
1 1 v
= p tan p +c
30 11 000 10 110
!
1 1 30
When t = 0, v = 300, ) 0= p tan p +c
30 11 000 110
!
1 1 30
) c= p tan p
300 110 110
! !!
1 1 v 1 30
) t= p tan p + tan p
300 110 10 110 110
! !
p 1 v 1 30
ii Solving for v, 300 110 t = tan p + tan p
10 110 110
! !
v 30 p
tan 1 p = tan 1 p 300 110t
10 110 110
! !
p 1 30 p
) v = 10 110 tan tan p 300 110t
110
!
1 1 30
When v = 0, t = p tan p ,
300 110 110
!
1 1 30
) 0t p tan p
300 110 110
p p !
110 1 3 110
or 0  t  tan
33 000 11
727
iii
−
,
iv Use a CAS calculator to find the area under the graph in d iii, given by
R 0.0001
0
v dt where v is given in ii.
The value is 0.020255 ⇡ 0.020
The distance travelled in the first 0.0001 seconds is 20 mm, to the nearest
millimetre.
!
3 3 2 364 1281
8 a v(t) = t 21t + t
10 3 6
!
3 3 2 364 1281
) v(10) = (10) 21(10) + (10)
10 3 6
601
=
20
= 30.05
!
dv 3 364
b i = 3t2 42t + , where 4  t  10
dt 10 3
728
dv
ii a=
dt
!
3 364
= 3t2 42t + , where 4  t  10
10 3
da
a is a maximum when = 0 (concave-down parabola)
dt
da 3
= (6t 42)
dt 10
da
When = 0, t = 7
dt
The policeman’s acceleration is a maximum when he has been chasing for three
seconds
c For the policeman, 8

>
>
> 0 0t<4
>
>
> !
>
< 3 3
> 364 1281
vP = >
> t 21t2 + t 4  t  10
>
>
> 10 3 6
>
>
>
:30.05 t > 10
For the motorist, v M = 25 for t 0.
Z 10 !
3 3 364
2 1281
d i Distance travelled = t 21t + t dt
4 10 3 6
" !#10
3 14 182 2 1281
= t 7t3 + t t
10 4 3 6 4
= 90.3
The policeman travelled 90.3 m to reach his maximum speed.
ii Let xP be the distance travelled by the policeman.

For 4  t  10, !
3 14 3 182 2 1281
xP = t 7t + t t +c
10 4 3 6
729
When t = 4, xP = 0,
401
) c=
5
!
3 14 3 182 2 1281 401
and xP = t 7t + t t , 4  t  10
10 4 3 6 5
3 4 21 3 91 2 1281 401
= t + t t + t , 4  t  10
40 10 5 20 5
For t > 10,
601
xP = t+d
20
903
When t = 10, xP = ,
10
903 601
) = ⇥ 10 + d
10 20
1051
and d =
5
601 1051
) xP = t , t > 10
20 5
In summary:
8
>
>
>0 0t<4
>
>
>
>
>
> 3 4 21 3 91 2 1281 401
< t + t t + t 4  t  10
xP = >
>
>
> 40 10 5 20 5
>
>
> 601 1051
>
>
: t t > 10
20 5
e
At the point of intersection,

601 1051
25t = t
20 5
4204
) t=
101
= 41.623 76 . . .
The policeman draws level with the motorist 41.62 seconds after the motorist passed
him, correct to two decimal places.
730
9 a
b When vA = vB , 9 t2 = 8
) t2 = 1
which implies t = 1 (t > 0)
and 2t 6=8
) 2t = 14
) t=7
The cyclists have the same speed after one hour and again after seven hours.
c i Let xA and xB be the distance of the cyclists A and B from the stationary point
after T hours.
xB = 8T
For xA , first consider
Z 0  T  3.
T
xA = 9 t2 dt
0
1 3
= 9T T
3
Z 3 Z T
2
For T > 3, xA = 9 t dt + 2t 6 dt
0 3
= 18 + T 2 6T + 9
= T 2 6T + 27
Now that
8 the1integration has been completed we will change back to t.
>
>
<9t
> t3 0t3
xA = >
> 3
>
:t2 6t + 27 t > 3
731
Use a CAS calculator to find X and Y.
At X, t = 1.73.
At Y, t = 11.69.
Therefore, A passes B 11.7 hours after the start of the race, correct to one
decimal places.
ii B passes A 1.7 hours after the start of the race, correct to one decimal place.
1 3 1
10 a i When VP = VQ , 2 t + t2 = + t
4 4 2
12 3 5
) t t+ =0
4 2 4
) t2 6t + 5 = 0
) (t 1)(t 5) = 0
) t = 1 or t = 5
The velocities of P and Q are the same at t = 1 or t = 5.
ii
b i Let XPZand XQ be the displacements of particles P and Q from the origin.

1
XP = 2 t + t2 dt
4
12 1 3
= 2t t + t +c
2 12
When t = 0, XP = 0 and thus c = 0.
732
12 1 3
) XP = 2t t + t
2 12
Z
3 1
Now XQ = + t dt
4 2
3 1
= t + t2 + d
4 4
When t = 0, XQ = 0 and thus d = 0.
3 1
) XQ = t + t2
4 4
When XP = XQ ,
12 1 3 3 1
2t t + t = t + t2
2 12 4 4
3 2
) t 9t + 15t = 0
) t(t2 9t + 15) = 0
p
9±92 4 ⇥ 15
) t = 0 or
2
= 2.208 71 . . . or 6.791 28 . . .
P and Q meet again when t = 2.2, correct to one decimal place.
ii P is further than Q from the starting point for 0 < T < 2.2 and t > 6.8.
11 a i Choose vertically downwards to be the positive direction.

a = 9.8, u = 0, s = 1.2
Use the constant acceleration formula
v2 = u2 + 2as
= 02 + 2 ⇥ 9.8 ⇥ 1.2
= 23.52
) v = 4.849 74 . . . since v > 0
Annabelle’s velocity when she hits the ground is 4.85 m/s, correct to two
decimal places.
733
ii Use v = u + at
v u
) t=
a
p
23.52 0
=
9.8
= 0.49487 . . .
It takes 0.49 seconds, correct to two decimal places, for Annabelle to hit the
ground.
b i a = 9.8 t
dv
) = 9.8 t
dt
Z
) v= 9.8 t dt
12
= 9.8t t +c
2
When t = 0, v = 0, ) c=0
12
) v = 9.8t t
2
dx 12
ii = 9.8t t
dt 2
Z
12
) x= 9.8t t dt
2
13
= 4.9t2 t +d
6
When t = 0, x = 0,
and therefore d = 0
13
x = 4.9t2 t
6
13
iii Use a CAS calculator to solve 4.9t2 t = 1.2. This gives t = 0.499.
6
So Annabelle hits the ground after 0.50 seconds correct to two decimal places.
c i Choose
Z vertically upwards to be the positive direction, ) a = 4.9
v= a dt
Z
= 4.9 dt
= 4.9t + c
734
When t = 0, v = 0,
) c=0
) v = 4.9t
Z
) x= v dt
Z
= 4.9t dt
= 2.45t2 + d
When t = 0, x = 1.2,
) d = 1.2
) x = 1.2 2.45t2
ii For Annabelle, a = 9.8,

) v = 9.8t + c, t 0.45
When t = 0.45, v = 1.4,
) 1.4 = 9.8 ⇥ 0.45 + c
= 4.41 + c
) c = 5.81
) v = 5.81 9.8t, t 0.45
Z
) x= 5.81 9.8t dt
) x = 5.81t 4.9t2 + d, t 0.45

When t = 0.45, x = 0,
) 0 = 5.81 ⇥ 0.45 4.9 ⇥ 0.452 + d
= 2.6145 0.992 25 + d
) d = 1.622 25
) x = 5.81t 4.9t2 1.622 25, t 0.45
Use a CAS calculator to solve the equation 1.2 2.45t2 = 5.81t 4.9t2 1.622 25.
This gives t = 0.68175041 and substituting gives x = 0.06128014. Thus the
collision between Annabelle and Cuthbert occurs at a distance of 0.06 m, or
6 cm, above the ground, correct to the nearest centimetre.
735
change in velocity
12 a Acceleration =
change in time
6
) 2=
t
) t=3
The car is accelerating for three seconds.
b For t 13, a = (v + 2)
dv
) = (v + 2)
dt
dt 1
) =
dv v + 2
Z
1
) t= dv
v+2
= loge (v + 2) + c, v 0
When t = 13, v = 6,
) 13 = loge 8 + c
) c = 13 + loge 8
) t = 13 + loge 8 loge (v + 2)
!
8
= 13 + loge
v+2
!
8
) t 13 = loge
v+2
8
) et 13
=
v+2
) v = 8e13 t 2, t 13
When v = 0, 8e13 t = 2,
1
) 13 t = loge
4
) t = 13 + loge 4
8
>
>
>2t 0t3
>
>
>
<
) v=> >6 3 < t  13
>
>
>
>
:8e 13 t
2 13 < t  13 + loge 4
c When v = 0, t = 13 + loge 4
= 14.386 29 . . .
The car is in motion for 14.4 seconds, to the nearest tenth of a second.
736
d
Z 13+loge 4
e Total distance = area of trapezium OABC + 8e13 t
2 dt
13
13+loge 4
= 3(10 + 13) + [ 8e13 t
2t]13
= 69 + ( 8e13 (13+loge 4)
2(13 + loge 4) ( 8e13 13
2 ⇥ 13)
✓ ◆
1 !
loge 4
= 69 + 8e 26 2 loge 4 ( 8e0 26)
1
= 69 8⇥ 26 2 loge 4 + 8 + 26
4
= 69 2 2 loge 4 + 8
= 75 2 loge 4
= 72.22741 . . .
The total distance travelled by the car is 72.2 m, to the nearest tenth of a metre.
8
> 2
<3 (t 1) 0  t  2
>
13 a v = >
>
:6 2t t>2
737
b The particle comes to rest when v = 0,
i.e. 6 2t = 0
) t=3
Z 2
1
Distance travelled = 3 (t 1)2 dt + ⇥1⇥2
0 2
" #2
1 3
= 3t (t 1) +1
3 0
! !
1 3 1 3
= 3⇥2 (2 1) 0 (0 1) + 1
3 3
!
1 1
= 6 +1
3 3
19
=
3
19
The distance travelled when the particle first comes to rest is units.
3
c For return to original position, the areas on either side of the t axis are equal.
− −
Consider the triangle ABC.

−
1
Area of 4ABC = (T 3) ⇥ 2(T 3)
2
= (T 3)2
19
Now (T 3)2 =
3
738
r
19
) T 3= since T 3>0
3
r
19
) T =3+
3
= 5.516 61 . . .
739
Chapter 11 – Revision of Chapters 6 to 10
Z 2 ✓ x◆ 7 1
1 a 3 arccos dx x = 1 are and
2 2 3 3
Z 3⇡ ✓ x◆ b When x = 1, y = 2 or y = 4
= 2 cos + 2 dx
0 3 Point is in the first quadrant.
 ✓ x◆ 3⇡ Therefore, consider the point (1, 2).
= 6 sin + 2x Gradient of tangent
3 0
5⇥1 2 7
= ( 6 sin ⇡ + 6⇡) ( 6 sin 0 + 0) = =
1+2 3
= 6⇡ 3
Gradient of the normal is
7
Z 3⇡ Therefore equation is:
b V=⇡ x2 dy 3
y 2 = (x 1)
0 7
Z ✓y◆
3⇡ 3 11
=⇡ 4 cos2 dy y= x+
0 3 7 7
Z 3⇡ ✓ 2y ◆ or 3x 7y = 11
=⇡ 2 + 2 cos dy
0 3
 ✓ 2y ◆ 3⇡
4 x3
= ⇡ 2y + 3 sin 3 y=
3 0 3x2
= 6⇡2 1 4
= x+ 2
3 3x
x
Asymptotes y = , x = 0;
2 a p3 3
5x2 + 2xy + y2 = 13 Axis intercept ( 4, 0);
dy (x3 + 8)
dy dy =
) 10x + 2x + 2y + 2y =0 dx 3x3
dx dx dy
=0)x= 2
dy dx
) (2x + 2y) = 10x 2y Stationary point ( 2, 1)
dx
d2 y 8
dy 10x 2y = > 0 for all x. In particular it
) = dx2 x4
dx 2x + 2y indicates a local minimum at ( 2, 1)
5x y y
=
x+y
When x = 1
5 + 2y + y2 = 13
) y2 + 2y 8=0
x
O 22/3
) y = 2 or y = 4
Therefore, gradient of tangents at
1
1 + x2 dy
4 a y= 6 (1 + x2 ) = 2xy and y(0) = 2
4 x2 dx
5 1 dy 2x
= 1+ ) =
x24 y dx 1 + x2
Z Z
5 5 1 2x
= 1+ ) dy = dx
4(x + 2) 4(2 x) y 1 + x2
b ) loge |y| = loge (1 + x2 ) + c
Z 1
1 + x2
Area = dx Also y(0) = 2 and ) c = loge 2
1 4 x2
Z 1 ) loge |y| = loge (x2 + 1) + loge 2
1 + x2
=2 dx But y > 0
0 4 x2
Z 1
5 5 ) loge y = loge (2(1 + x2 ))
=2 1+ dx
0 4(x + 2) 4(2 x) ) y = 2(1 + x2 )
 5 x+2 1
=2 x+loge
4 x 2 0
 7 f (x) = arcsin(4x2 3)
5
= 1 + loge 3] For maximal domain
4
1  4x2 3  1
5
= loge (3) 1 2  4x2  4
2 1
5 loge (3) 4  x2  1
= 2
2 Maximalpdomainp=
 2  2
1, [ ,1
2 2
dy
5 = e2y sin 2x and y(0) = 0
dx
dy 4x2 + 5
) e 2y = sin(2x) 8 y=
dx x2 + 1
Z Z
1
) 2y
e dy = sin 2x dx )y=4+
1 + x2
1 2y 1 ) asymptote y = 4
) e = cos 2x + c
2 2 dy 2x
When x = 0, y = 0 and therefore c = 0 Now , =
dx (x + 1)2
2
1 2y 1
) e = cos 2x dy
2 2 =0)x=0
dx
) e 2y = cos 2x
y-intercept :(0, 5)
1
)y= loge (cos(2x)) The second derivative
2
d2 y 2(3x2 1)
=
dx2 (x2 + 1)3
d2 y
When x = 0 2 < 0
dx
2
Z 2 p
Therefore local maximum at (0, 5).
b (x 1) 2 x dx
y
1
du
5 Let u = 2 x then = 1
dx
4
x=2 u
Z 2 p
) (x 1) 2 x dx
1
Z
1 2 p du
= (1 u) u dx
O
x
2 1 dx
Z 0
p
= (u 1) u du
9 x = 2 sin t + 1 Z
1
0
dx = (u3/2 u1/2 ) du
) = 2 cos t
dt 1
2 2 3/2 0
y = 2 cos t 3 = u5/2 u
5 3 1
dy
) = 2 sin t. 4
dt =
15
dy dy dt
= Z 1
dx dt dx x 2
2 sin t c dx
= 0 x2 7x + 12
2 cos t Z 1
x 2
= tan t. = dx
0 (x 3)(x 4)
⇡ dy Z
When t = , = 1 1
2 1
4 dx = dx
0 x 4 x 3
Z  1
1
2x 2 = 2 loge |x 4| loge |x 3|
10 a e cos(e x) dx 0
0 ✓9◆ ✓ 16 ◆
du = loge loge
Let u = e2x then = 2e2x 2 3
dx ✓ 27 ◆
Z 1 = loge
) e2x cos(e2 x) dx 32
0
Z 1
1 du
= cos u dx
2 0 dx
Z 2
1 e
= cos u du
2 1
1 2
= sin u]e1
2
1
= (sin e2 sin 1)
2
3
dy 13 a = (1 + v2 )
11 = 2x2 and y(1) = 2
dx
dv
x0 = 1, y0 = 2, h = 0.1 )v = (1 + v2 )
dx
First step: dv 1 + v2
) =
y1 = y0 + h f (x0 ) dx v
dx v
) y1 = 2 + 0.1 ⇥ ( 2) ) =
dv 1 + v2
Z
) y1 = 1.8 v
)x= dv
Also, x1 = x0 + h 1 + v2
Z
1 2v
) x1 = 1.1 )x= dv
2 1 + v2
Second step 1
)x= loge (1 + v2 )
y2 = y1 + h f (x1 ) 2
When x = 0, v = u
) y2 = 1.8 + 0.1 ⇥ ( 2) ⇥ 1.12
1
) y2 = 1.558 )c= loge (1 + u2 )
2
Also, x2 = 1.2 1 ✓ 1 + u2 ◆
) x = loge
Third step 2 1 + v2
When at rest v = 0
y3 = y2 + h f (x2 )
1
) y3 = 1.558 + 0.1 ⇥ ( 2) ⇥ 1.22 )x= loge (1 + u2 )
2
) y3 = 1.270
14 a=g 0.4v
Z y2 i
dv
12 V = ⇡ x2 dy = g 0.4v
y1 dt
Z a dt 1
=⇡ 16a4 163 y dy ) =
0
dv g 0.4v
 Z
a 5 0.4
= ⇡ 16a4 y 8a3 y2 )t= dv
0 2 g 0.4v
= ⇡[16a 5 5
8a ] 5
)t= loge |g 0.4v| + c
2
= 8a5 ⇡ Since g 0.4v > 0
4
5 ) x = 100v + 10 000 loge (v + 100) + c
t= loge (g 0.4v) + c
2
When x = 0, v = 20
When t = 0, v = 0
) c = 2000 10 000 loge 120
5
)c= loge g ✓ v + 100 ◆
2 ) x = 2000 100v + 10 000 loge
5 5 120
)t= loge g loge (g 0.4v)
2 2 At rest v = 0
5 ✓ g ◆ ✓5◆
= loge x = 2000 + 10 000 loge
2 g 0.4v 6
2t g Therefore,
) e5 = 5
g 0.4v A = 10 000, B = , C = 2000
2t
6
) ge 5 =g 0.4v
5g 2t 16 a Use the quotient rule
) v = (1 e 5 ) 2(x2 1)
2 f (x) =
5g 2 (x2 + 1)2
)A= and B =
2 5
d2 y 4x(x2 3)
b =
v dx2 (x2 + 1)3
15 a = (1 + ) 2
d y p
100 = 0 ) x = 0 or x ± 3
dv v dx2
)v = (1 + ) d2 y
dx 100 The sign of 2 has to be checked
dx
dv v to the left and right of each of these
)v = (1 + )
dx 100 points.
dv 100 + v Points of inflection are
) = ✓ p p ◆ ✓ p p3 ◆
dx 100v 3
3, , (0, 0) and 3,
dx 100v 2 2
) =
dv 100 + v
Z
10 000
)x= 100 + dv
v + 100
5
1 C The graph of y = f (x) has an dy
= 6x2
x-intercept at x = 2. This implies dx
1 Gradient perpendicular to the tangent
that the graph of has an (i.e. the gradient of the normal):
f (x) dy 1
asymptote at x = 2. Therefore =
responses A, B and E are incorrect. dx 6x2
1 6 C Since car Q accelerates at the same
For the graph of to have a max-
f (x) rate as car P their gradients are the
imum for x 2 (0, 2) the graph of f (x)
same i.e. they are parallel to each
must have a minimum forx 2 (0, 2).
other. Thus responses A, B and E are
Looking at the given graph for
incorrect.
y = f (x) there is no minimum.
Since car Q accelerates to a speed
Instead the graph of y = f (x)
of 15 m/s this implies response D is
approaches 1 as x approaches
incorrect.
0 from the right. Thus the graph
1 Therefore, response C is correct.
of should approach 0 as x
f (x)
approaches 0 from the right. 7 A Passes through the point (1, 1) and
the gradient at any point is twice the
x2 + x + 2 2 reciprocal of the x-coordinate.
2 D = x+1+
x x dy 2
Horizontal asymptote at x = 0. ) = , x(1) = 1
dx x
Non-vertical asymptote at y = x + 1. dy
) x = 2, x(1) = 1
d2 y dx
3 D = 2 cos x + 1
dx2 dV
8 C =2 2=0
dy dt
) = 2 sin x + x + c
dx dQin
= 3 ⇥ 2 = 6 g/min
x2 dt
) y = 2 cos x + + cx + d
2 dQout Q Q
where c, d 2 R = ⇥2=
dt 20 10
Putting c = 1 and d = 0 dQ Q
) =6
x2 dt 10
y = 2 cos x + +x
2 dy 1
9 C =2 x+ 3
4 B distance = area under the curve dx x
1 Z
), distance = ⇥ 4 ⇥ 4 = 8 ) y= 2 x + x 3 dx
2
Therefore the object has travelled a
distance of 8 metres in four seconds. x2 1
= 2x +c
2 2x2
5 B y = 2x3
10 C Choosing two specific curves to best
Gradient of tangent at any point:
represent the graphs of y = f (x) and
6
y = g(x) we have:
1
f (x) = 2 and g(x) = (x + 1)(x 3)
x
Adding these two graphs together
1
) f (x) + g(x) = 2 + x2 2x 3
x
Sketching the graph of f (x) + g(x) d2 y
using a CAS calculator gives: 13 E 2
= e3x
dx
dy 1 3x
= e +c
dx 3
1
y = e3x + cx + d
9
where c, d 2 R
Putting c = 1 and d = 0
1
) y = e3x + x
9
14 B v
12
Thus response C best represents the gradient = -4
graph of y = f (x) + g(x) .
11 B In the first 10 seconds the car

accelerates at a constant rate, thus 3 t
responses C and E are incorrect. The body takes 3 seconds to come to
Since the car decelerates to a speed rest.
of 45 km/h response A is incorrect. 1
distance = ⇥ 3 ⇥ 12 = 18
Response B and D are very similar 2
) t = 3 and s = 18
however with close observation
response B is a velocity-time graph 15 A y = 1 sin(cos 1 x)
and response D is a distance-time Let g(x) = cos 1 x
graph. The information given in the 1
problem deals with velocity and ) g0 (x) = p
1 x2
time. Thus the correct response is B. dy
), = cos(cos 1 x) ⇥ g0 (x)
dx
dy
12 C = 3x2 + 1 with y(1) = 3 1
dx = x⇥ p
1 x2
) y = x3 + x + c x
When x = 1, y = 3 : = p
1 x2
)c=1
16 A Responses B and E have non-
3
) y= x +x+1 constant deceleration phases,
Using CAS therefore they are incorrect.
Responses C and D do not have a
7
Z ⇡ Z p
deceleration phase. 3 3
2 2
) tan x sec x dx = u2 du
Thus response A is the correct 0 0
illustration for the problem. 1 p
= [u3 ]0 3
3
17 B x = 2 sin2 y = 2(sin y)2 1 p
Using the chain rule = ⇥3 3
3
dx p
= 4 sin y ⇥ cos y = 2 sin 2x = 3
dy
dy 1 1 1
) = = cosec 2x 20 D distance = (22 + 38) ⇥ 15
dx 2 sin 2x 2 2
dx 15
18 E = kx = ⇥ 60
dt 2
dt 1 = 450
) =
dx k
) t = k loge (x) + c for x>0 21 A ÿ = e x + e 2x
When t = 0, x = 20 : 1 2x
ẏ = e x e +c
2
) c = k loge 20 1
! When x = 0, ẏ = :
20 2
) t = k loge
x )c=0
When t = 20, x = 5 : 1 2x
) ẏ = e x e
20 2
)k= 1
loge 4 y = e x + e 2x + d
! 4
20 20 When x = 0, y = 0 :
) t= loge
loge 4 x
5
When x = 2, )c=
4
20 1 5
t= loge 10 ⇡ 33.22 ) y = ex = e 2x
loge 4 4 4
Z ⇡
3
19 A tan2 x sec2 x dx
0
du
Let u = tan x ) = sec2 x
dx
When x = 0, u = 0
⇡ p
When x = , u = 3
3
8
22 26 C
dy d 1 x
A = 2y + 1 [x tan x] = + tan 1 x
dx dx 1 + x2
Z !
dx 1 1 x 1
) = ) x tan x = + tan x dx
dy 2y + 1 1 + x2
Z Z
1 1 1 1 x
) x = loge (2y + 1) + c for y> ) tan x = x tan x dx
2 2 1 + x2
When x = 0, y = 3 : du
Let u = 1 + x2 , ) = 2x
1 Z Z dx
)c= loge 7 x 1 1
2 ) 2
dx = du
! 1+x 2 u
1 2y + 1 1
) x = loge = loge |u| (c = 0)
2 7 2
2y + 1 1
) e2x = = loge (1 + x2 )
7 2
Z
2x
7e 1 ) tan 1 x dx = x tan 1 x
) y=
2
1
23 D Using v2 = u2 + 2as loge (1 + x2 )
2
v2 = 0 + 2( 10)( 45) = x tan 1 x
p
) v2 = 900 loge 1 + x2
) v = 30 since v > 0
1
27 C distance = (240 + 360) ⇥ 10
24 B v=t t2 2
= 5 ⇥ 600
dv
a== 1 2t
dt = 3000
When t = 5, a = 9 m/s2
dy
p 28 D = x2 + x
Z 3 dx
2x + 3
25 B dx 1 1
0 9 + x2 ) y = x3 + x2 + c
Using CAS: 3 2
1
When x = 3, y = :
2
1 27 9
)c= + =4
2 3 2
1 1
) y = x3 + x2 + 4
3 2
Z p Using CAS:
3
2x + 3
) dx ⇡ 0.8
0 9 + x2
9
dy property. Thus response C is also
29 B =1 e x
dx incorrect.
) y= x+e x+c When x = 1.5,
When x = 0, y = 6 :
For response D : y = 8
)c=5
For response E : y = 8
x The given graph is negative for
) y= x+e +5
p x 2 (1, 2), thus response D is correct.
30 E y = sin 1 1 x
p 32 B y = emx
Let g(x) = 1 x
dy d2 y
1 = memx and = m2 emx
Then g0 (x) = p dx dx 2
2 1 x 2
For
d y
2
dy
3y = 0
Using the chain rule dx2 dx
dy g0 (x) ) m2 emx 2memx 3emx = 0
= p
dx 1 [g(x)]2 ) emx (m2 2m 3) = 0
dy 1 2
) = p p ) m 2m 3 = 0 (since emx , 0)
dx 2 1 x 1 (1 x) ) (m + 1)(m 3) = 0
1 ) m= 1 or m=3
= p p
2 1 x x
1 33 B The particle should initially have a
= p velocity of 20 m/s. Thus responses
2 x(1 x)
Using CAS: C and D are incorrect. Since there
are no other forces acting on the
body, except gravity, the acceleration
of the particle should be constant.
Therefore, response E is incorrect.
Since the particle returns to the point
31 D The graph of response A does have
of projection the displacement must
asymptotes at x = 1 and x = 2,
1 be equal to zero. Response A has a
however when x = 0, y = but non-zero displacement. Response B
2
the given graph does not have has a zero displacement.
this property. Thus response A is
incorrect. 34 E Throughout the first phase the
The graph of response B has the acceleration is not constant. Thus
property that when x = 0, y = 0. response A is incorrect.
The given graph does not have Further investigation shows that
this property. Thus response B is during the first phase the car should
incorrect. be accelerating quickly then slowing
The graph of response C should until it reaches a maximum speed
have an asymptote at x = 0, however of 25 m/s. Thus response D is
the given graph does not have this incorrect.
10
During the third phase the deceler- 39 A The area of the shaded region is
ation is constant. Thus responses B given
Z by Z
0 1
and C are incorrect.
f (x) dx + f (x) dx
Therefore, response E is correct. 2 0
Z 1 Z 2
35 B y=e 3x = f (x) dx + f (x) dx
0 0
d2 y
2
= 9e3x 40 C Z
For⇡ P:
dx 2
Z ⇡
2 1
2
d2 y sin x dx = (1 cos 2x)dx
9y = 9e3x 9e3x = 0 0 0 2
dx 2
" # ⇡2
Thus response B is correct. 1 1
= x sin 2x
2 2 0
36 E a = 6t2 + 5t 3 1 ⇡
Z = ⇥
5 2 2
v= a dt = 2t3 + t2 3t + c ⇡
2 = ⇡ 0.785
When t = 0, v = 3 : 4
For Q:
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
)c=3 4 2 1 4
cos x dx = (cos 2x + 1) dx
5 0 0 2
) v = 2t3 + t2 3t + 3 " # ⇡4
2 1 1
= sin 2x + x
When t = 2, v = 23 m/s 2 2 0
!
1 1 ⇡
37 E v = 4 sin 2t = +
2 2 4
Z
)s= v dt = 2 cos 2t + c 1 ⇡
+ ⇡ 0.643
=
4 8
When t = 0, s = 0 : For
Z ⇡
R: Z ⇡
4 2 4 1
)c=2 sin x dx = (1 cos 2x) dx
0 0 2
) s=2 2 cos 2t " # ⇡4
1 1
= x sin 2x
2 2
38 E For a rotation
Z about the y-axis !
0
y=a
1 ⇡ 1
V=⇡ x2 dy =
y=b 2 4 2
y = e2x ⇡ 1
= ⇡ 0.143
8 4
1 In ascending order we have: R, Q, P
) x = loge y
2 Z 1
Thus the shaded region rotated about e2x
41 C dx
the y-axis is given by: 2x
0 e +1
Z 2 !2
1 du
V=⇡ loge y dy Let u = e2x + 1, ) = 2e2x
1 2
dx
Z 2 When x = 0, u = 2
1
) V=⇡ (loge y)2 dy
1 4 When x = 1, u = e2 + 1
11
Z 1 Z 2
e2x 1 e +1 du 45 C distance = area under graph
) dx =
0 e2x + 1 2 2 u
1
1 2 = (4 + 6) ⇥ 10
= [loge |u|]e2 +1 2
2
1 1
= (loge (e2 + 1) loge 2) + ⇥ 2 ⇥ 10
2 2
!
1 e2 + 1 = 50 + 10
= loge
2 2
Using CAS: = 60
46 C g(x) is the upper curve for the

interval x 2 [0, b]. f (x) is the upper
curve for the interval x 2 [b, c].
Thus the total area is given by
Z b Z c
g(x) f (x) dx + f (x) g(x) dx
42 B Area
Z 3of region is given by
0
Z
b
Z
c b
((9 x2 ) (x2 9)) dx = f (x) g(x) dx + ( f (x) g(x)) dx
3 b 0
Z 3 Z c Z 0
2
= (18 2x ) dx = f (x) g(x) dx + f (x) g(x) dx
3 b b
43 A Area 47 E Z
Z 1 is given by 1
⇡ (2e2x )2 22 dx cos(3x + 1) dx = sin(3x + 1) + c
3
0
Z 1 1
= sin(3x + 1)
=⇡ 4e4x 4 dx 3
0
⇥ (c = 0)
d2 x
44 D =4 e t Z ⇡
dt2 4
48 A tan x sec2 x dx
dx 0
v= = 4t + e t + c du
dt Let u = tan x, ) = sec2 x
When t = 0, v = 3 : dx
)c=2 When x = 0, u = 0
⇡
) v = 4t + e t + 2 When x = , u = 1
4
2 Z ⇡ Z 1
When t = 2, v = 10 + e 4 2
) tan x sec x dx = u du
0 0
Z 2
⇥ ⇤
49 B 2e2x dx = e2x 20
0
= e4 1
12
Z
sin x When x = 0, u = 1
50 A dx
cos2 x
du When x = 1, u = 3
Let u = cos x, ) = sin x Z 1 p
Z Zdx
sin x du ) x 2x + 1dx
) 2
dx = 0
cos x u2 Z ! !
3 p 1
1 1
= +c = (u 1) u du
u 1 2 2
1 Z 3
(c = 0) 1 3 1
=
cos(x) = u2 u 2 du
4 1
= sec x Z ⇡
6 1
1 A B 53 D sinn x cos x dx =
51 A ⌘ + 0 64
(2x + 6)(x 4) 2x + 6 x 4 du
Let u = sin x, ) = cos x
) 1 = A(x 4) dx
When x = 0, u = 0
+ B(2x + 6)
1 ⇡ 1
When x = 4, B = When x = , u =
14 6 2
Z ⇡ Z 1
1 6 n 2
When x = 3, A = ) sin x cos x dx = un du
7 0 0
1 1
)
(2x + 6)(x 4)
=
14(x 4) " #1
1 n+1 2
1 = u
7(2x + 6)
n+1 0
Z
1 1
Z
1 " !n+1 #
) dx = dx 1 1
(2x + 6)(x 4) 14 x 4 =
1
Z
1
n+1 2
dx !n+1
7 2x + 6
1 1 1
1 ) ⇥ =
=
14
loge (x 4) n+1 2 64
1 !n+1
14
loge (2x + 6) + c 1 n+1
) =
1 2 64
= 7 loge (2x + 6) 1 n+1
2 ) =
1 2n+1 26
+ loge (x 4) (c = 0)
14 26
1 1 ) n+1 = n + 1
) a=
7
and b =
14
2
Z ) 25 n = n + 1
1 p
52 E x 2x + 1dx When x = 3 :
0
du 22 = 3 + 1 ) 4 = 4
Let u = 2x + 1, ) =2 Which is a true statement
dx
1
and x = (u 1)
2
13
Z Z
54 E Using CAS: 2x du
) p dx = p
x2 1 u
p
= 2 u (c = 0)
p
= 2 x2 1
3 A B
58 C ⌘ +
(x 1)(2x + 1) x 1 2x + 1
) 3 = A(2x + 1)
+ B(x 1)
When x = 1, A = 1
1
When x = , B= 2
2
Z Z
sin x
Order is: 0 + 59 C tan x dx = dx
cos x
Z ⇡ " # ⇡4 du
4 1 1 Let u = cos x, ) = sin x
55 A cos 2x dx = sin 2x = Z Z dx
0 2 2 1
0 ) tan x dx = du
Using a CAS calculator to evaluate u
all of the responses yields that = loge u + c (u > 0)
Z ⇡
1 2 1 !
sin 2x dx = 1
2 0 2 = loge +c
Z ⇡ Z ⇡ u
4 1 2
) cos 2x dx = sin 2x dx = loge (sec x) + c
0 2 0
Z a Z a 60 C Volume of revolution is equal to
sin x Z ⇡
56 C tan x dx = dx 4
a a cos x ⇡ (2 sin x 1)2 dx
0
= [ loge (cos x)]a a Z ⇡
Using the substitution u = cos x and 4
=⇡ (1 2 sin x)2 dx
for cos x > 0. 0
3⇡ ⇡ 3⇡
When x = , , cos x = 0 " !
2 2 2 ⇡
Thus loge (cos x) is undefined. 61 B f : 0, ! R, f (x) = sin x
2
When x = ⇡, cos ⇡ = 1 " !
Thus logep( 1) is undefined. ⇡
p ! g : 0, ! R, g(x) = sin 2x
⇡ 2 2 2
cos = and loge is Sketching the two functions over the
4 2 2
defined given domain gives
Z
2x
57 A p dx
x2 1
du
Let u = x2 1, ) = 2x
dx
14
Z 1 Z 1
2 1 2 2
64 A dx = (1 x) dx
1 (1 x)2 1
y = sin(x)
2 2
y = sin(2x) " # 12
1
=
1 x 1
2
2
=2
π π π 3
4
=
3
Z Z
1 dx
65 B r dx = s
1 !2
Area bounded by the two graphs f x2 1
9 x2
and g is equal to 3
Z ⇡ !
3 x
sin 2x sin x dx = sin 1
+c
0 1
3
62 C Response A is clearly true. = sin 3x + c 1
Response B is also true. Z Z

Response D and E are correct dx 1 dx
66 C =
statements. 9 + 4x2 4 9
+ x2
Response C is false because if the 4
Z
region shown is rotated about the 1 dx
= ! 2
y-axis the lower limit should be 4 3
+ x2
y = 0 not y = f (0) 2
Note: f (0) , 0 !
1 2 1 2x
= ⇥ tan +c
4 3 3
63 D Z Z !
1 1 1 1
p dx = r dx 1 2x
2 = tan +c
9 4x2 9 6 3
x2
4
Z d d
1 1 67 A (sec3 ✓) = ((cos ✓) 3 )
= s dx
2 !2 d✓ d✓
3
x2 = 3(cos ✓) 4 ⇥ ( sin ✓)
2
! = 3 sec4 ✓ sin ✓
1 1 2x
= sin +c
2 3 = 3 sec3 ✓ tan ✓
Z
68 A sin2 4x cos 4x dx = k sin3 4x + c
du
Let u = sin 4x, ) = 4 cos 4x
dx
15
Z Z
2 1 dy
) sin 4x cos 4x dx = u2 du 72 D +y=1
4 dx
1 3 dy
= u +c ) =1 y
12 dx
1 dx 1
= sin3 4x + c ) =
12 dy 1 y
1 dx 1
)k= ) =
12 dy y 1
69 A x2 x 6 = (x 3)(x + 2) )x= loge (y 1) + c for y > 1
x+7 x+7 ) ec x
=y 1
) 2 =
x x 6 (x 3)(x + 2) ) y = 1 + ec x
A B x
⌘ + ) y = 1 + Pe where P = ec
x 3 x+2
) x + 7 = A(x + 2) + B(x 3) Z
x2
When x = 3, A = 2 73 C 1
dx
(x3 + 1) 2
When x = 2, B = 1 du
Let u = x3 + 1, ) = 3x2
x+7 2 1 Z dx
Z
) = x2 1 du
x2 x 6 x 3 x+2 ) 1
dx = 1
3
(x3 + 1) 2 u2
70 D For y = sin 1 (3x)
2p
Let g(x) = 3x, then g0 (x) = 3 = u+c
3
dy g0 (x) 2p 3
) = p = x +1+c
dx 1 [g(x)]2 3
3 dV
= p 74 A Given= 2 m3 /s
1 9x2 dt
4
d g0 (x) V = ⇡r3
71 C [loge (tan x)] = 3
dx g(x) dV
= 4⇡r2
where g(x) = tan x dr
d sec2 x and surface area S = 4⇡r2
) [loge (tan x)] = dS
dx tan x ) = 8⇡r
1 cos x dr
= 2
⇥ dS dS dV
cos x sin x = ⇥
1 dt dV dt
= dS dS dr
cos x sin x where = ⇥
1 dV dr dV
=
1 1
sin 2x = 8⇡r ⇥
2 4⇡r2
2 2
=
=
sin 2x r
16
dS 2 4 76 A
) = ⇥ 2= 1 1
dt r r =
dS 4 1 x2
(1 x)(1 + x)
When r = 5, =
dt 5 A B
Therefore the surface area is ⌘ +
4 1 x 1+x
decreasing at a rate of m2 /s A B
5 )1= +
1 x 1+x
75 B p
Z 3 ) 1 = A(1 + x) + B(1 x)
2 x
p dx 1
0 1 x2 When x = 1, A =
2
du
Let u = 1 x2 , ) = 2x 1
dx When x = 1, B =
2
When x = 0, u = 1 1 1
p ) =
3 1 1 x2 x) 2(1
When x = , u=
p 2 4 1
Z 3 Z 1 +
2 x 1 4 du 2(1 + x)
) p dx = p Z Z
2 1 u 1 1 1
0 1 x2 ) dx = dx
1 x 2 2 1 x
Z 1 Z
1 4 du 1 1
= p + dx
2 1 u 2 1+x
p 14 1
=[ u]1 = log(1 x)
2
1 1
= +1 + loge (1 + x) + c
2 2
1 !
= 1 1+x
2 = loge +c
Using CAS: 2 1 x
dr
77 D = 2 cm/s
dt
4 dV
V = ⇡r3 and = 4⇡r2
3 dr
dV dV dr
) = ⇥
dt dr dt
= 4⇡r2 ⇥ 2
= 8⇡r2
dV
When r = 10, = 800⇡
dt
17
78 A Let g(x) = sec ✓ + tan ✓ It is known that 0
d g (x)
= (cos ✓) 1
+ tan ✓ [loge (g(x))] =
dx g(x)
Then g0 (x) = (cos ✓) 2
⇥ sin ✓ d
) [loge (sec ✓ + tan ✓)]
dx
+ sec2 ✓ sec ✓(sec ✓ + tan ✓)
=
sin ✓ sec ✓ + tan ✓
= + sec2 ✓
cos2 ✓ = sec ✓
= tan ✓ sec ✓ + sec2 ✓
79 E x = 3 cos 2t
= sec ✓ (sec ✓ + tan ✓)
dx
v= = 6 sin 2t
dt
d2 x
a = 2 = 12 cos 2t
dt
⇡
When t = , a = 12
2
18
Z 25
1 a Volume = ⇡x2 dy
0
Z 25
= 4⇡ydy (x2 = 4y)
0
= [2⇡y2 ]25
0
= 1250⇡
dV
b i = kh, k > 0
dt
Z h !
2 2
but V = 2⇡h = ⇡x dy
0
dV
= 4⇡h
dh
dh dh dV
) = ⇥
dt dv dt
1
= ⇥ kh
4⇡h
k
= , k>0
4⇡
kt
ii h = + c is the solution of the di↵erential equation.
4⇡
When t = 0, h = 25,
) c = 25
When h = 0, t = 30,
30k
)0= + 25
4⇡
100⇡
)k=
30
5t
iii From above h = 25
6
!2
5t
iv V = 2⇡ 25
6
19
c i V (25, 1250π)
0 h
ii V
1250π
0 30 t
2 a y
6
y+3=
x−1
0 1 3 x
–3 y = −3
–9
x=1
b Now y + 3x = 9
)y=9 3x
6
and also y + 3 =
x 1
6
)9 3x + 3 =
x 1
) (4 x)(x 1) = 2
) 4 + 5x x2 = 2
) x2 5x + 6 = 0
) x = 2 or 3
The points of intersection are (2, 3) and (3, 0).
Z 3 Z 3
6 6
c 9 3x + 3 dx = 12 3x dx
2 x 1 2 x 1
" #3
3x2
= 12x 6 loge (x 1)
2 2
15 9
) Area = 12 6 loge 2 = 6 loge 2
2 2
20
dy 6
d =
dx (x 1)2
Now gradient of line = 3,
6
) = 3
(x 1)2
) (x 1)2 = 2
p
)x
1=± 2
p
) x=1± 2
! !
p 6 p 6
Tangents are at points 1 + 2, 3 + p , 1 2, 3 p
p p p 2 p 2
i.e., (1 + 2, 3(1 2) , (1 2, 3(1 + 2)
Equations of tangents
p p
y + 3(1 2) = 3(x 1 2)
p p
) y + 3 3 2 = 3x + 3 + 3 2
p
) y = 3x + 6 2
p p
or y + 3(1 + 2) = 3(x 1 + 2)
p p
) y + 3 + 3 2 = 3x + 3 3 2
p
) y = 3x 6 2
Z 6 1
3 a 2⇡k(6 x) 2 x2 dx = 600 000
0
Let u = 6 x,
Z 0 1
) 2⇡ku 2 (6 u)2 du = 600 000
6
Z 0 1 3 5
) 2⇡k 36u 2 12u 2 + u 2 du = 600 000
6
" 3 5 7 #0
36u 2 12u 2 u2
2⇡k + = 600 000
3 5 7 6
2 2 2
3 5 2 7 600 000
) k(24 ⇥ 6 2 4.8 ⇥ 6 2 + ⇥ 62 ) =
7 2⇡
) k = 1184.435 . . .
= 1180, correct to 3 significant figures.
21
Z 3 Z 3
1 1 3 5
b 2⇡k(6 x) 2 x2 dx = 2⇡k 36u 2 12u 2 + u 2 du
0 6
" !
3 2 7 5
= 2⇡k 24 ⇥ 4.8 ⇥ 32 + ⇥ 32 32
7
!#
3 5 2 7
24 ⇥ 6 2 4.8 ⇥ 6 2 + ⇥ 6 2
7
= 470 668 + 600 000
= 129 332
129 332 people live within 3 km of the city centre.
4 a Intercepts with the x axis at x = 10 and x = 10,

) parabola is of the form y = k(x2 100)
When x = 20, y = 36,
) 36 = k(202 100)
36
)k=
300
= 0.12
) y = 0.12x2 12
Z 36
b Volume = ⇡x2 dy
0
Z 36
y + 12
=⇡ dy
0 0.12
" #36
⇡ y2
= + 12y
0.12 2 0
!
⇡ 362
= + 12 ⇥ 36
0.12 2
⇡
= (54 + 36)
0.01
= 9000⇡ = 9⇡ litres
22
c A = ⇡x2 , where h = 0.12x2 12
⇡
)A= (h + 12)
0.12
p
dv h
) = ⇡
dt (h + 12)
0.12
p
0.12 h
=
⇡(h + 12)
p
3 h
= , as required.
25⇡(h + 12)
d From b, whenZ y = h,
h
y + 12
Volume = ⇡ dy
0 0.12
Z h
25y
=⇡ + 100dy
0 3
!
25h2
e i From d, v = ⇡ + 100h
6
!
dv 25h
) =⇡ + 100
dh 3
dh dh dv
ii = ⇥
dt dv dt
p
1 3 h
= !⇥
25h 25⇡(h + 12)
⇡ + 100
3
p
9 h
=
625⇡2 (h + 12)2
23
p
dh 9 h
f = 2
⇥ 2
dt 625⇡ h + 24h + 144
2
!
dt 625⇡ 3 1 1
) = h 2 + 24h 2 + 144h 2
dh 9
5 !
625⇡2 2h 2 3 1
)t= + 16h + 288h + c
2 2
9 5
When t = 0, h = 36,
!
625⇡2 2 ⇥ 65
)c= + 16 ⇥ 216 + 288 ⇥ 6
9 5
625⇡2
c = 8294.4 ⇥
9
Time, when h = 0, is given by
t=c
) t = 5 684 892.135 seconds
⇡ 65.8 days
It takes approximately 65 days 19 hours for the bucket to empty.
dV
5 = kh, k > 0
dt
Z h a
a i Volume (to height h) = ⇡x2 dy
a
" #h a
2 ⇡y3
= ⇡a y
3 a
! !
2 ⇡(h a)3 3 ⇡a3
= ⇡a (h a) ⇡a +
3 3
⇡h3
= ⇡a2 h + ⇡ah2 ⇡a2 h
! 3
2 h
) V = ⇡h +a
3
!
2 h3
or V = ⇡ ah , for 0 < h  a
3
ii If a = 10, and V = 1 L = !1000 cm3 ,

h3
then 1000 = ⇡ 10h2
3
Use a CAS calculator to solve this equation for h. This gives h = 6.3550081 So
the depth water is 6.355 cm, correct to three decimal places.
24
dV
b = ⇡(2ah h2 )
dh
dV dV dh
as = ⇥
dt dh dt
dh
then ⇡(2ah h2 ) = kh, k > 0 from above 1
dt
dh
c 1 leads to ⇡(2a h) = k
dt
dh k
) =
dt ⇡(2a h)
dt ⇡(2a h)
) =
dh k
Z
⇡
)t= (2a h)dh
k
!
⇡ h2
)t= 2ah +c
k 2
When h = a, t = 0,
!
⇡ 3a2
)c=
k 2
!!
⇡ 3a2 h2
and t = 2ah
k 2 2
When h = 0, t = T,
3a2 ⇡
)k=
2T
d T = 30 and a = 10, k = 5⇡ ⇡ 15.7.
e i dV
dt a
0 h
3
−3a π
(a, 2T
)
dV 3a2 ⇡
= h
dt 2T
ii dh
dt a 2a
0 h
−3a
4T
−3a
(a, 2T
)
25
dh 3a2
=
dt 2T (2a h)
a dh 3a2
f i When h = , = !
2 dt a
2T 2a
2
3a2
=
3aT
a
=
T
a dh 3a2
ii When h = , = !
4 dt a
2T 2a
4
6a2
=
7aT
6a
=
7T
g When a = 10, T = 30 and V = 1000, k = 5⇡ and h = 6.355.
dh k
Now =
dt ⇡(2a h)
5⇡
=
⇡(2 ⇥ 10 6.355)
= 0.36643 . . .
1
6 a f (x) =
ax2
+ bx + c
(2ax + b)
) f 0 (x) =
(ax2 + bx + c)2
f 0 (x) = 0 at stationary points
b
b For the turning point of f (x), x = , provided b2 4ac , 0.
2a !
b 4a
Coordinates of turning point are ,
2a 4ac b2
i a>0
b b b
x 1 +1
2a 2a 2a
2a 2a
f 0 (x) = +ve 0 = ve
(. . .)2 (. . .)2
/ — \
26
) maximum
ii a < 0
b b b
x 1 +1
2a 2a 2a
2a 2a
f 0 (x) = ve 0 = +ve
(. . .)2 (. . .)2
\ — /
) minimum
c i b2 4ac < 0, a > 0 y

1
no vertical asymptote for f (x) = 2 1
ax + bx + c c
asymptote: y = 0
–b x
2a
ii b2 4ac < 0, a < 0 y

–b
1 2a
no vertical asymptote for f (x) = 2
ax + bx + c x
asymptote: y = 0 1
c
d i b2 4ac = 0, a > 0 repeated root

y
repeated root
b
asymptotes: y = 0 and x =
2a 1
c
–b x
2a
ii b2 4ac = 0, a < 0 repeated root

–b
repeated root y
2a
b
asymptotes: y = 0 and x = 1
x
2a c
e b2 4ac > 0, ap> 0 y

b + b2 4ac
Let ↵ = and =
p 2a 1
b b2 4ac c
2a α
vertical asymptotes: x = ↵ and x = 0 β x
horizontal asymptote: y = 0 –b 4a
( 2a , 4ac − b2 )
27
b
7 y = ax2 + , a, b 2 R+
x2
!!
dy 2b 2a b
a = 2ax 3
= 3 x4
dx x x a
2b
b stationary points where 2ax =0
x3
b
) x4 =
a
r r !
4 b 4 b 1
x=± i.e. ± , 2(ab) 2
a a
r
4 b
For x =
a
r r r
4 b 4 b 4 b
x h +h
a a a h>0
0
f (x) ve 0 +ve
) minimum
r
4 b
For x =
a
r r r
4 b 4 b 4b
x h +h
a a a h<0
0
f (x) ve 0 +ve
) minimum
1
c y = ax2 + ) b=1
x2 ! !
1 p 1 p2
Turning points are p4 , 2 a , p4 , a .
a a
x x
8 a f 0 (x) = e sin x + e cos x
When f 0 (x) = 0,
e x (cos x sin x) = 0
) cos x = sin x
) tan x = 1
⇡
) x = + n⇡, n 2 Z
4
⇡ 5⇡ 9⇡ 13⇡
)x= , , , , as dom f = [0, 4⇡]
4 4 4 4
28
2⇡ a
b f (a + 2⇡) = e sin(2⇡ + a)
2⇡ a
=e (e sin a)
2⇡
) f (a + 2⇡) : f (a) = e :1
⇡ 5⇡ 9⇡ 13⇡
c Stationary points found in a are at x = , , ,
4 4 4 4
Nature of stationary points
⇡ 5⇡ 13⇡ 9⇡
x 0 ⇡ 2⇡ 4⇡ 3⇡
4 4 4 4
f 0 (x) +ve ve 0 +ve 0ve 0 +ve 0
p ! p !
⇡ 9⇡ ⇡ 2 ⇡ 9⇡ 2 9⇡
f has local maximum at x = and , i.e., , e4 , , e 4
4 4 4 2 4 2
p ! p !
5⇡ 13⇡ 5⇡ 2 5⇡ 13⇡ 2 13⇡
f has local minimum at x = and , i.e., , e 4 , , e 4
4 4 4 2 4 2
!
d 1 x 1
d e (cos x + sin x) = (e x (cos x + sin x) e x ( sin x + cos x))
dx 2 2
1
= e x ⇥ 2 sin x
2
= e x sin x
Z ⇡ " #⇡
x 1 x
) e sin x dx = e (cos x + sin x)
0 2 0
!
1 ⇡ 1 0
= e ( 1 + 0) e (1 + 0)
2 2
1
= (e ⇡ + 1)
2
1 + e⇡
=
2e⇡
e From b f (x + 2⇡) = f (x) ⇥ e 2⇡

Z ⇡ Z ⇡
2⇡
) f (x + 2⇡)dx = f (x) ⇥ e dx
0 0
Let y = x + 2⇡,
Z 3⇡
2⇡ 1 ⇡
) f (y)dy = e ⇥ (e + 1)
2⇡ 2
2⇡
e ⇡
= (e + 1)
2
1 + e⇡
=
2e3⇡
29
Z ⇡ " # ⇡4
4 tan5 ✓
9 a tan4 ✓ sec2 ✓ d✓ =
0 5 0
1
=
5
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
4 6 4
b tan ✓ d✓ = tan4 ✓(sec2 ✓ 1) d✓
0 0
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
4 6 4
= tan ✓ d✓ + tan4 ✓ sec2 ✓ d✓
0 0
Z ⇡
1 4
= tan4 ✓ d✓
5 0
Z ⇡ Z ⇡
4 4 4
c tan ✓ d✓ = tan2 ✓ + tan2 ✓ sec2 ✓ d✓
0 0
Z ⇡
4
= 1 sec2 ✓ + tan2 ✓ sec2 ✓ d✓
0
" # ⇡4
tan3 ✓
= ✓ tan ✓ +
3 0
⇡ 1
= 1+
4 3
Z ⇡ !
4 6 1 ⇡ 1
) tan ✓ d✓ = 1+
0 5 4 3
13 ⇡
=
15 4
30
10 a i At time t, p is the proportion of the population which has the disease.
dp
/ p(1 p)
dt
dp
) = kp(1 p) for constant k
dt
dt 1
) =
d p kp(1 p)
Z
1 1 1
and t = + dp
k p 1 p
1 p
) t = loge + c (since 0 < p < 1)
k 1 p
1
When t = 0, p =
10
1 1
)c= loge
k 9
1 9p
and t = loge
k 1 p
1
When t = 2, p =
5
9
) 2k = loge
4
1 9
) k = loge
2 4
3
= loge
2
3 9p
ii ) t loge = loge
2 1 p
9p 3
) = et loge 2
1 p
!t
3
= eloge 2
!t
3
=
2
!4
9p 3
b When t = 4, =
1 p 2
p 9
=
1 p 16
9
)p=
25
31
!t
9p 3
c =
1 p 2
!t
12 p
) =
9p 3
!t
1 2
) 1=9
p 3
!t
1 2
) =9 +1
p 3
1
)p= !t
2
9 +1
3
!t !t !
3 3
d p= 9+
2 2
!t !t !
1 3 1 3
p > implies > 9+
2 2 2 2
!t
3
and >9
2
loge 9
)t> , t > 5.419
loge 1.5
e p
0.1
0 t
32
dv p
11 a v = kv2
dx v
pkv3
=
v
dv p kv3
) =
dx v2
Z
v2
and x = dv
p kv3
1
)x= loge (p kv3 ) + c, p kv3 > 0
3k
When v = 0, x = 0
1
)c= loge p
3k
!
1 p kv3
)x= loge
3k p
3kx p kv3
e =
p
p
) v3 = (1 e 3kx
)
k
r
p
b lim v = 3
x!1 k
! !
1 8 1 2
12 a ✓ = tan tan ,x>0
x x
!
d✓ 8 1 2 1
b ) = 2 ⇥ !2 ⇥ !2
dx x 8 x2 2
1+ 1+ 8m
x x
8 2 θ 2m
= +
x2 + 64 x2 + 4 x
d✓ 8(x2 + 4) + 2(x2 + 64)

c = 0 when =0
dx (x2 + 64)(x2 + 4)
implies 8x2 32 + 2x2 + 128 = 0
6x2 + 96 = 0
) x2 = 16
x = 4 (positive value taken)
Test for maximum
33
x <4 4 >4
d✓
+ve 0 ve
dx
/ — \
) ✓ is a maximum when observer stands
! 4 metres from the screen.
1
When x = 4, ✓ = tan 1 (2) tan 1
2
= 0.643 50 . . .
) allowable values for ✓ are 0 < ✓ < 0.644. !
1
Note that in Question 12 b ii below, we find that tan 1 (2) tan 1
=
2
! !!
1 3 1 3
tan , so we could write 0 < ✓ < tan .
4 4
d θ (4, 0.644)
0 x (m)
e ✓ is a minimum for 1  x  25 at either side of the two ends.

When x = 1, ✓ = tan 1 (8) tan 1 (2)
= 0.339 29 . . .
◆ !
1 8 1 2
When x = 25, ✓ = tan tan
25 25
= 0.229 87 . . .
! !
1 8 1 2
Minimum ✓ = tan tan ⇡ 0.23
25 25
13 a ✓ = \OBP \OAP (exterior angle of triangle theorem)

!
1 1 x
= tan (x) tan where x = OP
4
34
d✓ 1 4
b i = A
dx 1 + x2 42 + x2
d✓ 3 units
=0
dx
16 + x2 4(1 + x2 ) θ
B
1 unit
) =0
(1 + x2 )(16 + x2 ) P
O
x
2 2
) 16 + x 4 4x = 0
) 3x2 = 12
) x2 = 4
) x = 2 taking positive value
x 1 2 3
d✓ 1 4 1 4
= +ve 0 = ve
dx 2 17 10 25
/ — \
) maximum when x = 2
!
1 1 1
ii ) maximum value for ✓ = tan (2) tan
2
!
1 1 1
Let tan (2) = ↵ and tan =
2
1
) tan ↵ = 2 and tan =
2
tan ↵ tan
Now tan(↵ )=
1 + tan ↵ tan
1
2
= 2
1+1
3
=
4
!
1 3 ⇡
)✓ =↵ = tan as ✓, ↵, <
4 2
14 a Let h be the height (in metres) of the tank.

V = x2 h and V = 4000
h
2
) x h = 4000
x
4000 x
)h= 2
x
35
A = x2 + 4xh
4000
= x2 + 4x ⇥
x2
16 000
= x2 + , as required.
x
b A (m2)
A = x2
0
x (m)
16 000
c Use a CAS calculator to solve x2 + = 2500.
x
This gives x ⇡ 6.5103 and x ⇡ 46.4259
When 2500 m2 of sheet metal is used, x may be 6.51 m or 46.43 m, correct to two
decimal places.
d From a CAS calculator, the minimum is located at (20, 1200). Therefore A is a

minimum when x = 20.
dA 16 000
Using calculus, = 2x
dx x2
dA
and = 0 where A is a minimum,
dx
16 000
) 2x =0
x2
16 000
) 2x =
x2
) 2x3 = 16 000
) x3 = 8000
) x = 20
15 Dimensions of box are x ⇥ 3x ⇥ l.

Volume = 3x2 l = 288
96
)l=
x2
36
The surface area, A = 2(x ⇥ 3x + x ⇥ l + 3x ⇥ l)
= 2(3x2 + 4xl)
96 768
= 6x2 + 8x ⇥ = 6x 2
+
x2 x
dA
Minimum where = 0,
dx
768
i.e. 12x =0
x2
) x3 = 64
)x=4
x 3 4 5
dA 256
36 = ve 0 60 30.72 = +ve
dx 3
\ — /
) minimum when x = 4
768
The minimum surface area of box = 6 ⇥ 16 +
4
= 96 + 192 = 288 cm2
16 a y = kx2
2
Where x = 10, y = 40, ) k=
5
2
y = x2 , 10  x  10
5
Z y
b Volume = 60 ⇥ 2 ⇥ x dy
0
p Z y
1
= 60 ⇥ 10 ⇥ y 2 dy
0
p 2 3
= 60 10 ⇥ y 2 + c
3
p 3
= 40 10y 2 + c
V = 0 when y = 0, ) c=0
p 3
) Volume = 40 10y 2
37
5 p
c Full volume = 40 2 10
1 5 p p 3
When half full ⇥ 40 2 10 = 40 10y 2
2
3
3 40 2
) y2=
2
) y ⇡ 25.198 . . .
) Depth is 252 mm.
dV
d = 60
dt
dV p 1
= 60 10y 2
dy
dy dy dv
) = ⇥
dt dv dt
1
= p 1
⇥ 60
60 10y 2
1
= p
10y
dt p 1
) = 10y 2
dy
p
2 10 3
)t= y2 + c
3
When y = 0, t = 0,
)c=0
p
2 10 3
and t = y2
3
p
2 10 3
e i When y = 20, t = ⇥ 20 2
3
= 188.56
Time taken is approximately 189 seconds, or 3 minutes and 9 seconds.
p
2 10 3
ii When y = 40, t = ⇥ 40 2
3
⇡ 533.33
533.33 188.56 = 344.77
Further time taken is 345 seconds, or 5 minutes and 45 seconds.
38
dv 1 3
17 a For A, = v
dt 400
dt 400
) =
dv v3
Z
1
) t = 400 dv
v3
400
= + c1
2v2
When t = 0, v = 20,
1
) c1 =
2
200 1
i.e. t = 2
v 2
2t + 1 200
) = 2
2 v
1 1
2
= (2t + 1)
v 400
20
vA = p
2t + 1
dv 1 2
For B, = v
dt 100
dt 100
) = 2
dv v
100
)t= + c2
v
When t = 0, v = 10,
) c2 = 10
100
i.e. t = 10
v
100
) t + 10 =
v
100
vb =
t + 10
b Let position
Z be defined by xA and xb .
20
xA = p dt
2t + 1
p
= 20 2t + 1 + c3
39
When t = 0, xA = 0,
) c2 = 20
p
i.e. xA = 20( 2t + 1 1)
Z
100
Now xb = dt
t + 10
= 100 loge (t + 10) + c4 , t + 10 > 0
When t = 0, xb = 0,
) c4 = 100 loge 10
!
t + 10
i.e. xb = 100 loge
10
c x (m) xA
xB
0
t (s)
d Use a CAS calculator to solve xA = xb for t. This gives t ⇡ 14.3515 and t ⇡ 43.8514.
(If your CAS calculator gives just one solution, use the graph to specify limits
on t in order to find the second solution. Therefore object B passes object A after
14 seconds, and object A passes object B after 44 seconds, to the nearest second.
dv
18 a 5 + v = 50
dt
dv 50 v
) =
dt 5
dt 5
and =
dv 50 v
Z
5
)t= dt
50 v
= 5 loge (50 v) + c, 50 v>0
40
When t = 0, v = 0,
and therefore c = 5 loge 50
!
50
) t = 5 loge
50 v
t 50
and e 5 =
50 v
t
5
50 v= 50e
t
v = 50(1 e5)
9.5
b When t = 47.5, v = 50(1 e )
= 49.9963
c v
v = 50
50
0 t
t
d i x = 50(t + 5e 5 ) + c
t = 0, x = 0, c = 250
t
) x = 50(t + 5e 5 5)
1.2
ii When t = 6, x = 50(1 + 5e )
= 125.2986
41
dy 2y(N y)
19 a =
dt N
Z
1 N
) dy = t
2 y(N y)
Z
1 1 1
) + dy = t
2 y N y
!
y
) c + loge = 2t
N y
N
When t = 0, y = ,
4
1
)c= loge
3
= loge 3
!
3y
) loge = 2t
N y
3y = (N y)e2t
Ne2t
)y=
3 + e2t
dy (3 + e2t ) ⇥ 2Ne2t Ne2t ⇥ 2e2t
=
dt (3 + e2t )2
dy 6Ne2t
) =
dt (3 + e2t )2
3N
b t ! 1, y ! N since y = N
e2t + 3
dy 6Ne2t
c = which is always positive, hence the population is always increasing.
dt (3 + e2t )2
!
N dy
d When y = , maximum, i.e., y(N y) maximum .
2 dt
e i dy 106 106
dt ( 2
, 2 )
106 3 × 106
( 4
, 8 )
0 106 y
42
N Ne2t
ii =
2 3 + e2t
3 + e2t = 2e2t
1
t= loge 3 ⇡ 0.549306
2
gR2
20 a =
x2
!
d 1 2 gR2
a i v =
dx 2 x2
1 gR2
) v2 = +C
2 x
When x = R and v = u (initially),
1
c = u2 gR
2
2gR2
) v2 = + u2 2gR
x
2gR2
ii v = 0 implies + u2 2gR = 0
x
2gR2
) = 2gR u2
x
2gR2
)x=
2gR u2
p
iii When u 2gR.
b For v , 0, we need u2
2gR
p
so, minimum value of u = 2gR
When g = 9.8 and R = 6.4 ⇥ 106 ,
p
u = 2 ⇥ 9.8 ⇥ 6.4 ⇥ 106
= 11 200 m/s
3600
= 11 200 ⇥ km/h
1000
= 40 320
Escape velocity is 40 320 km/h.
43
ex e x
21 f (x) =
ex + e x
a f (0) = 0
x
b lim f (x) = 1 as e !0
x!1
c lim f (x) = 1 as e x ! 0
x! 1
(e x + e x )(e x + e x ) (e x e x )(e x e x)
d f 0 (x) =
(e x + e x )2
4
= x always positive.
(e + e x )2
e f 0 (x) > 0, x 2 R y
y=1 1
0
x
y = −1
–1
ex e x
f Let y =
ex + e x
) ye + ye x = e x
x
e x
(y 1)e x = (1 + y)e x
(1 + y)
) e2x =
y 1
1+y
=
1 y
!
1 1+y
x = loge
2 1 y
!
1 1 1+x
) f (x) = loge for 1<x<1
2 1 x
44
1 1 x (1 x) (1 + x) ⇥ 1
g g0 (x) = ⇥ ⇥
2 1+x (1 x)2
1 1 x 2
= ⇥ ⇥
2 1 + x (1 x)2
1
=
1 x2
1
or g(x) = (loge (1 + x) loge (1 x))
2
!
0 1 1 1
) g (x) = +
2 1+x 1 x
h y
y = g ′(x)
–1 0 1 x
Z 1
2 p
Required to prove g0 (x) dx = loge 3
0
Z 1
2 1
Now g0 (x) dx = [g(x)]02
0
!
1 1.5 1
= loge loge 1
2 0.5 2
1
= loge 3
2
1
= loge 3 2
!
1
22 a i y = 2r sin ✓
2
r
ii cos ✓ =
r+h
45
dy dy d✓ dh
b i = ⇥ ⇥
dt d✓ dh dt
!
dy 1
where = r cos ✓
d✓ 2
r
and h = r
cos ✓
dh r sin ✓
which implies =
d✓ cos2 ✓
d✓ cos2 ✓
i.e. =
dh r sin ✓
!
dy 1 cos2 ✓
) = r cos ✓ ⇥ ⇥ r sin t
dt 2 r sin ✓
!
1
r cos ✓ cos2 ✓ sin t
2
=
sin ✓
ii h = r cos t + c
t = 0, h = 0,
)c=r
) h = r r cos t
⇡
) when t = , h = r
2
The height is 6000 km.
⇡ ⇡
iii When t = , ✓ = and r = 6000,
2 3
⇡ 2 ⇡ ⇡
dy 6000 cos 6 cos 3 sin 2
) = ⇡
dt sin
3
= 1500 km/h
23 a f (x) = e x xn
) f 0 (x) = nxn 1 e x e x xn
Z Z
x n n 1 x
)e x = nx e dx e x xn dx
Z Z
i.e. e x dx = n xn 1 e x dx e x xn
x n
46
Z 1
b g : R ! R, g(n) =
+
e x xn dx
0
Z 1
i g(0) = e x x0 dx
0
Z 1
= e x dx
0
= lim [ e x ]b0
b!1
b
= lim ( e + e0 )
b!1
b
= 1, as lim e =0
b!1
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
n 1 x
ii From above, 0
f (x) dx = nx e dx e x xn dx
0 0 0
lim [e x xn ]b0 = ng(n 1) g(n)

b!1
lim e x xn = 0
b!1
) ng(n 1) g(n) = 0 or g(n) = ng(n l)
iii If g(n) = ng(n 1),

then g(n) = n ⇥ (n 1)g(n 2)
= n(n 1)(n 2)g(n 3)
= n(n 1) ⇥ . . . ⇥ 2 ⇥ 1g(0)
= n! ⇥ 1 since g(O) = 1
= n!
1 2
24 a Vcone = ⇡r2 ⇥ 2r Vhemi = ⇡r3
3 3
4
) total volume V = ⇡r3 , r 2
3
dV
b = t2 (m3 /min)
dt
dV dV dV dr
= 4⇡r2 and = ⇥
dr dt dr dt
dr
) 4⇡r2 = t2
dt
47
Z Z
2 dr
c 4⇡r dt = t2 dt
dt
Z Z
2
) 4⇡r dr = t2 dt
4 t3
) ⇡r3 = +c
3 3
t = 0 when r = 10,
4000⇡
)c=
3
4 4000⇡ t3
i.e. ⇡r3 =
3 3
or 4⇡r = 4000⇡ t3
3
! 13
4000⇡ t3
)r=
4⇡
d When r = 2, t3 = 4000⇡ 32⇡

= 3968⇡
1
) t = (3968⇡) 3
⇡ 23.2
The time taken is 23.2 minutes.
48
Chapter 12 – Vector functions
1 a r(t) = t i + 2t j Substitute into 1
!2
Let (x, y) be a point on the curve. 2 y
) x=
) x=t 3
y = 2t ) 9x = 4 4y + y2
) y = 2x is the cartesian equation 1
) x = (2 y)2
Domain is R, range is R 9
Domain is [0, 1), range is R
b r(t) = 2 i + 5t j
f r(t) = (t 3) i + (t3 + 1) j
) x=2
) x=t 3 1
y = 5t
) y = t3 + 1 2
) x = 2 is the cartesian equation
Domain is {x : x = 2}, range is R From 1 : t = x + 3 3
Substitute 3 into 2
c r(t) = t i + 7 j ) y = (x + 3)3 + 1
) x= t Domain is R, range is R
y=7 g r(t) = (2t + 1) i + 3t j

) y = 7 is the cartesian equation ) x = 2t + 1
Domain is R, range is {y : y = 7}
x 1
) t=
d r(t) = (2 t) i + (t + 7) j 2
t
Let (x, y) be a point on the curve. y=3
) x=2 t 1 x 1
y=3 2
)
y=t+7 2 Domain is R, range is (0, 1)
Substitute 1 into 2 !
⇡
y = (2 x) + 7 h r(t) = t i + cos 2t j
2
y=9 x ⇡
Domain is R, range is R x=t 1
2
e r(t) = t2 i + (2 3t) j y = cos 2t 2
⇡
) x = t2 1 From 1 : t = x + 3
2
y=2 3t Substitute 3 into 2
2 y ) y = cos(2x + ⇡)
) t=
3 = cos 2x
Domain is R, range is [ 1, 1]
1
1 y
i r(t) = i + (t2 + 1) j, t , 4
t+4 3
1
) x=
t+4
y = t2 + 1 1 –2 0 2 x
1
) t= 4
x
Substitute in 1 –3
!2
1
y= 4 +1 b Let x = 2 cos2 (t) and y = 3 sin2 (t),
x
Domain is R\{0}, range is [1, 1) t2R
1 1 x y
j r(t) =
i+ j ) = cos2 (t) and = sin2 (t)
t t+1 2 3
1 Adding yields
x= 1 x y
t + = cos2 (t) + sin2 (t)
2 3
1 x y
y= 2 ) + =1
t+1 2 3
1 ) 3x + 2y = 6
From 1 : t = 3
x The relation is a straight line. The
Substitute 3 into 2
1 domain is [0, 2] and the range is
y= [0, 3].
1
+1 y
x
x 3
) y= , x , 0, 1
x+1
Domain is R\{ 1, 0}, range is
R\{0, 1}
0 2 x
2 a
c Let x = t and y = 3t2 , t 0
Let x = 2 cos(t) and y = 3 sin(t), t 2 R
x y ) y = 3x2
) = cos(t) and = sin(t) The relation is a parabola.
2 3
Squaring each and adding yields The domain is R+ [ {0} and the range
!2 !2
x y is R+ [ {0}.
+ = cos2 (t) + sin2 (t)
2 3 y
x2 y2
) + =1
4 9 (5, 75)
The relation represents an ellipse
with centre (0, 0). The domain of the
relation is [ 2, 2] and the range is 0 x
[ 3, 3].
2
d Let x = t3 and y = 3t2 , t 0 with centre (0, 0) and asymptotes
!2 2x
1 1 y = ± . The domain is (3, 1) and
) t= x3 and y = 3 x3 3
the range is (0, 1).
2 y
) y = 3x 3
The domain is R+ [ {0} and the range
2
is R+ [ {0}.
y
0 3 x
(1, 3) g Let "x = 4#cos(2t) and y = 4 sin(2t),

0 x ⇡
t 2 0,
2
e Let "x = cos(
# ) and y = sin( ), x y
) = cos(2t) and = sin(2t)
⇡ 4 4
2 0, Squaring each and adding yields
2 !2 !2
Squaring each and adding yields x y
+ = cos2 (2t) + sin2 (2t)
x2 + y2 = cos2 ( ) + sin2 ( ) 4 4
) x 2 + y2 = 1 x 2 y2
) + =1
The relation represents a circle 16 16
with centre (0, 0) and radius 1. The ) x2 + y2 = 16
domain is [0, 1] and the range is The relation represents a circle
[0, 1]. with centre (0, 0) and radius 4. The
y domain is [ 4, 4] and the range is
1 [0, 4].
y
4
0 1 x
f Let x = 3!sec( ) and y = 2 tan( ), –4 0 4 x

⇡
2 0,
2 h Let x = 3 sec 2 2
x y ! ( ) and y = 2 tan ( ),
) = sec( ) and = tan( ) ⇡ ⇡
3 2 t2 ,
!2 !2 2 2
x y x y
) 2
= sec ( ) and = tan2 ( ) ) = sec2 ( ) and = tan2 ( )
3 2 3 2
2 2 Since sec2 ( ) = tan2 ( ) + 1
Since sec ( ) = tan ( ) + 1
x y
x 2 y2 then = + 1
then = +1 3 2
9 4 ) 2x = 3y + 6
x2 y2
) =1 ) 3y = 2x 6
9 4
The relation represents a hyperbola The relation is a straight line. The
3
domain is [3, 1) and the range is b x 2 + y2 = 4
[0, 1). ) y2 = 4 x2
y
Let x = 2 cos(t)
(6, 2) ) y2 = 4 4 cos2 (t)

= 4 sin2 (t)
0 3 x ) y = 2 sin(t)
i Let x = 3 t and y = 5t2 + 6t, t 2 R ) r(t) = 2 cos(t) i + 2 sin(t) j, t 2 R
) t=3 x
c (x 1)2 + y2 = 4
) y = 5(3 x)2 + 6(3 x)
) y2 = 4 (x 1)2
= 5(x2 6x + 9) + 18 6x
Let x = 2 cos(t) + 1
= 5x2 30x + 45 + 18 6x
) y2 = 4 (2 cos(t) + 1 1)2
) y = 5x2 36x + 63
The relation represents a parabola. =4 (2 cos(t))2
The
" domain! is R and the range is =4 4 cos2 (t)
9
, 1. = 4 sin2 (t)
5
y ) y = 2 sin(t)
63 18 ) r(t) = (2 cos(t) + 1) i
5
, – 95
+ 2 sin(t) j, t 2 R
d x2 y2 = 4
) y2 = x 2 4
3 21 x
5
Let x = 2 sec(t)
) y2 = 4 sec2 (t) 4
3 Let r(t) = x i + y j
= 4 tan2 (t)
a y=3 2x
) y = 2 tan(t)
Let x = t, t 2 R
) r(t) = 2 sec(t) i + 2 tan(t) j,
) y=3 2t ( )
⇡
) r(t) = t i + (3 2t) j, t 2 R t 2 R\ (2n + 1) , n 2 Z
2
4
e y = (x 3)2 + 2(x 3) 4 a
Let x = t, t 2 R y
P (2 + 5 cos θ, 6 + 5 sin θ)
) y = (t 3)2 + 2(t 3) 5
θ 5 sin θ
) r(t) = t i + ((t 3)2 + 2(t 3)) j, 6 C
5 cos θ
t2R →
i
f 2x2 + 3y2 = 12
0 2 x
) 3y2 = 12 2x2 The vector equation for P is given by
2 2 r(✓) = (2 + 5 cos ✓) i + (6 + 5 sin ✓) j
) y2 = 4 x
3
2 b The cartesian equation for P is given
Let x2 = 4 cos2 (t) by (x 2)2 + (y 6)2 = 25
3
) x = 6 cos2 (t) and y2 = 4 4 cos2 (t)
2
p
) x = 6 cos(t) = 4 sin2 (t)
) y = 2 sin(t)
p
) r(t) = 6 cos(t) i + 2 sin(t) j, t 2 R
5
1 r(t) = cos t i + sin t j iii The path crosses the y axis when
x=0
a x = cos t ) t = 3 and 3
y = sin t 1
b i r(t) = (t + 1) i + j, t > 2
) x2 + y2 = cos2 t + sin2 t t+2
) x 2 + y2 = 1 ) x = t + 1, x > 1
) t=x 1
b y
1 1
y=
t+2
1
–1 0 1 x ) y=
x 1+2
–1 1
) y= , x> 1
x+1
c x = 0 so cos t = 0
ii y
⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡
) t= , , , , ...
2 2 2 2
⇡
i.e. (2n 1) , n 2 N 1
2
–1 0 x
2
2 a i r(t) = (t 9) i + 8t j
iii x = 0
x = t2 9 1
) t = 1 (since x = t + 1)
y = 8t 2
y t 1 2
From 2 : t = 3 c i r(t) = i+ j,
8 t+1 t+1
Substitute 3 into 1 t> 1
!2
y
x= 9 t 1
8 x= 1
t+1
y2 2
) x= 9 y= 2
64 t+1
ii 2
y From 2 : t = 1 3
y
24 Substitute 3 into 1
–9 0 x
–24
6
!
2 (3t 5) i + (8 t2 ) j = (3 t) i + 2t j
1 1
y
x= ! 3t 5=3 t 1
2
1 +1 8 t2 = 2t 2
y
From 1 : t = 2
x=1 y
From 2 t2 + 2t 8 = 0
y=1 x
t 1 t = 2, 4
Graph x = , t > 1 to find
t+1 ) t=2
range of y = 1 x So the two particles collide at (1, 4)
x when r = i + 4 j
–1 0 1 t
b r1 (t) = (3t 5) i + (8 t2 ) j
–1
r2 (s) = (3 s) i + 2s j
r1 (t) = r2 (s)
t 1
x= 3t 5=3 s 1
t+1
2 8 t2 = 2s 2
=1 , t> 1
t+1 From 1 : s = 8 3t 3
So for y = 1 x, x < 1 Substitute 3 into 2
t2 + 2(8 3t) 8 = 0
ii
t2 6t + 8 = 0
(t 4)(t 2) = 0
) t = 2, 4
) s = 2, 4
Paths cross at (1, 4) and (7, 8)
c When t = 3,
r1 (t) = 4 i j
iii x=0
r2 (t) = 6 j
t 1 The displacement vector is
) =0
t+1 r1 (3) r2 (3) = 4 i 7 j
) t=1 ) the distance between the two particles
p
= 4 + ( 7)2
2
p
3 a r1 (t) = (3t 5) i + (8 t2 ) j = 65
r2 (t) = (3 t) i + 2t j
r1 (t) = r2 (t)
7
4 a r1 (t) = (2t2 + 4) i + (t 2) j 2 1
) s= or s =
3 2
r2 (t) = 9t i + 3(t 1) j 2 2
s= , x=9⇥ =6
r1 (t) = r2 (t) 3 3
!
(2t2 + 4) i + (t 2) j = 9t i + 3(t 1) j 2
y=3 1 = 1
) 2t2 + 4 = 9t 3
!
9 3
) 2t 2
9t + 4 = 0 ) paths cross at (6, 1) and ,
2 2
) (2t 1)(t 4) = 0
c t = 3, r1 (3) = 22 i + j
1
) t= or t = 4
2 r2 (3) = 27 i + 6 j
Now t 2 = 3(t 1) ) r2 (3)r1 (3) = 5 i + 5 j
p
) t 2 = 3t 3 ) distance = 52 + 52
) 2t = 1 p
= 50
1 p
) t= =5 2
2
1
) t = at collision
2 5 a r(t) = (1 + t) i + (3t + 2) j
1
t= , When t = 3,
2
! !
1 9 1 r(3) = 4 i + 11 j
r2 = i+3 1 j p
2 2 2 ) distance from origin = (4)2 + (11)2
!
9 3 p
) , are the coordinates of the = 137
2 2
point where they collide. p
b 1= (1 + t)2 + (3t + 2)2
b ) (1 + t)2 + (3t + 2)2 = 1
r1 (t) = r2 (s) t2 + 2t + 1 + 9t2 + 12t + 4 = 1
(2t2 + 4) i + (t 2) j = 9s i + 3(s 1) j 10t2 + 14t + 4 = 0
) 2t2 + 4 = 9s 1 (5t + 2)(t + 1) = 0
t 2 = 3(s 1) 2
) t= or t= 1
) t = 3s 3+2 5
) t = 3s 1
Substitute into 1
2(3s 1)2 + 4 = 9s
) 2(9s2 6s + 1) + 4 9s = 0
) 18s2 21s + 6 = 0
) (9s 6)(2s 1) = 0
8
6 a r(t) = t i + 2t j 3k 8 r(t) = at2 i + (b t) j
r(3) = 3 i + 6 j 3k r(3) = 9a i + (b 3) j
) A = (3, 6, 3) ) 9a = 6
p 2
b distance = 9 + 36 + 9 a=
3
p
= 54 b 3=4
p
=3 6 ) b=7
2
c r(4) = 4 i + 8 j 3k ) a= , b=7
3
) B = (4, 8, 3)
9 a r(t) = 3 cos t i + 2 sin t j
d
r (4) – r (3)
= xi + yj
r (3)
x = 3 cos t 1
r (4)
y = 2 sin t 2
displacement = r(4) r(3)
Squaring 1 and 2 gives
= 4i + 8j 3k x2 = 9 cos2 t 3
(3 i + 6 j 3k) y2 = 4 sin2 t 4
= i + 2j x2
From 3 : = cos2 t 5
9
7 a r(t) = (t + 1) i + (3 t) j + 2tk y2
From 4 : = sin2 t 6
4
When t = 2, Adding 5 and 6
r(2) = 3 i + j + 4k x2 y2
+ =1
9 4
b Distance from the point (4, 1, 1)
b When t = 0,
Let a = 4 i j + k
r(0) = 3 cos(0) i + 2 sin(0) j = 3 i
So r(2) a = (3 4) i + (1 + 1) j
+ (4 1)k
i + 2 j + 3k
=
p
) distance = ( 1)2 + (2)2 + (3)2
p
= 14
9
3⇡ 10 r(t) = et i + e t j
c t=
4
! ! a r(t) = x i + y j
3⇡ 3⇡
i r(t) = 3 cos i + 2 sin j x = et 1
4 4
p t
3 2 p y=e 2
= i + 2j
2 From 1 : t = loge x 3
j
Substitute 3 into 2
2 1
y= t
θ′ e
θ 1
3 2 0 i = log x
2 e e
p 1
opp 2 = , x 1 if t 0
tan ✓ = = p x
adj 3 2
2 b When t = 0,
!
2
✓ = tan 1 r(0) = e0 i + e 0
j= i+ j
3
⇡ 33.69 c y
starting point
) ✓0 = 90 33.69 (1, 1)
⇡ 56.31
So the bearing of the par- 0 x
ticle from the origin is
360 56.31 = 303.69 11 r(t) = (et + e t ) i + (et e t) j
ii Initial position is r(t) = 3 i a When t = 0,

j
r(0) = 2 i
2
b When t = loge 2,
θ′
θ
r(loge 2) = (eloge 2 + e loge 2
)i
3 2 0 3 i
2 p + (eloge 2 e loge 2 ) j
2 ! !
tan ✓ = p 1 1
3 2 r(loge 2) = 2 + i + 2 j
+3 2 2
2
5 3
✓ ⇡ 15.44 = i+ j
2 2
✓0 ⇡ 90 15.44
c r(t) = x i + y j
= 74.56
) the bearing of the particle x = et + e t
1
from the initial position is y = et e t
2
360 74.56 = 285.44
10
Squaring 1 and 2 c y
x2 = e2t + 2 + e 2t 3
y2 = e2t 2 + e 2t 4
x
Subtracting 4 from 3
x 2 y2 = 4 (0, 0) (2000 3, 0)
p 13 rA (t) = 6t2 i + (2t3 18t) j

12 r(t) = 100t i + (100 3t 5t2 ) j,
p rB (t) = (13t 6) i + (3t2 27) j
0  t  20 3
For i direction:
a t = 0 (initial position) 6t2 = 13t 6
p 6t2 13t + 6 = 0
r(0) = 100(0) i + (100 3(0)
(3t 2)(2t 3) = 0
5(0)2 ) j
2 3
=0 ) t= ,
p 3 2
In the j direction:
t = 20 3 (final position)
p p 2t3 18t = 3t2 27
r(20 3) = 100(20 3) i
p p 2t3 3t2 18t + 27 = 0
+ [100 3(20 3) (t 3) is a factor, leaving
p (t 3)(2t2 + 3t 9) = 0
5(20 3)2 ] j
p ) (t 3)(2t 3)(t + 3) = 0
= 2000 3 i
3
+ (6000 6000) j t = 3,
and 3
2
p 3
= 2000 3 i Therefore, the particles collide at t =
! !2 !2 2
b 3 3 3
and rA =6 i+ 2
r(t) = x i + y j 2 2 2
!!
3
x = 100t 1 18 j
p 2
y = 100 3t 5t2 2 27 81
x = i j
From 1 : t = 3 2 4
100
Substitute 3 into 2
! !2 14 r(t) = 3 cos t i + 3 sin t j + k
p x x
y = 100 3 5 The particle is moving along a circular
100 100
path, centred on (0, 0, 1) with radius
p x2 p
= 3x , 0  x  2000 3 length 3, starting at (3, 0, 1) and moving
2000 anticlockwise, always a distance of 1
‘above’ the x–y plane. It takes 2⇡ units
of time to complete one circle.
11
!2 !2
z x 1 y 3
+ = cos2 2t
(– 3, 0, 1) 2 5
(0, 0, 1) + sin2 2t
(0, – 3, 1) (0, 3, 1)
(3, 0, 1) 0 y (x 1)2 (y 3)2

) + =1
4 25
x The cartesian equation represents an
ellipse with centre (1, 3).
15 r(t) = t i + 3t j + tk The domain is [ 1, 3] and the range
t r(t) Point is [ 2, 8].
0 0 (0, 0, 0)
b i When t = 0,
1 i + 3 j + k (1, 3, 1) x=1 2 cos 0 and y=3 5 sin 0
2 2 i + 6 j + 2k (2, 6, 2)
=1 2 =3 0
3 3 i + 9 j + 3k (3, 9, 3)
The particle is moving along a linear = 1 =3
The position of the particle at t = 0 is
path, starting at (0, 0, 0) and moving
( 1, 3).
‘forward’ one, ‘across’ three and ‘up’
one at each step. ⇡
ii When t = ,
4
z ⇡ ⇡
x=1 2 cos and y=3 5 sin
2 2
3
=1 0 =3 5
2
=1 = 2
1 ⇡
The position of the particle at t =
0 3 6 9 y 4
1 is (1, 2).
2
3 ⇡
iii When t = ,
x 2
x=1 2 cos ⇡ and y=3 5 sin ⇡
=1+2 =3 0
16 =3 =3
⇡
r(t) = (1 2 cos 2t) i + (3 5 sin 2t) j The position of the particle at t =
2
is (3, 3).
where t 0
a Let x = 1 2 cos 2t and c The particle moves along the ellipse

y = 3 5 sin 2t, t 0 with a period of ⇡, i.e. it takes ⇡ units
x 1 y 3 of time to complete one circuit.
) = cos 2t and = sin 2t
2 5
Squaring and adding yields d The particle moves in an anti-
clockwise direction along the
curve.
12
17 a r(t) = cos2 (3⇡t) i + 2 cos2 (3⇡t) j iii t Point
0 (1, 1)
i Let x = cos2 (3⇡t) and 1
(0, 1)
y = 2 cos2 (3⇡t), t 0 4
1
( 1, 1)
) y = 2x, 0  x  1 2
3
(0, 1)
ii y 4
2 1 (1, 1)
The particle is moving along a
parabolic path, starting at (1, 1)
and reversing direction at ( 1, 1).
0 1 x 2⇡
It takes = 1 unit of time for
2⇡
iii The particle starts at (1, 2) and one cycle.
moves along a linear path towards
the origin. When it reaches c r(t) = et i + e 2t
j
(0, 0) it reverses direction and
heads towards (1, 2). It continues i Let x = et and y = e 2t
, t 0
indefinitely in this pattern. It takes ) y = (et ) 2
2⇡ 1 2
= units of time to complete =x
6⇡ 3
one cycle, i.e. to return to either 1
end point. ) y= , x 1
x2
b r(t) = cos(2⇡t) i + cos(4⇡t) j ii
i Let x = cos(2⇡t) and

y = cos(4⇡t), t 0
) y = 2 cos2 (2⇡t) 1
) y = 2x2 1, 1x1
ii y
1 iii starting at (1, 1) and moving to
–1 1 the ’right’ indefinitely.
2 2
–1 0 1 x
13
1 a r(t) = et i + e t j 2 a r(t) = et i + e t j, t0 = 0
ṙ(t) = et i e tj r(t0 ) : r(0) = e0 i + e 0
j= i+ j
r̈(t) = et i + e t j ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(0) = e0 i e 0
j= i j
r̈(t0 ) : r̈(0) = e0 i + e 0 j = i + j
b r(t) = t i + t2 j
Cartesian equation:
ṙ(t) = i + 2t j r(t) = x i + y j
r̈(t) = 2 j x = et 1
t
1 y=e 2
c r(t) = t i + t2 j
2 From 1 : t = loge x 3
ṙ(t) = i + 2t j
2 1
y=
r̈(t) = 2 j x
t 0 : x 1, 0 < y  1
d r(t) = 16t i 4(4t 1)2 j
ṙ(t) = 16 i 32(4t 1) j
r̈(t) = 128 j
e r(t) = sin t i + cos t j

ṙ(t) = cos t i sin t j b r(t) = t i + t2 j, t0 = 1
r̈(t) = sin t i cos t j r(t0 ) : r(1) = i + j
f r(t) = (3 + 2t) i + 5t j ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(1) = i + 2 j
ṙ(t) = 2 i + 5 j r̈(t0 ) : r̈(1) = 2 j

Cartesian equation
r̈(t) = 0 r(t) = x i + y j
p
g r(t) = 100t i + (100 3t 4.9t2 ) j x=t 1
p y = t2 2
ṙ(t) = 100 i + (100 3 9.8t) j
Substitute 1 into 2
r̈(t) = 9.8 j y = x2 t 0 : x 0, y 0
y
h r(t) = tan t i + cos2 t j
ṙ(t) = sec2 t i 2 cos t sin t j
(1, 1)
= sec2 t i sin 2t j
r̈(t) = 2 sec2 t tan t i 2 cos 2t j 0 x
14
⇡
c r(t) = sin t i + cos t j, t0 = d r(t) = 16t i 4(4t 1)2 j,
6
! ! ! t0 = 1
⇡ ⇡ ⇡
r(t0 ) : r = sin i + cos j
6 6 6 r(t0 ) : r(1) = 16 i 36 j
p
1 3 ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(t) = 16 i 32(4t 1) j,
= i+ j
2 2 ṙ(1) = 16 i 96 j,
ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(t) = cos t i sin t j
! ! ! r̈(t0 ) : r̈(t) = 128 j
⇡ ⇡ ⇡
ṙ = cos i sin j r̈(1) = 128 j
6 6 6 Cartesian equation:
p
3 1 r(t) = x i + y j
= i j
2 2 x = 16t 1
r̈(t0 ) : r̈(t) = sin t i cos t j
! ! ! y = 4(4t 1)2 2
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ x
r̈ = sin i cos j From 1 : t = 3
6 6 6 16
p Substitute 3 into 2
1 3 !2
= i j x
2 2 y= 4 1
Cartesian equation: 4
r(t) = x i + y j 1
) y= (x 4)2
x = sin t 1 4
y = cos t 2 t 0 : x 0, y 0
Square 1 and 2 y
x2 = sin2 t 3 0 4 x
2 2
y = cos t 4
Add 3 and 4 –4
x2 + y2 = sin2 t + cos2 t
) x 2 + y2 = 1 e
1
y r(t) = i + (t + 1)2 j, t0 = 1
t+1
1 (1 , 3 ) 1
2 2
r(t0 ) : r(1) = i + 4j
2
–1 0 1 1
x ṙ(t0 ) : ṙ(t) = i + 2(t + 1) j
(t + 1)2
–1 1
ṙ(1) = i + 4j
4
2
r̈(t0 ) : r̈(t) = i + 2j
(t + 1)3
1
r̈(1) = i + 2j
4
15
⇡
Cartesian equation: b r(t) = sin(t) i + cos(t) j; t =
2
r(t) = x i + y j
Let x = sin(t) and y = cos(t)
1
x= 1 dx dy
t+1 ) = cos(t) and = sin(t)
dt dt
y = (t + 1)2 2
dy dy dt
1 ) = ⇥
From 1 : 1 t= 3 dx dt dx
x 1
Substitute 3 into 2 = sin(t) ⇥
!2 cos(t)
1
y= 1+1 = tan(t)
x !
⇡ dy ⇡
1 When t = , = tan which is
) y= 2 dx 2
x2
undefined.
t 0 : 0 < x  1, y 1 ⇡
The gradient of the curve at t = is
y 2
undefined.
(1, 1)
c r(t) = et i + e 2t
j; t = 1
Let x = et and y=e 2t
x
O dx dy
) = et and = 2e 2t
dt dt
⇡ dy dy dt
3 a r(t) = cos(t) i + sin(t) j; t = ) = ⇥
4 dx dt dx
2t 1
Let x = cos(t) and y = sin(t) = 2e ⇥
et
dx dy 3t
) = sin(t) and = cos(t) = 2e
dt dt dy
dy dy dt When t = 1, = 2e 3
) = ⇥ dx
dx dt dx The gradient of the curve at t = 1
1 is 2e 3 .
= cos(t) ⇥
sin(t)
d r(t) = 2t2 i + 4t j; t = 2
cot(t) =
!
⇡ dy ⇡ Let x = 2t2 and y = 4t
When t = , = cot
4 dx 4 dx dy
) = 4t and =4
= 1 dt dt
⇡ dy dy dt
The gradient of the curve at t = ) = ⇥
4 dx dt dx
is 1. 1
=4⇥
4t
1
=
t
dy 1
When t = 2, =
dx 2
16
The gradient of the curve at t = 2 4 a ṙ(t) = 4 i + 3 j
1
is . r(0) = i j
2
r(t) = 4t i + 3t j + c1
e r(t) = (t + 2) i + (t2 2t) j; t = 3
r(0) = i j
Let x = t + 2 and y = t2 2t
) c1 = i j
dx dy
) = 1 and = 2t 2 ) r(t) = (4t + 1) i + (3t 1) j
dt dt
dy dy dt
) = ⇥ b ṙ(t) = 2t i + 2 j 3t2 k
dx dt dx
= (2t 2) ⇥ 1 r(0) = i j
= 2t 2 r(t) = t2 i + 2t j t3 k + c1
dy
When t = 3, = 2(3) 2 = 4 r(0) = i j
dx
The gradient of the curve at t = 3 is 4. ) c1 = i j
f ) r(t) = (t2 + 1) i + (2t 1) j t3 k

1
r(t) = cos(⇡t) i + cos(2⇡t) j; t =
4 c ṙ(t) = e2t i + 2e0.5t j
Let x = cos(⇡t) and y = cos(2⇡t) 1
r(0) = i
dx 2
) = ⇡ sin(⇡t) 1 2t
dt ) r(t) = e i + 4e0.5t j + c1
dy 2
and = 2⇡ sin(2⇡t) 1
dt r(0) = i + 4 j + c1
dy dy dt 2
) = ⇥ 1 1
dx dt dx i= i + 4 j + c1
1 2 2
= 2⇡ sin(2⇡t) ⇥ ) c1 = 4j
⇡ sin(⇡t)
2 sin(2⇡t) 1
= ) r(t) = e2t i + 4(e0.5t 1) j
sin(⇡t) 2
2 ⇥ 2 sin(⇡t) cos(⇡t)
=
sin(⇡t)
= 4 cos(⇡t)
!
1 dy ⇡
When t = , = 4 cos
4 dx 4
4
=p
2
p
=2 2
1
The gradient of the curve at t = is
p 4
2 2.
17
d r̈(t) = i + 2t j 5 r(t) = sin t i + t j + cos tk
ṙ(0) = i ṙ(t) = cos t i + j sin tk
r(0) = 0 r̈(t) = sin t i cos tk
For ṙ(t) and r̈(t) to be perpendicular
ṙ(t) = t i + t2 j + c1
ṙ(t) · r̈(t) = 0
ṙ(0) = c1 and
) c1 = i (cos t ⇥ sin t) + ( sin t ⇥ cos t)
ṙ(t) = (t + 1) i + t2 j = sin t ⇥ cos t + sin t ⇥ cos t
!
12 1 =0
r(t) = t + t i + t3 j + c2
2 3
r(0) = c2 6 ṙ(t) = 2t i + 16t2 (3 t) j
) c2 = 0
! a ṙ(t) = 2 i + (96t 48t2 ) j
12 1
) r(t) = t + t i + t3 j r̈(t) = (96 96t) j
2 3 ṙ(t) and r̈(t) are perpendicular when
1 ṙ(t) · r̈(t) = 0
e r̈(t) = sin 2t i cos t j
2 ) (96t 48t2 )(96 96t) = 0
1
ṙ(0) = i ) t = 0 or 1 or 2
2 But when t = 1, r̈(1) = 0
r(0) = 4 j So t = 0 or 2
1 1
ṙ(t) = cos 2t i 2 sin t j + c1 b ṙ(0) = 2 i and r̈(0) = 96 j
2 2
1 ṙ(2) = 2 i and r̈(2) = 96 j
ṙ(0) = i + c1
2
1 1
i= i + c1 a2 t2
2 2 7 r(t) = at i + j, a > 0
) c1 = 0 4
1 1 a Cartesian equation:
) r(t) = sin 2t i + 4 cos t j + c2 r(t) = x i + y j
4 2
r(0) = 4 j + c2 x = at 1
4 j = 4 j + c2 a2 f 2
y= 2
) c2 = 0 4
x
1 1 From 1 : t = 3
) r(t) = sin 2t i + 4 cos t j a
4 2 Substitute 3 into 2
18
!2
a2 x a4 t 4
y= cos 45 = ⇥ p
4 a 4 a3 4 + a2 t2
x2 1 at
) y= ,t 0 so x 0 p = p
4 2 4 + a2 t2
y p p
2at = 4 + a2 t2
2a2 t2 = 4 + a2 t2
(2, 1) a2 t2 = 4
0 x 4
t2 =
a2
b 2
a2 ) t= (t 0)
r̈(t) = a i + tj a
2
a2
r̈(t) =
j 8 r(t) = 2t i + (t2 4) j
2
a·b
Using cos ✓ = a Cartesian equation:
|a| |b|
r(t) = x i + y j
where a = ṙ(t) and b = r̈(t)
! x = 2t 1
a2 t a2
a · b = (a ⇥ 0) + ⇥ y = t2 4 2
2 2
x
a4 t From 1 : t = 3
= 2
r r
a4 t2 a4 x2
|a| |b| = a2 + ⇥ y= 4, t 0 so x 0
4 4 4
r y
4a2 + a4 t2 a2
= ⇥
4 2 0 4 x
r
a2 p a2
= ( 4 + a2 t2 ) ⇥
4 2 –4
3 p
a
= ( 4 + a2 t2 )
4
19
b ṙ(t) = 2 i + 2t j 1
9 r = 3t i + t3 j + t3 k
3
r̈(t) = 2 j
At t = 1, ṙ(1) = 2 i + 2 j a ṙ = 3 i + t2 j + 3t2 k
p
r̈(1) = 2 j b |ṙ| = (3)2 + (t2 )2 + (3t2 )2
a·b p
cos ✓ =
|a| |b| = 9 + 10t4
where a = ṙ(1) and b = r̈(1) c r̈ = 2t j + 6tk
a·b=4 p
p d |r̈| = (2t)2 + (6t)2
|a| |b| = 8 ⇥ 2 p
= 4t2 + 36t2
4 p
cos ✓ = p
2 8 = 40t2
1 p
cos ✓ = p = 2 10t (assuming t 0)
2
) ✓ = 45 e |r̈| = 16
p
) 16 = 2 10t
a·b
c cos ✓ = p
|a| |b| 8 4 10
) t=p =
where a = ṙ(t) and b = r̈(t) 10 5
4t
cos 30 = p !
4 + 4t2 ⇥ 2 1 2
p 10 r = (V cos ↵)t i + (V sin ↵)t gt j
3 t 2
= p
2 1 + t2 a ṙ = V cos ↵ i + (V sin ↵ gt) j
p 2t
1 + t2 = p
3 b r̈ = g j
4t2
1 + t2 = c ṙ · r̈ = 0
3
t 2 (V sin ↵ gt)( g) = 0
1=
3 g2 t gV sin ↵ = 0
p
) t = 3 (t 0) V sin ↵
p t=
At t = 3 seconds the magnitude of g
the angle between ṙ(t) and r̈(t) is 30 ṙ and r̈ are perpendicular when
V sin ↵
t=
g
20
V sin ↵ Using the trigonometric identity:
d with t = ,
g sin 2↵ = 2 sin ↵ cos ↵
!
V sin ↵ sin 2↵
r = (V cos ↵) i ) = sin ↵ cos ↵
g 2
! ! !
V sin ↵ V 2 sin 2↵ V 2 sin2 ↵
+ (V sin ↵) ) r= i+ j
g 2g 2g
!2 !
1 V sin ↵
g j
2 g
!
V 2 cos ↵ sin ↵
) r= i
g
!
V 2 sin2 ↵ V 2 sin2 ↵
+ j
g 2g
21
1 r(t) = t2 i (1 + 2t) j where c2 is a constant vector.
r(0) = 0 i + 6 j
a v(t) = ṙ(t) = 2t i 2 j, the velocity at
) c2 = 0 i + 6 j
time t.
) r(t) = 2t i + (6t 4.9t2 + 6) j,
b a(t) = r̈(t) = 2 i, the acceleration at the displacement at time t.
time t.
c r(2) = 4 i 5 j, r(0) = j 3 ṙ(t) = 3 i + 2t j + (1 4t)k

Average velocity for the first two
a a(t) = r̈(t) = 2 j 4k, the acceleration
seconds
r(2) r(0) at time t.
= Z
2
4i 5j + j b r(t) = ṙ(t) dt
=
2 Z
= 2i 2j = 3 i + 2t j + (1 4t)k dt
Z Z
= 3dt i + 2t dt j
2 r̈(t) = g j
Z
a v(t) = ṙ(t) + 1 4t dt k
Z
= r̈(t) dt = 3t i + t2 j + (t 2t2 )k + c
where c is a constant vector.
= 9.8t j + c1 r(0) = j + k
where c1 is a constant vector. ) c= j+k
ṙ(0) = 2 i + 6 j
) r(t) = 3t i + (t2 + 1) j + (t 2t2 + 1)k,
) c1 = 2 i + 6 j the position at time t.
) v(t) = 2 i + (6 9.8t) j, p
the velocity at time t. c |ṙ(t)| = 32 + (2t)2 + (1 4t)2
p
Z = 9 + 4t2 + 1 8t + 16t2
b r(t) = v(t) dt p
Z = 20t2 8t + 10,
the speed at time t.
= 2 i + (6 9.8t) j dt
Z Z
= 2dt i + 6 9.8t dt j
= 2t i + (6t 4.9t2 ) j + c2
22
d i Minimum speed occurs when 4 r̈(t) = 10 i gk
20t2 8t + 10 is a minimum.
20t2 8t + 10 a
" # v(t) = ṙ(t)
2 2 1 Z
= 20 t t+
5 2 = r̈(t) dt
" #
2 2 1 1 1 Z
= 20 t t+ +
5 25 2 25 = 10 i gk dt
" !2 # Z Z
1 23
= 20 t + = 10dt i 9.8dt k since g = 9.8
5 50
!2
1 46
= 20 t +
5 5 = 10t i 9.8t k + c1 ,
) minimum speed occurs when where c1 is a constant vector.
1
t = seconds. ṙ(0) = 20 i 20 j + 40k
5
Using CAS: ) c1 = 20 i 20 j + 40k
) v(t) = (10t + 20) i 20 j
+ (40 9.8t)k,
the velocity at time t.
1 Z
ii When t = , b r(t) = v(t) dt
5
s Z
!2 !
1 1 = (10t + 20) i 20 j
Speed = 20 8 + 10
5 5
r + (40 9.8t)k dt
1 Z Z
= (20 40 + 250)
25 = 10t + 20dt i 20dt j
1p Z
= 230 m/s
5 + 40 9.8t dt k
Using CAS
= (5t2 + 20t) i 20t j
+ (40t 4.9t2 )k + c2 ,
where c2 is a constant vector.
r(0) = 0 i + 0 j + 0k
) c2 = 0 i + 0 j + 0k
) r(t) = (5t2 + 20t) i 20t j
+ (40t 4.9t2 )k,
the displacement at time t.
23
p 3
5 7 r(t) = 12 t i + t 2 j
r(t) = 5 cos(1 + t2 ) i + 5 sin(1 + t2 ) j
v(t) = ṙ(t)
v(t) = ṙ(t) 1 3 1
2 2 = 6t 2 i + t2 j
= 10t sin(1 + t ) i + 10t cos(1 + t ) j 2
Speed:q 6 3
= 1 j + t2 j
|v(t)| = 100t2 sin2 (1 + t2 ) + 100t2 cos2 (1 + t2 ) 2
q t2
!
= 10t sin2 (1 + t2 ) + cos2 (1 + t2 ) 1 3
= 1 6i + tj
= 10t 2
t2
s !
1 92
|ṙ(t)| = 36 + t 1
6 r(t) = 2t i + (t2 4) j t 4
v(t) = ṙ(t) = 2 i + 2t j 36 9
Let S = + t
a(t) = r̈(t) = 2 j t 4
dS 36 9
When t = 1, = 2 +
dt t 4
v(1) = 2 i + 2 j dS
Let =0
a·b dt
cos ✓ = ) t2 = 16 ) t = 4 (t 0)
|a| |b|
Substitute t = 4 into
p 1
where a = v(1) and b = a(1)
) |ṙ(t)| = 3 2
a·b=4 p 3
p p Position : r(4) = 12 4 i + 4 2 2 j
|a| · |b| = 8 ⇥ 4
2 = 24 i + 8 j
) cos ✓ = p Therefore
p the minimum speed is
8 3 2 m/s and the position of the particle
!
1 1 when at this speed is 24 i + 8 j.
) ✓ = cos p = 45
2
8 r(t) = 400t i + (300t 4.9t2 ) j
a r(t) = x i + y j
x = 400t 1
y = 300t 4.9t2 2
x
From 1 : t = 3
400
Substitute 3 into 2
24
3 4.9x2 Therefore the maximum height
y= x 225 000
4 160 000 reached is metres.
3 4.9x2 49
0= x
4 160 000 d Initial speed : t = 0
2
120 000x = 4.9x
v(0) = 400 i + 300 j
1200 000 p
) x= |v(0)| = 4002 + 3002
49
1200 000 = 500 m/s
) t=
49 ⇥ 400 Therefore, the initial speed is
11 500 m/s.
) t = 61 seconds
49
11 e The initial angle is found with the
Therefore, it takes 61 seconds for
49 velocity vector when t = 0.
the projectile to reach the ground.
v(0) = 400 i + 300 j
b v(t) = ṙ(t) = 400 i + (300 9.8t) j
3
3000
! ) tan ✓ =
Speed = v 4
49 ) ✓ = 36.87
s
" !#2
2
3000
= 400 + 300 9.8
49 9 r00 (t) = 3(sin 3t i + cos 3t j)
p
= 160 000 + 90 000
a
= 500 m/s
Therefore the object hits the ground at r0 (t) = cos 3t i sin 3t j + c1
500 m/s. r0 (0) = j
3 4.9x2 , i = i + c1
c y= x
4 160 000 ) c1 = 0
3 9.8x
y0 = ) r0 (t) = cos 3t i sin 3t j
4 160 000
3 9x 1 1
For maximum : 0 = r(t) = sin 3t i + cos 3t j + c2
4 80 000 3 3
60 000 = 4.9x r(0) = 3 i + 3 j
600 000 1
) x= ) 3i + 3j = j + c2
49 3
! !
3 600 000 1
y= ) r(t) = sin 3t 3 i
4 49 3
!2 !
600 000 1 8
4.9 + cos 3t + j
49 3 3
160 000
225 000
=
49
25
b r(t) = x i + y j 10 r(t) = 2 cos t i + 4 sin t j + 2t k
1 v(t) = r0 (t) = 2 sin t i + 4 cos t j + 2k
x= sin 3t 3 1
3 p
1 8 |v(t)| = 4 sin2 t + 16 cos2 t + 4
y = cos 3t + 2 p p
3 3 = 4 ⇥ sin2 t + 4 cos2 t + 1
1 p
x + 3 = sin 3t 3
3 = 2 1 cos2 t + 4 cos2 t + 1
8 1 p
y = cos 3t 4 ) |v(t)| = 2 2 + 3 cos2 t
3 3 p
Squaring 3 and 4 t = 0 : |v| = 2 5
1 p
(x + 3)2 = sin2 3t 5 ⇡
9 t = : |v| = 2 2
!2 2
8 1 8
y = cos2 3t 6 ) c2 = 3 i + j
3 9 3
Adding 5 and 6 Therefore the p minimum speed of the
!2 particle
2 8 1 p is 2 2 and the maximum speed
(x + 3) + y = (sin2 3t is 2 5
3 9
Using CAS:
+ cos2 3t)
!2
2 8 1
) (x + 3) + y =
3 9
The position of the centre
! of the
8
circular path is 3, .
3
c v(t) = r0 (t) = cos 3t i sin 3t j

a(t) = r00 (t) = 3(sin 3t i + cos 3t j)
Required to show a(t) · v(t) = 0
a(t) · v(t) = (cos 3t ⇥ 3 sin 3t)
+ ( sin 3t ⇥ 3 cos 3t)
= 3 sin 3t · cos 3t
+ 3 sin 3t · cos 3t
=0
) a(t) is perpendicular to v(t).
26
1 So
11 v(t) = (2t + 1)2 i + p j 1
2t + 1 r(t) = ((2t + 1)3 1) i
6
!
a a(t) = v0 (t) = 4(2t + 1) i 1
+ (2t + 1) 2 1 j
1
3
j !
(2t + 1) 2 4t3 2
= + 2t + t i
3
When t = 1, p
1 + ( 2t + 1 1) j
a(1) = 12 i p j
3 3
r
1 12 a a(t) = g j
|a(1)| = 122 +
27 v(t) = V cos ↵ i + (V sin ↵ gt) j
r
1 r(t) = V cos ↵t i
= 144 +
27 !
r gt2
3889 + V sin ↵t j
= 2
27
r
1 b r(t) = x i + y j
= (3 ⇥ 3889)
81 x = V cos ↵t 1
p
11667 gt2
= m/s2 y = V sin ↵t 2
9 2
!
9 1 x
â(1) = p 12 i p From 1 : t = 3
11667 3 3 V cos ↵
! Substitute 3 into 2 ! !
1 3 x g x2
=p 108 i p j y = V sin ↵
11667 3 V cos ↵ 2 V 2 cos2 ↵
1 p
=p (108 i 3 j) gx2
11667 ) y = x tan ↵ 2
sec2 ↵
Therefore the direction of the 2V
As required to prove.
acceleration after 1 second is
1 p
p (108i 3j) and the
11667 p 13 a r0A (t) = j + 2 j, r0B (t) = 2 i + 3 j
11667
magnitude is m/s2 . rA (2) = 3 i + 4 j, rB (3) = j + 3 j
9
rA (t) = t i + 2t j + c1
1 1
b r(t) = (2t + 1)3 i + (2t + 1) 2 j + c1 3 i + 4 j = 2 i + 4 j + c1
6
r(0) = 0 ) c1 = i
1 rA (t) = (t + 1) i + 2t j
) 0= j + j + c1
6
rB (t) = 2t i + 3t j + c2
1
) c1 = i j i + 3 j = 6 i + 9 j + c2
6
27
) c2 = 5 i 6j where c is a constant vector.
) rB (t) = (2t 5) i + (3t 6) j Since r(0) = 0, c = 0
For the same position: r(t) = at i + bt j
)
(t + 1) i + 2t j = (2t 5) i + (3t 6) j 4 at
Now tan ↵ = and also tan ↵ =
t + 1 = 2t 5 1 3 bt
at 4
) =
2t = 3t 6 2 bt 3
From 1 : t = 6 ) 3a = 4b
3a
From 2 : t = 6 ) b= 2
) the particles collide when t = 6. 4
Substituting in 1 yields
!2
b rA (6) = (6 + 1) i + 2(6) j 2 3a
a + = 400
4
= 7 i + 12 j
9a2
rB (6) = (2(6) 5) i + (3(6) 6) j ) a2 + = 400
16
= 7 i + 12 j 25a2
) the position vector of the point of ) = 400
16
collision at t = 6 is 7 i + 12 j 16 ⇥ 400
) a2 =
25
14 a N
= 256
j
) a = 16
4
i Substituting in 2 yields
α 3 3 ⇥ 16
b=
4
= 12
|ṙ(t)| = 20
) ṙ(t) = 16 i + 12 j,
Let ṙ(t) = a i + b j, a, b 2 R+ the velocity at time t.
p
) |ṙ(t)| = ( a)2 + b2
p b r(t) = 16t i + 12t j
= a2 + b2
) r(5) = ( 16 ⇥ 5) i + (12 ⇥ 5) j
= 20
= 80 i + 60 j,
2 2 the position after five seconds.
) a + b = 400 1
Z
r(t) = ṙ(t) dt
Z 15 r = 4 sin(2t) i + 4 cos(2t) j
= a i + b j dt
a v(t) = ṙ(t)
Z
= 1 a dt i + b dt j = 8 cos 2t i 8 sin 2t j, t 0,
the velocity at time t.
= at i + bt j + c,
28
! !2 ! !
b The speed
p at time t is given by 5 5 5
r = 5 2 i + 2j
|v(t)| = (8 cos 2t)2 + ( 8 sin 2t)2 2 2 2
p !
= 64 cos2 2t + 64 sin2 2t 25 25
= 2 i + 2j
q 4 2
= 64(cos2 2t + sin2 2t) 33
p = i + 2 j,
= 64 4
the position of the particle when it is
=8 instantaneously at rest.
c a(t) = r̈(t) c Let r(t) = x i + y j

= 16 sin 2t i 16 cos 2t j ) x = t2 5t 2 and y = 2
) y = 2 is the cartesian equation of the
= 4(4 sin 2t i + 4 cos 2t j)
path.
= 4r, 33
Note: x
the acceleration in terms of r. 4
17 r(t) = 6 sec(t) i + 4 tan(t) j; t 0

16 ṙ(t) = (2t 5) i; t 0
Z a Let r(t) = x i + y j
a r(t) = ṙ(t) dt
Z ) x = 6 sec(t) and
= 2t 5dt i y = 4 tan(t), t 0
) x 6 or x  6, y 2 R
= (t2 5t) i + c,
where c is a constant vector. ) x2 = 36 sec2 (t) and
r(0) = 2 i + 2 j y2 = 16 tan2 (t)
) c = 2i + 2j x2 y2
) = sec2 (t) and = tan2 (t)
) r(t) = (t2 5t 2) i + 2 j, 36 16
the position at time t. = tan2 (t) + 1
b Find r(t) when v(t) = 0 y2

= +1
16
When v(t) = 0,
x2 y2
(2t 5) i = 0 ) = 1,
36 16
) 2t 5=0 a hyperbola with asymptotes at
2x
5 y=±
) t= 3
2
29
b v(t) = ṙ(t) ) v(t) = 6 tan(t) sec(t) i + 4 sec2 (t) j, t
d 0, the velocity at time t.
(6 sec(t)) i
=
dt
d
+ (4 tan(t)) j 18 r(t) = 4 cos(t) i + 3 sin(t) j; 0  t  2⇡
dt
Now let y1 = 6 sec(t) a Let r(t) = x i + y j
6 ) x = 4 cos t and y = 3 sin t
=
cos t
) x2 = 16 cos2 t and y2 = 9 sin2 t
= 6u 1 where u = cos(t)
x2 y2
dy1 ) = cos2 t and = sin2 t
= 6u 2 and 16 9
du
x2 y2
du ) + = cos2 t + sin2 t
= sin(t) 16 9
dt
6 x2 y2
= ) + =1
2
cos (t) 16 9
an ellipse with centre (0, 0)
dy1 dy1 du For 0  t  2⇡:
) = ·
dt du dt Range x = [ 4, 4] and Range
6 y = [ 3, 3]
= 2
· sin(t)
cos (t) ) Dom(Cartesian eqn) = [ 4, 4]
= 6 tan(t) sec(t)
Ran(Cartesian eqn) = [ 3, 3]
Also let
y2 = 4 tan(t) y
4 sin(t) 3
=
cos(t)
u –4 0 4 x
= where u = 4 sin(t) and
v
v = cos(t) –3
du dv
) = 4 cos(t) and = sin(t)
dt dt
du dv
dy2 v · u ·
) = dt dt
dt v2
cos(t) · 4 cos(t) 4 sin(t)[ sin(t)]
=
[cos(t)]2
4 cos2 (t) + 4 sin2 (t)
=
cos2 (t)
4[cos2 (t) + sin2 (t)]
=
cos2 (t)
= 4 sec2 (t)
30
p
b i c i |v(t)| = ( 4 sin t)2 + (3 cos t)2
v(t) = ṙ(t) p
= 16 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t
= 4 sin t i + 3 cos t j, q
0  t  2⇡ = 16 sin2 t + 9(1 sin2 t)
p
v(t) · r(t) = ( 4 sin t i + 3 cos t j) = 9 + 7 sin2 t,
the speed of the particle at time t.
· (4 cos t i + 3 sin t j)
p
= 16 sin t cos t ii |v(t)| = 9 + 7(1 cos2 t)
p
+ 9 sin t cos t = 16 7 cos2 t
= 7 sin t cos t
iii The maximum and minimum
7 speeds are 4 and 3 respectively.
= (2 sin t cos t)
2 Using CAS:
7
= sin 2t, 0  2t  4⇡
2
The velocity of the particle is
perpendicular to its position
vector when
v(t) · r(t) = 0
7
i.e. sin 2t = 0
2
) sin 2t = 0
) 2t = 0, ⇡, 2⇡, 3⇡, 4⇡
⇡ 3⇡
) t = 0, , ⇡, , 2⇡
2 2
ii r(0) = 4 i
!
⇡
r = 3j
2
r(⇡) = 4 i
!
3⇡
r = 3j
2
r(2⇡) = 4 i
31
p
19 r(t) = (t + 2)i + (6t + 1)j 21 a r(t) = ti + (2t + 4)j
p
x = t + 2 and y = 6t + 1 x= t and y = 2t + 4
dx dy dx 1 1 dy
= 1 and =6 = x 2 and =2
dt dt dt 2 dt
Hence distance travelled Hence distance travelled
Z 3p Z 4r
1 + 36 dt 1 1
= = x + 4 dt
1 1 4
p 3 Z 4r
= 37t 1 1
1 = x + 4 dt
p 1 4
= 2 37 ⇡ 6.086
b r(4) = 2i + 12j
20 r(t) = cos(2t)i + sin(2t)j
r(1) = i + 6j
x = cos(2t) and y = sin(2t)
dx dy r(4) r(1) = i + 6j
= 2 sin(2t) and = 2 cos(2t) p
dt dt | r(4) r(1)| = 37
Hence distance travelled
⇡ 6.083
Z ⇡ q
4
= 4 sin2 (2t) + 4 cos2 (2t) dt
0 22 a r(t) = 4 cos(t)i + 3 sin(t)j
Z ⇡
4
= 2 dt x = 4 cos(t) and y = 3 sin(t)
0
dx dy
 ⇡
4
= 4 sin(t) and = 3 cos(t)
= 2t dt dt
0 Hence distance travelled
⇡
= Z ⇡ q
2 4
= 16 sin2 (t) + 9 cos2 (t) dt
0
⇡ 2.514
b r( ⇡4 ) r(0) = 4 cos( ⇡4 )i + 3 sin( ⇡4 )j 4i

|r( ⇡4 ) r(0)| ⇡ 2.423
32
1 a r(t) = 2t i + (t2 4) j 4 r(t) = 10 sin 2t i + 5 cos 2t j
velocity = ṙ(t) = 2 i + 2t j ✓⇡◆ ⇡ ⇡
a r = 10 sin i + 5 cos j
acceleration = r̈(t) = 2 j 6 3 3
p 5
When t = 2, ṙ(2) = 2 i + 4 j = 5 3i + j
2
r̈(2) = 2 j
b ṙ(t) = 20 cos 2t i 10 sin 2t j
b At t = 0, ṙ(0) = 20 i
For r(t) = x i + y j ⇡ ✓⇡◆ ⇡ ⇡
At t = , ṙ = 20 cos i 10 sin j
x(t) = 2t and y(t) = t2 4 6 6 3 3
p
x x2 = 10 i 5 3 j
)t= y= 4 To find the angle between these two
2 4
vectors,
or 4y = x2 16
use a · b = |a| |b| cos ✓
a·b
2
2 a r(t) = 2t i + 4t j + 8k ) cos ✓ =
|a| |b|
✓⇡◆
ṙ(t) = 4t i + 4 j Now r(0) · r = 200
6
r̈(t) = 4 i ✓⇡◆ p p
r = 100 + 75 = 5 7
6
b r = 4 sin t i + 4 cos t j + t2 k
200 2
ṙ(t) = 4 cos t i 4 sin t j + 2tk ) cos ✓ = p =p
20 ⇥ 5 7 7
r̈(t) = 4 sin t i 4 cos t j + 2k
5 r = (cos t + t sin t) i + (sin t t cos t) j
3 Position vector is given by
ṙ(t) = ( sin t + t cos t + sin t) i
r = 6t i + (t2 + 4) j
ṙ(t) = 6 i + 2t j is a vector along a + (cos t + t sin t cos t) j
tangent to the path = t cos t i + t sin t j
) ṙ(4) = 6 i + 8 j is the vector along the Now, ṙ is a vector along the
tangent at t = 4 tangent to the curve, therefore
p
magnitude |ṙ(4)| = 36 + 64 find the unitp vector in this direction.
|ṙ(t)| = t2 cos2 t + t2 sin2 t
= 10 q
) the unit vector along this tangent is
= t2 (cos2 t + sin2 t)
given by p
ṙ 6i + 8j = t2 = t
=
|ṙ| 10
ṙ t cos t i + t sin t j
= 0.6 i + 0.8 j ) ṙˆ = =
|ṙ| t
= cos t i + sin t j is the unit vector.
33
6 r = 5(cos t i + sin t j) Similarly, VB = sin t i + cos t j
) rB = ( cos t) i
a ṙ(t) = 5( sin t i + cos t j) is the
+ (sin t) j + c1
velocity at time t.
At t = 0, rB = j
b Speed is the magnitude of velocity ) c1 + ( cos 0) i + (sin 0) j = j
) speed
p = |ṙ(t)| = ) i + c1 = j
( 5 sin t)2 + 5(cos t)2 = 5 ) c1 = i + j
c r̈(t) = 5( cos t i sin t j) ) rB = ( cos t + 1) i

+ (sin t + 1) j
= 5(cos t i + sin ✓ j) If A and B collide, then at some time,
gives the acceleration t, rA = rB
i.e. (sin t + 1) i + ( cos t + 1) j = ( cos t + 1) i
d The dot product (scalar
+ (sin t + 1) j
product) of ṙ(t) and r̈(t) is
Equating gives sin t + 1 = cos t + 1
ṙ(t) · r̈(t) = ( 5 sin t i + 5 cos t j)
or sin t = cos t
· ( 5 cos t i 5 sin t j)
3⇡
) t= + k⇡, k 2 Z
= 25 sin t cos t 4
Note: Equating i and j components
25 cos t sin t gives the same result in this case.
=0 The particles will collide when
) acceleration r̈(t) is at right angles 3⇡
t= + k⇡, k 2 Z.
to the velocity ṙ(t) 4
8 r(t) = (1 + sin t) i + (1 cos t) j is the

7 Velocity of particle A is given by
position vector.
VA = cos t i + sin t j
Take the antiderivative to a velocity ṙ(t) = cos t i + sin t j
get the position vector.
acceleration r̈(t) = sin t i + cos t j
i.e. rA = (sin t) i p
+ ( cos t) j + c For any t, |ṙ(t)| = cos2 t + sin2 t
Given that t = 0, rA = i =1
p
) j+c= i and |r̈(t)| = sin2 t + cos2 t
) c= i+ j =1
) rA = (sin t + 1) i Therefore, the magnitudes of velocity
and acceleration are constants.
+ ( cos t + 1) j
34
b Let (x, y) represent any At t = 3, c1 + (9) i (12) j = 7 i + 8 j
point on the cartesian graph. ) c1 = 2 i + 20 j
Then r(t) = x i + y j
) rB (t) = (3t 2) i
= (1 + sin t) i + (1 cos t) j
(4t 20) j
) 1 + sin t = x and The initial position vector of particle B
or sin t = x 1 is
rB (0) = 2 i + 20 j
1 cos t = y
cos t = 1 y
Now sin t + cos2 t = 1
2 10 Let the particles be A and B.
) (x 1)2 + (1 y)2 = 1 a VA = t i + j
2
or (x 1) + (y 1) = 1 2 Integrating with respect to t gives
✓ t2 ◆
is the cartesian equation of the path rA = i + (t) j + c
of the particle. 2
At t = 0, rA (0) = i 2j
c If displacement is perpendicular to
) c = i 2j
velocity,
✓ t2 ◆
then r(t) · ṙ(t) = 0 ) rA = + 1 i + (t 2) j
i.e. (1 + sin t)(cos t) + (1 cos t)(sin t) = 0 2
) cos t + sin t = 0 ✓ t2 ◆
b rA = + 1 i + (t 2) j
or cos t = sin t 2
3⇡ and rB = (s 4) i + 3 j (given)
) t=
4 If their paths cross, then both paths
pass
✓
through
◆
a point,
9 VA = 2 i + 3 j and VB = 3 i 4 j t2
) + 1 i + (t 2) j = (s 4) i + 3 j
2
Integrating with respect to t gives
t2
rA = (2t) i + (3t) j + c )
2
+1= s 4 and t 2=3
Given that rA (0) = i j ) t=5

2
5
) i j=c )
2
+1= s 4
25
) rA = (2t + 1) i + (3t 1) j s= +5
2
The particles collide after 3 seconds,
= 17.5
) rA (3) = rB (3) ✓ 25 ◆
At t = 5, rA = + 1 i + 3j
rA (3) = (2(3) + 1) i + (9 1) j 2 ✓ ◆ 27
= 7i + 8j i.e., A is at the point , 3 or
2
Now VB = 3 i 4 j (13.5, 3).
At s = 17.5, rB = (17.5 4) i + 3 j
) rB = (3t) i (4t) j + c1
= 13.5 i + 3 j
35
✓4◆
i.e., B is at the point (13.5, 3). ) r(2) = i + (4 10) j + c
Thus their paths cross at (13.5, 3). 2
= i
c If the particles actually collide, then
) 2i 6j + c = i
they share the same position at the
same time, say t. ) c = i + 6j
) the only possibility is at t = 5 as ✓ t2 ◆
points where paths cross include ) r(t) = 1 i + (t2 5t + 6) j
2
collisions.
At t = 5, we know that A is at c initial position r(0) = i + 6 j
(13.5, 3). initial velocity ṙ(0) = 0 i 5 j = 5 j
B reaches the same point when
s = 17.5.
12 a i Acceleration of the second
Thus, we can conclude that if the
particle is
particles actually collide, then B
r̈2 = 2 i + j
should start 12.5 seconds before A, so
Integrating with respect to t gives
that both reach (13.5, 3) at the same
velocity ṙ2 = 2t i + t j + c
time.
Given that ṙ2 (0) = 4 i,
) 4i = c
11 acceleration r̈(t) = i + 2 j (given)
) ṙ2 = (2t 4) i + t j
a Integrating with respect to t gives
ii Acceleration of the first particle is
ṙ(t) = (t) i + (2t) j + c
r̈1 (t) = i j
At t = 2, the particle is travelling at
2i j ) velocity ṙ1 (t) = t i t j + c1
Now ṙ1 (0) = k j,
) ṙ(2) = (2) i + (4) j + c
) c1 = k j
= 2i j
) ṙ1 (t) = t i (t k) j
) c = 5j
= t i + (k t) j
) velocity ṙ(t) = t i + (2t 5) j
b At some time t, ṙ1 (t) = ṙ2 (t)
b Integrating again with respect to t
gives i
✓ t2 ◆ ✓ t2 ◆
r= j+ 5t j + c (position ) t i + (k t) j = (2t 4) i + t j
2 2
vector) ) t = 2t 4 and k t=t
At t = 2, the particle passes through i )t=4
ii ) k 4=4
k=8
36
iii ) 8e2t = 12et
ṙ1 (4) = 4 i (8 4) j 12
) et =
= 4( i + j)is the common velocity. 8
Check with ṙ2 : ṙ2 (4) = (8 4) i + 4 j = 1.5
= 4( i + j) ) t = loge 1.5
13 r(t) = et i + 4e2t j, t 0 14 velocity ṙ(t) = (t 3) j, t > 0
a Let r(t) = x i + y j a All changes position described by the

velocity are parallel to j, therefore the
) et = x and 4e2t = y
path is linear.
) y = 4(et )2
⇣ t2 ⌘
= 4x2 b r(t) = 3t j + c
2
or f (x) = 4x2 Now r(0) = 2 i + j,
) c = 2i + j
Now t 0 ) et 1
The path of the particle is given by i Therefore the particle moves in
f (x) whose domain is [1, 1) the direction of j, with
i.e., f : [1, 1) ! R, f (x) = 4x2 t2
x = 2 and y = 3t + 1, t > 0
2
b r(t) = et i + 4e2t j
) x = 2 and y 3.5
(minimum value of y against t
i ) v(t) = et i + 8e2t j
graph)
ii v(0) = e0 i + 8e0 j
ii The particle is at rest when v = 0,
= i + 8j i.e., ṙ(t) = 0
)t 3=0
iii Now v(t) = et i + 8e2t j
If it is parallel to 1 + 12 j, then This is when t = 3
et i + 8e2t j = k(1 + 12 j) 9
The point is x = 2 and y = 9+1
for some constant k. 2
= 3.5
) et = k and 8e2t = 12k ) the point is (2, 3.5).
37
1 E r = 2t2 i + (3t 1) j ) 2t 4 = 0 ) t = 2
ṙ = 4t i + 3 j Therefore, the particle comes to rest
after 2 seconds.
) r̈ = 4i r(2) = 4( i j + k) = 4 i + 4 j 4k
Hence, the particle initially begins at
2 E r = sin(3t) i 2 cos(t) j
(0, 0, 0) and after traveling 2 seconds
ṙ = 3 cos(3t) i + 2 sin(t) j stops at ( 4, 4, 4). After a further
ṙ(⇡) = 3 i 2 seconds the particle is back at
(0, 0, 0).
Speed = |ṙ(⇡)|
p distance travelled
= ( 3)2
= 2 ⇥ |r(2) r(0)|
=3
= 2 ⇥ |( 4, 4, 4)|
p p
3 B ṙ(t) = 5 i 4 j + 2k = 2 ⇥ 16 + 16 + 16 = 2 48
p
r(0) = 3 i 6k =8 3m
r(t) = 5t i 4t j + 2tk + c1
6 C r̈(t) = 2 i j
r(0) = c1
ṙ(0) = 2 j
) c1 = 3 i 6k
r(0) = 3 i
) r(t) = (5t + 3) i 4 j + (2t 6)k
ṙ(t) = 2t i t j + c1
4 E r(t) = (2t3 1) i + (2t2 + 3) j + 6tk ṙ(0) = c1
2
ṙ(t) = 6t i + 4t j + 6k ) c1 = 2 j
r̈ = 12t i + 4 j ) ṙ(t) = 2t i + (2 t) j
!
) r̈(1) = 12 i + 4 j 2 12
r(t) = t i + 2t t j + c2
2
2
5 C r(t) = (t 4t)( i j + k)
r(0) = c2
r(0) = 0
) c2 = 3 i
r(4) = 0 !
Note: do not automatically 2 12
) r(t) = (t + 3) i + 2t t j
assume that the distance travelled 2
is zero. Since the position vector is
quadratic, further investigation is
needed.
ṙ = (2t 4)( i j + k)
To determine when the particle
comes to rest solve ṙ = 0.
38
7 C r(0) = i 5 j + 2k dx
) = 2⇡ sin(⇡t) and
dt
r(3) = 7 i + 7 j 4k dy
r(3) r(0) = 3⇡ cos(⇡t)
Avg. velocity = dt
3 dy dy dt
1 = ·
= (6 i + 12 j 6k) dx dt dx
3 1
= 3⇡ cos(⇡t) ·
= 2 i + 4 j 2k 2⇡ sin(⇡t)
3
8 E ṙ(t) = 2t i + 3 j = cot(⇡t)
2
r(0) = 3 i + j 1
When t = ,
6
r(t) = t2 i + 3t j + c1 !
dy 3 ⇡
r(0) = c1 = cot
dx 2 6
0 1
) c1 = 3 i + j BBB CCC
BBB CC
) r(t) = (t2 + 3) i + (3t + 1) j 3 BBB 1 CCCC
= BB ! CC
2 BBBB ⇡ CCCC
9 C ṙ(t) = t i + et j @B tan CA
6
r(0) = 3 i 3 p
= ( 3)
1 2
r(t) = t2 i + et j + c1 p
2 3 3
=
r(0) = j + c1 2
) c1 = 3 i j
!
12
) r(t) = t + 3 i + (et 1) j
2
= 2 cos(⇡t) i + 3 sin(⇡t) j
10 E r(t) p
At ( 3, 1.5):p
2 cos(⇡t) = 3 and 3 sin(⇡t) = 1.5
p
3 1
) cos(⇡t) = and sin(⇡t) =
2 2
⇡
) ⇡t =
6
1
) t=
6
x = 2 cos(⇡t) and
y = 3 sin(⇡t)
39
1 a Let vP = 9 i + 6 j and vQ = 5 i + 4 j
p p
) |vP | = 92 + 62 and |vQ | = 52 + 42
p p
= 81 + 36 = 25 + 16
p p
= 117 = 41
p p
The speeds of particles P and Q are3 13 m/s and 41 m/s respectively.
Z
b i rP (t) = vP dt
Z
= 9 i + 6 j dt
Z Z
= 9dt i + 6dt j
= 9t i + 6t j + c1 , where c1 is a constant vector.

Now rP (4) = 96 i + 44 j,
) 96 i + 44 j = 36 i + 24 j + c1
) c1 = 60 i + 20 j
) rP (t) = (9t + 60) i + (6t + 20) j
) rP (0) = 60 i + 20 j, the position vector of P at time t = 0.
Z
rQ (t) = vQ dt
Z
= 5 i + 4 j dt
Z Z
= 5dt i + 4dt j

Now rQ (4) = 100 i + 96 j,
) 100 i + 96 j = 20 i + 16 j + c2
) c2 = 80 i + 80 j
) rQ (t) = (5t + 80) i + (4t + 80) j
) rQ (0) = 80 i + 80 j, the position vector of Q at time t = 0.
!
ii PQ = rQ (t) rP (t)
= (5t + 80) i + (4t + 80) j ((9t + 60) i + (6t + 20) j)
= (20 4t) i + (60 2t) j
40
! p
c |PQ| = (20 4t)2 + (60 2t)2
p
= 400 160t + 16t2 + 3600 240t + 4t2
p
= 20(t2 20t + 200)
p
= 2 5(t2 20t + 200)
!
P and Q are nearest to each other when |PQ| is a minimum, i.e., when t2 20t + 200
is a minimum.
Let y = t2 20t + 200
dy
) = 2t 20
dt
dy
When = 0, 2t 20 = 0
dt
) t = 10
2
Since t 20t + 200 is a concave-up parabola, P and Q are nearest to each other
when t = 10 seconds. p
!
When t = 10, |PQ| = 2 5(102 20 ⇥ 10 + 200)
p
= 2 500
p
= 2 5 metres
2 a Let vA = 3 i + 29 j and vB = v( i + 7 j) = v i + 7v j
Z Z
) rA (t) = vA dt ) rB (t) = vB dt
= 3t i + 29t j + c1 = vt i + 7vt j + c2
where c1 and c2 are constant vectors.
!
AB = rB (t) rA (t)
= vt i + 7vt j + c2 ( 3t i + 29t j + c1 )
= (v + 3)t i + (7v 29)t j + c2 c1
!
When t = 0, AB = 56 i + 8 j
) c2 c1 = 56 i + 8 j
!
) AB = ((v + 3)t 56) i + ((7v 29)t + 8) j
b When the particles collide,

rA (t) = rB (t)
) rB (t) rA (t) = 0
!
) AB = 0
) ((v + 3)t 56) i + ((7v 29)t + 8) j = 0
41
) (v + 3)t 56 = 0 and (7v 29)t + 8 = 0 1
) vt + 3t = 56
) vt = 56 3t
56 3t
) v= 2
t
Substituting
✓ ✓ 56 3t ◆ 1 :◆
2 into
7 29 t + 8 = 0
t
) 7(56 3t) 29t + 8 = 0
) 400 50t = 0
) t=8
56 3⇥8
Substituting t = 8 into 2 : v =
8
=4
The particles collide when v = 4.
!
c i If v = 3, AB = ((3 + 3)t 56) i + ((7 ⇥ 3 29)t + 8) j
= (6t 56) i + (8 8t) j
!
ii When the p particles are closest, |AB| is a minimum.
!
) |AB| = (6t 56)2 + (8 8t)2
p
= 36t2 672t + 3136 + 64 128t + 64t2
p
= 100t2 800t + 3200
p
= 10 t2 8t + 32
!
|AB| is a minimum when t2 8t + 32 is a minimum.
Let y = t2 8t + 32
dy
) = 2t 8
dt
dy
When = 0, 2t 8 = 0
dt
) t=4
As t2 8t + 32 is a concave-up parabola, A and B are closest after 4 s.
! ! !
3 a BF = CF CB
= (7 i + 8 j) (10 i + 2 j + 6k)
= 3i + 6j 6k
42
!
b BF = | BF|
p
= ( 3)2 + 62 + ( 6)2
p
= 81
=9
9
c Speed of the bee = = 3 m/s.
3
1
d Velocity of the bee, vB = 3 ⇥ ( 3 i + 6 j 6k)
9
= ( i + 2 j 2k) m/s
Z relative to the child be rB (t).

e Let the position of the bee
rB (t) = rB dt
Z
= i + 2j 2k dt
= t i + 2t j 2tk + c, where c is a constant vector.

!
Now rB (0) = CB, c = 10 i + 2 j + 6k
) rB (t) = (10 t) i + (2t + 2) j + (6 2t)k
Check: rB (3) = (10 3) i + (2 ⇥ 3 + 2) j + (6 2 ⇥ 3)k
= 7i + 8j
!
= CF
p
Now |rB (t)| = (10 t)2 + (2t + 2)2 + (6 2t)2
p
= 100 20t + t2 + 4t2 + 8t + 4 + 36 24t + 4t2
p
= 9t2 36t + 140
The bee is closest to the child when |rB (t)| is a minimum,
i.e., when 9t2 36t + 140 is a minimum.
Let y = 9t2 36t + 140
dy
) = 18t 36
dt
dy
When = 0, 18t 36 = 0
dt
) t=2
2
Since 9t 36t + 140 is a concave-up parabola, the bee is closest to the child after
two seconds.
43
p
|rB (2)| = 9 ⇥ 22 36 ⇥ 2 + 140
p
= 36 72 + 140
p
= 104
p
= 2 26
p
The shortest distance between the bee and the child is 2 26 metres.
! !
4 a i Let JM and JB be the position vectors of the motor boat and the police boat,
respectively,
Z with respect to the jetty, J.
!
JM = 6 i dt
= 6t i + c1 , where c1 is a constant vector.

!
When t = 0, JM = 0
) c1 = 0
!
) JM = 6t i
Z
!
JB = u(8 i + 6 j) dt
= u(8t i + 6t j) + c2 , where c2 is a constant vector.

!
When t = 0, JB = 400 i 600 j
) c2 = 400 i 600 j
!
) JB = (400 + 8ut) i + (6ut 600) j y
400 M
When the motor boat and police boat meet at the J x
j
point M,
! ! i
JM = JB −600
P
) 6t i = (400 + 8ut) i + (6ut 600) j
) 6t = 400 + 8ut and 6ut = 600
✓ 100 ◆ 100
= 400 + 8 t ) u= , t,0
t t
= 1200
) t = 200
100
ii When t = 200, u =
200
1
=
2
44
iii Velocity of police boat = u(8 i + 6 j)
1
= (8 i + 6 j)
2
= 4i + 3j
p
Speed of police boat = 42 + 32
p
= 16 + 9
p
= 25
=5
Speed of police boat is 5 m/s.
!
iv When t = 200, JM = 6 ⇥ 200 i
= 1200 i
The position of the point where the boats meet is (1200, 0).
b The position of the police boat relative to J is

!
JB = (4t + 400) i + (3t 600) j
! p
| JB| = (4t + 400)2 + (3t 600)2
p
= 16t2 + 3200t + 160 000 + 9t2 3600t + 360 000
p
= 25(t2 16t + 20 800)
p
= 5 t2 16t + 20 800
!
The police boat is closest to J when | JB| is a minimum,
i.e., when t2 16t + 20 800 is a minimum.
Let y = t2 16t + 20 800
dy
) = 2t 16
dt
dy
When = 0, 2t 16 = 0
dt
) t=8
Since t2 16t + 20 800 is a concave-up parabola, the police boat is closest to J when
t=8 p
!
| JB| = 5 82 16 ⇥ 8 + 20 800
p
= 5 64 128 + 20 800
p
= 5 20 736
= 5 ⇥ 144
= 720
After eight seconds, the police boat is closest to J at a distance of 720 metres.
45
Z
!
5 a i OA = 6 i + 3 jdt

!
When t = 0, OA = i + 2 j,
) c = i + 2j
!
) OA = (6t 1) i + (3t + 2) j
! ! !
ii BA = OA OB
= (6t 1) i + (3t + 2) j (2 i + j)
!
) BA = (6t 3) i + (3t + 1) j
! p
b | BA| = (6t 3)2 + (3t + 1)2
p
= 36t2 36t + 9 + 9t2 + 6t + 1
p
= 45t2 30t + 10
p
= 5(9t2 6t + 2)
!
When
p | BA| = 5,
5(9t2 6t + 2) = 5
) 5(9t2 6t + 2) = 25
) 9t2 6t + 2 = 5
) 9t2 6t 3=0
) 3t2 2t 1=0
) (3t + 1)(t 1) = 0
1
) t= or t = 1
3
!
Assuming t 0, | BA| = 5 after one second.
!
c i When t = 1, BA = (6 ⇥ 1 3) i + (3 ⇥ 1 + 1) j
= 3i + 4j
!
BA
c= !
| BA|
1
= (3 i + 4 j)
5
46
1
ii d = (4 i 3 j)
5
1 1
iii pc + qd = p ⇥ (3 i + 4 j) + q ⇥ (4 i 3 j)
5 5
3p + 4q 4p 3q
= i+ j.
5 5
Since 6 i + 3 j = pc + qd
3p + 4q 4p 3q
then =6 and =3
5 5
) 3p + 4q = 30 1 4p 3q = 15 2
4 ⇥ 1 3 ⇥ 2 yields 25q = 75
) q=3
Substituting q = 3in 1 : 3p + 4 ⇥ 3 = 30
) 3p = 18
) p=6
) 6 i + 3 j = 6c + 3d
6 a Let r(✓) = x i + y j
⇡
) x = cos ✓ and y = sin ✓, 0 < ✓ <
2
) x2 = cos2 ✓ y2 = sin2 ✓
) x2 + y2 = cos2 ✓ + sin2 ✓
) x2 + y2 = 1, 0 < x < 1, 1<y<0
y 1
0 x
–1
!
b i At t = 0, P is at the point (16, 0) and OP = a i
) a = 16
⇡ ! n⇡ n⇡
ii At t = , P is at the point (0, 16) and OP = 16 cos i + b sin j
4 4 4
n⇡ n⇡
) 16 cos = 0 and b sin = 16
4 4
The i component equals zero for the first time,
n⇡
) cos =0
4
n⇡ ⇡
) =±
4 2
) n = ±2
47
iii Assuming n = 2, then b = 16.
(For n = 2, b = 16.)
iv Let v(t) and a(t) be the velocity and acceleration of P at time t.

d !
Then v(t) = OP
dt
d
= (16 cos(2t) i 16 sin(2t) j)
dt
= 32 sin(2t) i 32 cos(2t) j
and a(t) = v0 (t)
= 64 cos(2t) i + 64 sin(2t) j
! ! !
c i PQ = OQ OP
= (8 sin(t) i + 8 cos(t) j) (16 cos(2t) i 16 sin(2t) j)
= (8 sin(t) 16 cos(2t)) i + (8 cos(t) + 16 sin(2t)) j
= 8((sin(t) 2 cos(2t)) i + (cos(t) + 2 sin(2t)) j)
!
ii |PQ|2 = 82 ((sin(t) 2 cos(2t))2 + (cos(t) + 2 sin(2t))2 )
= 64(sin2 (t) 4 sin(t) cos(2t) + 4 cos2 (2t) + cos2 (t)
+ 4 cos(t) sin(2t) + 4 sin2 (2t))
= 64(sin2 (t) + cos2 (t) + 4(cos2 (t) + sin2 (2t))
+ 4(sin(2t) cos(t) cos(2t) sin(t)))
= 64(1 + 4 + 4(sin(2t t)))
= 64(5 + 4 sin(t))
!
d The minimum distance between P and Q is when |PQ|2 is a minimum,
i.e., when 5 + 4 sin(t) is a minimum.
) sin(t) = 1
3⇡
) t= + 2k⇡, k 2 Z
2
✓ ✓ 3⇡ ◆◆
!
) minimum|PQ|2 = 64 5 + 4 sin + 2k⇡
2
= 64(5 + 4 ⇥ 1)
= 64 ⇥ 1
= 64
!
) PQ = 8
The minimum distance between P and Q is eight centimetres.
48
7 a Let r(t)Zbe the position of the particle at time t.
r(t) = v dt
Z
= (2 cos t) i (4 sin t cos t) j dt
Z Z
= 2 cos t dt i 2 sin(2t) dt
= 2 sin t i + cos(2t) j + c, where c is a constant vector.

Now r(0) = 3 j,
) 3j = j + c
) c = 2j
) r(t) = 2 sin t i + (cos(2t) + 2) j, t 0
b The particle
p comes to rest when |v| = 0.
|v| = (2 cos t)2 + (4 sin t cos t)2
p
= 4 cos2 t + 16 sin2 t cos2 t
q
= 4 cos2 t(1 + 4 sin2 t)
p
= 2 cos t 1 + 4 sin2 t
p
When |v| = 0, 2 cos t 1 + 4 sin2 t = 0
cos t = 0, since 1 + 4 sin2 t > 0
)
⇡
) t = + k⇡, k 2 Z
2
⇡
The particle first comes to rest when k = 0 at t = ,
✓⇡◆ ✓⇡◆ 2
r = 2 sin i + (cos(⇡) + 2) j
2 2
= 2i + j
c i Let r(t) = x i + y j
) x = 2 sin t and y = cos(2t) + 2, t 0
x
) = sin t =1 2 sin2 t + 2
2
x2
) = sin2 t =3 2 sin2 t
4
x2 x2
) = 2 sin2 t =3 , 2  x  2, 1  y  3
2 2
49
ii y
–2 0 2 x
d |v|2 = 4 cos2 t(1 + 4 sin2 t)

= 4 cos2 t(1 + 4(1 cos2 t))
= 4 cos2 t(5 4 cos2 t)
= 16 cos4 t + 20 cos2 t
= 16a2 + 20a, where a = cos2 t, 0  a  1
To find the a-axis intercepts,
let 16a2 + 20a = 0 | v |2
) 4a(5 4a) = 0
5
) a = 0 or
4 0 5 1 5 a
8 4
5
By symmetry, the maximum speed of the particle occurs when a = .
✓ 5 ◆2 ✓5◆ 8
5
When a = , |v|2 = 16 ⇥ + 20 ⇥
8 8 8
16 ⇥ 25 20 ⇥ 5
= +
64 8
25
=
4
5
) |v| =
2
5
The maximum speed of the particle is .
2
⇡
e The particle is at rest when t = + k⇡, k 2 Z.
2
3⇡
The particle comes to rest for the second time when k = 1, i.e., t = .
2
50
f i d2 = |r(t)|2
= (2 sin t)2 + (cos(2t) + 2)2
= 4 sin2 t + cos2 (2t) + 4 cos(2t) + 4
= 4 sin2 t + cos2 (2t) + 4(cos2 t sin2 t) + 4
= cos2 (2t) + 4 cos2 t + 4
= cos2 (2t) + 2(cos(2t) + 1) + 4
= cos2 (2t) + 2 cos(2t) + 6, as required.
ii The particle is closest to the origin when d2 is a minimum,

i.e., when cos2 (2t) + 2 cos(2t) + 6 is a minimum,
i.e., when d2 = c2 + 2c + 6 is a minimum, where c = cos(2t).
d
Now (d2 ) = 2c + 2
dc
d 2
When (d ) = 0, 2c + 2 = 0
dc
) c= 1
) cos(2t) = 1
) 2t = ⇡ + 2k⇡, k 2 Z
⇡
) t = + k⇡, k 2 Z
2
⇡
The particle is closest to the origin when t = + k⇡, k 2 Z
2
Z
8 a v(t) = 2 j 10k dt
= 2t j 10tk + c1 , where c1 is a constant vector.

Now v(0) = a i + b j + 20k,
) c1 = a i + b j + 20k
) v(t) = a i + (b + 2t) j + (20 10t)k, the velocity of the ball at time t.
Z
b r(t) = v(t) dt
Z
= a i + (b + 2t) j + (20 10t)k dt
= at i + (bt + t2 ) j + (20t 5t2 )k + c2 , where c2 is a constant vector

Now r(0) = 0,
) c2 = 0
) r(t) = at i + (bt + t2 ) j + (20t 5t2 )k, position vector of the ball at timet.
51
c Assuming the ground is flat in the x–y plane, the ball will return to the ground when
the k component is zero.
20t 5t2 = 0
) t(20 5t) = 0
) t = 0 or t = 4
The time of flight of the ball is four seconds.
d When t = 4, r(4) = 4a i + (4b + 16) j

Also r(4) = 100 i,
hence 4a = 100
) a = 25
and 4b + 16 = 0
) b= 4
e The angle of projection is between vectors 25 i 4 j + 20k (the flight of the ball) and
25 i 4 j (the vector directly below the flight on the ground).
Using a · b = |a| |b| cos ✓, where a = 25 i 4 j + 20k and b = 25 i 4 j and ✓ is the
angle of projection,
p
|a| = 625 + 16 + 400
p
= 1041
p
|b| = 625 + 16
p
= 641
a · b = 625 + 16
= 641
p p
Then 641 = 641 ⇥ 1041 ⇥ cos ✓
p
641
) cos ✓ = p
1041
) ✓ = 38.307 06
The angle of projection is 38.3 , correct to one decimal place.
9 a i Let p(t) = (cos t) i + (sin t) j k, 0  t  2⇡

= x i + y j + zk
) x = cos t, y = sin t, z = 1, 1  x  1, 1y1
) x2 + y2 = cos2 t + sin2 t
=1
The particle P is moving along a circular path centred on (0, 0, 1) with radius
52
length one.
p(0) = i k z
✓⇡◆ 0
p = j k y
2
p(⇡) = i k x (0, 0, –1)
✓ 3⇡ ◆ (1, 0, –1)
p = j k
2
p(2⇡) = i k
As t increases, x decreases from 1 to 1, hence the particle starts at (1, 0, 1) and
moves ‘anticlockwise’ around the circular path a distance of one ‘below’ the x–y
(horizontal) plane. The particle finishes at (1, 0, 1) after one revolution.
p
ii |p(t)| = (cos t)2 + (sin t)2 + ( 1)2
p
= cos2 t + sin2 t + 1
p
= 1+1
p
= 2
p
The distance of P from the origin at time t is 2 units.
iii Let ṗ(t) be the velocity of particle P at time t.

ṗ(t) = ( sin t) i + (cos t) j, 0  t  2⇡
iv ((cos t) i + (sin t) j) · ṗ(t) = ((cos t) i + (sin t) j) · (( sin t) i + (cos t) j)

= cos t sin t + sin t cos t
=0
Hence (cos t) i + (sin t) j is perpendicular to ṗ(t) for any value of t.
v p̈(t) = ( cos t) i (sin t) j, 0  t  2⇡

!
b i PQ = q(t) p(t)
✓ 1 ◆
= (cos 2t) i (sin 2t) j + k ((cos t) i + (sin t) j k)
2
3
= (cos 2t cos t) i + ( sin t sin 2t) j + k
2
53
!
ii The distance
s between P and Q at time t is given by |PQ|
✓ 3 ◆2
! 2 2
|PQ| = (cos 2t cos t) + ( sin t sin 2t) +
2
r
9
= cos2 2t 2 cos 2t cos t + cos2 t + sin2 t + 2 sin t sin 2t + sin2 2t +
4
r
9
= (cos2 2t + sin2 2t) + (cos2 t + sin2 t) 2(cos 2t cos t sin 2t sin t) +
4
r
9
= 1+1+ 2 cos 3t
4
r
17
= 2 cos 3t, as required.
4
!
iii The maximum distance between the particles occurs when |PQ| is a maximum,
17
i.e., when 2 cos 3t is a maximum.
4
1  cos 3t  1
) 2  2 cos 3t  2
9 17 25
)  2 cos 3t 
4 4 4
r
3 17 5
)  2 cos 3t 
2 4 2
5
The maximum distance between the particles is units.
2
17 25
iv 2 cos 3t = , 0  t  2⇡
4 4
) 2 cos 3t = 2
) cos 3t = 1
) 3t = ⇡, 3⇡, 5⇡ since 0  3t  6⇡
⇡ 5⇡
) t= , ⇡, when the particles are furthest apart.
3 3
54
3
v The minimum distance between the particles is units.
2
17 9
vi 2 cos 3t = , 0  t  2⇡
4 4
) 2 cos 3t = 2
) cos t = 1
) 3t = 0, 2⇡, 4⇡, 6⇡ since 0  3t  6⇡
2⇡ 4⇡
) t = 0, , , 2⇡ when the particles are closest together.
3 3
!
1
c i p(t) · q(t) = ((cos t) i + (sin t) j k) · (cos 2t) i (sin 2t) j + k
2
1
= cos t cos 2t sin t sin 2t
2
1
= cos(3t) , as required.
2
ii p(t) · q(t) = |p(t)| |q(t)| cos POQ

1
From c i, p(t) · q(t) = cos(3t)
2
p
From a ii, |p(t)| = 2
s
✓ 1 ◆2
|q(t)| = (cos 2t)2 +( sin 2t)2 +
2
r
1
= cos2 2t + sin2 2t +
4
r
5
=
4
p
5
=
2
p(t) · q(t)
) cos POQ =
|p(t)| |q(t)|
1
cos(3t)
2
= p
p 5
2⇥
2
2 ✓ 1◆
= p cos(3t)
10 2
p ✓
10 1◆
= cos(3t)
5 2
55
iii 1  cos(3t)  1
3 1 1
)  cos 3t 
2 2 2
p p ✓ p
3 10 10 1◆ 10
)  cos(3t) 
10 5 2 10
p p
3 10 10
)  cos POQ 
10 10 p
3 10
Angle POQ has greatest magnitude when cos POQ =
10
✓ 3p10 ◆
) POQ = cos 1
10
= (161.565 05 . . .)
The greatest angle of POQ is 162 , correct to the nearest degree.
10 a vB (t) = r0B
= 4↵ cos(↵t) i 4↵ sin(↵t) j,
so the
q speed of B in terms of ↵
= 16↵2 cos2 (↵t) + 16↵2 sin2 (↵t)
= 4↵
b Let rA = x i + y j
) x = 2t and y = t
x x
) =t ) y= , x 0
2 2
Let rB = x i + y j
) x=4 4 sin(↵t) and y = 4 cos(↵t)
y
) x 4 = 4 sin(↵t) ) = cos(↵t)
4
(x 4)
) = sin(↵t)
4
(x 4)2 y2
) = sin2 (↵t) ) = cos2 (↵t)
16 16
2
(x 4) y2
) + = sin2 (↵t) + cos2 (↵t)
16 16
=1
) (x 4)2 + y2 = 16, 0  x  8, 4y4
56
c y
B’s starting point
path of A
4
(8, 4)
A’s starting point

0 4 8 x
−4 path of B
d To find the point of intersection of the paths of A and B,

x
substitute y = into (x 4)2 + y2 = 16
2
✓ x ◆2
2
) (x 4) + = 16
2
x2
) (x 4)2 + = 16
4
) 4(x2 8x + 16) + x2 = 64
) 5x2 32x + 64 = 64
) x(5x 32) = 0
32
) x = 0 or
5
When x = 0, y = 0.
32 16
When x = , y = .
5 5 ✓ 32 16 ◆
The points of intersection are (0, 0) and , .
5 5
e From
✓ 32graphs it is clear that the paths of A and B cross at (0, 0) at di↵erent times.
16 ◆ x 16
At , , t= = for A.
5 5 2 5
16
For B, when t = ,
5 ✓ 16↵ ◆
x = 4 4 sin(↵t) becomes x = 4 4 sin
5
✓ 16↵ ◆
and y = 4 cos(↵t) becomes y = 4 cos
5
32 16
Now x = and y =
5 5
32 ✓ 16↵ ◆ 16 ✓ 16↵ ◆
) = 4 4 sin and = 4 cos
5 5 5 5
✓ 16↵ ◆ 12 ✓ 16↵ ◆ 4
) 4 sin = ) cos =
5 5 5 5
✓ 16↵ ◆ 3
) sin =
5 5
57
16↵
so is in the fourth quadrant.
5 ✓ ◆
16↵ 1 3
) = sin + 2k⇡, k 2 Z
5 5
The minimum value
✓ 3 ◆ of ↵(↵ > 0) is given when k = 1
16↵
) = sin 1 + 2⇡ .
5 5
5 ✓ 3 ◆ 5⇡
) ↵= sin 1 +
16 5 8
= 1.762 40 . . .
11 a i a(t) = 9.8 j
ii v(t) = 9.8t j + c1 , where c1 is a constant vector.

Now v(0) = 2 i,
) 2 i = c1
) v(t) = 2 i 9.8t j
iii r(t) = 2t i 4.9t2 j + c2 , where c2 is a constant vector.

Now r(0) = 0,
) 0 = c2
) r(t) = 2t i 4.9t2 j, the position of the glass with respect to the edge of the table
at time t seconds.
b i When the glass hits the floor,

4.9t2 = 0.8
8
) t2 =
49
p
2 2
) t=
p7
2 2
It takes seconds for the glass to hit the floor.
7
✓ 2p2 ◆ p
2 2
ii r =2⇥ i 0.8 j
7 7
p
4 2
= i 0.8 j
7 p
4 2
The glass hits the floor at a horizontal distance from the table of metres.
7
!
12 a i OL = 6 i 3j
58
!
!ˆ OL
ii OL = !
|OL|
1
= p (6 i 3 j)
45
p
5
= (2 i j)
5
! !
b The vector resolute of OY in the direction of OL is given by
! ! p
OY · OL ! ˆ (7 i + 4 j) · (6 i 3 j) 5
! OL = p ⇥ (2 i j)
|OL| 3 5 5
42 12
= (2 i j)
15
= 4i 2j
The coordinates of the point on the shore closest to the yacht at noon are (4, 2).
! ! !
c i LP = OP OL
!
= r(t) OL
✓ 7◆
= 7 t i + (4 2t) j (6 i 3 j)
2
✓ 7◆
= 1 t i + (7 2t) j
2
!
ii Find |LP|
s
✓ 7 ◆2
!
|LP| = 1 t + (7 2t)2
2
r
49 2
= 1 7t + t + 49 28t + 4t2
4
1p 2
= 65t 140t + 200
2
!
The yacht is closest to the navigation sign when |LP| is at a minimum, i.e., when
65t2 140t + 200 is a minimum.
Let y = 65t2 140t + 200
dy
) = 130t 140
dt
dy
When = 0, 130t 140 = 0
dt
14
) t= , a minimum since 65t2 140t + 200
13
is a concave-up parabola.
59
14
The yacht is closest to the navigation sign after hours, i.e., at 1:05 p.m.
13
s
14 ! 1 ✓ 14 ◆2 14
iii When t = , |LP| = 65 ⇥ 140 ⇥ + 200
13 2 13 13
r
1 1620
=
2 13
p
9 65
=
13 p
9 65
The closest distance between the sign and the yacht is kilometres.
13
60
Chapter 13 – Dynamics
1 y ) magnitude is 5.66 N, direction
5 is 225
θ c y
5 x –1
θ x
a i r = 7i 2i + 5j
–5
= 5i + 5j
p i r = 3i 4i 5j
ii |r| = 52 + 52
p = i 5j
= 50 p
p ii |r| = ( 1)2 + ( 5)2
=5 2 p
⇡ 7.07 N = 26
5 ⇡ 5.10 N
tan ✓ =
5 tan ✓ = 5
) ✓ = 45 ) ✓ = 78.7
) magnitude is 7.07 N, direction ) magnitude is 5.10 N, direction
is 45 is 258.7
b y d y
θ x 10
θ
3 x
i r = 2j + 7i 11i 6j
= 4i 4j i r = 8i + 8j 5i + 2j
p = 3i + 10j
ii |r| = 16 + 16
p
p ii |r| = 32 + 102
= 32
p p
=4 2N = 109
⇡ 5.66 N ⇡ 10.44 N
4 10
tan ✓ = tan ✓ =
4 3
) ✓ = 45 ) ✓ = 73.3
) magnitude is 10.44 N, direction
is 73.3
837
e y Using the cosine rule,
x
162 = 92 + F22 2 ⇥ 9 ⇥ F2 cos(120 )
4 1
) 256 = 81 + F22 18F2 ⇥
2
i r = 6i 6i + 3j 7j ) 175 = F22 + 9F2
= 4j ) F22 + 9F2 175 = 0
Using the quadratic
p formula,
ii |r| = 4 N 2
9 ± 9 4 ⇥ 1 ⇥ 175
F2 =
) ✓ = 270 2
p
) magnitude is 4 N, direction is 781 9
270 =
2
= 9.5 (F2 > 0)
f i r = 5i + 15j + 5i 15j
) |F2 | = 9.5 N, correct to two decimal
= 10i places.
ii ) magnitude = 10 N
5
direction = 0 F1 + F2 + F3 = F
) F3 = F F1 F2
2 R = F1 + F2 + F3 = (3i 2j + k)
= (3i + 2j) + (6i 4j) + (2i j) (2i j + k) (3i j k)
= 11i 3j N = 2i + k
3 Using the cosine rule, 6 15°

F 2 = 162 + 122 2 ⇥ 16 ⇥ 12 cos(130 ) 400
= 256 + 144 384 cos(130 ) Component of F in the direction of
motion
= 646.83044 . . .
= 400 cos 15
) F = 25.43 N
= 386.37033 . . .
The magnitude of F is 25.43 N, correct
to two decimal places. ⇡ 386 N
4 F2 7 a y
4N
120° a
9 16 40° b
3N x
838
i a = 4 cos 40 i + 4 sin 40 j c y
6N 7N
b = 3i b a
30° 20°
) r = 6.064i + 2.57j x
p
ii |r| = 6.062 + 2.572 i a = 7 cos 20 i + 7 sin 20 j
⇡ 6.59 N b = 6 cos 30 i + 6 sin 30 j

2.57 ) r = (7 cos 20 6 cos 30 )i
tan ✓ =
6.06 + (7 sin 20 + 6 sin 30 )j
) ✓ = 22.98
= 1.382i + 5.394j
) magnitude ⇡ 6.59 N p
ii |r| = 49 + 36 84 cos 50
direction ⇡ 22.98
⇡ 5.57 N
b y
8 N (c) 7 sin 20 + 6 sin 30
7 N (b) tan ✓ =
10° 7 cos 20 6 cos 30
10° 6 N (a)
10° ) ✓ = 75 380
x ) magnitude ⇡ 5.57 N
i a = 6 cos 10 i + 6 sin 10 j direction ⇡ 75.63
b = 7 cos 20 i + 7 sin 20 j d y
a 5N
c = 8 cos 30 i + 8 sin 30 j 27°
b x
) r = (6 cos 10 + 7 cos 20
27°
5N
+ 8 cos 30 )i
+ (6 sin 10 + 7 sin 20 i a = 5 cos 27 i + 5 sin 27 j
+ 8 sin 30 )j b = 5 sin 27 i 5 cos 27 j
⇡ 19.41i + 7.44j ) r = 2.19i 2.19j
p ii
ii |r| = 19.412 + 7.442 p
|r| = 2.192 + ( 2.19)2
⇡ 20.79 N
⇡ 3.09 N
7.44
tan ✓ = tan ✓ = 1
19.41
) ✓ ⇡ 20.96 ) ✓ = 45
) magnitude ⇡ 20.79 N ) magnitude ⇡ 3.09 N
direction ⇡ 20.96 direction ⇡ 315
839
e y 10 N 8
a
25°
25° x
b
10 N
i a = 10 cos 25 i + 10 sin 25 j
b = 10 cos 25 i 10 sin 25 j a Using the cosine rule,
) r = 18.13i R2 = 42 + 32 2 ⇥ 4 ⇥ 3 cos 140
= 16 + 9 24 cos 140
ii |r| ⇡ 18.13 N
= 43.38506 . . .
tan ✓ = 0
) R ⇡ 6.59 N
) magnitude ⇡ 18.13 N Using the sine rule,
sin(40 ✓) sin 140
direction ⇡ 0 =
3 R
f i a = 8 cos 30 i + 8 sin 30 j ) 40 ✓ = 17.02354 . . .
b = 2 cos 45 i + 2 sin 45 j ) ✓ = 22.97645 . . .

The resultant force has magnitude
c = 10 cos 40 i 10 sin 40 j 6.59 N and direction 22 590 .
) r = (8 cos 30 2 cos 45
c
10 cos 40 )i + (8 sin 30
° R
+ 2 sin 45 10 sin 40 )j °
) r ⇡ 2.15i 1.01j ° θ°
Using the cosine rule,
ii p R2 = 62 + 72 2 ⇥ 6 ⇥ 7 cos 50
|r| = 2.152 + 1.012 = 36 + 49 84 cos 50
⇡ 2.37 N = 31.00584 . . .
1.01
tan ✓ = ) R ⇡ 5.57 N
2.15 Using the sine rule,
) ✓ = 25.27 (using exact sin(180 (✓ + 30)) sin 50
=
values for the i and j 7 R
) 180 (✓ + 30) = 74.36726 . . .
components)
) ✓ = 75.63273 . . .
) magnitude ⇡ 2.37 N The resultant force has magnitude
direction ⇡ 180 + 25.27 5.57 N and direction 75 380 .
⇡ 205.27
e °
°
⇡ 205 170
° °
R
840
Using the cosine rule, c resolved part = 8 cos 90 = 0 N
R2 = 102 + 102 2 ⇥ 10
d resolved part = 11 cos 145
⇥ 10 cos 130
= 9.01 N
= 200 200 cos 130
= 328.55752 . . . 11 a 8 cos 40 + 12 cos 15 ⇡ 17.72 N
) R ⇡ 18.13 N
The resultant force has magnitude b 8 + 12 cos 55 ⇡ 14.88 N
18.13 N and is in the positive
direction of the x axis. 12 a Let a = 2i j and b = 7i + 3j then
1
â = p (2i j)
9 a 5
1
Let a = 3i + 4j b · â = (7i + 3j) · p (2i j)
5
1 1
) â = (3i + 4j) = p (14 3)
5
5
b = 4i + 3j p
11 5
1 =
) b̂ = ( 4i + 3j) 5
5 p
11 5 1
c = 2j ) (b · â) · â = ⇥ p (2i j)
5 5
) ĉ = j 11
= (2i j)
16 5
) r= (3i + 4j) The component of (7i + 3j) N in the
5 11
12 direction of 2i j is (2i j) N.
+ ( 4i + 3j) 15j 5
5
! ! b Let a = 3i + 4j and b = 2i 3j then
48 48 64 36
= i+ + 15 j 1
5 5 5 5 â = (3i + 4j)
5
= 5j 1
b · â = (2i 3j) · (3i + 4j)
5
b |r| = 5 N 1
= (6 12)
5
direction = 90
6
=
5
10 a resolved part = 12 cos 20 = 11.28 N 6 1
) (b · â) · â = ⇥ (3i + 4j)
5 5
b resolved part = 15 cos 65 = 6.34 N 6
= (3i + 4j)
25
The component of (2i 3j) N in the
6
direction of 3i + 4j is (3i + 4j) N.
25
841
p
13 8 |r| = 4.292 + 1.532
10
155° 115° ⇡ 4.55 N
1 · 53
11 tan ✓ =
4 · 29
a 8 + 11 cos 155 ⇡ 1.97 N ) ✓ = 19.67 = 19 400
!
4.55 N at angle of 19 400 to OX
b 10 + 11 cos 115 ⇡ 5.35 N
!
b ||OX : 10 cos 30 + 5 cos 110
c 11 + 10 cos 115 + 8 cos 155
⇡ 0.48 N + 2 cos 135 ⇡ 5.54 N
!
? OX : 10 sin 30 + 5 sin 110
14 15 cos 25 + 25 cos 80 + 50 cos 115 + 2 sin 135
⇡ 3.20 N
⇡ 11.11 N
p
|r| = (5.54)2 + (11.11)2
15 B p
= 154.14
6 θ 6·5
⇡ 12.42 N
C A 11.11
10 N 2·5 24 N tan ✓ =
5.54
2.5
tan ✓ = ) ✓ ⇡ 63.52 = 63 310
6 !
) ✓ = 22.62 12.42 N at angle of 63 310 to OX
6
a 10 + 24 cos 22.62 = 10 + 24 ⇥ 17 7N
6.5
⇡ 32.15 N 50°
10 N
6
b 24 + 10 cos 22.62 = 24 + 10 ⇥ ||10 N : 10 + 7 cos 50 ⇡ 14.50 N
6.5
⇡ 33.23 N ? 10 N : 5 sin 50 ⇡ 5.36 N
p
|r| = 14.52 + 5.362
! ⇡ 15.46 N
16 a ||OX : 3 + 2 cos 50 ⇡ 4.29 N
!
? OX : 2 sin 50 ⇡ 1.53 N
1·53
O X 4·29
842
p
18 10 N b |r| = 142 + 02
8N
60° = 14 N
PN
a ||10 N : 10 + 8 cos 60 = 14 N !
19 ? OX : P + 5 sin 35 7 sin 35 = 0
? 10 N : 8 sin 60 P ) P 2 sin 35 = 0
) 8 sin 60 P = 0 ) P = 2 sin 35
) P = 8 sin 60 ) P ⇡ 1.15 N
p
=4 3N
⇡ 6.93 N
843
1 a P = 2 kg ⇥ 5 m/s = 10 kg m/s b change in momentum
= 10 ⇥ 10 10 ⇥ 6
b P = 0.3 kg ⇥ 0.03 m/s
= 100 60
= 0.009 kg m/s
= 40 kg m/s
30 ⇥ 1000
c P = 1000 kg ⇥ m/s
3600 c change in momentum
1
= 8333 kg m/s = 10 ⇥ 3 10 ⇥ 6
3
= 30 + 60
d P = 6 kg ⇥ 10 m/s = 60 kg m/s
= 90 kg m/s
5
e P = 3000 kg ⇥ 50 ⇥ m/s
18
2 4 a 5 kg = 5 ⇥ g N
= 41 666 kg m/s
3 = 5 ⇥ 9.8 N
= 49 N
2 a P = 10(i + j) kg m/s
b 3 tonnes = 3 ⇥ 1000 kg
b i P = 10(5i + 12j) kg m/s
q = 3 ⇥ 1000 ⇥ 9.8 N
ii |P| = 102 (52 + 122 ) = 29 400 N
p
= 10 25 + 144
c 60 g = 0.06 kg
= 130 kg m/s
= 0.06 ⇥ 9.8 N
= 0.588 N
3 change in momentum
= final momentum 5 a Resultant force, F = 8 ⇥ 4 = 32 N
initial momentum
b F = ma
a change in momentum 1 5 1
)a= F= = m/s2
= 10 ⇥ 3 10 ⇥ 6 m 10 2
= 30 60
|F| 10
= 30 kg m/s 6 a F = ma ) m = = = 4 kg
|a| 2.5
b |F| = m |a|
= 2 ⇥ 3.5
=7N
844
7 R mg = ma 10 F = ma
31
) 96 = ma + mg = 9 ⇥ 10 ⇥ 6 ⇥ 1016
14
) 96 = m(a + g) = 5.4 ⇥ 10 N
96
) =m
a+g 11 F = ma
96
) m= ) 2i + 10j = 2a
1.2 + g
) m ⇡ 8.73 kg ) a = i + 5j
8 F 12 F = ma
) (8i + 2j + (2i 6j) = 10a
) 10a = 10i 4j
75g 2
) a=i j
(F 75g)j = ma 5
F
75g
) a=
75 13 2·5g
F 75g
) 1=
75
mg
) 75 = F 75g
) F = 75g 75 a ) mg 2.5g = m
) F = 660 N ) m(g 1) = 2.5g
2.5g
) m=
9 g 1
+ve When at rest the reading is
2·5g 2.5g
kg wt ⇡ 2.78 kg wt.
g 1
mg b T
2.5g mg = m ẍ
ẍ = 2
mg
) 2.5g = mg + 2m
T mg = 2m
2.5g
) =m ) T = mg + 2m
g+2
(g + 2) ⇥ 2.5g
) m = 2.076 kg =
The reading would be 2.076 kg wt. g 1
⇡ 3.35 kg wt.
845
5 125 16 R
14 u = 50 ⇥ = m/s +ve
18 9
v=0
10 g
t = 10
R mg = ma
Use v = u + at
) R = mg + ma
v u
) a=
t = m(g + a)
125 = 10(9.8 + 1.5)
0
= 9
10 = 113 N
25
=
18 17 u = 5, t = 3, v = 8
Now m = 25 ⇥ 1000
Using v = u + at,
= 25 000 kg v u
a=
) F = ma t
25 8 5
= 25 000 ⇥ =
18 3
2 =1
= 34 722 N
9 F = ma
=5⇥1
15 F = ma
=5N
= 16 ⇥ 0.6i
= 9.6i
18 F = ma
and F = F1 + F2 + F3
1
)a= (F)
) F3 = F F1 F2 m
= 9.6i ( 10i 15j) (16j) 1
= ((8i + 12j) + (6i 4j))
4
= 19.6i j 1
= (14i + 8j)
4
7
= i + 2j m/s2
2
846
19 F = 600 550 = 50 ) (4g Fr )i + (R 10g)j = 10ai
F = ma i component : 4g Fr = 10a 1
F 50 1 j component : R 10g = 0
) a= = =
m 300 6
) R = 10g 2
u = 0, t = 3
Fr = µR
Using v = u + at
= 0.2 ⇥ 10g
1
v=0+ ⇥3 = 2g 3
6
= ) 4g 2g = 10a
2
The velocity after three seconds is
1 ) 2g = 10a
m/s. g
2 ) a=
5
20 R
) a ⇡ 1.96 m/s2
+ve
b v = at
85 g = 1.96(10)
R 85g = ma = 19.6 m/s
) R = 85 ⇥ 9.8 + 85 ⇥ 2
= 85 ⇥ 7.8 22 R
= 663
The reaction force is 663 N. 20 × 200g 8000g N
200 × 103g N
21 R
0·2R 4g
10g
a F = (4g Fr )i + (R 10g)j
F = ma
847
Resultant force in direction of motion 62.5 FR = 37.5
= 8000g 4000g ) FR = 25 N
= 4000g ) Pushing force = 62.5 N, and
3
) 4000g = 200 ⇥ 10 ẍ Resistance = 25 N
4000g
) ẍ =
200 ⇥ 103
g 24 N
=
50
g 20 000 N F
) ẋ = t + c
50
200 000g
but ẋ = 0 when t = 0
(F 20 000)i = ma
) c=0 F 20 000
g ) a=
Hence ẋ = t 200 000
50 F 20 000
25 ) 0.2 =
30 km/h = 30 000 m/h = m/s 200 000
3 ) F = 0.2 ⇥ 200 000 + 20 000
25
hence when ẋ = : ) F = 60 000 N
3
25 g Now,
= t
3 50 20 000
50 ⇥ 25 20 000i = ma
) t= = 42.517
3g 20 000
It takes 42.517 seconds to go from rest ) a=
to 30 km/h. 200 000
1
) a= m/s2
10
23 N
25 R
FR P
250g μR 10
F = ma
10g
One man : P FR = 250 ⇥ 0.15
P FR = 37.5 1
Two men : 2P FR = 250 ⇥ 0.4

2P FR = 100 2
2 1 gives P = 62.5
Substitute P into 1
848
a = 0 since velocity ) (24 µR)i + (R 4g)j = mai
is constant ) R 4g = 0
) 10 µR = 10 ⇥ 0 ) R = 4g
10 ) 24 4gµ = 0
) µ=
R
) 4gµ = 24
Now R 10g = 0
6
) R = 10g ) µ= ⇡ 0.612
g
10 1
) µ= =
10g g 28 T
5
=
49
200g
26 R
a F = ma
0·025R
) (T 200g)j = maj
0·1g
a = 0 m/s
a FR = µR ) T 200g = 0
= 0.025 ⇥ 0.1g ) T = 200g N
= 0.0245 N T = 1960 N
b 0.0245i = ma b (T 200g)j = maj

0.0245 ) ma = T 200g
) a=
0.1 ) 200 ⇥ 0.5 = T 200g
= 0.245 m/s2
T = 200g + 100 = 2060 N
u = 10, t = 20
Using v = u + at
29 a For a smooth surface, µ = 0
= 10 0.245 ⇥ 20
) (10 0)i + (R 5g)j = 5ai
= 5.1 m/s
) 10 = 5a
) a = 2 m/s2
27 R
μR 24 N
4g
849
b R
FR 20 N
5g
R = 5g
) (20 FR )i = mai
) 20 0.3 ⇥ 5g = 5a
20 1.5g
) a=
5
= 1.06 m/s2
850
1 Method 1 Resolve parallel and i : mg sin 45 i = mai
perpendiculat to the 5 N force. ) ma = mg sin 45
FRes = (3 cos 50 + 5) i + 3 cos 40 j
) FRes ⇡ (6.928 . . . ) i + (2.298 . . . ) j ) a = g sin 45
FRes = pa 9.8
= p
) |a| ⇡ 6.9282 + 2.2982 ⇡ 7.3 N 2
Angle ✓ of inclination to the 5 N force is ⇡ 6.93 m/s2
2.298 . . .
given by tan ✓ =
6.928 . . .
) ✓ ⇡ 18.4 4 μR
R j i
Method 2 Use triangle of forces and the
cosine rule
mg
2 a i component : 10 cos 30 = 5a 45°
p i: ( µR + mg sin 45 )i = mai
5 3 = 5a mg
p µR + p = ma 1
) a = 3 m/s2 2
j: R = mg cos 45
b b
R mg
20 R= p 2
FR 2
30° Substitute 2 into 1
µmg mg
) p + p = ma
5g 2 2
vertical : R + 20 sin 30 = 5g g µg
a= p
) R = 5g 10 2
horizontal : (20 cos 30 FR )i = mai g(1 µ)
a= p m/s2
) ma = 20 cos 30 FR 2
p
20 3
) 5a = 0.3(5g 10) 5 Resolving parallel to the plane .
2
p 10g cos 60 10 ⇡ 39 N
10 3 1.5g + 3 39
a= The acceleration⇡ m/s2
5 10
= 1.124 m/s2 Resolving perpendicular to the plane
R = 10g cos 30 ⇡ 84.9 N
3 R j i
mg
45°
851
p p
6 FR 2 2F 4g + 2F
) 2a =
R j i 4
p
) 8a = 3 2F 4g
60g 8a + 4g
F= p
60° 3 2
!
j : R = 60g cos 60 g
8 + 4g
4
= 30g = p
3 2
i : (FR 60g sin 60 )i = mai
6g
) ma = FR 60g sin 60 = p
3 2
) 60 ⇥ 8 = FR 60g sin 60 2g
= p
) FR = 60g sin 60 60 ⇥ 8 2
p
= 29.223 N = 2g N
7 R F 8 R 30
45° 30°
μR
20g
2g N
vertical:
vertical : R + F sin 45 = 2g
R + 30 sin 30 20g = 0
F
) R = 2g p ) R = 20 ⇥ 9.8
2
p 1
4g 2f 30 ⇥
= 2
2
horizontal : (F cos 45 µR)i = 2a = 196 15
p p !! = 181 N
2F 1 4g 2F
) = 2a
2 2 2
9 P
R j i
θ
μR
θ° mg
Resolving in the j direction:
R = mg cos ✓
Resolving in the i direction:
P µR mg sin ✓ = ma
852
1 Resolving in the i direction:
) a= (P µ mg cos ✓ mg sin ✓)
m ) mg sin 60 µR = ma
P p
= µg cos ✓ g sin ✓ mg 3 mg
m ) 0.8 = ma
2 2
p
10 g 3 4g
R i ) =a
2 10
p
30° 5g 3 4g
) a=
10
30° p
g(5 3 4)
mg = m/s2
Resolving in the i direction: 10
mg sin 30 = ma = 4.57 m/s2
mg s = 5, u = 0, v =?
) = ma
2
g Use v2 = u2 + 2as
) a= p
2 v = 0 + 2 ⇥ 4.57 ⇥ 5
g
) a= i
2 = 6.76
) speed = |v| = 6.76 m/s
11 μR
R i
j 12 R
j
i
60°
mg 0·25R
mg
60° 20°
Resolving in the j direction: j : R = mg cos 20
) R mg cos 60 = 0 i : 0.25R mg sin 20 = ma
mg ) 0.25(mg cos 20 ) mg sin 20 = ma
) R =0
2 ) a = g( sin 20 0.25 cos 20 )
mg
) R=
2 = 0.577g
⇡ 5.65 m/s2
Using v2 = u2 + 2as,
(10)2
) s=
2( 5.65)
= 8.84 m
853
When retuning: Using v2 = u2 + 2as
R 0·25R 4g
j =2⇥ ⇥x
i 5
8gx
mg =
20° 5
r
i : 0.25R mg sin 20 = ma 8gx
) v=
) 0.25(mg cos 20 ) mg sin 20 = ma 5
s !
) a = g(0.25 cos 20 sin 20 ) 8gx 5
= ⇥
) a = 1.05 m/s2 5 5
r
Using v2 = u2 + 2as 40gx
=
= 2 ⇥ 1.05 ⇥ 8.84 25
p
p 40gx
v = 18.58 =
5
= 4.31 m/s 2 p
= 10gx m/s
5
13 j i b R
R
5 0·3R
θ 4
θ mg
θ mg 3 Resolving vertically:
4 4 R mg = 0
If tan ✓ = , then sin ✓ =
3 5
) mg sin ✓i + (R mg cos ✓)j = ma ) R = mg
Resolving horizontally:
a ) ma = mg sin ✓ 0.3R = ma
) a = g sin ✓ ) 0.3mg = ma
4g ) a = 0.3g
=
5
= 2.94 m/s2
⇡ 7.84 m/s2 So, p
u = 0, s = x, 2 10gx
u=
5
a = 2.94 m/s2
v=0
s =?
854
using v2 = u2 + 2as 15 FR
R i
v2 u2 j
) s=
2a
4 θ
⇥ 10gx
) s= 25 θ 1000g
6g θ 1
20
10
! !
8gx 10
) s= ⇥
5 6g a Resolve in the i direction
8x ) (FR 1000g sin ✓) = 0
) s= m
3 1000g
) FR =0
20
14 R ) FR 50g = 0
F
) FR = 50g
μR θ
= 490 N
Mg
b R F
a Resolve perpendicular to the plane:
F sin ✓ + R = Mg
Resolve parallel to the plane:
θ 1000g
F cos ✓ µR = Ma
(F mg sin ✓ FR )i
1
) a = (F cos ✓ +(R mg cos ✓)j = mai
M
µ(Mg F sin ✓)) ) F FR mg sin ✓ = ma
F 1000g 1000g
= (cos ✓+µ sin ✓) µg ) F = 1000(a = 1)
M 20 20
b R F = 1000
1000g
+ ⇥2
μR 20
θ
Mg
= 1980 N
F
Resolve perpendicular to the plane:
F sin ✓ + Mg = R 16 N
F cos ✓ µR = Ma 3N
8
1 0·5g
) a= (F cos ✓ θ
M 3
sin ✓ =
µ(F sin ✓ + Mg)) 5
F 4
= (cos ✓ µ sin ✓) µg cos ✓ =
M 5
855
a Resolve perpendicular to the plane: 20
) it goes metres up the plane i.e.
N = 0.5g cos ✓ g
20
= 0.4g when t = 0, x = , v = 0
g
Resolve parallel to the plane: Resolve parallel to the plane:
3N 3N
0.5g sin ✓ = 0.5 ẍ 0.5g sin ✓ = 0.5 ẍ
8 8
3 2 g 3 1 3 2 g 3 1
⇥ g ⇥ = ẍ ⇥ g ⇥ = ẍ
8 5 2 5 2 8 5 2 5 2
3g 3g 1 3g 3g 1
= ẍ = ẍ
20 10 2 20 10 2
9g 3g
) = ẍ = ẍ
10 10
!
1 2 3g
d v ) ẍ =
2 9g 10
) = !
dx 10 1
d v2
1 2 3g 2 3g
) v =6 x ) =
2 10 dx 10
1 9gx 1 3g
) v2 = +c ) v2 = x+c
2 10 2 10
When x = 0, v = 6 20
When x = , v = 0
g
) 18 = c
3g 20
1 2 9gx ) 0= ⇥ +c
) v = + 18 10 g
2 10
9gx ) c=6
When v = 4, 10 =
10 When x = 0, v2 = 12
10 ⇥ 10 p
i.e. =x i.e v = 12
9g p
100 = 2 3 m/s
) =x
9g ⇡ 3.46 m/s
) x ⇡ 1.13 m
b 3N 17 10 N
j
N 8
i
P
30°
+ve
0·5g 8N
θ Resolve in the j direction:
O
9gx 10 8 cos 60 = 6
When v = 0, = 18 Resolve in the i direction:
10
20 8 cos 30 P
) x=
g
856
) F = (8 cos 30 P)i + 6j b R F
p 30°
) |F|2 = 48 8 3P + P2 + 36
p
= 84 8 3P + P2
5g
For |F| = m|a| 30°
p
84 8 3P + P2 = 100 Resolve perpendicular to the plane:
p F cos 60 + R = 5g cos 30
) P2 8 3P 16 = 0 p
p p
8 3 ± 192 + 64 5g 3 F
P= R=
2 2 2
p p
8 3 ± 16 5g 3 1
= =
2 2 2
p p p !
= 4 3 + 8 or 4 3 8 15 g 3 + 5g
+
p 2 2
= (4 3 + 8) N p
p 9g 3 5g 15
) P = 4 3 + 8 is the required force. =
4 4
g p 15
= (9 3 5)
18 R F 4 4
1
R 30° F cos 30 R 5g cos 60 = 5 ẍ
5
5 p !p
30° 5g 15 g 3 + 5g 3
+
! 2 2 2
R
F 5g sin 30 i g p 15 5g
5 (9 3 5) = 5 ẍ
+ (R 5g cos 30 ) j = mai 20 20 2
) ẍ = 1.22 m/s2
a ) R 5g cos 30 = 0
p
5g 3
) R=
2
and
R
F 5g sin 30 = ma
5
p
g 3 5g
) F = 5 ⇥ 1.5
2 2
) F = 5 ⇥ 1.5
p
g 3 + 5g
+
2
= 40.49 N
857
1 F S = ma
10
T T 10 S =6⇥
11
60
8g ) S = 10
10g 11
) T = S = 4.55 N
a 10g T = 10a 1
T 8g = 8a 2
3
1 + 2 gives 2g = 18a
2g
) a= T T
18
g 1·5 kg 2 kg
=
9
Substitute into 2 1·5g
2g
8g
T 8g =
9 a T 1.5g = 1.5a 1
8g
T = 8g + 2g T = 2a 2
9
80g 1 + 2 gives 0.5g = 3.5a
= 0.5g
9 ) a=
3.5
⇡ 87.1 N g
=
g 7 !
b ) a= m/s2 ⇡ 1.09 m/s2 g
9 From 2 2g T = 2
7
2g
) T = 2g
2 a R 7
F 12g
=
7
11g
= 16.8 N
F = 10 N
F = ma g 9.8
b ) a= = = 1.4 m/s2
7 7
10 = 11a
10
) a= ⇡ 0.91 m/s2 4 a R T
11
T
b R
5g
S F 25° Mg
6g
858
Mg T=M 4g T = 4a
) Mg M=T T
) a=g
M(g 1) = T 4
T and T 2g sin 30 = 2a
) M= 1
g 1 ) T = g + 2a
T 5g sin 25 = 5 !
T
) T = 5g sin 25 + 5 =g+2 g
4
= 5(g sin 25 + 1) 2
T
5(g sin 25 + 1) = g + 2g
From 1 M= 2
g 1 3T
= 2.92 kg ) = 3g
2
2
b From 2 T = 5(g sin 25 + 1) ) T = ⇥ 3g
3
= 25.71 N = 2g
= 19.6 N
5 a R T
T
b ) a=g
T 4
4g
19.6
=g
8g 4
8g T = 8a = 4.9 m/s2
T
) a=g
8 7 a R1 T T
R2
and T = 4a
4a 10g 5g
) a=g 45°
8 30°
a
=g
2
3a
) =g
2
2g 98
) a= = m/s2
3 15
98 2
b T = 4a = 4 ⇥ = 26 N
15 15
6 a R T
T
2g
30° 4g
859
10g sin 30 T = 10a 1 a T 750 = ma
T 5g sin 45 = 5a 2 ) T 750 = 5000 ⇥ 2
1 + 2 gives
) T = 10 750 N
10g sin 30 5g sin 45 = 15a
p b
5g 2
5g = 15a 40 000 T FR = 10 000a
2
p ) 40 000 10 750 FR = 20 000
10g 5g 2
) = 15a
2 ) FR = 40 000 10 750
p
10g 5g 2 20 000
) a=
30 = 9250 N
p
2g g 2
=
6
⇡ 0.96 m/s2
10
p T T
g 2 2g
b T 5g sin 45 = 5 ⇥ 3 kg
6 x kg
) T = 5g sin 45
p T = 37.5 N
2g g 2
+5⇥ ) xg T = x↵
6 1
⇡ 39.4 N ) T 3g = 3a 2
From 1 xg 37.5 = xa
8 i : (T 20)i = mai ) x(g a) = 37.5
) T 20 = 5 ⇥ 0.8 37.5
) x= 3
) T = 24 N g a
37.5
j : mg T = ma From 2 a = g
3
) T = m(g 0.8) ) a = 2.7 m/s2 4
) 24 N = 9m Substitute 4 into 3
) m = 2.67 kg 37.5
) x=
g 2.7
9 R2 R1 ) x = 5.28 kg
T T
750 N 40 000 N
FR
5000g 10 000g
860
11 Engine: 12 a R1 R2
T2 T
j a
60 000 N i
R T
8g 12g
engine 5g
T
θ 40 000g 5g T = 5a 1
Tmck:
) T = 20a 2
T
R
1 + 2 gives
5g = 25a
8000g g
θ ) a = m/s2
5
a engine: T 2 = 8a
(60 000 40 000g sin ✓ T )i = ma
g
1 =8⇥
) 60 000 (40 000g) T = 40 000a 5
8
1
8g
) a= =
40 000 5
(60 000 5000g T) = 15.68 N
truck:
1
T (8000g) = 8000a b T = 20a
8
g
) T = 8000a + 1000g = 20 ⇥
Substitute T into a: 5
1 = 4g N
) a=
40 000
= 39.2 N
(60 000 6000g 8000a)
6 6 a g
) a= g c a= m/s2
4 40 5 5
6a 30 3 = 1.96 m/s2
) = g
5 20 20
30 3g
) a= 13 R
24 T
μR
) a = 0.025 m/s2 T
0·5g
b T = 8000(0.025) + 1000g 0·2g

) T = 10 000N u = 0, s = 3, t = 3
861
1 Substituting 2 into 1 gives
) s = ut + at2 p
2 T µ2 3g 2g = 4 3
1 For B:
) s ut = at2
2 6g T = 6
2(s ut)
) a= ) T = 6(g 1) 4
t2
2(3 0) Substitute 4 intop3
= ) 6(g 1) µ2 3g 2g = 4
9
p
6 ) 4g 10 = 2 3 gµ
= m/s2
9 4g 10
2 ) µ= p
= m/s2 2 3g
3
0.2g T = ma ) µ = 0.86
2 b ) T = 6(g 1) = 52.8 N
) 1.96 T = 0.2 ⇥
3
137
) T= N 15 R2
75
T μR2
and T µR = ma T
R
137 2
) µ 0.5g = 0.5 ⇥ 3g
75 3 4·2g
✓ 137 2◆ θ
) µ= 0.5 ⇥ ÷ 0.5g
75 3
a 4.2g sin ✓ T = ma
= 0.305
) 4.2g ⇥ 0.6 T = 4.2 ⇥ 2
14 R T ) T = 2.52g 8.4
T
A = 16.296 N
μR B
4g
30° 6g
b T µR2 = ma
a For A: ) 16.296 µ3g = 3 ⇥ 2
) 3gµ = 10.296
T µR 4g sin 30 = ma 1
Resolve perpendicular to the plane: ) µ = 0.35
R 4g cos 30 = 0
p
) R = 2 3g 2
862
1 F = (10 t)2 2 a F = 10 sin(t)
using ⌃F = ma using ⌃F = ma
) 10a = (10 t)2 ) 5a = 10 sin(t)
(10 t)2 ) a = 2 sin(t)
) a= Z
10
dv (10 t)2 ) v= 2 sin(t)dt
) =
dt 10
Z ) v = 2 cos(t) + c
1
) v= (10 t)2 dt When t = 0, v = 4 :
10
1 )c=6
) v= (10 t)3 + c
30
) v = 2 cos(t) + 6
When t = 0, v = 0 : Now, Z
100 x = ( 2 cos(t) + 6)dt
)c=
3
1 100 ) x = 2 sin(t) + 6t + d
) v= (10 t)3 +
30 3 When t = 0, x = 0 :
100
When t = 10, v = m/s
3 )d=0
i.e. the velocity after 6 seconds is
100 ) x = 2 sin(t) + 6t
m/s
3
Now, Z ✓ b F = 10 + 5x
1 3 100 ◆
x= (10 t) + dt ) 5a = 10 + 5x
30 3
1 (10 t)4 100 ) a=2+x
) x= ⇥ + t+d
30 4⇥ 1 3 d ✓ 1 2◆
1 100 ) v =2+x
) x= (10 t)4 + t+d dx 2
120 3 Z
1 2
When t = 0, x = 0 : ) v = (2 + x)dx
2
Z
250 2
)d= ) v = (4 + 2x)dx
3
1 100 250 ) v2 = 4x + x2 + c
) x= (10 t)4 + t
120 3 3
When t = 10, x = 250 m When v = 4, x = 0 :
Hence, the distance travelled is 250 m ) c = 16
) v2 = 4x + x2 + 16
p
) v = 4x + x2 + 16
p p
When x = 4, v = 48 = 4 3 m/s
863
c F = 10 cos2 (t) 100
3 F=
(t + 5)2
) 5a = 10 cos2 (t)
100
) a = 2 cos2 (t) ) 6a =
(t + 5)2
✓ d2 x ◆ 50
) = 2 cos2 t ) a=
dt2 3(t + 5)2
Z
dx dv 50
) = 2 cos2 (t)dt ) =
dt dt 3(t + 5)2
Using the identity Z
50 1
2 1✓ 2
◆
) v= dt
cos (t) = 1 + cos t 3 (t + 5)2
2Z
dx 50 (t + 5) 1
) = (1 + cos2 (t)dt ) v= ⇥ +c
dt 3 1
dx 1 50
) = t + sin(2t) + c ) v= +c
dt 2 3(t + 5)
dx When t = 0, v = 10 :
When t = 0, v = = 0:
dt
40
)c=0 )c=
3
dx 1 50 40
) = sin(2t) + t ) v= +
dt 2 3(t + 5) 3
So, Z ✓ ◆ 110
1 When t = 10, v = m/s
x= sin(2t) + t dt 9
2 i.e. the velocity after 10 seconds is
1 1 100
) x= cos(2t) + t2 + d m/s
4 2 9
Now, Z ✓
When t = 0, x = 0 : 50 40 ◆
x= + dt
1 3(t + 5) 3
)d=
4 50 40
) x= loge (t + 5) + t + d
1 1 1 3 3
) x= cos(2t) + t2 +
4 2 4 When t = 0, x = 0 :
1
) x = (2t2 cos(2t) + 1) 50
4 )d= loge (5)
3
50 ✓ 5 ◆ 40
) x= loge + t
3 t+5 3
and when t = 10 :
50 ✓ 1 ◆ 400
x= loge +
3 3 3
400 50
) x= loge (3) m
3 3
864
✓t◆ Z ✓ ✓ 1 ◆◆
4 F=1 sin ) v= 1 cos t dt
4 2
✓1 ◆
m=1
) v=t 2 sin t + c
using ⌃F = ma 2
✓t◆ When t = 0, v = 0 :
a=1 sin
4 )c=0
dv ✓t◆ ✓1 ◆
) =1 sin ) v=t 2 sin t
dt 4 2
Z ✓ ✓ t ◆◆
) v= 1 sin dt ✓1 ◆
4 b If v = t 2 sin t
✓t◆ 2
) v = t + 4 cos +c then Z ✓ ✓ 1 ◆◆
4 x= t 2 sin t dt
When t = 0, v = 0 : 2
12 ✓ 1◆
)c= 4 ) x = t + 4 cos t + d
✓t◆ 2 2
) v = t + 4 cos 4 When t = 0, x = 0 :
4
So, Z ✓ ✓t◆ ◆ )d= 4
x= t + 4 cos 4 dt 1 ✓1 ◆
4 ) x = t2 + 4 cos t 4
✓t◆ 2 2
1
) x = t2 + 16 sin 4t + d
2 4
When t = 0, x = 0 : 6 F = 12t 3t2
)d=0 using ⌃F = ma
12 ✓t◆ 4a = 12t 3t2
) x = t + 16 sin 4t
2 4 32
) a = 3t t
4
Z ✓
✓1 ◆ 3 2◆
5 F=1 cos t ) v= 3t t dt
2 4
3 13
a using ⌃F = ma ) v = t2 t +c
2 4
m=1 When t = 0, v = 2 :
✓1 ◆
a=1 cos t )c=2
2
3 13
) v = t2 t +2
2 4
865
When t = 4, v = 10 m/s b
Hence the velocity after 4 seconds is
10 m/s
t
7 F=
t+1
t 1
Using long division =1
t+1 t+1
Using ⌃F = ma
m=1
1
a=1
t+1 c distance
Z ✓
1 ◆ Z 30 travelled
) v= 1 dt = ( 4e 0.5t + 4)dt
t+1 0
) v=t loge (t + 1) + c  30
0.5t
= 8e + 4t
When t = 0, v = 0 : 0
15
)c=0 = 8e + 120 8
) v=t loge (t + 1) ⇡ 112 m

Alternatively, using CAS to
When t = 10, v = 10 loge (11) ⇡ 7.6 m/s determine the distance travelled in the
Hence, the velocity after 10 seconds is first 30 seconds we have
7.6 m/s
t
8 a F=e 2
using ⌃F = ma
t
0.5a = e 2 8
>
<14 2t
> 0t5
t 9 F(t) = >
>
) a = 2e 2 :100t 2 t>5
Z as F = ma
t
) v= 2e 2 dt F F
) a= =
m 10
t 8
) v = 4e 2 +c F(t) > <1.4 0. 2t 0  t  5
>
) a(t) = => >
When t = 0, v = 0 : 10 :10t 2 t>5
Note that the signed area under an a–t
)c=4
graph gives change in velocity. This
t
) v = 4e 2 + 4 concept can be used to determine the
✓ t◆ speed of the body when t = 10.
) v = 4 1 e 2 m/s
866
Z
a Sketch the a–t graph v= 10t 2 dt
10
v= +d
t
From part a, when t = 5, v = 4.5:
) d = 6.5
10
) v= + 6.5 for t > 5
t
Hence,8
> 2
<1.4t 0.1t 0  t  5
>
>
v(t) = >> 10
>
: + 6.5 t > 5
t
for t 2 [0, 10], v(t) 0
Change in velocity Z
1 10 Hence the distance travelled in the
= (0.4 + 1.4) ⇥ 5 + 10t 2 dt firstZ10 seconds
2 5 5
 10 = (1.4t 0.1t2 )dt
= 4.5 + 10t 1 0
5 Z 10 ✓ ◆
10
= 4.5 + 1 + + 6.5 dt
5 t
= 5.5 275
Alternatively, using CAS we have = 10 loge (2) m (using CAS)
6
When t = 0, v = 0.
When
t = 10, v = 0 + change in velocity
) v = 5.5
) Speed = |v| = 5.5 m/s
b Distance travelled can be found by

determining the area under the v–t
graph.
For 0 Zt  5:
v = (1.4 0.2t)dt
) v = 1.4t 0.1t2 + c
From part a, when t = 0, v = 0:
)c=0
) v = 1.4t 0.1t2 for 0  t  5
For t > 5:
867
10 F = kv 11 F = kv
using ⌃F = ma using ⌃F = ma
ma = kv ma = kv
kv kv
) a= ) a=
m m
dv kv dv kv
) = ) v =
dt m dx m
dt m dv k
) = ) =
dv kv dx m
Z Z
m 1 k
) t= dv ) v= 1 dx
k v m
m k
) t = loge (v) + c ) v= x+c
k m
When t = 0, v = u : When x = 0, v = V :
m
)c= loge (u) )c=V
k
m ✓v◆ k
) t = loge ) v= x+V
k u m
kt ✓ v ◆ k
) = loge ) v=V x
m u m
kt v
) em =
u
kt
) v = ue m
So, Z
kt
x = u e m dt
um kt
) x= em + d
k
When t = 0, x = 0 :
um
)d=
k
um kt um
) x= em
k k
um ✓ kt ◆
) x= e m 1 metres
k
868
12 F=b cv 13 When the body is projected upwards:
using ⌃F = ma
) ma = b cv
b cv
) a=
m
2
dv b cv kv
) =
dt m using ⌃F = ma
dt m
) = mg kv2
dv b cv ) a=
Z m
1
) t=m dv dv mg kv2
b cv ) v =
m dx m
) t= loge (b cv) + d dv 2mg 2kv2
c ) =
When t = 0, v = 0 : dx mv
m dx mv
) d = loge (b) ) =
c dv mg kv2
! Z
m b m 2kv
) t = loge ) x= dv
c b cv 2k mg + kv2
! m
ct b ) x= loge (mg + kv2 ) + c
) = loge 2k
m b cv
When x = 0, v = u :
ct b m
) em = )c= loge (mg + kv2 )
b cv 2k
b ct ✓ mg + ku2 ◆
) b cv = ct = be m m
) x= loge
em 2k mg + kv2
ct Maximum height is reached when v = 0
) cv = b be m
m ✓ mg + ku2 ◆
✓ ct ◆ ) x= loge
) cv = b 1 e m 2k mg
m ✓ ku2 ◆
b✓ ct ◆ ) x= loge 1 + (1)
) v = 1 e m m/s 2k mg
c Hence, the maximum height reached =
Terminal velocity is the limiting velocity m ✓ ku2 ◆
as t ! 1 loge 1 +
b✓ ◆ 2k mg
= 1 e 1 Now take the highest point as the origin.
c
b
= (1 0)
c
b
=
c
b
Hence, the terminal velocity is m/s
c
869
m ✓ ku2 ◆ m ✓ mg ◆
2
kv ) loge 1 + = loge
2k mg 2k mg kv2
ku2 mg
) 1+ =
mg mg kv2
mg + ku2 mg
) =
mg mg kv2
mg mg kv2
) =
mg + ku2 mg
using ⌃F = ma
(mg)2
⌃F ) = mg kv2
) a= mg + ku2
m
(mg)2
mg kv2 2
) kv = mg
) a= mg + ku2
m
dv mg kv2 mg(mg + ku2 )
) v = ) kv2 =
dx m mg + ku2
dx mv (mg)2
) =
dv mg kv2 mg + ku2
Z
m 2kv mgku2
) x= dv ) kv2 =
2k mg kv2 mg + ku2
m mgu2
) x= loge (mg kv2 ) + c ) v2 =
2k mg + ku2
At highest point x = 0, v = 0 : s
m mgu2
)c= loge (mg) ) v=
2k mg + ku2
m ✓ mg ◆ r
) x= loge (2) mg
2k mg kv2 ) v=u
mg + ku2
The object returns to the point of r
projection when (1) = (2). mg
) Speed = |v| = u
mg + ku2
870
4 When t = 50, v = 25 + 25 = 50
14 F=
x Hence, when t = 50, v = 50 as
using ⌃F = ma required
4
) 0.2a = 50
x b a=
25 + v
20
) a= dv 50
x ) v =
✓ ◆ dx 25 + v
d 1 2 20
) v = dv 50
dx 2 x ) =
Z dx 25v + v2
1 20
) v2 = dx dx 25v + v2 1 1
2 x ) = = v + v2
dv 50 2 50
1 Z ✓ ◆
) v2 = 20 loge (x) + c 1 1
2 ) x= v + v2 dv
2 50
When v = 0, x = 1 : 1 1 3
) x = v2 + v +c
)c=0 4 150
1 2 When x = 0, v = 0 :
) v = 20 loge (x)
2 )c=0
) v2 = 40 loge (x) 1 1 3
p ) x = v2 + v
) v = ± 40 loge (x) 4 150
p When
) v = 40 loge (x) 2500 4375
v = 50, x = 625 + = m
(as the body is moving on the positive x 3 3
Hence, when v = 50 the distance
axis), as required.
from
4375
O to P is m
50 3
15 a Use F =
25 + v
50
) a=
25 + v
dv 50
) =
dt 25 + v
dt 25 + v 1 v
) = = +
dv 50 2 50
Z ✓
1 v◆
) t= + dv
2 50
1 v2
) t = v+ +c
2 100
When t = 0, v = 0 :
)c=0
1 v2
) t = v+
2 100
871
v2
c For t > 50 use F =
1000
dv v2
) v =
dx 1000
dv v
) =
dx 1000
dx 1000
) =
dv v
Z
1
) x = 1000 dv
v
) x = 1000 loge (v) + c
4375
When v = 50, x = :
3
4375
)c= + 1000 loge (50)
3
✓ 50 ◆ 4375
) x = 1000 loge +
v 3
When v = 25,
4375
x = 1000 loge (2) +
3
⇡ 2151.48 m
Hence, when v = 25 the distance
from O to P is ⇡ 2151.48 m
872
1 a \PQR = 180 120 = 60 3 a
\RPQ = 180 80 = 100
b P2 = 72 52
b \QPR = 180 100 = 80 p
) P = 24
\RQP = 180 120 = 60 p
) P=2 6N
5
c cos(180 ✓) =
7
!
1 5
) 180 ✓ = cos
c \QPR = 180 115 = 65 7
\PRQ = 180 (90 + 65 ) = 25 ) 180 ✓ = 44.42
) ✓ = 135.58
Hence, the angle the 5 N force makes
with the 7 N force is 135.58
2 a 4 a
θ
b P2 = 22 + 52
p
) P = 29 N b Using the cosine rule,
102 = P2 + P2 2P2 cos 140
2
c tan(180 ✓) = 100 = 2P2 (1 cos 140 )
5
!
1 2 P2 = 28.31
) 180 ✓ = tan
5 ) P = 5.32 N
!
) 180 ✓ = 21.80 1 2
) 180 ✓ = tan
) ✓ = 158.20 5
Hence, the angle the P N force makes ) 180 ✓ = 21.80
with the 5 N force is 158.20
873
5 a PN Using the cosine rule,
QN 80° P2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10) cos 130
θ°
115° P2 = 328.56
5N ) P = 18.13 N
Firstly, ✓ = 360 (115 + 80 )
= 165 7 O
P 80° 60°
Q P 5 100° 120°
) = =
sin 165 sin 115 sin 80
5 5g
) Q= ⇥ sin 165 Using Lami’s theorem,
sin 80 P 5g
) Q = 1.31 N ) =
sin 120 sin 140
5 ) P = 66.02 N
) P= ⇥ sin 115
sin 80
= 4.60 N 8 5N
Hence, P = 4.60 N, Q = 1.31 N
120°
5 3
b PN
10 N
130°
QN Along the force 10 N, the sum of the
70° θ°
resolved parts in newtons
p is
5N
10 + 5 cos 120 + 5 3 cos 210 = 0
Q 5 P
= = Along the force 5 N, the sum of the
sin 160 sin 130 sin 70
5 resolved parts in newtons
p is
) Q= ⇥ sin 160 5 + 10 cos 120 + 5 3 cos 90 = 0
sin 130
p
= 2.23 N Along the 5 3 N force, the sum of the
5 resolved
p parts in newtons is
) P= ⇥ sin 70 5 3 + 10 cos 210 + 5 cos 90 = 0
sin 130
= 6.13 N ) the particle is in equilibrium.
Hence, P = 6.13 N, Q = 2.23 N
9 PN
6 10 N 10 N 155° 155°
50°
50°
10 N 10 N
PN
10
P 130°
10
874
a The resultant force, P, of the two Resolve in the direction of Q
10 N forces is shown above. Q + 10 cos 60 + 15 cos 150 = 0
The direction of the resultant of the p !
3
two forces occurs along the bisector ) Q + 5 + 15 ⇥ =0
2
of the angle between the forces. (this p !
is the rhombus property) 15 3
) Q= 5 N
2
b P + 10 cos 155 ⇡ 7.99 N
+10 cos 155 = 0 Resolve in the direction of P
P + 15 cos 120
) P 18.13 = 0
+ 10 cos 210 = 0
) P = 18.13 N ! p
1 3
) P + 15 ⇥ + 10 ⇥ =0
c 18.13 N is the magnitude of P at an 2 2
angle of 155 with each 10 N force. p
15 + 10 3
) P=
2
10 QN ⇡ 16.16 N
80°
PN
45° 12 8 N 16 N
23 N θ
Along the force P N, the sum of the
resolved parts in newtons is 10 N
P + Q cos 80 + 23 cos 135 = 0 1
Perpendicular to the force P N, the sum a 8
of the resolved parts in newtons is
180° – θ
23 cos 45 + Q cos 190 = 0 2 10
23 cos 45 16
From 2 , Q = 3
cos 190
Substitute 3 into 1 b Using the cosine rule,
P = Q cos 80 23 cos 135 102 = 162 + 82
23 cos 45 ⇥ cos 80
= 23 cos 135 2(8)(16) cos(180 ✓)
cos 190 55
) P = 13.40 N ) cos(180 ✓) =
64
Q = 16.51 N ) ✓ = 180 30.75 = 149.25
11 10 N 13 5 N 100°
3N
Q
60° θ
15 N
120° PN
PN
875
a Substitute T into 2
180° – θ 5 5P cos(15 ) 3
) ⇥ = P cos(75 ) + 2g
P 80° 4 5
" #
3 3 cos 15
) P cos(75 ) = 2g
4
!
b Using the cosine rule, 3 cos 15 4 cos 75
) P = 2g
) P2 = 32 + 52 2(3)(5) cos 80 4
8g
) P2 = 28.79 i.e. P =
3 cos 15 4 cos 75
) P = 5.37 N ⇡ 42.09 N
c Using the cosine rule, 5P cos 15
) T=
) 32 = 52 + 5.372 4
5 cos 15 ⇥ 8g
2(5)(5.37) cos(180 ✓) =
4(3 cos 15 4 cos 75 )
) cos(180 ✓) = 0.835
⇡ 50.82 N
) ✓ = 180 33.41 = 146.59
15 13
14 14 θ ψ
2·5 5 12
θ T ψ θ
1·5 T1 T2
θ
90 – θ 105°
P
2 75° 5g
2g Method 1: Resolving forces
Note: Resolve horizontally
3
cos ✓ = 5g = T 1 cos + T 2 cos ✓
5
4 12 5
sin ✓ = 5g = T 1 ⇥ + T2 ⇥ 1
5 13 13
Resolve horizontally Resolve vertically
T cos(90 ✓) = P cos(15 ) T 1 cos ✓ = T 2 cos
i.e. T sin ✓ = P cos(15 ) 1 5 12
i.e. T 1 ⇥ = T2 ⇥
Resolve vertically 13 13
T cos ✓ = P cos 75 + 2g 2 12
i.e. T 1 = T 2
From 1 5
P cos(15 )
T=
sin ✓
5P cos(15 )
=
4
876
Substitute in 1 16 P N 10 N
12 12 5T 2 50°
5g = ⇥ T2 +
5 13 13 220°
(144 + 25)T 2
) 65g =
5 12 N
325
) = T2 a Perpendicular to P N
169
) 10 cos 140 + 12 cos(220 ✓) = 0
12 325
) T1 = ⇥ g 10 cos 140
5 169 ) cos(220 ✓) =
60g 12
T1 =
13 ) ✓ = 220 cos 1 (0.638)
⇡ 45.23 N ✓ = 169.67
Method 2: Triangle of forces
b Along the force P N
T1 ) P + 10 cos 50
5g + 12 cos(169.67 + 50 ) = 0
θ T2
) P = 10 cos 50 12 cos 219.67
T 1 = 5g sin ✓
= 2.81 N
12
= 5g ⇥
13
60g
=
13
⇡ 45.23 N
877
1 F1 = 2i and F2 = 3j 3t2
d x = t2 and y =
) resultant force F = F1 + F2 = 2i 3j 2
3x
) y= , x 0
a Use F = ma 2
2i 3j = a = ẍ
3 r(t) = 5t2 i + 2(t2 + 4)j
b magnitude of acceleration
p
p
|a| = 4 + 9 = 13 a When t = 0, r(0) = 8j
c ẍ = 2i 3j b x = 5t2 , y = 2t2 + 8
) ẋ = 2ti 3tj + c x
) t2 =
When t = 0, ẋ = 0 5
) c=0 2x
) y= + 8, x 0
) ẋ = v = 2ti 3tj 5
p p c F = ma
d speed = |ẋ| =4t2 + 9t2 = t 13
p ṙ = 10ti + 4tj
When t = 1, speed = 13
r̈ = 10i + 4j
e velocity gives direction of ) F = 2(10i + 4j)
motion ⇡ 303.69
= 20i + 8j N
2 F = 4i + 6j
4 r(t) = 5(5 t2 )i + 5(t2 + 2)j
a F = ma implies 2a = 4i + 6j
a r(0) = 25i + 10j
) a = 2i + 3j
b x = 5(5 t2 ) and y = 5(t2 + 2)
b r̈ = 2i + 3j
) x = 25 5t2
) ṙ = 2ti + 3tj + c
) 5t2 = 25 x
When t = 0, ṙ = 0
) c=0 25 x
) t2 =
5
) ṙ = 2ti + 3tj !
25 x
) y=5 +2
3t2 5
c ) r = t2 i + j + c1
2 = 25 x + 10
As r = 0 when t = 0, c1 = 0 = 35 x
2
3t Also x = 5(5 t2 ) ) x  25
) r = t2 i + j
2
) y = 35 x for x  25
878
c ṙ = 10ti + 10tj b i F = mr̈
!
r̈ = 10i + 10j 8
= 10 8i + j
F = mr̈ 3
80
= 5( 10i + 10j) = 80i + jN
3
= 50i + 50j N s
!2
80
ii |F| = 802 +
5 F1 = 2i + j and F2 = i 2j 3
) resultant force F = F1 + F2 = 3i j 80 p
= 10 N
3
a Using F = ma
) 3i j = 2a 7 r(t) = 2t2 i + (t2 + 6)j
3 1
) i j=a a
2 2
3 1 x = 2t2 and y = t2 + 6
) acceleration is i j m/s2
2 2 x
) y = + 6 as 2t2 0 for all t, x 0
3 1 2
b r̈ = i j x
2 2 ) y = + 6 for x 0
2
3 t
ṙ = ti j+c b ṙ(t) = 4ti + 2tj
2 2
The particle starts at rest and p
therefore c = 0 c speed = |ṙ(t)| = 16t2 + 4t2
3 t p
) ṙ = ti j 20t2
2 2 =
3 t p
) the velocity is ti j m/s = 2t 5
2 2
p p
3 t2 2t 5 = 16 5
c r = t2 i j + c2 p
4 4 16 5
When t = 0, r = 2i 2j ) t= p =8
) c2 = 2i 2j 2 5
Hence,
p the speed of the particle is
! !
32 t2 16 5 m/s after 8 seconds.
) r= t +2 i +2 j
4 4
d r̈(t) = 4i + 2j
6 a For the acceleration ) F = 2(4i + 2j)

27i + 9j (3i + j)
r̈ = = 8i + 4j N
3
) 27i + 9j = 3i + j + 3r̈
1
) r̈ = (24i + 8j)
3
8
) r̈ = 8i + j m/s2
3
879
1 40x
8 F= (15i + 25j) ) t2 + 40t =
10 3
!
1 40x
a Using F = mr̈ thus y =
8 3
1
(3i + 5j) = 10r̈ 5x
2 =
3
1 and
(3i + 5j) = r̈ 40x
20 t2 + 40t =
3
t
b ṙ(t) = (3i + 5j) + c 40x
20 ) t2 + 40t + 400 400 =
3
ṙ(0) = 3i + 5j 40x
) [(t + 20)2 400] =
t r 3
) ṙ(t) = (3i + 5j) + 3i + 5j
20 40x + 1200 40x + 1200
! ! ) t= 20,
3t t 3 3
= +3 i+ +5 j
20 4 0
! ! ) x 30
3t2 t2
c r(t) = + 3t i + + 5t j + c1 Hence,
40 8 5x
When t = 0, r(t) = 0i + 0j y= , x 30
3
) c1 = 0
! !
3t2 t2
) r(t) = + 3t i + + 5t j 9 y = 3x
40 8
! ṙ = 5i + aj
3 ⇥ 36
r(6) = +3⇥6 i a
40 = 3 as velocity gives
! 5
62 direction of motion
+ +5⇥6 j
8
) a = 15
207 69
= i+ j ) ṙ = 5i + 15j
10 2
The speed in the direction of the y axis
= 20.7i + 34.5j
is 15 m/s. p
3t2 t2 The speed of the particle = |ṙ| = 52 + 152
d x= + 3t, y = + 5t p
40 8 = 250
3 2 1 2 p
= (t + 40t) = (t + 40t) = 5 10 m/s.
40 8
880
1 mass of man = 75 kg b 5⇥ 1 gives 5T 15g = 15a
mass of the lift = 500 kg 3⇥ 2 gives 15g 3T = 15a
acceleration of the lift = 2 m/s2 Subtracting yields 8T 30g = 0
acceleration due to gravity = g m/s2 30
) T= g
8
15
= g
4
(g = acceleration due to gravity)
a The force R exerted by the floor on 3 m = mass of the skier

the man is given by μR
R 75 ⇥ g = 75 ⇥ 2
or R = 75(g + 2) N
θ
= 885 N Resolving in i direction:
b total mass of the lift and the man µR mg sin ✓ = ma 1
= 575 kg Resolving in j direction:

R = mg cos ✓ 2
T Mg = Ma Substituting 2 into 1 gives
i.e. T 575 ⇥ g = 575 ⇥ 2 µmg cos ✓ mg sin ✓ = ma
) T = 575(g + 2) N ) a = g(sin ✓ µ cos ✓)
= 6785 N
4 By Newton’s second law,
2 For the 3 kg mass,
a
T 3g = 3a (Newton’s 2nd law) 1
100 µR = ma
For the 5 kg mass,
5g T = 5a 2 i.e. 100 0.4(10g) = 10a
) a = (10 0.4g) m/s2
μR
a Adding 1 and 2 gives 2g = 8a b If another block of mass 10 kg is

! placed on top of the first one, then
1
) a= g m/s2 m = 20 kg
4
) 100 µ(20g) = 20a
) a = (5 0.4g) m/s2
881
20 6 mass of the car m = 1000 kg
5 m = 5 kg, F = N at t seconds
(t + 1)2
initial velocity u = 60 km/h
a F = ma 6.0
= m/s
20 1 3.6
) at t seconds, a = 2
⇥ 24
(t + 1) 5 final velocity v = m/s
4 3.6
= m/s2
(t + 1)2 t=5s
Z v u
) a=
b velocity v = adt t
Z 24 60
4
=
(t + 1)2
dt = 3.6 3.6
Z 5
24 60
= 4(t + 1) 2 dt =
3.6 ⇥ 5
4(t + 1) 1 = 2 m/s2
= + c1
1 ) the retarding force using F = ma is
4 1000 ⇥ 2 = 2000 N
= + c1
t+1 i.e., the retarding force acting in a
Since the body starts from rest,
direction opposing motion is 2000 N.
v(0) = 0
4
) + c1 = 0 7 Since the body is in limiting equilib-
t+1
rium, all the forces balance each other.
or c1 = 4
Resolving mg in the directions of i
4
) v= +4 and j, we see that mg sin ✓ acts along
t+1
the inclined plane and mg cos ✓ acts
4t
= m/s perpendicular to it.
t+1
μR
Z
c displacement d = vdt
Z
4 θ
= + 4dt
t+1 ) for equilibrium, R = mg cos ✓
= 4 loge (t + 1) + 4t and µR = mg sin ✓
+ c2 , t + 1 > 0 (µ = coefficient of friction)
mg sin ✓
At t = 0, d = 0, ) µ=
R
) 4 loge (0 + 1) + 4(0) + c2 = 0
mg sin ✓
) c2 = 0 =
mg cos ✓
) d = (4t 4 loge (t + 1)) m
= tan ✓
882
Then the inclination of the plane is b If a particle of mass 480 kg is to
increased to be lowered by the same rope, the
) the body will begin to slide down. maximum tension is again 400 kg wt.
Let the acceleration be a. Now 480g T = 480a
) mg sin tan ✓ mg cos = ma or 480g 480a = T
(since µ = tan ✓ and R = mg cos )
) 480g 480a  400g
μR
i.e. 80g  480a
80g
φ ) a
480
sin ✓ g
, mg sin mg cos = ma i.e. a m/s2
cos ✓ 6
g sin cos ✓ g cos sin ✓
,a=
cos ✓
g 9
= sin( ✓) Given that F = 3 + 6x
cos ✓
8 The maximum possible tension is F = ma implies 3 + 6x = 3 ẍ
400 kg wt. ) 1 + 2x = ẍ
!
1 2
a When the particle is hauled upwards, d v
2
T 320g = 320a 1 + 2x = since
dx
i.e. 400g 320g = 320a !
1 2
d v
) 80g = 320a 2
a=
80g dx
) a= Integrating both sides:
320 1
g ) x + x2 + c = v2
= m/s2 2
4
g When x = 0, v = 2
) maximum acceleration = m/s2 .
4 ) c=2
1 2
) v = x + x2 + 2
2
p
) v = 2(x + x2 + 2)
p
When x = 2, v = 2(2 + 4 + 2)
p
= 16
= 4 m/s
883
10 m = 3 kg, F = 3i + 6j N, v(0) = i + 2j s = 1000,
1000 = 50u + 1250a
3i + 6j
a F = ma implies a = ) 20 = u + 25a 2
3
1 2 gives 5 = 15a
= i + 2j
1
) a=
3
b i a = i + 2j
(which shows deceleration)
) v(t) = ti + 2tj + c1 10
Substituting in 1 , 25 = u
Now v(0) = i + 2j, 3
85
u=
) i + 2j = c1 3
1 85
) v(t) = ti + 2tj + i + 2j Using v = u + at, and a = , u=
3 3
= (t + 1)i + (2t + 2)j and t = 50,
85 1 35
v= ⇥ 50 =
= (t + 1)(i + 2j) 3 3 3
Using v2 = u2 + 2as, and
ii Speed = |v| 1 35
a= , u= and v = 0,
p 3 !2 3
= (t + 1) 1 + 4 35 1
p 0= 2⇥ ⇥S
= 5(t + 1) 3 3
1225 3 1
) s= ⇥ = 204
c v(t) = (t + 1)(i + 2j) 9 2 6
! The train will travel a further
t2 1
) r(t) = + t (i + 2j) + c2 204 metres before coming to rest.
2 6
Since the particle is initially at the
v u
origin, r(0) = 0, 12 a =
t
) c2 = 0 15 0
! =
t2 60
i.e. r(t) = + t (i + 2j)
2 1
= m/s2
4
d The equation of the straight line in
F = ma
which the particle moves is given by
r = k(i + 2j), k 0 1
= 9000 ⇥
4
or y = 2x, x 0
= 2250 N
1 13 The train is travelling with uniform

11 Using s = ut + at2 , t = 20 and s = 500,
2 velocity on level ground. As it begins
500 = 20u + 200a the ascent, the initial velocity is
) 25 = u + 10a 1 u = 20m/s.
1 ) F = R, where F = force of engine,
Using s = ut + at2 , t = 50 and
2 R = resistance.
884
Also, on the incline, N = mg cos ✓, since If the board is 5 cm thick, then
N and mg cos ✓ balance each other. s = 0.05 m
and v2 2002 = 2 ⇥ 2 ⇥ 105 ⇥ 0.05
) v2 = 2002 2⇥2
θ
⇥ 105 ⇥ 0.05
) F R mg sin ✓ = ma = 20 000
3 p
) mg = ma
50 ) v = 20 000 since v 0
3 p
or a= g = 100 2 m/s
50
Now v2 = u2 + 2as
16 Let the mass of the body in the lift be
2 3
gives 0 = (20) 2 ⇥ g ⇥ s m kg.
50
2 When the lift accelerates upwards,
50 ⇥ 20
) s= T mg = ma
6g
10 000 ) 10g mg = ma 1
= m
3g
14 Let the mass of the body in the lift be

m kg and the force of the lift on the body When the lift accelerates downwards,
be F. mg T = m(2a)
Then F mg = m f ) mg 7g = 2ma 2
(since the lift moves upwards)
a 2 ⇥ 1 gives
2
i.e. F = m(g + f ) N
27g + 3mg = 0
27g
) m=
3g
= 9 kg
) weight of the particle is 9 kg wt.
15 Initial velocity of the bullet = 200 m/s
At s = 10 cm (= 0.1 m), its velocity is 0 b 1 + 2 gives 3g = 3ma
Using v2 u2 = 2as 3g
2
)a=
gives 0 200 = 2 ⇥ a ⇥ 0.1 3m
g
2002 = m/s2
) a= 9
2 ⇥ 0.1
= 200 000 17 By Newton’s second law,
5
= 2 ⇥ 10 m/s for particle A, m1 g T = m1 a 1
and for particle B, T m2 g = m2 a 2
885
19 Given that m1 > m2 , then the tension
will cause A to be pulled up the plane.
Both A and B will move with the same
acceleration, say a.
For A, T m2 g sin ↵ = m2 a 1
a Adding 1 and 2 gives For B, m1 g T = m1 a 2
m1 g m2 g = m1 a + m2 a
(m1 m2 )g
a= m/s2
m1 + m2 α
m1 g T T m2 g
b From 1 and 2 , = a Adding 1 and 2 gives
m1 m2
m1 g m2 g sin ↵ = (m1 + m2 )a
) m1 m2 g m2 T = m1 T m1 m2 g
) T (m1 + m2 ) = 2m1 m2 g g(m1 m2 sin ↵)
) a=
2m1 m2 g m1 + m2
) T= N ) particle A will move up the plane
m1 + m2
with an acceleration
g(m1 m2 sin ↵)
a= m/s2
18 The forces involved are represented in m1 + m2
the sketch.
b From 1 and 2 we have
Friction can be neglected as the surface T m2 g sin ↵ m1 g T
is smooth. =
m2 m1
We have T = m2 a 1
m1 T m1 m2 g sin ↵ = m1 m2 g m2 T
and m1 g T = m1 a 2
T (m1 + m2 ) = m1 m2 g + m1 m2 g sin ↵
m1 m2 g(1 + sin ↵)
) T= N
m1 + m2
20 Resolving the weight mg along the plane

and perpendicular to the plane, we get:
a Adding 1 and 2 gives R = mg cos ↵
m1 g = (m1 + m2 )a and by Newton’s second law:
m1 g mg sin ↵ µR = ma
) a= m/s2
m1 + m2
) ma = mg sin ↵ µ mg cos ↵
b Therefore, A is pulled along the ) a = g(sin ↵ µ cos ↵)
table towards the pulley with μR
acceleration a.
Now T = m2 a
m1 m2 g α
= N
m1 + m2
886
21 Friction can be neglected as the table is e From part d, it takes B, and
smooth. 4
also A, p seconds to travel
For B, 6g T = 6a 1 3g
1 metre. Now as B has the reached
For A, T = 10a 2
the floor, there is no longer any
a Adding 1 and 2 gives tension in the string, so A will travel
6g = 16a the next 1 metre with constant
velocity (there are now no horizontal
3
) a = g m/s2 forces acting on A as the horizontal
8
table is smooth).
30 For the constant velocity, use
b From 2 we get T = g
8 3
v2 = u2 + 2as where u = 0, a = g
15 8
= gN and s = 1
4 3
v2 = 0 + g
c Two forces acting on the pulley are 4
p
shown in the diagram. Since the 3g
v=
forces are equal in magnitude, they 2
are represented by the sides of an s = vt
isosceles triangle. p
3g
Further they are at right angles. Now using 1 = t
2
By the triangle law, the resultant
2
force
p is t= p
p 3g
T 2 + T 2 = 2T
So the time it takes A to reach the
in the direction of 45
p to the
15 2 edge is
horizontal, i.e., g N. 4 2 6
4 p + p = p
3g 3g 3g
22 a Particle A:
10 sin 60 T = 10 ẍ (1)
Particle B:
T 3g = 3 ẍ (2)
1
d Using s = ut + at2 , Add equations (1) and (2).
2
1 3 p
1 = 0 + ⇥ g ⇥ t2 (5 3 3)g = 13 ẍ
2 8 p
16 5 3 3
) t2 = ẍ = g
3g p 13
5 3 3
4 The acceleration is g m/s2 .
) t = p since t 0 13
3g
b From (2)
⇡ 0.74 s
887
p
15 3 9 24 If the two forces each equal to P N act at
T = 3g + g
p13 a point, inclined at 120 , we can use the
3g(10 + 5 3) triangle law to find the resultant.
= N
13 It can be seen that the forces make an
angle of 60 in the triangle. But the two
23 a 3g T = 3 ẍ . . . (1) forces being equal make the remaining
two angles of the triangle equal 60 .
T g = 5 ẍ . . . (2)
Thus, we have an equilateral triangles
) 2g = 8 ẍ and hence the resultant R must also have
g a magnitude of P N.
) ẍ = m/s2
4
b Use v2 = u2 + 2as
2g g
v2 = =
4p 2 Alternative method
2g As before, we can resolve along the
)v= m/s
2 direction of one force and a
c Particle B: perpendicular direction.
Use
p v = u + at
2g g
= t
2 p4
2 2g
)t= This gives
g p P + P cos 120 = P(1 + cos 120 )
2 2g
It hits the ground after seconds and P cos
p30
g
Particle A: ) R = P2 (1 + cos 120 )2 + P2 cos2 30
p
While B is moving the acceleration is =P 1
g
still m/s2 =P
4 p
2 2g
Therefore it travels 1 metre in
g 25 The particle rests in equilibrium.
seconds
The Let T be the tension in the string, now
p velocity ispthen inclined at 60 to the vertical. Hence,
2 2g g 2g
⇥ = the angles between the three forces are
g 4 2
Then the force acting on A = g N 90 , 150 and 120 as shown in the
So g = 5 ẍ diagram.
g
Hence ẍ =
5
Use v2 = 2as again
g 2g
0= ⇥s
2 5
5
)s= m By Lami’s theorem:
4
888
P T 5g P T 2g
= = ) = =
sin 120 sin 90 sin 150 sin(90 + ✓) sin 90 sin(180 ✓)
5g P 2g
) P= ⇥ sin 120 ) =T =
sin 150 cos ✓ sin ✓
p 2g
3 ) P= ⇥ cos ✓
5g ⇥ sin ✓
= 2 10g 4 3
1 = ⇥ since sin ✓ =
3 5 5
2 8g
p = N
= 5g 3 N 3
2g
and T =
sin ✓
26 The final position of the particle in 10g
equilibrium is as shown in the diagram. = N
3
From the right triangle,
2
cos ✓ = 27 The forces may be represented by a
2.5
4 triangle of vectors.
= T 1 = 5g cos ✓
5
!
1 4
5
) ✓ = cos = 5g ⇥
5 13
25g
= N
θ 13
T 2 = 5g sin ✓
12
= 5g ⇥
The three angles between the forces are 13
90 , 180 ✓ and 90 + ✓. 60g
= N
13
25g
The tension in the two strings is N
13
60g
and N.
13
θ θ
889
1 D P = 3(6i + 8j) 5 D
) P = 18i + 24j N
T
p
) |P| = (18)2 + (24)2 θ
p
) |P| = 900
) |P| = 30
2 E R mg = ma mg
⇤
Note the positioning of ✓
) R = ma + mg
Resolving in the j direction:
) R = 10 ⇥ 4 + 10g ) N + T cos ✓ mg = 0
) R = 40 + 10g
6 B
) R = 138 N N
3 B
8N μ=0
6N
R
p θ
R= (8)2 + (6)2
p mg
) R= 100 Resolving down and parallel to the
) R = 10 N plane:
mg sin ✓ = ma
4 B For the 5 kg mass:
) a = g sin ✓
5g T = 5a (1)
For the 3 kg mass: 4g
) a= m/s2
T 3g = 3a (2) 5
(1) + (2): 7 B
8a = 2g 10
g
) a = m/s2 120°
4 10
R
890
Using the cosine rule: a body experiencing acceleration
R2 = 102 + 102 2(10)(10) cos(120 ) must also be experiencing a net
) R2 = 200 200 cos(120 ) force. This force is referred to as the
centripetal force.
) R2 = 300 Therefore, if the external resultant
p
) R = 10 3 N force on a body is zero then the body
cannot be moving. in a circle.
8 B Resolving perpendicular to the
plane: 10 C R
N + T sin ✓ W = 0
) N = W T sin ✓
Resolving parallel to the plane: FR 54 N
T cos ✓ F = 0
) F = T cos ✓
) µN = T cos ✓
9g
T cos ✓ Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
) µ=
N R = 9g
T cos ✓ Resolving parallel to the plane:
) µ=
W T sin ✓ 54 FR = ma
9 B When an object moves in a circle, ) 54 µR = 18
it is constantly changing direction.
Because of this direction change the ) µR = 36
body is accelerating. This accelera- 36
) µ=
tion is directed inwards towards the 9g
centre of the circle. And according 4
) µ = ⇡ 0.41
to Newton’s second law of motion g
891
1 a 42 T 4g = 0
42 N
) T = 42 4g
⇡ 2.8 N T
4g
b 42 4g = 4 ẍ
42 4g
) ẍ =
4
= 0.7 m/s2
1
c i For constant acceleration, s = ut + at2
2
1 21 2g 2
) 5=0⇥t+ ⇥ ⇥t
2 2
20
) = t2
21 2g
s
20
) t= since t 0
21 2g
⇡ 3.78
It takes approximately 3.78 seconds to reach the surface.
ii The velocity of the buoy as it reaches the surface is given by
v = u + at
s
21 2g 20
=0+ ⇥
2 21 2g
p
= 5(21 2g) m/s
⇡ 2.65
The velocity of the buoy is approximately 2.65 m/s when it reaches the surface.
d When the buoy leaves the water it is acting under only gravitational force,
therefore use
v2 = u2 + 2as
p
Now u = 5(21 2g), a = g, v = 0,
) 0 = 5(21 2g) 2gs
5(21 2g)
) s=
2g
⇡ 0.357
The buoy reaches a height of approximately 0.357 metres.
892
2 a i For the 2.8 kg mass
T 2 2.8g = 2.8a 1
T2
For the 2.2 kg mass T2
T 1 + 2.2g T 2 = 2.2a 2 2.8g

2.2g
For the 3 kg mass T1
T1
3g T 1 = 3a 3
3g
Substitute from 3 in 2 for T 1 ,

) 3g 3a + 2.2g T 2 = 2.2a
) 5.2g T 2 = 5.2a 4
Add 1 and 4 ,
) T2 2.8g + 5.2g T 2 = 8a
) 2.4g = 8a
) 0.3g = a
ii Substitute in 3 ,
3g T 1 = 3 ⇥ 0.3g
) 3g 0.9g = T 1
) T 1 = 2.1g
b ẍ = 0.3g
) ẋ = 0.3gt + c T T
When t = 0, ẋ = 0, 2.2g
2.8g
) c=0
) ẋ = 0.3gt
When t = 1.5, ẋ = 0.3 ⇥ 1.5g
= 0.45g
2.8g T = 2.8a
and T 2.2g = 2.2a
) 0.6g = 5a
) a = 0.12g
(in the opposite direction to the initial velocity)
893
Using v2 = u2 + 2as, 0 = u2 2 ⇥ 0.12g ⇥ s
(0.45g)2
with u = 0.45g ) s=
0.24g
= 8.26875
The 2.2 kg mass falls a further distance of 8.27 metres, correct to two decimal
places.
3 a i 0.4g T = 0.4 ẍ 1 R
T
μR
T 0.4 ⇥ 0.2g = 0.2 ẍ 2 T
1 + 2 gives 0.2g
0.4g 0.08g = 0.6 ẍ
0.4g
0.32g
) ẍ =
0.6
8g
=
15
⇡ 5.23 m/s2
8g
ii 0.4g 0.4 ⇥ =T
15
14g
) T=
75
⇡ 1.83 N
b Consider the system before it strikes the floor.

v2 = u2 + 2as
8g
v2 = 2 ⇥ 1.5 ⇥
15
8g
v2 =
5
For the particle on the table, after the 0.4 kg particle hits the floor,
T µR = m ẍ
T = 0, µ = 0.4, R = 0.2g,
) 0.2g ⇥ 0.4 = 0.2 ẍ
0.4g = ẍ
Use v2 = u2 + 2as
8g
When v = 0, 0 = 2 ⇥ 0.4g ⇥ s
5
8g
) s= ÷ 0.8g
5
=2
894
The particle goes a further two metres after the 0.4 kg particle hits the floor.
4 Let F be the tractive force of the engine.

50
a i Resistance force for the engine = ⇥ 60 000
1000
= 3000 N
30
Resistance force for the truck = ⇥ 12 000
1000
= 360 N
Resolving parallel to the plane with the whole system: R2
F
F 72 000g sin ↵ 3000 360 = 0 R1 T
T
1 3000 60 000g
) F = 72 000g ⇥ + 3000 + 360 360
200 α 12 000g
= 360g + 3360 ⇡ 6888 N
ii Let T N be the tension in the coupling.

Resolving parallel to the plane for the engine:
1
F T 60 000g ⇥ 3000 = 0
200
60 000g
) T = (360g + 3360) 3000
200
= 60g + 360
⇡ 948 N
b i F 72 000g sin ↵ 3000 360 = 72 000 ⇥ 0.1

) F = 360g + 10 560
⇡ 14 088 N
60 000g
ii T = (360g + 10 560) 60 000 ⇥ 0.1 3000
200
= 60g + 1560
⇡ 2148 N
5 a i ẍ = (a + bv2 )
dv
v = (a + bv2 )
dx
dv (a + bv2 )
) =
dx v
895
dx v
ii From i, =
dv a + bv2
dw dx v
Let w = a + bv2 , = 2bv and =
dv dv w
Z
v
x= dv
w
Z
1 1
= dw
2b w
1
= loge (a + bv2 ) + c, a + bv2 > 0
2b
When x = 0, v = u,
1
) c= loge (a + bu2 )
2b
1
) x = (loge (a + bu2 ) loge (a + bv2 ))
2b
!
1 a + bu2
x= loge
2b a + bv2
The train comes to rest when
! v = 0,
1 a + bu2
i.e. x = loge
2b a
!
1 bu2
= loge 1 +
2b a
896
dv
b i = (a + bv2 )
dt
dt 1
) =
dv a + bv2
1
= !
a 2
b +v
b
pa !
1 b
= p a
ab b + v2
p !
1 1 b
) t = p tan p v + c
ab a
When t = 0, v = u,
p !
1 1 b
) c = p tan p u
ab a
p ! p !
1 1 b 1 1 b
) t = p tan p u p tan p v
ab a ab a
p !
1 1 b
When v = 0, t = p tan p u
ab a
ii If b = 0.005, a = 2 andpu = 25, !

1 1 0.005 ⇥ 25
then t = p tan p
0.01 2
= 10 tan 1 (1.25) ⇡ 8.96
It takes 8.96 seconds for the train to stop.
897
6 a mg 0.02mv2 = m ẍ
) ẍ = g 0.02v2
v2 50g v2
) ẍ = g=
50 50
2
dv 50g v
) v =
dx 50
dv 50g v2
) =
dx 50v
dx 50v
) =
dv 50g v2
Let w = 50g v2
dw
) = 2v
dv
Z
1
) x = 25 dw
w
= 25 loge (50g v2 ) + c, 50g v2 > 0
When x = 0, v = 0,
) c = 25 loge (50g)
!
50g
and x = 25 loge
50g v2
x 50g
b e 25 =
50g v2
s !
x
) v= 50g 1 e 25
c v v= 50g
0 x
898
7 a T 200g sin 60 200g cos 60 µ = 0
p
) 200g 100g 3 100gµ = 0
p
200 100 3
) µ=
100
p
=2 3
) µ ⇡ 0.2679
b If the value of M is 200, the crate is on the point of moving up the plane. Consider
the crate being on the point of movingp down the plane.
Then Mg sin 60 T (2 3)R = 0
p
Mg 3 p 1
) 200g (2 3) ⇥ Mg ⇥ = 0
2 2
Mg p p
) ( 3 (2 3)) = 200g
2
Mg p
) (2 3 2) = 200g
2
p
) M = 100( 3 + 1) kg
p
The crate will remain stationary for 200  M  100( 3 + 1)
c i Let M = 150. The mass will move up the plane.

T
200g T = 200 ẍ 1 T
T 150g cos 30
150g sin 30 µ = 150 ẍ
p 150g
) 200g 75g 3 75gµ = 350 ẍ 60° 200g
p p
) 200g 75g 3 75g(2 3) = 350 ẍ
) 200g 150g = 350 ẍ
) 50g = 350 ẍ
g
) = ẍ
7
g
The acceleration is m/s2 .
7
ii 200g T = 200 ẍ (from 1 )

g
) T = 200g 200 ⇥
7
1200g
=
7
1200g
The tension is N.
7
899
g 2g
iii When the rope breaks, the 200 kg mass has a speed of ⇥ 2 = m/s and has
7 7
1 2g
travelled at2 = metres in the two seconds.
2 7
2g 2g
Using v2 = u2 + 2as, with u = , a = g and s = 50 ,
!2 7 ! 7
2g 2g
v2 = + 2 ⇥ g ⇥ 50
7 7
4 2 4 2
) v2 = g + 100g g
49 7
v ⇡ 30.54, since v 0
The speed of the 200 kg weight when it hits the ground is 30.54 m/s.
0.1t
8 a v = 125(1 e )
dv 0.1t
= 12.5e
dt
0.1t
b i P 20v = 250 ⇥ 12.5e
0.1t
) P = 3125e + 20v
0.1t 0.1t
= 2500(1 e ) + 3125e
0.1t
= 2500 + 625e
0.1t
= 625(4 + e )
0.1t
ii P = 20v + 3125e
!
v
= 20v + 3125 1
125
= 20v + 3125 25v
= 3125 5v
= 5(625 v)
iii When v = 20, P = 3025 N

3
iv When t = 30, P = 2500 + 625e
⇡ 2531.117 N
c P
3125
2500
0 t
900
9 a Resolving perpendicular to the plane: R T
T sin ✓ + R = Mg cos ↵ θ
) R = (Mg cos ↵ T sin ✓) N

α Mg
b Resolving parallel to the plane:

T cos ✓ Mg sin ↵ 0.1R = 0
1
T cos ✓ Mg sin ↵ (Mg cos ↵ T sin ✓) = 0
10
0.1Mg cos ↵ + Mg sin ↵
) T= N
cos ✓ + 0.1 sin ✓
!
3 4
Mg 0.1 ⇥ +
5 5
c i T=
cos ✓ + 0.1 sin ✓
Mg
⇥ 4.3
= 5
cos ✓ + 0.1 sin ✓
43Mg
=
50(cos ✓ + 0.1 sin ✓)
8.6g
= N
cos ✓ + 0.1 sin ✓
ii Let y = cos ✓ + 0.1 sin ✓

dy
= sin ✓ + 0.1 cos ✓
d✓
dy 1
= 0 implies tan ✓ =
d✓ 10
) ✓ = 0.09967c
or ✓ = 5.71 = 5 430
8.6g
This maximises cos ✓ + 0.1 sin ✓, and minimises .
cos ✓ + 0.1 sin ✓
p
86 101 1 10
iii Minimum T = g N, since sin ✓ = p and cos ✓ = p .
101 101 101
d Resolving the forces produces the same expression to be maximised as before, i.e.,
clearly no e↵ect. So ✓ = 5 430
901
5 12
10 If sin ✓ = , then cos ✓ = .
13 13
a i N = 50g ⇥ cos ✓ N
12
= 50g ⇥
13
600g θ° 50g
= N
13
ii Friction force = µ N
= 0.1 N
60g
= N
13
60g
b 50g sin ✓ = 50 ẍ
13
250g 60g
) = 50 ẍ
13 13
19g
= ẍ
65
19g
The acceleration down the plane is m/s2 .
65
c i Constant acceleration
Use v2 = u2 + 2as
19g
=2⇥ ⇥ 10
10
76g
=
13
) v ⇡ 7.569 m/s
The speed of the particle at the bottom of the plane is 7.569 m/s.
ii v = at
76g 19g
= t
19 65
t ⇡ 2.64
The time taken to reach the bottom is 2.6 seconds.
d i 300 250t + 50g sin ✓ 5g cos ✓ = 50 ẍ F
250g 60g
300 250t + = 50 ẍ
13 13 50g
θ°
ẍ ⇡ 8.86 5t
902
dv
ii Let = 8.86 5t
dt
5t2
) v = 8.86t +c
2
When t = 0, v = 0,
) c=0
5t2
) v = 8.86t
2
dx 5t2
i.e. = 8.86t
dt 2
8.86t2 5t3
) x= +c
2 6
When t = 0, x = 0,
) c=0
53
x = 4.43t2 t
6
53
When x = 10, 10 = 4.43t2 t
6
Using a CAS calculator to find t, the particle reaches the bottom of the slope
when t = 1.865.
903
Chapter 14 – Revision of Chapters 12 and 13
1 a v(t) = cos t i + cos(2t) j dv
3 a v 5 = 10
dt
b a(t) = sin t i 2 sin(2t) j dv v 5
=
r dt 10
1 2
c |r(t)| = sin2 t + sin 2t dt 10
4 b =
p dv v 5
= sin2 t + sin2 t cos2 t t = 10 loge |v 5| + c
p
= | sin t| 1 + cos2 t When t = 0, v = 0
p
= | sin t| 2 sin2 t ) c = 10 loge | 5|
|v 5|
d p ) t = 10 loge
5
|r(t)| = cos2 t + cos2 2t t
p ) 5e 10 = |v 5|
= cos2 t + 1 sin2 2t To satisfy the initial conditions we
p t
2 2
= cos t + 1 4 sin t cos t 2 have v = 5 5e 10
q
= cos2 t + 1 4 sin2 t(1 sin2 t)
p 4 Reolving parallel to the plane, we have
= 2 5 sin2 t + 4 sin4 t 5g cos 60 = T
5g
T=
e x = sin t and y = sin t cos t 2
2 2
x = sin t
and 1
2 2 2 2 2 5 a r(t) = 2 sec ti + tan t j
y = sin t cos t = sin t(1 sin t) 2
2 2 2 1
) y = x (1 x )
) x = 2 sec t and y = tan t
2
x
2 a 50g R = 50 ) = sec t and 2y = tan t
2
R = 50g 50 2 x2
) 1 + 4y =
R ⇡ 440 N 4
2
x
b R 50g = 50 4y2 = 1 x 2, y 0
4
R = 50g + 50
R ⇡ 540 N b v(t) = 2 tan t sec t i + 0.5 sec2 t j
1
✓⇡◆ ✓⇡◆ 1 ✓⇡◆ p 1 2
c v = 2 tan i + sec2 j b r(t) = 10ti + (10 3t gt ) j
3 3 2 3 2
p 4 p 1 2
= 4 3i + j ) x = 10t and y = 10 3t gt
2 2
✓⇡◆ p g 2
) |v |2 = 52 ) y = 3x x
3 200
✓⇡◆ p
) |v | = 2 13
3 9 Let |Q| = m
m
F = 5(4i + 3 j) + p (i 2 j)
5
k
6 Acceleration = m 2m
v = (20 + p )i + (15 p ) j
5 5
When a = 2, v = 1 ) k = 2
Z Z 40m m2 60m 4m2
|F|2 = 400 + p + + 225 p +
v dv = 2 dt 5 5 5 5
v2 |F| = 25
= 2t + c
2 40m m2 60m 4m2
) 625 = 400 + p + + 225 p +
When t = 0, v = 2 ) c = 2 5 5 5 5
v2 20m
) = 2t + 2 ) p + m2 = 0
2 5
p
v2 = 4(t + 1) ) 4 5m + m2 = 0
p p
) v = 2 t + 1, ) m = 0 or m = 4 5.
p
since when t = 0, v = 2 If |Q| is non-zero, |Q| = 4 5 newtons
7 10 a 25 T = 15a . . . (1)
2t 2t
v(t) = e i e k T = 4a . . . (2)
1 1 ) 25 = 19a
r(t) = e2t i + e 2t
k+c
2 2
25
r(0) = i + j 2k a=
19
1 1 100
) r(t) = (e2t + 1)i + j + (e 2t
5)k )T =
2 2 19
5 19 100
) r(loge 2) = i + j k Tension is N
2 8 19
8 a a(t) = j t
v(t) = gt j + c
p
v(0) = 10i + 10 3 j
p
) v(t) = 10i + (10 3 gt) j
2
b 25 15gµ T = 15a . . . (1) 13 a
T 4gµ = 4a . . . (2) v(t) = sin(2t)i + 2 cos(2t) j
) 25 19gµ = 19a r(t) = cos(2t)i + sin(2t) j + c
19g It is given that r(0) = 2i j

25 = 19a
2 ) r(t) = (cos(2t) + 1)i + (sin(2t) 1) j
50 19g
)a= m/s2
38 b r(t) = (cos(2t) + 1)i + (sin(2t) 1) j
x 1 = cos 2t and y + 1 = sin 2t
11 Resolve parallel to the plane
1 ) (x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 1
10g cos 60 + ⇥ 10g cos 30 = 10 ẍ
4
p c For this 2 cos 2t = 0 and sin 2t < 0
5 3g ⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡
5g + = 10 ẍ cos 2t = 0 ) t = , and
4 4 4 4
p
20g + 5 3g But only two of these satisfy
ẍ = ⇡ 5⇡
40 sin 2t < 0 ) t = ,
We use v = u + atp 4 4
20g + 5 3g
0=8 t
40 p gt2
320 14 r(t) = 14 3ti + (14t )j
t= p 2
20g + 5 3g
64 gt2
a t 14t =0
= p 2
(4 + 3)g gt
p t(14 =0
64(4 3) 2
=
13g 28
t = 0 or t =
g
The particle reaches the ground in
12 a Resolve parallel to the plane 28
m ẍ = mg cos(✓)µ mg sin(✓) seconds
g
) ẍ = g(µ cos ✓ + sin ✓) p
b x = 14 3t
Use v2 = u2 + 2 ẍ ⇥ x
gt2
2gx sin ✓ u 2 y = 14t
µ= 2
(2gx cos ✓) p
3 g 2
)y= x x
b x increased by 44% (Results from the 3 1176
factor 1.22 ) c Reaches maximum
14
height when t =
g
3
p
14 g ✓ 14 ◆2 3 5g
Maximum height = 14 ⇥ ⇥
g 2 g
196 196
=
g 2g
98
=
g
98
Maximum height = = 10 metres
g
15 We use a triangle of forces.
p
2 5
cos ✓ = sin ✓ =
3 3
100 = 2T 2 (1 cos 2✓) cosine rule
100
= T2
2 2 cos 2✓
100
T2 =
2 2(1 2 sin2 ✓)
25
T2 =
sin2 ✓
25
T2 =
5
9
T 2 = 45
p
) T = 3 5 kg wt
4
1 C V = (x 2)2 T2 T1
sin 30 = and cos 30 =
dx 20 20
) = (x 2)2
dt ) T 2 = 20 sin 30 and
Z
) t = (x 2) 2 dx T 1 = 20 cos 30
Therefore, response E is not true
1
) t=
x 2 3 C
(letting c be zero) 1
1
) x 2=
t
1
) x=2
t An accurate representation would be
dx 1
v= = 2
dt t
2
d x 2
) a= 2 = 3
dt t
2
= !3 from 1
1
x 2
This is equivalent to response C.
(x 2)3
= 2⇥
1 4 A For the 5 kg mass:
= 2(x 2)3 5g T 1 = 5a 1
For the 3 kg mass:
2 E Representing the forces in a triangle
T 1 3g = 3a 2
1 + 2:
2g = 8a
g
) a=
4
X
5 C F = ma
) a = ky
T2 T1
Using the sine rule = dv
sin 30 sin 60 ) = kv
) T 2 sin 60 = T 1 sin 30 dt
) T 2 cos 30 = T 1 cos 60
Using the trigonometric ratios for the
30 angle
5
Z
1 1 9 A
) t= dv
k v
1
) t= loge v + c
k
When t = 0, v = V
1 X
) c = loge V F = ma
k
!
1 V ) ma = mg kv2 m
) t = loge
k v
) a=g kv2
V
) ekt = dv
v ) v =g kv2
V ds
) v = kt
e
10 D r(t) = sin 2ti + e t j
) v = Ve kt
ṙ(t) = 2 cos 2ti e tj
6 B
When t = 0,
ṙ(0) = 2i j
Speed = |ṙ(0)|
p
Let R be the reaction of the platform = 22 + 12
p
on the particle. Newton’s second law = 5 m/s
of motion gives
R mg = m f 11 E
) R = m f + mg
) R = m(g + f )
X
7 B F = ma
θ
) 3i + 4j = 10a
1 3 3
) a= (3i + 4j) = 0.3i + 0.4j As tan ✓ = ) sin ✓ = and
10 4 5
4
cos ✓ =
8 C r(t) = 2t2 i + t3 j 5
Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
ṙ(t) = 4ti + 3t2 j R w cos ✓ = 0
When t = 1 ) R = w cos ✓
ṙ(1) = 4i + 3j 4
) R= w 1
5
Speed = |ṙ(1)| Resolving parallel to the plane:
p
= 42 + 32
= 5 m/s
6
1 15 B
w sin ✓ R = wa
2 Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
!
3 1 4 N = W cos ✓
) w w = wa
5 2 5 Resolving parallel to the plane:
1 P F W sin ✓ = 0
) w = wa
5 ) P = W sin ✓ + F
1
) a=
5 16 B ẍ(t) = 2i + tj
w
Resultant force, F = ma =
5 t2
The horizontal component of this ẋ(t) = 2ti + j+c
2
force is
w 4 4w When t = 0, ẋ(t) = 2i
cos ✓ = ⇥ =
5 5 25
) c = 2i
12 E v = 4 sin 2tZ t2
s= 4 sin 2t dt ) ẋ(t) = (2t + 2)i + j
2
= 2 cos 2t + c 17 E
When t = 0, s = 0 :
)c=2
) s=2 2 cos 2t
Stage 1:
4 3 As the lift is accelerating uniformly
13 B sin ✓ = ) cos ✓ = the tension in the string remains
5 5
constant but at a higher level
compared to the next two stages and
the pulling force is greater.
Stage 2:
The particle is now moving with
θ constant speed (but not accelerating),
Resolving parallel to the plane: thus the tension in the string remains
60g sin ✓ = 60a constant but its magnitude is less
4 than at stage one since there is no
) a= g acceleration.
5
14 B Average velocity
(4, 1, 4) (2, 5, 2)
=
2
(2, 6, 2)
=
2
= (1, 3, 1)
=j 3j + k
7
Stage 3: 22 B
For the particle to be retarding to
rest a force in the opposite direction
to motion is acting but it is acting
in the same direction as the weight
force. Thus the tension in the string θ
is low but constant as the retardation
Resolving parallel to the plane:
is uniform.
F mg sin ✓ = 0
18 E
) F = mg sin ✓
23 D
Resolving parallel to the plane:

4g + F 20g sin 30 = 0
) F = 10g 4g = 6g Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
Thus, the frictional force is 6g R = 4 kg wt
Newtons up the plane.
0.4R = 0.4 ⇥ 4 = 1.6 kg wt
19 D ṙ(t) = 2ti + 3j Thus, the least force that will cause
) r(t) = t2 i + 3tj + c the block to move is 1.6 kg wt.
r(0) = 3i + j 24 D The force diagram given can be

) c = 3i + j redrawn using the triangle of forces
as shown below.
) r(t) = (t2 + 3)i + (3t + 1)j
X
20 A F = ma
|3i + 4j| = 5a
p
25 = 5a
) a = 1 m/s2
21 E F1 + F2 + F3 = 0
As 52 = 32 + 42
F3 = F1 F2 The triangle must be a right-angled
= ( 3, 2, 1) triangle. Therefore, the angle ✓ is
90 .
+ ( 1, 2, 0)
= ( 4, 0, 1)
) F3 = 4i k
8
! p
25 E 3 3 3
The sum = +2 i+ j
2 2
p
1 3 3
= i+ j
2 2
p
3 3
tan ✓ = 2
q 1
5a =(0.3g)2 + (0.4g)2 2
p
r ) tan ✓ = 3 3
g2 p
=
4 3 3
=
g tan ✓ = 2
2 1
g 2
) a= = 0.98 m/s2
10 29 D
X μ
26 C F = ma
) 5 = 8a
5
) a= m/s2 θ
8
27 E Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
N = mg cos ✓
Forces acting parallel to the plane:
mg sin ✓ µN
) mg sin ✓ µmg cos ✓
) mg(sin ✓ µ cos ✓)
Therefore, the magnitude of all
the forces acting on the particle is
mg(sin ✓ µ cos ✓)
Using the cosine rule,
R2 = 58 42 cos 130 30 D For the 5 kg mass:
5g T = 5a 1
= 58 + 42 cos 50
For the 3 kg mass:
28 C The vector of magnitude 3 N in T 3g = 3a 2
component form is: 1 + 2:
3 cos 120 i + 3 sin 120 j 2g = 8a
The vector of magnitude 2 N in g
) a = m/s2
component form is: 4
2 cos 0 i + 2 sin 0 j
9
31 A 33 D r(t) = (t2 2t)(i 2j + 2k)
Particle initially begins at the origin.
Particle is at rest when
ṙ(t) = 0
ṙ(t) = (2t 2)(i 2j + 2k) = 0
θ
r(t) = 0 when t = 1
For the 3kg mass: T = 3 Thus, the particle begins at the origin
For the 4 kg mass: and after 1 second is instantaneously
4 sin ✓ T = 0 at rest at the point ( 1, 2, 2). After
a further second the particle returns
) 4 sin ✓ = 3
to the origin. Therefore, the distance
3
) sin ✓ = travelled by the particle in the first
4
two seconds is equal to twice the
) ✓ = 48.6 distance covered in the first second.
(correct to one decimal place) Distance travelled
12 = 2 ⇥ |r(1) r(0)|
32 C r(t) = 4ti t j
3 = 2|r(1)| since r(0) = 0
Average velocity in the third p
= 2 ⇥ ( 1)2 + 22 + ( 2)2
second is
=2⇥3
= r(3) r(2)
! =6m
4
= (12i 3j) 12i j !
3 1
34 C r(t) = t3 2
4t + 15t i
5 3
= 4i j !
3 3 15 2
+ t t j
Average speed in the third 2
second is ṙ(t) = (t2 8t 15)i + (3t2 15t)j
= |r(3) r(2)| r̈(t) = (2t 8)i + (3t 15)j
r
25 Instantaneously at rest when ṙ(t) = 0
= 16 + t2 8t + 15 = 0 and 3t2 15t = 0
9
r
169 (t 5)(t 3) = 0 and 3t(t 5) = 0
=
9 t = 3 or 5 and t = 0 or 5
13
= ) t=5
3 Therefore, the particle is
1
= 4 m/s instantaneously at rest when
3
t = 5.
r̈(5) = 2i + 15j
10
35 E r(t) = (3t3 t)i + (2t2 + 1)j + 5k 38 D Redrawing the given situation using
ṙ(t) = (9t2 t)i + 4tj + 5k triangle of forces we have
r̈(t) = 18ti + 4j
!
1
r̈ = 9i + 4j2
2
!
1 p p
r̈ = 81 + 16 = 16
2
36 E
ṙ(t) = sin ti + cos 2tj Using the sine rule
1 T2 T1
) r(t) = cos ti + sin 2tj + c =
2 sin 40 sin 50
r(0) = 6i 4j ) T 2 sin 50 = T 1 sin 40
) c = 7i 4j ) T 2 sin(90 40) = T 1 sin(90 50)

! ) T 2 cos 40 = T 1 cos 50
1
) r(t) = (7 cos t)i + sin 2t 4 j Using the trigonometric ratios for
2
the 50 angle sin 50 = T 1 and
37 D r̈(t) = i j cos 50 = T 2
Therefore, response D is not true.
) ṙ(t) = ti tj + c
ṙ(0) = 3j 39 C Using P = mv
) c = 3j (30, 15, 10) = 5v
) ṙ(t) = ti (3 t)j ) v = (6, 3, 2)
! p
12 12 |v| = 62 + ( 3)2 + 22
r(t) = t i + 3t + t j + d p
2 2
= 49
r(0) = 2i
= 7 m/s
) d = 2i
! !
12 12
) r(t) = 2 + t i + 3t t j
2 2
!
12 t
= 2+ t i+ (6 t)j
2 2
11
displacement
1 a average velocity =
time taken
r1 (0) = 2j
r1 (10) = 20i 102j
displacement = r1 (10) r1 (0)
= 20i 102j + 2j
= 20i 100j
) average velocity = (20i 100j) ÷ 10
= 2i 10j
b ṙ1 (t) = 2i 2tj
c When t = 3, ṙ1 (t) = 2i 6j

= 2(i 3j)
i.e., direction is determined by the vector i 3j
p
d speed = 4 + 4t2
Speed is minimum when 4 + 4t2 is a minimum.
Minimum when t = 0.
displacement
e average velocity =
time
= 2i 10j
When 2i 2tj = 2i 10j
i.e., when t = 5,
the velocity is equal to the average velocity.
f if the particles are coincident,

(t3 4)i 3tj = 2ti (t2 + 2)j
i.e. t3 4 = 2t and 3t = t2 2
) t3 2t 4=0 and t2 3t + 2 = 0
) (t 2)(t2 + 2t + 2) = 0 and (t 1)(t 2) = 0
) t = 2 is a solution.
Note: t = 1 is not a solution of t2 + 2t + 2 = 0.
12
2 a Considering the 2m particle:
T = 2mg 1
Considering the m particle, resolving || to the plane: μ
T µR mg sin ↵ = 0 2 α
Resolving ? to plane: R = mg cos ↵ 3

Substitute from 3 and 1 in 2
2mg µmg cos ↵ mg sin ↵ = 0
) 2 µ cos ↵ sin ↵ = 0
sin ↵ 2
) µ=
cos ↵
2 sin ↵
=
cos ↵
b i For the 5m particle:
5mg T = 5ma 1
For the m particle: μ
T µR mg sin ↵ = ma 2 α
) R = mg cos ↵ 3
2 sin ↵
Now µ = (from a)
cos ↵
From 1 T = 5mg 5ma
Substituting in 2
!
2 sin ↵
5mg 5ma mg cos ↵ mg sin ↵ = ma
cos ↵
) 6ma = 5mg (2 sin ↵)mg mg sin ↵
) 6ma = 3mg
g
) a=
2
g
The acceleration of the particles is .
2
13
1
ii Using s = ut + at2
2
1 g
2 = ⇥ t2
2 2
8
) = t2
g
s
8
) =t
g
) t ⇡ 0.9035
The particle takes 0.9035 seconds to go 2 m up the slope.
3 r̈(t) = 16(cos 4ti + sin 4tj)
a ṙ(t) = 4(sin 4ti + cos 4tj) + c

When t = 0, ṙ(0) = 4j,
) 4j = 4j + c
) c=0
) ṙ(t) = sin 4ti + cos 4tj
) r(t) = cos 4ti + sin 4tj + d
Now r(0) = j,
) j=i+d
) j i=d
) r(t) = (cos 4t 1)i + (sin 4t + 1) j
b x = cos 4t 1 and y = sin 4t + 1

x + 1 = cos t y 1 = sin 34t
2 2
) (x + 1) + (y 1) = 1
Position vector of the centre is i + j
c r̈.ṙ = 0
Therefore, r̈ is perpendicular to ṙ, i.e., acceleration is always perpendicular to
velocity.
! !
t t
4 r = 18 cos i + 13.5 sin j
3 3
14
! !
t t
a When 18i = r, 18i = 18 cos i + 13.5 sin j
3 3
!
t
) 18 = 18 cos
3
!
t
) cos =1
3
t
) = 0, 2⇡, 4⇡, . . .
3
) t = 0, 6⇡, 12⇡, . . .
The skater takes 6⇡ seconds to go around the rink once.
! !
t t
b i ṙ = 6 sin i + 4.5 cos j
3 3
! !
2⇡ 2⇡
When t = 2⇡, ṙ = 6 sin i + 4.5 cos j
3 3
p ! !
3 9 1
= 6 i+ ⇥ j
2 2 2
p 9
) for t = 2⇡, velocity = 3 3i j
4
! !
t t
ii r̈ = 2 cos i 1.5 sin j
3 3
! !
2⇡ 2⇡
When t = 2⇡, r̈(2⇡) = 2 cos i 1.5 sin j
3 3
p
3 3
=i j
4
s ! !
2 t 81 t
c i speed = 36 sin + cos2
3 4 3
s ! !!
2 t 81 2 t
= 36 sin + 1 sin
3 4 3
s !
81 144 81 2 t
= + sin
4 4 3
s !
1 2 t
= 81 + 63 sin
2 3
s !
3 2 t
= 9 + 7 sin
2 3
15
! !
t
2 3
ii Maximum when sin = 1, maximum = ⇥ 4 = 6 .
3 2
!
t
i.e., when sin = ±1
3
t ⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡
= , , ,...
3 2 2 2
3⇡ 9⇡ 15⇡
i.e. t = , , ,...
2 2 2
!
⇡
= 3 + n⇡ , n 2 N [ {0}
2
!
⇡
The skater’s speed is greatest when t = 3 + n⇡ , n 2 N [ {0}.
2
! !
t t
d r̈ = 2 cos i + 1.5 sin j
3 3
1
= r
9
s ! !
t 9 2 t
acceleration magnitude = 4 cos2 + sin
3 4 3
s !! !
2 t 9 2 t
= 4 1 sin + sin
3 4 3
s !
7 2 t
= 4 sin
4 3
!
t
) acceleration is a maximum when sin =0
3
which implies t = 0, 3⇡, 6⇡, . . .
t = 3n⇡, n 2 N [ {0}
5 a For the 3 kilogram block:

3g sin ↵ µR1 T = 3 ẍ (parallel to plane) μ
μ
and R1 = 3g cos ↵ (? to plane)
°−α α
) 3g sin ↵ µ3g cos ↵ T = 3 ẍ

For the 2 kilogram block,
16
T 2g cos ↵ µR2 = 2 ẍ (parallel to plane)
and R2 = 2g sin ↵ (? to plane)
) T 2g cos ↵ 2µg sin ↵ = 2 ẍ
For the case when ẍ = 0
3g sin ↵ 3µg cos ↵ T =0 1
and T 2g cos ↵ 2µg sin ↵ = 0 2
From 1 T = 3g sin ↵ 3µg cos ↵

Substitute in 2 3g sin ↵ 3µg cos ↵ (2g cos ↵ + 2µg sin ↵) = 0
) 3g sin ↵ 2g cos ↵ = µ(3g cos ↵ + 2g sin ↵)
3g sin ↵ 2g cos ↵
i.e. µ =
3g cos ↵ + 2g sin ↵
4 4 3
As tan ↵ = , sin ↵ = and cos ↵ = ,
3 5 5
4 3
3g ⇥ 2g ⇥
µ= 5 5
3 4
3g ⇥ + 2g ⇥
5 5
12g 6g
=
9g + 8g
6
=
17
b The equations are:
10g cos ↵ µR2 T = 10 ẍ
μ
° μ
where R2 = 10g sin ↵
°−α α
i.e. 10g cos ↵ 10µg sin ↵ T = 10 ẍ 1
and T µR1 3g sin ↵ = 3 ẍ

where R1 = 3g cos ↵
i.e. T 3µg cos ↵ 3g sin ↵ = 3 ẍ 2
Add 1 and 2
10g cos ↵ 10µg sin ↵ 3µg cos ↵ 3g sin ↵ = 13 ẍ
3 4 6
As cos ↵ = , sin ↵ = and µ = ,
5 5 17
ẍ = 0.1064 m/s 2 Substitute in 1 to find T = 30.065N
17
6 a i ṙ1 (t) = 3 cos 2ti + 4 sin 2tj
3
r1 (t) = sin 2ti 2 cos 2tj + c
2
As r1 (0) = 2j, c = 0
3
) r1 (t) = sin 2ti 2 cos 2tj
2
ii r̈1 (t) = 6 sin 2ti + 8 cos 2tj
iii If displacement and velocity vectors are perpendicular

r1 . ṙ1 = 0 implies
!
3
sin 2ti 2 cos 2tj .(3 cos 2ti + 4 sin 2tj) = 0
2
9
) sin 2t cos 2t 8 cos 2t sin 2t = 0
2
7
sin 2t cos 2t = 0
)
2
) sin 4t = 0
⇡n
) t= , n 2 N [ {0}
4
The displacement and velocity vectors are perpendicular when
⇡n
t= , n 2 N [ {0}.
4
3
iv x= sin 2t and y = 2 cos 2t
2
2x y
) = sin 2t and = cos 2t
3 2
4x2 y2
) + =1) 16x2 + 9y2 = 36
9 4
18
3
b r1 (t) = sin 2ti 2 cos 2tj
2
3
r2 (t) = sin 2ti + 2 cos 2tj + (a t)k
2
For r1 (t) = r2 (t)
2 cos 2t = 2 cos 2t, since a t=0
) 4 cos 2t = 0
) cos 2t = 0
⇡
) 2t = (2n + 1) , n 2 N [ {0}
2
⇡
) t = (2n + 1) , n 2 N [ {0}
4
⇡
Therefore, a = (2n + 1) , n 2 N [ {0}, for the particles to collide.
4
7 a For particle A, equation of motion is:
T g sin 30 = ẍ 1
For particle B, equation of motion is:
g T = ẍ 2 °
) g g sin 30 = 2 ẍ
1
g = 2 ẍ
2
g
= ẍ
4
g
b From equation 2 g T=
4
3g
) T=
4
c Using v2 = u2 + 2as
1
v2 = 2 ⇥ g ⇥ 1
4
g
=
r 2
g
) v= when particle B hits the ground.
2
d Particle A will first continue to travel up the plane and will come to rest instanta-
neously
19
r
g
0= g sin 30t
2
r
gt g
=
2 2
r
2 g
t=
g 2
s
2
=
g
⇡ 0.903
For the string to become taut A must return to the position where it was when B hit
the ground. With constant acceleration, A will take the same amount of time coming
down.
) time before it becomes taut is 0.903 seconds.
1
8 a where tan ✓ =
2
θ
Consider the triangle

2 1
) cos ✓ = p , sin ✓ = p
5 5 θ
The displacement
p vector in km,
p at time t seconds, is given by.
! !
225 5 225 5
r= cos ✓ ti + sin ✓ tk
3600 3600
p ! p !
225 5 2 225 5 1
= ⇥ p ti + ⇥ p tk
3600 5 3600 5
t
= (2i + k)
16
p
b i V = 720 2 km/h
p
2
= km/s
5
The unit vector velocity is as shown in the diagram.
20
p
2
) V= p (i j)
5 2
= 0.2(i j)
dr2
i.e. = 0.2(i j) −
dt
and r2 = 0.2t(i j) + c
When t = 0, r2 = 1.2i + 3.2j + k
) r2 = 0.2t(i j) 1.2i + 3.2j + k
= (0.2t 1.2)i + (3.2 0.2t)j + k
ii r2 = r1
2t
) 0.2t 1.2 = 1
16
t
and =1 2
16
and 3.2 0.2t = 0 3
When t = 16, LHS of 1 = 2, RHS of 1 =2
) LHS = RHS
LHS of 2 = 1, RHS of 2 =1
) LHS = RHS
LHS of 3 = 0, RHS of 3 =0
) LHS = RHS
Therefore t = 16 is a solution of all three equations.
) collision takes place after 16 seconds.
9 a i Equations of motion:
1.3g T = 1.3 ẍ
T 1.2g = 1.2 ẍ
Adding 0.1g = 2.5 ẍ
0.1g
acceleration, ẍ =
2.5
g
= m/s2
25
21
g
ii 1.3g T = 1.3 ⇥
25
1.3g
) T = 1.3g
25
!
1.3
= 1.3 g
25
156g
= N
125
iii Using V = u + at
g
V =0+ ⇥2
25
2g
= m/s
25
1
and s = ⇥ a ⇥ t2
2
1 g
= ⇥ ⇥4
2 25
2g
= metres
25
2g
The velocity of the 1.2 kg particle after two seconds is m/s and the distance
25
2g
travelled is metres.
25
2g
b i Velocity of the lighter particle after 2 seconds = m/s
25
2g
) combined velocity =
25
The acceleration of the system is recalculated:
2.2g T = 2.2 ẍ
and T 1.3g = 1.3 ẍ
are the equations obtained from Newton’s second law.
Adding gives 0.9g = 3.5 ẍ
0.9g
) ẍ =
3.5
Note that this is the opposite direction to the initial velocity.
22
2g 0.9g
After t seconds, velocity = t⇥
25 3.5
2g t ⇥ 9g
=
25 35
2g 9gt
velocity = 0 implies =
25 35
35 ⇥ 2 14
t= = seconds
9 ⇥ 25 45
14
System is at rest after a further seconds.
45
ii The distance travelled after the lighter particle picks up the 1 kg mass:
!2
2g 14 1 9g 14
s= ⇥ ⇥ ⇥
25 45 2 35 45
28g 14g 14g
= =
1125 1125 1125
2g 14g
) total distance travelled = +
25 1125
90g 14g
= +
1125 1125
104g
= metres
1125
10 a
1
i Using equation of motion s = ut + at2 ,
2
1
when s = 70, 70 = u + a 1
2
) 140 = 2u + a 2
and when s = 130, 130 = 2u + 2a 3
2 3 gives 10 = a
) a = 10 m/s2
and this is consistent with motion in the third second.
ii Retardation is 10 m/s2 .
From equation 1 70 = u 5
) 75 = u
) displacement s = (75t 5t2 ) m
23
b Using v2 = u2 + 2as
when v = 0, 0 = 752 2 ⇥ 10 ⇥ s
752
) s=
20
= 281.25
i.e. AB = 281.25 m
1
c i When t = 1 ,
2 !2
3 1 3
first particle’s displacement from A = 75 ⇥ ⇥ 10 ⇥
2 2 2
225 90
=
2 8
405
=
4
= 101.25 m
Therefore, the first particle is (281.25–101.25) metres from B, i.e., 180 metres
from B.
) BC = 180 m
ii For the second particle’s motion:

!2
3 1 3
180 = 75 ⇥ + ⇥ a ⇥
2 2 2
9
) 67.5 = a
8
) a = 60 m/s2
11 a i hj, for 0i + 0j at the foot of the cli↵.
ii initial velocity = V cos ↵i + V sin ↵j
b i a = gj v = gtj + c
but v = V cos ↵i + V sin ↵j when t = 0
) v = V cos ↵i + (V sin ↵ gt)j
!
1 2
ii x = (V cos ↵)ti + h + V(sin ↵)t gt j is the position vector.
2
24
c Highest point is reached when the velocity j component is 0,
i.e. V sin ↵ gt = 0
V sin ↵
) t=
g
d When it hits the sea, the position vector j component is equal to zero.
1 2
i.e. h + V(sin ↵)t gt = 0
2
1
) gt2 V(sin ↵)t h = 0
2
q
V sin ↵ + V 2 sin2 ↵ + 2gh
i.e. t = as t 0
g
12 a For r(t) = (t 1)i + (t2 1)j

Let x = t 1 and y = t2 1
Then t = x + 1 and y = (x + 1)2 1
= x2 + 2x
t 2t
b r(t) = (e 1)i + (e 1)j
t 2t
Let x = e 1 and y = e 1
Then e t = x + 1 and y = (x + 1)2 1
= x2 + 2x
c i r1 (0) = i j
and r2 (0) = 0i + 0j
ii r01 (t) = i + 2tj

and r02 (t) = e t i 2e 2t
iii r1 (t) = r2 (t)

(t 1)i + (t2 1)j = (e t 1)i + (e 2t 1)j
For collision
t 1 = e t 1 and t2 1 = e 2t 1
By trial and error, t = 0.57,
) r1 (0.57) = 0.43i 0.68j
and r2 (0.57) = 0.43i 0.68j
25
13 a i 1000g + 80g T = 1080
) T = 1080g 1080
= 9504 N
ii Considering the man on the floor

80g R = 80
) R = 80g 80
= 704 N
b Take the position of the hand of the man as the coin is released as the origin.
Consider the motion of the coin. It may be assumed that initial velocity is 0.
ẍc = g
ẋc = gt + c
but when t = 0, ẋc = 0
) ẋc = gt
gt2
and xc = +d
2
when t = 0, x = 0 and ) d=0
gt2
i.e. xc =
2
For the floor of the lift, ẍL = 1
ẋL = t
t2
xL = +c
2
when t = 0, xL = 2
t2
and ) xL = 2
2
26
When the coin hits the floor,
x L = xc
t2 gt2
) 2=
2 2
2 2
gt t
=2
2 2
t2
(g 1) = 2
2
4
t2 =
g 1
i.e. t ⇡ 0.6742
It takes 0.6742 seconds to hit the ground.
c Assume each person weighs 80 kg.

Then total weight = 80ng + 1000g
where n is the number of people.
Newton’s second law gives
T (80ng + 1000g) = (80n + 1000) ⇥ 1
i.e. T = 80ng + 1000g + 80n + 1000
= (80n + 1000)(g + 1)
For T = 20 000,
20 000 = (80n + 1000)(10.8)
1851.852 1000 = 80n
851.852 = 80n
10 ⇡ n
The lift can carry a maximum of 10 passengers.
14 r1 = Vti and r2 = 2V(t t0 )j
a i When t = 0,
r1 = 0 and r2 = 2Vt0 j
i.e., train 1 is at O at time t = 0
T 1 goes through O first. −
ii Train 2 goes through O when
27
r2 = 0
i.e. 2V(t t0 ) = 0
) t = t0
Train 2 goes through O, t0 units of time after train 1.
p
b i distance apart = V 2 t2 + 4V 2 (t t0 )2
Let x = V 2 t2 + 4V 2 (t t0 )2
dx
then = 0 implies
dt
2tV 2 + 8V 2 (t t0 ) = 0
2t + 8t 8t0 = 0
) 10t = 8t0
4
t = t0
5
and this is a minimum because V 2 t2 + 4V 2 (t t0 )2 is a quadratic with positive
coefficient of t2 .
s
!2 !2
4 4
ii distance apart, x = V 2 t0 + 4V 2 t0 t0
5 5
s
16 2 2 4t02 V 2
= t V +
25 0 25
s
20t02 V 2
=
25
p p
2t0 V 5 2 5
= = t0 V
5 5 p
2 5
i.e., the minimum distance between the trains is t0 V units.
5
4
iii When t = t0
5
4
r1 = t0 Vi
5
!
4
and r2 = 2V t0 t0 j
5
2
= Vt0 j
5
28
15 a F µR = m ẍ
1
) ẍ = (F µmg) μ
m
!
1
d V2
2 1
= (F µmg)
dx m
1 2 1
V = (F µmg)x + c
2 m
When x = 0, V = 0
) c=0
2
) V2 = (F µmg)x
m
r
2
) at collision, V = (F µmg)d
m
i.e., the
r first particle hits the second with a velocity of
2
V= (F µmg)d
m
b i retardation: µ3mg = 3m ẍ
) ẍ = µg
i.e., the retardation is µg.
ii Byrthe conservation of momentum

2
m (F µmg)d = 3mV
m
where V isrthe velocity of the two particles moving together
1 2
) V= (F µmg)d
3 m
29
!
1 2
d V
2
c = µg
dx
1 2
V = µgx + c
2
r
1 2
When x = 0, V = (F µmg)d
3 m
!
1 1 2
) ⇥ (F µmg)d = c
2 9 m
!
2 1 2
) V = 2µgx + (F µmg)d
9 m
When x = d, V = 0
2
) 0 = 2µgd + (F µmg)d
9m
2
2µgd = (F µmg)d
9m
9mµg = F µmg
) F = 10mgµ
16 a i r(0) = 0i + 0j
p
ii ṙ(t) = 10i + (10 3 9.8t)j
p
When t = 0, ṙ(0) = 10i + 10 3j
p
) |ṙ(0)| = 100 + 300 = 20
Direction given by ✓ where
p
10 3 p
tan ✓ = = 3
10
i.e. ✓ = 60 (60 to the horizontal).
iii r̈(t) = 9.8j

x
b i time taken =
10
! !
x x p x
ii position vector, r = xi + 10 3 4.9 ⇥ j
10 10 10
p
= xi + (x 3 0.049x2 )j
30
x
iii velocity when t =
10
! !
x p 9.8x
ṙ = 10i + 10 3 j
10 10
p
= 10i + (10 3 0.98x)j
p
iv velocity, ṙ(t) = 0.8 ⇥ 10i + (10 3 0.98x)j
p
= 8i + (10 3 0.98x)j
c i r̈(t1 ) = 9.8j
) ṙ(t1 ) = 9.8t1 j + c
p
When t1 = 0, ṙ(0) = 8i + (10 3 0.98x)j
p
) ṙ(t1 ) = 9.8t1 j + 8i + (10 3 0.98x)j
p
= 8i + (10 3 0.98x 9.8t1 )j
p
ii r(t1 ) = 8t1 i + (10 3 t1 0.98xt1 4.9t12 )j + c
p
When t1 = 0, r(t1 ) = xi + (x 3 0.049x2 )j
p p
) r(t1 ) = (x 8t1 )i + (x 3 0.049x2 + 10 3 t1 0.98xt1 4.9t12 )j
31
d It hits the ground
p when the j component
p is zero,
i.e., when x 3 0.049x + 10 3t1 0.98xt1 4.9t12 = 0
2
p p
) 4.9t12 + (0.98x 10 3)t1 + 0.049x2 x 3 = 0
p q p p
10 3 0.98x ± (0.98x 10 3)2 4(0.049x2 x 3)4.9
) t1 =
9.8
p q p p
10 3 0.98x ± 0.9604x2 19.6 3x + 300 0.9604x2 + 19.6x 3
=
9.8
p p
10 3 0.98x ± 300
=
9.8
p p
10 3 0.98x ± 10 3
=
9.8
p
20 3 0.98x
) t1 = , since t1 > 0
9.8
e It will hit the same position if the i component is 0
) x = 8t1
p !
20 3 0.98x
i.e. x = 8
9.8
p
) 9.8x + 7.84x = 160 3
p
) 17.64x = 160 3
p
160 3
) x=
17.64
⇡ 15.71 metres
17 a r(0) = 5i
b i r(t1 ) = (5 3t1 )i + 2t1 j + t1 k

r(t2 ) = (5 3t2 )i + 2t2 j + t2 k
ii r(t2 ) r(t1 ) = 3(t1 t2 )i + 2(t2 t1 )j + (t2 t1 )k

= (t2 t1 )( 3i + 2j + k)
c The displacement between r(t1 ) and r(t2 ) is a scalar multiple of 3i + 2j + k.
32
p
d i i( 3i + 2j + k) = 3 = 14 cos ✓
3
) cos ✓ = p
14
!
1 3
) ✓ = cos p = 143.30
14
) the acute angle is 36.70 .
ii When t = 6, −
r(6) = 13i + 12j + 6k

When t = 0,
now r(0) = 5i
Shortest distance = 18 tan 36.7 km
= 13.42 km
18 a r1 (t) = (2 t)i + (2t + 1)j

x=2 t y = 2t + 1
) t=2 x and y = 2(2 x) + 1
=4 2x + 1
=5 2x, x  2 as 2 t  2 for t 0
b i r1 (t) = 2i + j + t( i + 2j)
= a + tb
ii When t = 0, r1 (0) = a
and b is a vector parallel to the path of the particle, i.e., representing the velocity
of the particle.
c i r1 (t) = r2 (t)
(2 t)i + (2t + 1)j = c + t(2i + j) when t = 5
i.e. 3i + 11j = c + 10i + 5j
) c = 13i + 6j
ii |a c| = | 13i + 6j (2i + j)|

= | 15i + 5j|
p
= 250
p
Distance = 5 10 metres
33
19 a r1 (1) = 13i + j + 5k
b r1 (t) = 16i + 3k + t( 3i + j + 2k)

r2 (t) = 3i + j + 11k + t(2i + j k)
1
Unit vector parallel to path of first plane = p ( 3i + j + 2k)
14
1
and, to the second = p (2i + j k)
6
p p
c ( 3i + j + 2k).(2i + j k) = 14 6 cos ✓
p p
6 + 1 2 = 14 6 cos ✓
7
p = cos ✓
14 ⇥ 6
) acute angle magnitude is 40.20 .
d Paths cross (note: planes do not meet) since r1 (t) , r2 (t) for any t.
Now r1 (t) = r2 (s)
16 3t = 3 + 2s 1
t =1+s 2
3 + 2t = 11 s 3
Substitute 2 into 1
16 3(1 + s) = 3 + 2s
16 3 3s = 3 + 2s
13 3 = 5s
) s = 2 and t = 3.
Check in 3
LHS = 3 + 6 = 9, RHS = 11 2=9
) paths cross at 7i + 3j + 9k
e r2 (t) r1 (t) = (16 3t 3 2t)i + (t 1 t)j + (3 + 2t 11 + t)k

= (13 5t)i j + (3t 8)k
34
p
f distance = (13 5t)2 + 1 + (3t 8)2 km
minimum when 10(13 5t) + 6(3t 8) = 0
) 130 + 50t + 18t 48 = 0
) 178 + 68t = 0
89
) t=
34
p
1190
) minimum distance = km
34
1 1
20 a The displacement vector = 6 ⇥ (4i + 3j) where (4i + 3j) is the unit vector in the
5 5
direction of 4i + 3j.
6
b i r(1) = 7i + 2j + (4i + 3j)
5
1
= (( 35 + 24)i + (10 + 18)j)
5
1
= ( 11i + 28j)
5
12
ii r(2) = 7i + 2j + (4i + 3j)
5
1
= (( 35 + 48)i + (10 + 36)j)
5
1
= (13i + 46j)
5
6t
iii r(t) = 7i + 2j + (4i + 3j)
5
c i b(t) = (7t 4)i + (9t 1)j
The paths of the hiker and the cyclist cross when r(t) = b(s) for t, s 2 R+ .
6t
7i + 2j + (4i + 3j) = (7s 4)i + (9s 1)j
5
! !
24t 18t
) 7 i+ + 2 j = (7s 4)i + (9s 1)j
5 5
35
24t
7 = 7s 4 .
5
) 24t = 35s + 15 1
18t
and + 2 = 9s 1
5
) 18t = 45s 15
45s 15
) t=
18
15s 5
) t= 2
6
Substituting 2 into 1 gives
15s 5
24 ⇥ = 35s + 15
6
) 60s 20 = 35s + 15
) 25s = 35
7
) s=
5
! !
7 7
) b(s) = 7 ⇥ 4 i+ 9⇥ 1 j
5 5
29 58
= i+ j
5 5
i.e., the hiker meets the road at the point defined by the position vector
29 58
r(t) = j + j.
5 5
!
7
ii t = 35 ⇥ + 15 ÷ 24
5
64 8
) t= =
24 3
2
The hiker takes 2 hours to reach the road.
3
!
6t
iii b(t) r(t) = (7t 4)i + (9t 1)j 7i + 2j + (4i + 3j)
5
1
= ((35t 20 + 35 24t)i + (45t 5 10 18t)j)
5
1
= ((15 + 11t)i + (27t 15)j)
5
d = |b(t) r(t)|
1p
= (15 + 11t)2 + (27t 15)2
5
36
iv Minimum when d2 is a minimum.
Consider the derivative of d2 with respect to t and equate it to zero.
22(15 + 11t) + 54(27t 15) = 0
1700t 480 = 0
24
t=
s 85
!2 !2
24 1 24 24
when t = , d = 15 + 11 ⇥ + 27 ⇥ 15
85 5 85 85
Shortest distance is 3.91 km.
37
Chapter 15 – Linear combinations of random
variables and distribution of sample means
Z 0.5 ✓ ⇡x ◆
1 a C = 450 + 0.5X ⇡
4 a Pr(X < 0.5) = cos dx
0 4 4
b ⇡ ✓ ⇡x ◆ 0.5
c 950 1200 1450 1700 1950 2450
= sin
4 4 0
⇡
Pr(C = c) 0.05 0.15 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.05 = sin
8
c Pr(C > 2000) = 0.05 = 0.3827
b Pr(Y > 2) = Pr(3X 1 > 2)

2 a W = 2.5X 5 = Pr(X > 1)
 ⇡x 2
= sin
w -5 2.5 0 2.5 4 1
b
1 3 3 1 = 0.2929
Pr(W = w)
8 8 8 8
Z
1 2.5
x+2
c Pr(W > 2) = 5 a Pr(X < 2.5) = dx
8 0 16
1  x2 0.5
Z 0.3 = + 2x
16 2 0
3 a Pr(X < 0.3) = 3x2 dx
0 = 0.5078
 0.3
= x3
0 b Pr(Y > 2) = Pr(4X + 2 > 2)
3
= (0.3) = Pr(X > 0)
= 0.027 = 0.5
b Y = X+1
Pr(Y  1.5) = Pr(X  0.5) 6 a Y = 3X + 2
Z 0.5 E(X) = 3 ⇥ 25 + 2 = 77
= 3x2 dx Var(X) = 9 ⇥ 9 = 81
0
 0.5 b U = 5 2X
= x3
0 E(U) = 5 2 ⇥ 25 = 45
= 0.125 Var(U) = 4 ⇥ 9 = 36
c V = 4 0.5X
E(V) = 4 0.5 ⇥ 25 = 8.5
1
Var(V) = 0.25 ⇥ 9 = 2.25 10
Pr(X1 + X2 > 3)
Z 0 Z 1 = Pr(X1 = 1, X2 = 3) + Pr(X1 = 1, X2 = 4) + . . .
7 a E(X) = 0.2x dx + 0.2x + 1.2x2 dx
1 0 = 0.45
 0  1
2 2 3
= 0.1x + 0.1x + 0.4x
1 0
= 0.4 1 2 3 4 5
11 a E(X1 ) = + + + + =3
5 5 5 5 5
Z 0 Z 1
2 2
b E(X ) = 0.2x dx + 0.2x2 + 1.2x3 dx 1 4 9 16 25
1 0 b E(X12 ) = + + + + = 11
 0.2x3 0  0.2x3 1 5 5 5 5 5
= + + 0.3x4 Var(X1 ) = 11 32 = 2
3 1 3 0
= 0.4333 . . . c E(X1 X2 ) = E(X1 ) E(X2 ) = 0

1.3 2
Var(X) = (0.4) = 0.2733
3 d E(X1 X2 ) = E(X1 ) + E(X2 ) = 4
8 a
S 3 4 5 6 7 12 a E(2X1 + 3) = 2 ⇥ 18 + 3 = 39
1 1 7 2 1 b Var(2X1 + 3) = 4 ⇥ 4 = 16
Pr(S = s)
6 9 18 9 9
c E(X1 + X2 ) = 18 + 18 = 36
b 5
2 d Var(2X1 ) = 4Var(X1 ) = 16
c
3
e Var(X1 + X2 ) =Var(X1 )+Var(X2 ) = 8
9 a
Pr(X1 X2 = 0) 13 E(X + Y) = 17 + 32 = 49 minutes
p
= Pr(X1 = 1, X2 = 1) + Pr(X1 = 2, X2 = 2) + . . . sd(X
p + Y) = (VarX + VarY =
1 1 2 2
(4.9 + 7 ) = 8.5446 minutes
=6⇥ ⇥
6 6
1
=
6 14 E(C + M) = 50 + 145 = 195 mL
p
sd(X + Y) = (VarC + VarM =
b Pr(X1 + 3X2 = 6) p
(25 + 100) = 11.1803 mL
= Pr(X1 = 3, X2 = 1)
1 1
= ⇥
6 6 15 T = 3B + 2A
1 E(T ) = 3 ⇥ 750 + 2 ⇥ 1000 = 4250 grams
=
36 p
sd(T ) = (9 ⇥ 25 + 4 ⇥ 50) =
20.6155 grams
2
1 E(P + C) = 12
p + 14 = 26 E(X Y) = 0p
sd(P + C) = (62 + 82 ) = 10 sd(X Y) = (2 ⇥ 30002 ) = 4242.64
Pr(X > 30) = 0.3446 Pr(X Y < 7500) + Pr(X Y > 7500) = 0.0771
2 E(A + B) = 5 + 8 = 13 6 µ = 82, = 9
p p
Try 8 people: µ = 8 ⇥ 82 = 656, = (881) =
sd(A + B) = (0.0025 + 0.04) = 0.2062
25.4558
Pr(X > 13.4) = 0.0262 Pr(weight < 680) = 0.8271
p
Try 7 people: µ = 7 ⇥ 82 = 574, = (781) =
23.8118
3 Pr(M > E) = Pr(M E > 0)
Pr(weight < 680) = 0.9999 . . .
E(M E) = 63 68 = 5
p Answer: 7 people
sd(M E) = (100 + 49) = 12.2066
Pr(M > E) = 0.3410
7 µ20 = 140, 20 = 2.236
Pr(total > 145) = 0.0127
4 Pr(A > B) = Pr(A B > 0)
E(A B) = 0.425 0.428 = 0.003
p 8 a µ3 = 900, 3 = 17.3205
sd(A B) = (0.0001 + 0.0004) Pr(total > 1000) = 0.0019
= 0.02236
Pr(A > B) = 0.4466 b µ = 1200, 4 = 20
Pr(total > 1250) = 0.0062
5 Let X represent student 1, and Y p

9 µ = 10 12 = 2, = (9 + 16) = 5
represent student 2.
Pr(X Y < 0) = 0.6554
3
1 Answers will vary. 2 Answers will vary.
4
1 a Pr(X > 80) = 0.0478 16
6 E(X̄) = 266, sd(X̄) = p
7
6 Pr(X̄ > 280) = 0.0103
b E(X̄) = 70, sd(X̄) = p = 4.2426
2
Pr(X̄ > 80) = 0.0092
6000
7 E(X̄) = 32500, sd(X̄) = p
c Much less likely that the mean will be 10
this large. Pr(X̄ < 28000) = 0.0089
8 15
2 E(X̄) = 74, sd(X̄) = p = 4.6188 8 E(X̄) = 100, sd(X̄) = =3
5
3 Pr(X̄ > 105) = 0.0478
0.003 0.03
3 E(X̄) = 25.025, sd(X̄) = p = 0.0013 9 E(X̄) = 1, sd(X̄) = p
5 20
Pr(X̄ < 0.98) = 0.0014
4 a Pr(X > 120) = 0.0912
0.05
15 10 E(X̄) = 10, sd(X̄) = p
b E(X̄) = 100, sd(X̄) = p 50
3 Pr(X̄ > 10.1) = 0.0786
Pr(X̄ > 120) = 0.0105
c Much less likely that the mean will be 11 Pr(sum of 20 customers < 60)
this large. = Pr(X̄ < 60/30)
= Pr(X̄ < 3)
1
5 a Answers will vary E(X̄) = 3.5, sd(X̄) = p
20
0.01 Pr(X̄ < 3) = 0.0127
b E(X̄) = 1, sd(X̄) = p = 0.002
25
5
Z 10.1 Z 1
4 2
1 a Pr(X > 10.1) = 5 dx b E(X) = x (5 x2 ) dx
10.0 0 9
 10.1
= 0.65185
= 5x
10.0 Z 1
2 4 3
= 0.5 E(X ) = x (5 x2 ) dx
0 9
b E(X) = 10.1 = 0.48148

Z 10.2 Var(X) = 0.05637,
2
E(X ) = 5x dx
10.0 sd(X) = 0.2378
 10.1
= 5 ⇥ x2/3 Pr(X̄ > 0.5) = 0.9998
10.0
= 102.0133
5 E(X) = 8, E(X 2 ) = 65.8p
Var(X) = 102.0133 10.12
Var(X) = 1.8, sd(X)r= 1.8
= 0.0033 1.8
E(X̄) = 8, sd(X̄) =
sd(X) = 0.0577 40
Pr(X̄ < 7.5) = 0.0092
E(X̄) = 10.1,
0.0577
sd(X̄) = p 6 p = 0.55, n = 100
3 E(X) = 100 ⇥ 0.55
Pr(X̄ > 10.12) = 0.0288
= 55,
Var(X) = 100 ⇥ 0.55 ⇥ 0.45
2 E(X̄) = 3.2,
1.6 = 24.75,
sd(X̄) = p p
52 sd(X) = 24.75
Pr(X̄) < 2.5) = 0.0008
Pr(X > 50) = 0.8426
3 E(X̄) = 1200,
200 7 p = 0.15, n = 1000 E(X) = 150,
sd(X̄) = p
64 Var(X) = 1000 ⇥ 0.15 ⇥ 0.85 = 127.5
Pr(X̄) < 1150) = 0.0228 Pr(X > 200) = 0.000005
4 a Pr(X > 0.5) = 0.7292 8 a Pr(0.85 < X < 1.10) = 0.7745
b E(X) = 154.91, sd(X) = 5.910

Pr(140 < X < 160) = 0.7996
6
1 X̄ = 7.4, = 1.8, n = 40 10 X̄ = 38.59, = 10, n = 22
CI = (6.84, 7.96) CI = (35.32, 43.68)
2 X̄ = 32.6667, = 15, n = 24 11 X̄ = 3.286, = 0.4, n = 30

CI = (26.67, 38.67) CI = (3.1435, 3.4298)
✓ 1.96 ◆2
3 X̄ = 14.6, = 1/3, n = 49 12 n = , = 100, m = 20
CI = (14.51, 14.69) m
n = 97
4 a (24.75,26.05) ✓ 1.96 ◆2
13 n = , = 2.0, m = 0.5
m
b X̄ = 25.4, = 2, n = 100 n = 62
CI = (25.008, 25.792)
✓ 1.96 ◆2
c larger sample gives narrower interval 14 n = , = 50, m = 10
m
n = 97
5 X̄ = 71.1, = 6.4, n = 15 ✓ 1.96 ◆2
CI = (67.86, 74.34) 15 n = , = 150, m = 20
m
n = 217
6 X̄ = 130, = 10, n = 50
CI = (127.23, 132.77) ✓ 1.96 ◆2
16 n = , = 15
m
7 X̄ = 4.025, = 3, n = 24 a m = 2, n = 217
CI = (2.825, 5.225)
b m = 1, n = 865
8 X̄ = 29.5, = 10, n = 100 c Increased by a factor of 4

CI = (27.54, 31.46)
17 90% : (30.77, 40.63)
9 X̄ = 24.18, = 4, n = 33 95% : (29.82, 41.58)
CI= (22.82, 25.55) 99% : (27.97, 43.43)
7
2
1 µ = 15, = 25 3 µ = 65, = 7, n = 10
E(X̄) = 65
a Y = 2X + 1 7
sd(X̄) = p
E(Y) = 2E(X) + 1 = 31 10
Var(Y) = 4Var(X) = 100
4 x̄ = 155, = 50, n = 25
b U = 10 3X
E(U) = 10 3E(X) = 35 a 155
Var(U) = 9Var(X) = 225
sd(U) = 15 b 155 ± 19.6
c V = Y + 2U ✓ 1.96 ◆2
= 2X + 1 + 2(10 3X) 5 a n= , = 150, m = 20,
m
n = 225
= 4X + 21
E(V) = 39, Var(V) = 400 b Decrease p
the margin of error by a
factor of 2
Z 1.6
1
2 a Pr(X < 1.6) = 2(1 ) dx
1 x2
 6 This situation is binomial with n = 60
1.6
= 2 x + 1/x and p = 0.95
1
= 0.45 a Expected number = 60 ⇥ 0.95 = 57
b Pr(Y  3.5) = Pr(X  1.75) b Pr(X = 60) = (0.95)60

 1 1.75
=2 x+
x 1
9
=
14
8
1 C T = X1 + X2 + · · · + X100 9 A
E(T ) = 100 ⇥ E(X) = 8000 = 25, n = 100
Var(T ) = 100 ⇥ Var(X) = 1000 1.96
m = p = 7.30
Pr(T > 10000) = 0 n
10 E ✓ 1.96 ◆2
2 E µ = 10, = 1.5
E(T ) = 12 ⇥ 10 = 120 n= ; = 6.7, m = 1.4
p m
sd(T ) = (12 ⇥ 1.52) = 5.196 n = 88
Pr(T > 130) = 0.0271
11 C
3 A Binomial with n = 50 and p = 0.9
µ = 3.6, 2 = 1.44 E(X) = 50 ⇥ 0.9 = 45
Y = 3 4X
12 B An increase in the level of con-
E(Y) = 11.4
fidence will result in a wider
Var(Y) = 16Var(X) = 23.04
confidence interval.
sd(Y) = 4.8
13 A
4 B
554 I True
E(X̄) = 1732, sd(X̄) = = 55.4
10 II false
5 C III false
IV false
6 A Thus only I is true.
7 B 14 C Decreased by a factor of 2
8 D
X̄ = 162, = 84, n = 50
95% CI = ($138.72, $185.28)
9
1 E(X) = 60, sd(X) = 20
a Pr(X < 54) = 0.3807
b Pr(a < X < b) = 0.95

a = 1.96 ⇥ 20 + 60 = 20.8
b = 1.96 ⇥ 20 + 60 = 99.2
20
c i n = 5, E(X̄) = 60, sd(X̄) = p
5
Pr(X̄ < 54) = 0.2512
p
ii E(T ) = 300, sd(T ) = 20 ⇥ 5
Pr(T < 270) = 0.2512
iii Binomial with p = 0.3807, n = 5

Pr(X > 2) = 0.2847
d Pr(c < X̄ < d) = 0.95

20
c = 1.96 ⇥ p + 60 = 42.47
5
20
b = 1.96 ⇥ p + 60 = 77.53
5
10.2 µ
2 Pr(X > 10.2) = 0.05 ) = 1.6449
6.1 µ
Pr(X̄ < 6.1) = 0.025 ) p = 1.9600
/ 7
Solving gives µ = 7.37, = 1.72
3 a E(T x ) = 8000, sd(T x ) = 200 Pr(T x > 8440) = 0.0138
b E(T y ) = 2700, sd(T y ) = 40 Pr(T y > 2800) = 0.0062
c E(T w ) = 800, sd(T w ) = 25 Pr(T w > 860) = 0.0082
d E(T x + T y + T w ) = 11500
p
sd(T x + T y + T w ) = (2002 + 402 + 252) = 205.487
Pr(all > 12000) = 0.0075
4 a µ = 14.5, = 2.4
2.4
i n = 20, sd(X̄) = p
20
10
Pr(12  X̄  15) = 0.8243
2.4
ii n = 50, sd(X̄) = p
50
Pr(12  X̄  15) = 0.9296
b i x̄ = 12.5, n = 20, = 2.4

(11.448, 13.552)
ii x̄ = 13.5, n = 50, = 2.4

(12.835, 14.165)
12.5 ⇥ 20 + 13.5 ⇥ 50
iii x̄ = = 13.21
70
n = 70, = 2.4
(12.648, 13.772)
✓ 1.96 ⇥ 2.4 ◆2
iv n = = 89
0.5
5 a i A: (14.513, 16.087)
ii B: (11.073, 13.127)
iii Yes, industry A seems more satisfied.
b i point estimate = X̄A X̄B = 15.3 12.1 = 3.1
ii Var(X̄A X̄B ) = Var(X̄A ) + Var(X̄B )

2.22 3.12
= +
30 35
sd(X̄A X̄B ) = 0.6602
iii 95% CI for the di↵erence between the means (1.906, 4.494)
iv That is,we are 95% confident that the mean score for Industry A is between 1.9
and 4.5 points higher than the mean score for Industry B
11
Chapter 16 – Hypothesis testing for the mean
1 H0 : µ = 2.4 8 Reject H0 at the 5% level of signifi-
H1 : µ < 2.4 cance. There is good evidence that the
mean is less than 40.
2 H0 : µ = 2.66 H1 : µ > 2.66

9 a H0 : µ = 2.9 H1 : µ > 2.9
3 H0 : µ = 60 b p -value = 0.003
H1 : µ > 60
= 4.50, n = 25, x̄ = 65.80 c Yes, since the p-value is less than
p-value= 0.00002 0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude
that the average monthly weight gain
has increased with the new diet.
4 H0 : µ = 34
H1 : µ < 34
= 8, n = 50, x̄ = 32.5 10 a H0 : µ = 3.6 H1 : µ < 3.6
p-value = 0.0924
b = 1.2, n = 11, x̄ = 2.6
p -value = 0.003
5 a good evidence against H0
c Yes, since the p-value is less than
b insufficient evidence against H0 0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude
that the mean number of residents has
c strong evidence against H0
decreased.
d strong evidence against H0
11 a H0 : µ = 42150 H1 : µ < 42150
e very strong evidence against H0
b = 10, 000, n = 20, x̄ = 39, 500
6 Reject H0 at the 5% level of signifi- p -value = 0.118
cance. There is good evidence that the
c No, since the p-value is greater than
mean is less than 50.
0.05 we can cannot reject H0 and
conclude that the mean income for
7 Do not reject H0 at the 5% level of this town is the same as the rest of the
significance. There is insufficient state.
evidence that the mean is greater than
10.
12 a H0 : µ = 10 H1 : µ < 10
b = 0.5, n = 50, x̄ = 10.2
1004
p -value = 0.002 c Yes, since the p-value is less than
0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude
c Yes, since the p-value is less than that the average service time has
0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude increased.
that the mean tar content of the
cigarettes has decreased.
14 H0 : µ = 20 H1 : µ > 20
= 3, n = 12, x̄ = 23
13 a H0 : µ = 3.5 H1 : µ > 3.5 p -value = 0.0003
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.01
b = 1.5, n = 50, x̄ = 4.0
we can reject H0 and conclude that the
p -value = 0.009
students who sleep 8 hours score higher
on the test.
1005
1 a H0 : µ = 0.5 Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05
H1 : µ , 0.5 we can reject H0 and conclude that the
average hours children watch TV in this
b = 0.04, n = 25, x̄ = 0.52 town has changed.
p -value = 0.012
c Yes, since the p-value is less than 6 H0 : µ = 60 H1 : µ , 60

0.05 we can reject H0 and conclude = 10, n = 30, x̄ = 65
that the mean diameter of the ball p -value = 0.0062
bearings has changed. Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05
we can reject H0 and conclude that the
mean life of batteries has changed after
2 H0 : µ = 2 H1 :µ , 2
the new process.
= 0.02, n = 20, x̄ = 1.99
p -value = 0.025
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05 7 a H0 : µ = 9 H1 : µ , 9
we can reject H0 and conclude that the = 2, n = 20, x̄ = 8.5
average weight of the bags has changed. p -value = 0.2636
No, since the p-value is greater than
0.05 we cannot reject H0 . There is
3 H0 : µ = 40 H1 : µ , 40
insufficient evidence that the mean
= 10, n = 56, x̄ = 43
number of hours children sleep has
p -value = 0.025
changed.
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05
we can reject H0 and conclude that the b (7.6235, 9.3765)
average stay in this hospital is di↵erent
from the others. c Also leads us to not reject H0 since
the hypothesised value (9) is within
the interval.
4 H0 : µ = 484 H1 : µ , 484
= 42, n = 30, x̄ = 456
p -value = 0.0003 8 H0 : µ = 55000 H1 : µ , 55000
Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.01 = 5000, n = 50, x̄ = 53445
we can reject H0 and conclude that
the average number of visitors to the a p -value = 0.0279
museum has changed. Yes, since the p-value is less than
0.05 we reject H0 We can conclude
that theaverage starting salary for
5 H0 : µ = 2 H1 : µ , 2 graduates of this university di↵rs
= 1.2, n = 19, x̄ = 2.85 from the rest of the state.
p -value = 0.0015
1006
b (52059, 54831) hypothesised value (55000) is not
within the interval.
c Leads us to reject H0 since the
1007
1 a Pr(|Z| > 1) = Pr(Z > 1) + Pr(Z < 1) 3
Pr(|X µ| 8.5) = Pr(X  µ 8.5) + Pr(X µ + 8.5)
= 2 Pr(Z < 1)
= Pr(X  39) + Pr(X 56)
= 0.3173
= 0.1841
b Pr(|Z|  0.5) = Pr( 0.5  Z  0.5)
= 2 Pr(Z  0.5) 1 4
= 0.3829 Pr(|X µ| 23) = Pr(X  µ 23) + Pr(X µ + 23)
c = Pr(X  597) + Pr(X 643)

Pr(|Z| 1.75) = Pr(Z 1.75) + Pr(Z  1.75) = 0.2145
= 2 Pr(Z  1.75)
0 p 1
= 0.0801 BB 20 CCC
5 Pr(|X̄ µ| 1) = Pr B@B|Z| CA
5
d Pr(|Z|  2.1) = Pr( 2.1  Z  2.1)
= Pr(|Z| 0.8944)
= 2 Pr(Z  2.1) 1
= 2 Pr(Z  0.8944)
= 0.9643
= 0.3711
e
Pr(|Z| 0.995) = Pr(Z 0.995) + Pr(Z  0.995)
6 a !
= 2 Pr(Z  0.995) |2.52 2.56|
Pr(|X̄ µ| |x0 µ|) = Pr |Z| p
0.09/ 30
= 0.3198
= Pr(|Z| 2.4343)
= 2 Pr(Z  2.4343)
2 Pr(|X µ| 5) = Pr(X  µ 5) + Pr(X µ + 5)
= 0.0149
= Pr(X  0) + Pr(X 10)
b !
= 0.3173 |2.57 2.56|
Pr(|X̄ µ| |x0 µ|) = Pr |Z| p
0.09/ 30
= Pr(|Z| 0.6086)
= 2 Pr(Z  0.6086)
= 0.5428
7 a !
|25 450 27 583|
Pr(|X̄ µ| |x0 µ|) = Pr |Z|
13525/10
= Pr(|Z| 1.5771)
= 2 Pr(Z  1.5771)
= 0.0149
1008
b !
|30 000 27 583|
Pr(|X̄ µ| |x0 µ|) = Pr |Z|
13525/10
= Pr(|Z| 1.7871)
= 2 Pr(Z  1.7871)
= 0.0739
!
15
8 Pr(|X̄ µ| 3) = Pr |Z|
7
= Pr(|Z| 2.1429)
= 2 Pr(Z  2.1429)
= 0.0321
0 p 1
BB 0.25 ⇥ 10 CCC
9 Pr(|X̄ µ| 0.25) = Pr BB@|Z| CA
0.5
= Pr(|Z| 1.58114)
= 2 Pr(Z  1.58114)
= 0.1138
0 p 1
BB 2⇥ 20 CCC
10 a Pr(|X̄ µ| 2) = Pr B@B|Z| CA
5
= Pr(|Z| 1.78885)
= 2 Pr(Z  1.78885)
= 0.0736
b H0 : µ = 15; H1 : µ , 15. Do not reject H0 ,

since 0.0736 is greater than 0.05.
c You want the p-value0 to be less than p 10.05.

BBB a ⇥ 20 CCC
Pr(|X̄ µ| a) = Pr @B|Z| AC
5
0 p 1
BBB a ⇥ 20 CCC
2 Pr @BZ AC  0.05
5
0 p 1
BBB a ⇥ 20 CCC
Pr @BZ AC  0.025
5
p
a ⇥ 20
 1.95996
5
a 2.191..
More than 2.19 minutes
1009
1 H0 : weight game the same the new program when it fact they
H1 : weight gain is higher have not.
a A Type I error would be concluding b A Type II error would be concluding

the weight gain is higher on the the test scores have not improved
special diet when it fact it is the same. under the new program when in fact
they have.
b A Type II error would be concluding
the weight gain is the same on the
special diet when it fact it is higher. 3 H0 : test shows no TB
H1 : test shows TB
2 H0 : test scores have not improved under a A false positive is a Type I error.
the new program i.e., test is positive when in fact the
H1 : test scores have improved under the person does not have TB .
new programs
b A false negative is a Type II error.
a A Type I error would be concluding i.e., test is negative when the person
the test scores have improved under does have TB.
1010
1 a H0 : µ = 70 H1 : µ , 70 standard deviations away from the
hypothesised mean than the p-value will
b Type I error: Concluding the pulse be very small (< 0.00001).
rate changes after exercise for one
minutes when it doesn’t.
5 a H0 : µ = 4 H1 : µ > 4
c Type II error: Concluding the pulse
rate doesn’t change after exercise for b Type I error: Concluding that praise
one minutes when it does. does increase happiness when it
doesn’t.
2 a i do not reject H0 c Type II error: Concluding praise does

not increase happiness when it does.
ii do not reject H0
b i reject H0 6 When calculating a p-value we calculate

x̄ µ
a z-value using: z = p An increase
ii do not reject H0 n
in the value of the z-value will result in a
c i reject H0 decrease in the p-value. Thus
ii reject H0 a decrease
d i reject H0 b decrease
ii reject H0 c no e↵ect
d increase
3 a H0 : time is the same H1 : time is
reduced when there is no noise
7 a 18 or 22
b p-value = 0.02. Yes, since the
p-value is less than 0.05 we reject b p-value = 0.044
H0 . We can conclude that the time to
c Reject H0 and conclude that the
solve the puzzle is less when there is
population mean is not 20
no background noise.
c 2% of the time. 8 a
Pr(|Z| > 1.5) = Pr(Z > 1.5) + Pr(Z < 1.5)
4 Yes the teaching method has been = 2 ⇥ 0.0608
e↵ective. If the sample mean is 5
b 0.9108
1011
1 A 7 A Since a Type I error means rejecting the
null hypothesis when it is in fact true it
2 B can only happen if the null hypothesis is
rejected.
3 B
8 C We are looking for options which do not
4 C H0 : µ = 70 H1 : µ , 70 contain words similar to ‘more’ or ‘less’
= 10, n = 25, x̄ = 76.5
9 E
p -value = 0.0012 H0 : µ = 8 H1 : µ < 8
= 2, n = 25, x̄ = 7.5
5 A We would want the strongest p -value = 0.1056
evidence possible
10 D Increasing the sample size will decrease the
96 100
6 E Pr (X̄  96|µ = 100) = Pr (Z  p p-value
21 50
= Pr (Z  1.347)
= 0.0890
1012
1 a H0 : µ = 42 H1 : µ < 42
b i 4/100 = 0.04
ii Good evidence
iii Reject H0 and conclude the bookcase assembly time is reduced.
c p-value = 0.0368
d These answers are very similar.
e i For the two tail test p-value = 10/100 = 0.1
ii Do not reject as p-value > 0.05
iii Theoretical p-value = 0.0736. A bit di↵erent but would lead to the same
conclusion.
2 a H0 : µ = 70 H1 : µ > 70
b Answers will vary
c i,ii Answers will vary, but if the p-value is < 0.05 then the null hypothesis should be
rejected.
d Theoretical p-value = 0.0062
e Answers should be similar
f Concluding that the batteries last longer when they don’t.
g Concluding that the batteries don’t last longer when they do.
h The answer should be approx double the answer to ci p-value = 0.0124
3 a i H0 : µ = 32 H1 : µ , 32
ii p-value = 0.0059
iii Reject H0 and conclude the age of marriage for males has changed.
b i H0 : µ = 29 H1 : µ , 29
1013
ii p-value = 0.0029
iii Reject H0 and conclude the age of marriage for females has changed.
c i males: (32.58, 35.42)
ii does not contain 32 as expected
d i females: (29.69, 32.32)
ii does not contain 29 as expected
1014
Chapter 17 – Revision of Chapters 15-16
1 a E(X 2 ) = Var(X) + [E(X)]2 p = 0.5
n
=4+9
= 13
5 a X̄ ± 1.96 ⇥ p = 84 ± 1.96 ⇥ 2
n
b E(3X 7) = 3E(X) 7=2
= 84 ± 3.92
c Var(3X 7) = 9 ⇥ Var(X) = 36 (= (80.08, 87.92))
Z 1 b 3.92
2 a E(X) = 2x(1 x) dx
0
 2 3 1 6 Random variable X is binomial with
= x2 x
3 0 n = 30 and p = 0.9
1
= a E(X) = 0.9 ⇥ 30 = 27
3
Z 1
2 b Pr(X = 30) = (0.9)30
b E(X ) = 2x2 (1 x) dx
0
2 1 4 1
= x3 x 7 Since the p-value is not less than 0.05,
3 2 0 we would not reject the null hypothesis,
1 and conclude that the mean is still 10.
=
6
1 7
c E(4X + 1) = 4 ⇥ +1= 8 a Since the p-value is less than 0.05,
3 3
we would reject the null hypothesis,
1 1 and conclude that the mean is less
d E(2X 2 X) = 2 ⇥ =0
6 3 than 20.
3 2X + Y has a normal distribution. b A two tail test will have a p-value

E(2X + Y) = 10 + 20 = 30 which is double that of a one tail test.
Var(2X + Y) = 4Var(X) + Var(Y)
i Thus, for the two tail test p-value
= 4 ⇥ 0.22 + 0.12 = 0.09.
= 0.17
p ii Since the p-value is not less than
sd(2X + Y) = 0.17 = 0.4123
0.05, we would not reject the null
hypothesis, and conclude that the
4 X̄ is normally distributed with mean mean is still 20.
µ = 45 and standard deviation
1
9 a H0 : µ = 95 H1 : µ < 95 mean is still 50.
2 b p-value will be smaller. We will
b p-value = = 0.02
100 still reject when ↵ = 0.05, possibly
c Since the p-value is less than 0.05 change when ↵ = 0.01.
but not less than 0.01 we classify
this a good evidence against the null 2
hypothesis. 11 a X̄ ± 1.96 ⇥ p = 14.6 ± 1.96 ⇥
n 5
d Since the p-value is less than 0.05, ⇡ 14.6 ± 0.784

we would reject the null hypothesis, = (13.816, 15.384)
and conclude that students who
meditate for 20 minutes complete the b This would not lead us to reject H0
puzzle more quickly. since the hypothesised value (14) lies
10 a i p-value < 0.05, so we reject H0 2

and conclude that the mean has 12 X̄ ± 1.96 ⇥ p = 49.2 ± 1.96 ⇥
n 10
changed from 50.
= (48.808, 49.592)
ii p-value > 0.01, so we do not This would lead us to reject H0 since
reject H0 and conclude that the the hypothesised value (48) does not lie
2
1 B X Y is normally distributed. 6 D X + Y is normally distributed
E(X Y) = 58 52 = 6 E(X + Y) = 13
p
Var(X Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y) sd(X + Y) = (12 + 1.52 ) ⇡ 1.803
c 13
= 82 + 62 = 2.326
1.803
= 100 c = 17. 2
sd(X Y) = 10
7 B n = 25, x̄ = 4.5, = 1.5
Pr(X Y < 0) = 0.2743
p-value= 0.0956
2 A X̄ is normally distributed.
4.5 8 D H0 : µ = 30 H1 : µ > 30
Mean = 42, sd = p = 7, n = 15, x̄ = 36.2
20
Pr(38 < X̄ < 43) = 0.8398 p-value= 0.0003
Yes, since the p-value is less than
3 C 5X + 10Y is normally distributed. 0.05 we reject H0
E(5X + 10Y) = 4300
sd(5X 9 D
p + 10Y)
= (25 2 2
p ⇥ 30 + 100 ⇥ 10 ) 10 B n = 25, x̄ = 9.1, =3
= 50 13
(7.555, 10.645)
4 C X̄ = 5.3, n = 20, = 0.04
CI = (5.212, 5.388) 11 E
✓ 1.365 ◆2 12 C
5 D n = 2.5758 ⇥ ⇡ 138
0.3
3
1 a Pr(X = 4) = 0.43 ⇥ 0.6 = 0.0384
b Pr(X > 4) = 1 [Pr(X = 0) + Pr(X = 1) + Pr(X = 2) + Pr(X = 3) + Pr(X = 4)]

= 0.0256
5
c E(Y) = E(X1 + X2 + · · · + X30 ) = 30 ⇥ = 50
3
10 100
d Var(Y) = Var(X1 + X2 + · · · + X30 ) = 30 ⇥ =
9 3
e Y is approximately normally distributed.
Pr(Y > 60) = 0.0416
2 Pr(X > 1.02) = 0.057

1.02 µ
= 1.5805
µ = 1.5805 + 1.02 . . . Equation1

Pr(X̄ > 1.01) = 0.033
1.01 µ
p = 1.8384
/ 6
µ = 0.7505 + 1.01 . . . Equation 2
Solving gives µ = 1.001, = 0.012
3 a Pr(k1 < X < k2 ) = 0.95

k1 80
= 1.96 ) k1 = 40.8
20
k2 80
= 1.96 ) k2 = 119.2
20
b Pr(c1 < X̄ < c2 ) = 0.95
c1 80
p = 1.96 ) c1 = 71.2
20/ 20
c2 80
p = 1.96 ) c2 = 88.8
20/ 20
4 a i H0 : µ = 62 H1 : µ , 62
ii n = 80, x̄ = 63.1, = 4
p -value = 0.0139
iii No, since the p-value is more than 0.01 we cannot reject H0 and conclude that
mean is 62.
4
b i H0 : µ = 64 H1 : µ < 64
ii n = 80, x̄ = 63.1, = 4
p -value = 0.0221
iii Yes, since the p-value is less than 0.05 we reject H0 and conclude that mean is
less than 64.
5 a x̄ = 1000.54
b i H0 : µ = 1000 H1 : µ > 1000
ii n = 10, x̄ = 100.54, = 1.75

p -value= 0.1645
iii No, since the p-value is more than 0.05 we cannot reject H0 and conclude that
machine does not need adjustment.
6 a µ = 55, = 5
Pr(X < 48) = 0.0803
b Pr(a < X < b) = 0.95

a 55
= 1.96
5
a = 45.2
b 55
= 1.96
5
b = 64.8
5
c i µ = 55, p = p
n 10
Pr(X̄ < 50) = 0.0008
ii T = X1 + X2 + · · · + X10
E(T ) = 550
p
sd(T ) = 10 ⇥ 52 ⇡ 15.811
T is normally distributed: Pr(T > 580) ⇡ 0.0289
iii p = Pr(X < 50) = 0.159

binomial n = 10, p = 0.159
Pr(X > 3) = 1 Pr(X  2) = 0.2037
5
d E(X̄) = 55 sd(X̄) = p
10
Pr(c < X̄ < d) = 0.95
5
c 55
p = 1.96
5/ 10
c = 51.90
d 55
p = 1.96
5/ 10
d = 58.10
6
Chapter 18 – Revision of Chapters 1-17
d d 4 arccos(2a 1) = 3⇡
1 a (2y2 xy3 ) = 0
dx ✓ 3⇡ ◆
dy dy 2a 1 = cos
4y [3xy2 + y3 ] = 0 4
dx dx
1
dy 2a = p +1
[4y 3xy2 ] = y3 2
dx ✓
dy y3 1 1 ◆
a= 1 p
=
dx 4y 3xy2 2 2
dy y2 e
= , y,0 4
dx 4 3xy f 0 (x) =
When y = 1, 2 + x = 8 ) x = 6 x x2
✓1◆
dy 1 1 f0 = 8
= = 2
dx 4 + 18 22
Use y y1 = m(x x1 )
✓ 1◆
dx y 2⇡ = 8 x y = 8x + 4 + 2⇡
b x = 3 sin 2t ) = 6 cos 2t 2
dt
dy
y = 3 cos 2t ) = 6 sin 2t
dt 3 a Resultant rate= 4 6 = 2 litres per
s
Z 2⇡ ✓ ◆2 ✓ ◆2 minute.
3 dx dy
L= ⇡ + dt Therefore time to empty is 20 min-
dt dt
6 utes
Z 2⇡
3 p
= 36 cos2 2t + 36 sin2 2t dt b
⇡ dm
6 = rate of inflow rate of outflow
 2⇡ dt
= 6
3 m
⇡ = ⇥6
6 40 2t
3m
= 3⇡ =
20 t
m(0) = 10
2 a 1  2x 11
0  2x  2
0x1
The interval [0, 1]
b [0, 4⇡]
✓1◆
c f = 4 arccos 0 = 2⇡
2
1
dm 3m Z 3
c = f (x) dx
dt 20 t 0
Z Z
1 1 Z 3
dm = dt x+3
3m 20 t = dx
0 x2 + 3
1 Z
loge m = loge (20 t) + c1 x 3
3
3 = + 2 dx
0 +3 x +3x2
loge m = loge (20 t)3 + c
1 p ✓ p3 ◆ 3
loge 10 = loge 203 + c = loge (x2 + 3) + 3 arctan x
2 3 0
m(0) = 10 1 p p
= loge (12) + 3 arctan( 3) loge 3
1 2
) c = loge ⇡
800 = loge 2 + p
1 3
) loge m = loge (20 t)3 + loge
800
(20 t)3 5 a s
)m= Z ✓ dy ◆2 Z r
800 1 1
81
1+ dx = x + 1 dx
m 0 dx 0 4
d At time t, concentration = Z
40 2t 1 1p
m
= 0.2 = 81x + 4
40 2t 2 0
(20 t)2 1 du
= Let u = 81x + 4 ) = 81
1600 5 dx
s
1 Z 1 ✓ dy ◆2 Z 85
20 t = ±40 ⇥ p 1 1
5 ) 1+ dx = u 2 du
p 0 dx 162 4
t = 20 8 5 minutes 1  3 85
= u2
243 4
p
4 a y=0 85 85 8
=
243
x2 + 6x 3
b f 0 (x) = p
(x2 + 3)2 b 10
x2 + 6x 3=0
x2 + 6x + 9 12 = 0 6 a i 95 + i)(4 + i) = 19 + 9i
(x + 3)2 = 12 p p p
p ii ( 3 + i)( 2 3 + i) = 7 3i
x= 3±2 3 ✓ 1 ◆✓ 3 ◆
p ! 11 i
p 2 3 iii +i +i =
3 2 3, p , 2 4 8 4
3 + ( 3 p 2 3)2 !
p 2 3 iv (1.2 i)(0.4 + i) = 1.48 + 0.8i
3 + 2 3, p
3 + ( 3 + 2 3)2
b i (ab 1) + (a + b)i
c
2
a+1 du 1
ii b = b Let u = loge x ) =
a 1 dx x
Z e Z 1
iii b loge x
dx = u du
1 x 0
 u2 1
=
2 0
a 1
−1 0 =
−1 2
9 a E2X1 + 5) = 2 ⇥ 18 + 5 = 41
b Var2X1 + 5) = 4 ⇥ 4 = 16
1
7 Pr(Y = 2) = ; c E(X1 + X2 ) = 18 + 18 = 36
36
1
Pr(Y = 1) =
6 d Var(2X1 ) = 4 ⇥ 4 = 16
1 1 13
Pr(Y = 0) = + =
9 4 36 e Var(X1 + X2 ) = 4 + 4 = 8
1
Pr(Y = 1) = ;
3
1 dy
Pr(Y = 2) = . 10 a = e x+y
9 dx
1 dy
a = e x ey
9 dx
Z Z
y
13 e dy = e x dx
b
36 y
e = ex + c
1 1
c y(1) = 1 ) c = e + e1
3
1
y= loge e + e ex
1 1 1 2 1
d E(Y) = 2 ⇥ + + =
36 6 3 9 3 b 1, loge (e + e 1 )
loge x c
8 a y= dy
x = e x+y
dx
dy 1 loge x 1
= When x = 0, y = loge (e + e 1)
dx x2
dy dy 1 1
=0)x=e and ) = e loge (e+e 1 =
dx dx e+e 1 1
✓ 1◆
)Equation of tangent
) Stationary point P e,
e x
y= 1
loge (e + e 1 1)
Q(1, 0) e+e 1
3
dy p 1
11 a = x(4 + y2 ) 13 a RHS= x 1+ p
dx x 1
Z Z
1 x 1+1 x
dy = x dx = p = p
4 + y2 x 1 x 1
1 y 1
tan 1 = x2 + c1 b Z a
2 2 2
y Volume = ⇡ [ f (x)]2 dx
tan 1 = x2 + c 2
2 Z a
⇡ x2
y(0) = 2 ) c = =⇡ dx
4 2 x 1
✓ Z
2 ⇡◆ a
1
) y = 2 tan x + =⇡ + x + 1 dx
4 2 x 1
 1 a
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ = ⇡ loge (x 1) + x2 + x
b < x2 + < 2
2 4 2 2
2 ⇡ ⇡ 1
,x + < = ⇡(loge (a 1) + a2 + a (2 + 2)
4 2 2
✓ p⇡ p⇡ ◆ 1
,x2 , = ⇡(loge (a 1) + a2 + a 4)
2 2 2
r
x 3 p 1
c y= +2 3+ 4 (x 1)(x + 2)2
8 ⇡ 16 14 y = x + 3 =
x2 x2
dy 8 dy
= 1 + 3 and =0)x= 2
x a b dx x dx
12 a = + Axis intercepts ( 2, 0), (1, 0);
(1 x)2 x 1 (x 1)2
Asymptotes x = 0, y = x + 3;
x = a(1 x) + b
Local maximum (2, 0)
) a = 1 and b = 1 y
x 1 1
) =
(1 x)2 (1 x)2 1 x
3
Z 4
x x
b dx −3 −1 0
2 (1 x)2
Z 4
1 1
= dx
2 (1 x)2 1 x
 1 4
= + loge (1 x)
1 x 2
15 a Gradient of the line x + y = 1 is 1
1
= + loge | 3| + 1 loge | 1| Let c = ai + bi be a vector parallel to
3
the line Therefore a = b p
2
= + loge 3 The magnitude of c = ai + bi = 2b2
3 1
2b2 = 1 ) b = ± p
2
4
p
1 3± 3
Therefore unit vectors = ± p (i j) m=
2 6
!
b The OP0 = j where P0 (0, 1) is !
a point on the line. The vector 16 a AC = 2i + j + 2k
P0 P = mi + (n 1) j is parallel to r = (1 + 2t)i + (t + 2) j + (2t 1)k
!
n 1 r · AC = 9t + 2
the line. Therefore = 1 ! 2
m r perpendicular to AC ) t =
Therefore n = m + 1. m + n = 1, 9
!
OP = mi + (1 m) j !
b AB = i + (m 2) j + 2k
! !
AB · AC = 2 + m 2 + 4
p + (1 m) j) · (i j) =
c (mi
! !
2p 2 AB · AC = 0 ) m = 4
2m 2m + 1
2 p
2p 2
m (1 m) = 2m 2m + 1 17 a a = 1, b = 1
2
6m2 6m + 1 = 0
b c = 3, d = 2
5
1 B For stationary points solve f 0 (x) = 0. x3 + y3 + 3xy = 1
Use the quotient rule to find f 0 (x). dy dy
2x2 x + 1 3x2 + 3y2 + 3y + 3x =0
f (x) = dx dx
x 1
Substitute (2, 1):
(x 1)(4x 1) (2x2 x + 1)(1)
f 0 (x) = dy dy
(x 1)2 12 + 3 3+6 =0
dx dx
2x2 4x dy
= 9 = 9
(x 1)2 dx
2x(x 2) dy
= = 1
(x 1)2 dx
0
Thus f (x) = 0 if 2x(x 2) = 0, i.e.
4 E For a maximum gradient, find where
x=0
the derivative of the gradient is zero,
or x = 2.
i.e. solve f 00 (x) = 0. Use the product
2 D For inflexion points solve f 00 (x) = 0. rule for di↵erentiation.
Either use the quotient rule twice or f (x) = e x sin x
first simplify the expression. f 0 (x) = e x sin x + e x cos x
x2 3x + 2
f (x) = = e x (sin x + cos x)
x2
= 1 3x 1 + 2x 2 f 00 (x) = e x (sin x + cos x)
f 0 (x) = 3x 2
4x 3 + e x (cos x sin x)
f 00 (x) = 6x 3
+ 12x 4 = 2e x cos x
6x + 12 Thus f 00 (x) = 0 if cos x = 0, i.e.
= ⇡
x4 x=
Thus f 00 (x) = 0 if 6x + 12 = 0, i.e. 2
x = 2. since 0  x  ⇡.
✓⇡◆ ⇡ ⇡
Then f 0 = e 2 (1 + 0) = e 2 .
3 B Use implicit di↵erentiation (as a 2
general expression for the derivative To be sure that this gives the maxi-
is not required, substitute before mum gradient, check the endpoints:
simplifying). the gradients are f 0 (0) = 1 and
f 0 (⇡) = e⇡ .
⇡
Since each these is smaller than e 2
and as there just the one stationary
point on the interval, this stationary
point is a maximum.
5 A Use polar form and De Moivre’s

theorem on the numerator.
6
p ✓ 5⇡ ◆ du
1 3i = 2cis 8 A Let u = tan x, so = sec2 x
3 dx
!
p 3 3 5⇡ = 1 + tan2 x
(1 3i) = 2 cis ⇥3
3 = 1 + u2 .
= 8cis (5⇡) ⇡
x = 0, u = 0; x = , u = 1.
4
= 8 Z ⇡ Z 1
4 3 u3
p (tan x) dx = 2
du
(1 3i)3 8 1 i 0 0 1+u
= ⇥ Z 1✓
1+i 1+i 1 i u ◆
8 + 8i = u du
= 0 1 + u2
2 "
1 1
= 4 + 4i = u2 loge
2 2
#1
6 D Multiply through by the denom- 2
⇥ (1 + u )
inator, simplify and solve the
0
equation. 1 1
z 2i = 2z 6 + 4i = loge 2
2 2
z = 6 + 6i 1 loge 2
=
2
z=6 6i
(Of course, you could use a CAS, but
7 E A quick check shows that expanding it is worthwhile seeing the solution
the expressions in alternatives A, B using formal techniques.)
and D does not produce a constant
term of +4. 9 B As the integrand is not a standard
Now (z + 1 + i)(z + 1 i) = z2 +2z+2. type, and a numerical solution is
Multiplying by z 1 will not produce required, this is definitely a CAS
a constant term of +4, so that rules question.
out alternative D. So alternative E The syntax
✓R will be something◆ like:
k
must be correct, but here is a check: solve 0 xe x dx = 0.5, k .
(z + 2)(z 1 + i)(z 1 i) This gives 1.7, correct to one dp.
= (z + 2)(z2 2z + 2)
10 A As in question 9, the integrand is
3
= z 2z + 4 not a standard type so this is a CAS
(Alternatively, use the factor theorem question.
to show that z + 2 is a factor and
then apply the quadratic formula
to factorise the resulting quadratic
term.)
7
✓✓◆ p
Use a definite
Z integral: Now solve cot = 3 or equiva-
x
y(x) = x loge x dx + 2, ✓✓◆ 2 1
2 lently tan = p . The solution on
2 3
as y(2) = 2, so ✓ ⇡ ⇡
Z 3 (0, ⇡] is = , i.e. ✓ = .
✓ ✓2◆ 6p ✓ ⇡3
y(3) = x loge x dx + 2
2 So cot 3 on 0, .
2 3
= 4.30746 (CAS)
14 A Since the velocity is positive for
⇡ 4.31 t 0, the distance travelled is
given
Z 10 by
11 B Change to sin and cos and simplify:
sin(2x) 1 4t
tan(2x) = , sec(2x) = . 2
dt = [2 loge (1 + t2 )]10
0
cos(2x) cos(2x) 0 1+t
Multiply above and below by =2 loge (101) 2 loge (1)
cos(2x):
tan(2x) p = 2 loge (101)
= 3
1 + sec(2x) ⇡ 9.23
sin(2x) p
= 3 15 D The highest point is reached when
cos(2x) + 1
2 sin x cos x p v = 0.
= 3 dv
2 cos2 x Since a = , the acceleration
p dt
tan x = 3 equation can be re-written as
dv 20 + v2
2⇡ = or equivalently
x= as 0  x  ⇡ dt 50
3 dt 50
= .
12 C If f (x) = g(x), then dv 20 + v2
sec x = cosec (2x). To find the time, use a definite
Change to sin and cos and simplify: integral: Z
0
1
1 1 t = 50 2
dv
= 200 20 + v
cos x sin(2x) Z 200 p
50 20
2 sin x cos x = cos x = p dv
20 0 20 + v2
1 " !#200
sin x = as cos x , 1 50 v
2 = p tan p 1
This has 2 solutions for ⇡  x  ⇡. 20 20 0
!
(Alternatively graph f, g with a 50 1 200
CAS.) = p tan p ⇡ 17.3121
20 20
✓✓◆ So the time taken is about
13 D Now cot  0 on 17 seconds.
2
[ ⇡, 0), cot(0) is undefined
✓✓◆
and as ✓ ! 0+ , cot ! 1. 16 D One method is to try two values
2 for x.
8
Let x = 0: (x 2)2 (y 1)2
⇡ equivalently =1
sec b = cosec 9 4
3 Asymptotes are given by:
2
= p (x 2)2 (y 1)2
3 =0
p 9 4
3 y 1 (x 2)
cos b = =±
2 2 3
7⇡ 2(x 2)
b= y=1±
6 3
⇡
Let x = : 2 1
6 ! y= x or
a⇡ 7⇡ ⇡ 3 3
sec + = cosec 2 7
6 6 2 y= x+
3 3
=1
Now check the restrictions on t.
(a + 7)⇡ " !
cos = 1 ⇡
6 On 0, , x 5 and y 1,
2
(a + 7)⇡ corresponding to the ‘top half’ of the
=⇡
6 branch of the hyperbola to the right
a+7=6 of the centre (2, 1).
#
a= 1 ⇡
On , ⇡ , x  1 and y  1,
7⇡ 2
Thus a = 1 and b = . corresponding to the ‘bottom half’
6
(Alternatively, you could use a of the branch of the hyperbola to the
CAS to plot the graphs of the cosec left of the centre (2, 1).
function and each possible sec Each of these two sections of the
function to see if any match the complete hyperbola is asymptotic to
2 1
cosec function.) just y = x . So the graph has
3 3
just the one asymptote.
17 B Using the product rule:
d(x loge y) 1 dy 19 A Equating coefficients of i, j and k
= loge y + x ⇥ gives the simultaneous equations:
dx y dx
x dy 2m + p = 3 1
= loge y +
y dx 3m + n 2p = 0 2
It follows that:
d(x loge y) x dy m 3n 2p = 0 3
= loge y
dx y dx 2 3 :
18 D x + 2 + 3 sec(t), y = 1 + 2 tan(t). 4m + 4n = 0, i.e. m + n = 0 4
Since sec2 (t) = 1 + tan2 (t), 2 1 + 2 : 7m + n = 6 5
(x 2)2 (y 1)2 5 4 : 6m = 6, so m = 1.
then: =1+ or
9 4 Substituting gives n = 1 and p = 1.
9
Z 2⇡ Z 2⇡
However, this is not enough to 3 3
determine whether the vectors are = ⇡
1dx ⇡
sin2 (2x)dx
6 6
linearly dependent or independent.
Z 2⇡
2⇡
Check whether one of the given 3
= [x] ⇡3 sin2 (2x)dx
vectors can be expressed as a linear 6
⇡
6
combination of the other two. In ! Z 2⇡
particular, as b and c are clearly not 2⇡ ⇡ 3
= sin2 (2x)dx
parallel, do there exist constants k 3 6 ⇡
6
and l such that a = kb + lc? Z 2⇡
⇡ 3
Equating coefficients of i, j and k = sin2 (2x)dx
2 ⇡
gives the simultaneous equations: 6
Alternative C comes from the direct
l=2 6
use of a double angle formula.
k 2l = 3 7 Alternative D comes from the
3k 2l = 1 8 identity !
From 6 , l = 2. Substituting ⇡
cos(2x) = sin 2x , so
in 7 gives k = 7. Then 2
3k 2l = 25 , 1, so con- ✓⇡ ◆
cos2 (2x) = sin2 2x
stants k and l do not exist and 2
the three vectors are linearly 1
= sin2 (⇡ 4x))
independent. 2
R 1R 21 A The given asymptotes can be
20 E Since cos2 (2x)dx , cos3 (2x), rearranged to give the equation
6
the expression in alternative E is not 9
(y 3)2 = (x + 1)2
equal to the given definite integral. 4
So the hyperbola has equation
(The other alternatives come about 9
by re-expressions. (y 3)2 (x + 1)2 = k for some
4
Alternative A comes from the constant k.
substitution u = 2x. Since the graph passes through (0, 0),
Alternative B comes from the substitute to find k:
identity cos2 (2x) = 1 sin2 (2x), so 9 27
k=9 =
Z 2⇡ 4 4
3
cos2 (2x)dx 9 27
⇡ So (y 3)2 (x + 1)2 = .
6 4 4
Z 2⇡
3
= ⇡
(1 sin2 (2x))dx
6
10
4 dM dv
Multiplying through by gives F=v +M
27 dt dt
4(y 3)2 (x + 1)2 dv
= 1. = cv + (m ct)
27 3 dt
22 C The significant thing here is the dv F + cv
=
coefficients of the cos and sin terms dt m ct
in each alternative. These give the q
values of the semi-axes lengths, 25 A |a| = p2 + q2 + 1;
p
so they should be (±)4 and (±)2 |b| = 1 + 4 + 4 = 3.
respectively. The scalar resolute of a in the
2 1
Alternative C has the incorrect direction of b is = (p 2q + 2).
values of 2 and 1 respectively. Note 3 3
Simplifying gives p = 2q.
that eliminating the parameter gives The scalar resolute of
(x + 2)2 b in the direction of a is
+ (y 1)2 = 1 in this case.
4 1
(Check that eliminating the 2= p (p 2q + 2).
p2 + q2 + 1
parameter in each of the other alter- Substitute p = 2q and solve:
natives gives the correct equation 2
(x + 2)2 (y 1)2 p =2
+ = 1.) 4q2 + q2 + 1
16 4 q
5q2 + 1 = 1
23 D From the given equation:
2 2i 5q2 + 1 = 1
Z2 =
1+i
2(1 i) 1 i 5q2 = 0 ) q = 0
= ⇥ Thus p = 2q = 0.
1+i 1 i
2
2(1 i) 26 B When x = 0, y = e0 = 1. To make it
=
2 easy to use implicit di↵erentiation,
= (1 i)2 rewrite the equation in logarithmic
z = 1 i or 1 + i form.
So one value of z could be 1 + i. y = e xy
24 Let M kg be the mass at time t s. loge y = xy

Since the mass decreases at c kg/s, 1 dy dy
=y+x
M = m ct. y dx dx
As the mass is not constant, Substitute (0, 1) :
Newton’s second law of motion takes dy
d =1+0=1
the form F = (Mv) (note that this dx
dt
is not the same as F = Ma). By the
27 D Let R be the normal reaction force,
product rule:
m the mass of the particle, µ the
coefficient of friction and a the
acceleration of the particle up the
11
✓ x◆
plane (as the particle is slowing Does 1 mean that y+c = cos 1
?
down, a will be negative). a
Check the endpoints of the domain:
Perpendicular to the plane: ⇡
x = a, y = ⇡ c; x = 0, y = c.
R = mg cos 40 1 2
But this is inconsistent with the
Parallel to the plane (taking direction
range of the inverse. So the rule is a
of motion as the positive direction):
little trickier. 1 can also be written
µR mg sin 40 = ma 2 x
cos(2⇡ (y + c)) = .
Substitute 1 into 2 and cancel the a
Solving this for y: ✓ ◆
factor of m: x
µg cos 40 g sin 40 = a 2⇡ (y + c) = cos 1
a
Solving for µ gives: ✓ ◆
1 x
y + c = 2⇡ cos
a g sin 40 a
µ= ✓ ◆
g cos 40 1 x
y = 2⇡ c cos
Since the forces are constant, so is a
Now check the endpoints:
the acceleration. Use the constant
x = a, y = 2⇡ c ⇡ = ⇡ c;
acceleration formula v = u + at:
0 = 16 + 2.3a ⇡ 3⇡
x = 0, y = 2⇡ c = c.
2 2
16 These are the correct end-
a=
2.3 points of the range. So ✓ ◆
Substituting for a and g: x
16 f 1 (x) = 2⇡ c cos 1 .
9.8 sin 40 a
2.3 (Note: this is rather involved. An
µ= = 0.08754.
9.8 cos 40 alternative is to note that from 1 ,
Thus correct to 3 dp, the coefficient one of alternatives C, D or E is
⇡
of friction is 0.088. correct. Checking x = 0 gives c
2
3⇡ 3⇡
28 E Let y = a cos(x + c). in C, + c in D and c in E, so
2 2
Check the range of f before E must be correct.)
proceeding. a a
f (⇡ c) = a cos ⇡ = a 29 C x= )t= 1.
t+1 x
✓ 3⇡ ◆ 3⇡ Substitute for y :
f c = a cos =0
2 2 ✓a ◆2
Since a 0, the range is [ a, 0]. y=1+t =1+ 2
1
So the inverse x
" has domain # [ a, 0]
3⇡ a2 2ax + 2x2
and range ⇡ c, c =
2 x2
For the inverse rule, interchange x So one of alternatives B or C is
and y and solve for y: correct.
x = a cos(y + c) t = 0, x = a; t ! 1, x ! 0.
x Thus x 2 (0, a].
cos(y + c) = 1
a
12
30 E Note that 33 D The gradients shown are non-
d 3
(x 3x2 + 4) = 3x2 6x negative for all values of x and y.
dx
None of the curves given in
= 3x(x 2) alternatives A, B, C or E satisfy
= 3x(2 x) this fact. Checking their derivatives
so use the substitution shows that they have negative
u = x3 3x2 + 4. gradients for x < 0.
x = 1, u = 2; x = 2, u = 0. 1 dx 1 dy
For x = , = 2 ) = y2 ,
Then:
Z y dy y dx
2 so the gradients are positive for all
x(2 x)(x3 3x2 + 4) dx values of y. In addition, for any two
1
Z 0 values of y, the gradients are the
1
= u du same, which matches the slope field
3 2
given.
31 C The slopes shown are negative and
approaching zero as x increases. 34 E The gradients are zero when x = 0,
1 so this eliminates alternatives
Only the curve given by y = has
x B and C. Alternative A can be
this property for x between 0 and 2.
eliminated since the gradients in this
The curves given in all the other
case are all non-negative.
alternatives have positive slopes for
The slope field suggests vertical
this domain.
slopes when y = 0, which agrees
⇡ with alternatives D and E. Now in
32 E The gradients at x = ± are zero,
2 the first quadrant, where x > 0 and
which eliminates alternatives A and
C; the gradients at x = 0 are positive, y > 0, the slopes are negative. This
which eliminates alternatives is consistent with alternative E but
B and D. Only alternative E satisfies not D.
both of these.
13
1 a S R is a random variable of a normal distributionwith E(S R) = 12 10 = 2 and
Var (S R) = 9 + 16 = 25
) µ = 2 and = 5
Pr(R < S ) = Pr(S > R) = Pr(S R > 0) = 0.6554. . . .
b 2R S 1 S 2 is normally distributed with E(2R S 1 S 2 ) = 20 24 = 4 and

Var (2R S 1 S 2 ) p = 4 ⇥ 9 + 16 + 16 = 68
) µ = 4 and = 68
Pr(2R > S 1 + S 2 ) = Pr(2R S 1 S 2 > 0) = 0.3138 . . .
2 a Let L1 , L2 , L3 , L4 be identical independent random variables that each give the length
of a tile.
E(L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = 20 ⇥ 4 = 80
Pr(L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 > 80) = 0.5
1 1
b L W is a is the random variable of a normal distributionwith E( L W) = 0
2 2
1
Pr( L W) > 0) = 0.5
2
c E(S T ) = 50 ⇥ 20 80 ⇥ 10 = 200 cm
and Var(S T ) = 50 ⇥ 0.01 + 80 ⇥ 0.01 = 1.3 cm2
P
3 a Let T = 81 T i where the T i are independent random variables of the thickness of
each piece of paper.
E(T ) = 8 ⇥ 0.1 = 0.8 mm and Var(T ) = 8 ⇥ 0.0052 . Therefore sd(T ) =
0.0143 . . . mm.
b Let T 1 be the random variable of the thickness of one sheet of paper. E(8T 1 ) =
8 ⇥ 0.1 = 0.8 mm and Var(8T 1 ) = 64 ⇥ 0.0052 . Therefore sd(8T 1 ) = 0.04 mm
1
4 a For x > 0, f 0 (x) = loge x + x ⇥ 3 = loge x 2 (using the product rule).
x
b For x > 0, solve f (x) = 0 : x(loge x 3) = 0

loge x = 3 ) x = e3
So the coordinates of A are (e3 , 0).
c At A, x = e3 and the gradient of the tangent is f 0 (e3 ) = 1oge e3 2 = 3 2 = 1.

So the equation of the tangent is y 0 = 1(x e3 ), i.e. y = x e3 .
d For x values between O and A, the graph lies below the x axis (check with a CAS or
simply note that f (1) = 3). The tangent cuts the y axis when x = 0, i.e. at y = e3 .
14
1 1
So the area bounded by the tangent and the coordinate axes is ⇥ e3 ⇥ e3 = e6
2 2
(area of triangle formula).
The area bounded by the graph of y = f (x) and the x axis is
Z e3 Z e3
f (x) dx = (x loge x 3x) dx
0 0
1
= e6 (using a CAS since the integrand is non-standard)
4
This is half the previous area, so the required ratio is 2:1.
a + b sin x
5 a y= , 0<a<b
b + a sin x
i Use the quotient rule:
dy (b + a sin x)(b cos x) (a + b sin x)(a cos x)
=
dx (b + a sin x)2
b2 cos x + ab sin x cos x a2 cos x ab sin x cos x
=
(b + a sin x)2
(b2 a2 ) cos x
=
(b + a sin x)2
⇡
ii The derivative is zero when cos x = 0. Since this occurs at multiples of ,
2
it follows that the corresponding values of sin x are 1 and 1. Now when
a+b a b
sin x = 1, y = = 1; when sin x = 1, y = = 1. So these are the
b+a b a
maximum and minimum values of y.
1 + 2 sin x
b y= , ⇡  x  2⇡
2 + sin x
!
1 1
i x = 0, y = , so the y intercept has coordinates 0, .
2 2
1 5⇡ ⇡ 7⇡ 11⇡
ii y = 0, sin x = )x= , , , on [ ⇡, 2⇡]. So the x intercepts
2 ! 6 6! 6 6! !
5⇡ ⇡ 7⇡ 11⇡
have coordinates , 0, ,0 , , 0 and , 0.
6 6 6 6
⇡ 3⇡ ⇡
iii On [ ⇡, 2⇡], sin x = 1 at x = and x = ; sin x = 1 at x = . So the
2 !2 ! 2!
⇡ ⇡ 3⇡
stationary points have coordinates , 1, , 1 and , 1.
2 2 2
iv Please insert graph from student text answers page 642.
v The required area, using area between two curves, is
15
Z 3⇡ !
1 + 2 sin x
2 p
( 1) dx = 2⇡(3 3) using a CAS to do the integration
⇡ 2 + sin x
2
(since it is not a standard type).
p
6 a r cos(x a) = cos x + 3 sin x
p
r cos x cos a + r sin x sin a = cos x + 3 sin x
r cos a = 1 1
p
r sin a = 3 2
2 2
1 + 2 gives r2 = 4, so r = 2.
1 ⇡ ⇡
Then from , cos a =
) a = since 0 < a < .
1
2 3 2
!
p ⇡
Thus cos x + 3 sin x = 2 cos x .
3
b Since 1  cos  1, the range is [ 2, 2].
c x = 0, y = 1, so the y intercept has coordinates (0, 1).

p
d yp= 0, cos x + 3 sin x = 0. This can be re-arranged and solved on [0, 2⇡]:
3 sin x = cos x
1
tan x = p
3
5⇡ 11⇡
x= ,
6 6 ! !
⇡
Alternatively, solve the equation in the equivalent form 2 cos x = 0.
3
! !
5⇡ 11⇡
So the coordinates are , 0 and , 0.
6 6
e Using the equivalent

! form gives:
⇡ p
2 cos x = 2
3
!
⇡ 1
cos x = p
3 2
⇡ ⇡ ⇡
x = ,
3 4 4
⇡ 7⇡
x= ,
12 12
16
Z ⇡ p
2 1 loge (3 + 2 3)
f p dx = using a CAS to do the integration (since it
0 cos x + 3 sin x 2
is not a standard type). Alternatively, a by-hand solution using the equivalent form
can be found with some e↵ort. !
⇡
Z ⇡ Z ⇡ cos x
2 1 1 2 3
! dx = ! dx
0 ⇡ 2 0 ⇡
2 cos x cos2 x
3 3
!
⇡
Z ⇡ cos x
1 2 3
= ! dx
2 0 2 ⇡
1 sin x
3
Z 1
1 2 1
= p du
2 3 1 u2
2
!
⇡
using the substitution u = sin x .
3
!
1 1 1 1
Now partial fractions gives = + .
1 u2 2 1 u 1 + u
So the integral becomes:
Z 1 ! 1
1 2 1 1 1 2p
p + du = [ log e |1 u| + log e |1 + u|]
4 3 1 u 1+u 4 3
2 2
" # 12
1 1+u
= loge p
4 1 u 3
2
p !
1 3 2
= loge 3 loge p
4 2+ 3
p !
1 3(2 + 3)
= loge p
4 2 3
p p !
1 3(2 + 3) 2 + 3
= loge p ⇥ p
4 2 3 2+ 3
1 p
= loge 3(2 + 3)2
4
1 p
= loge 3(7 + 4 3)
4
p
loge (21 + 12 3)
=
4
The answer appears di↵erent from the CAS answer, but they are in fact the same:
17
p p
loge (3 + 2 3) 2 loge (3 + 2 3)
=
2 4
p
loge (3 + 2 3)2
=
4
p
loge (9 + 12 + 12 3)
=
4
p
loge (21 + 12 3)
=
4
(Of course, a CAS is very quick, but it is instructive to see the by-hand solution.)
5⇡
g Since the graph starts at (0, 1) and cuts the x axis at , the volume V is given by
6
Z 5⇡
6
V= ⇡( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 5⇡ !
6 2 ⇡
=⇡ 4 cos x dx
0 3
Z 5⇡ ! !
6 ⇡
= 2⇡ cos 2 x + 1 dx
0 3
using the alternative form and a double angle substitution. Thus:
Z 5⇡ ! !
6 ⇡
V=⇡ 2 cos 2 x + 2 dx
0 3
" ! # 5⇡
6
⇡
= ⇡ sin 2 x + 2x
3 0
!!
5⇡ 2⇡
= ⇡ sin ⇡ + sin
3 3
p !
5⇡ 3
=⇡ +
3 2
⇡ p
= (10⇡ + 3 3)
6
7 a As OP is parallel to RQ, \ORQ and \POR are supplementary. So \POR = ⇡ ✓.
Join O to Q, so that the trapezium consists of two isosceles triangles, each of whose
equal sides have length r cm.
In isosceles triangle QOR, the base angles are equal, so \OQR = \ORQ = ✓.
Since the angle sum of a triangle is ⇡ radians, \QOR = ⇡ 2✓.
Now \POQ = \POR \QOR = (⇡ ✓) (⇡ 2✓) = ✓.
1 1 1
Area 4POQ = r2 sin ✓ and area 4QOR = r2 sin(⇡ 2✓) = r2 sin(2✓).
2 2 2
So the area A cm2 of the trapezium is given by
18
1 1 1
A = r2 sin ✓ + r2 sin(2✓) = r2 (sin ✓ + sin(2✓)).
2 2 2
dA 1 2
b = r (cos ✓ + 2 cos(2✓))
d✓ 2
1
= r2 (cos ✓ + 2(2 cos2 ✓ 1))
2
1
= r2 (4 cos2 ✓ + cos ✓ 2)
2
dA
= 0 ) 4 cos2 ✓ + cos ✓ 2 = 0.
d✓
Now there are limits to the value of ✓.
As Q approaches P, ✓ approaches 0; in the limit, the trapezium degenerates to a
diameter of the circle and has area 0. So ✓ 0.
⇡
As Q moves clockwise, R moves counter-clockwise and ✓ approaches ; in the limit,
2
⇡
Q and R coincide and the trapezium is a right-angled triangle. So ✓  .
2
The quadratic equation in cos ✓ has two solutions, only one of which gives an angle
in the correct domain. So to test for a maximum, check the value of the derivative at
the extreme values of ✓:
dA 1 2 3
✓ = 0: = r (4 cos2 0 + cos 0 2) = r2 > 0
d✓ 2 2
!
⇡ dA 1 2 ⇡ ⇡
✓= : = r 4 cos2 + cos 2 = r2 < 0
2 d✓ 2 2 2
Since the gradient changes from positive to negative, the solution to the equation
in the correct domain gives a maximum area.
c Using the quadratic formula and discarding

p the negative solution, the quadratic
1 + 33
equation has solution cos ✓ = ) ✓ ⇡ 0.935929.
8
1
So the maximum area is r2 (sin 0.935929 + sin(1.871858)) = 0.880086r2 .
2
Substituting r = 10 gives 88.01 cm2 , correct to 2 dp.
d From part c, the maximum area in terms of r is 0.880086r2 cm2 . Use the perimeter
of the trapezium to find the value of r.
First find the side lengths of PQ and QR in terms of r and then express the perimeter
p cm in terms of r.
Recall from part a that the trapezium consists of two isosceles triangles, 4POQ and
4QOR.
In 4POQ, \POQ = ✓ and OP = OQ != r. A perpendicular from O to PQ bisects the
✓
angle and the base, so PQ = 2r sin .
2
In 4QOR, \ORQ = ✓ and OQ = OR = r. A perpendicular from O to QR bisects the
19
base, so QR = 2r cos ✓. ! ! !
✓ ✓
So p is given by p = r + r + 2r sin + 2r cos ✓ = 2r 1 + sin + cos ✓ .
2 2
For ✓ ⇡ 0.935929, p = 2r(1 + sin(0.467964) + cos(0.935929)) = 4.088283r.
But p = 75, so solving for r gives r = 18.3451.
Then the maximum area is 0.880086r2 = 296.19 cm2 , correct to 2 dp.
dv v
8 a = (1 + v2 ), t > 0, initial velocity of 10 m/s.
dt 50
dt 50
i Inverting gives = , so the time taken to go from 10 m/s to 5 m/s is
dv v(1 + v2 )
R5 50
given by 10 dv.
v(1 + v2 )
!
104
ii Using a CAS for evaluation gives 25 loge seconds.
101
(Alternatively, the substitution u = v2 eventually leads to this result.)
dv dv dt
b i = ⇥
dx dt dx
dv dx
= ÷
dt dt
v
= (1 + v2 ) ÷ v
50
(1 + v2 )
=
50
dx 50
ii =
dv 1 + v2
x = 50 tan 1 v + c
When x = 0, v = 10.
1
0 = 50 tan 10 + c
1
c = 50 tan 10
1 1
x = 50(tan 10 tan v)
20
x 1 1
iii = tan 10 tan v
50
1 1 x
tan v = tan 10
50
!
1 x
v = tan tan 10
50
!
x
10 tan
50
= ! (using the formula for tan(A B))
x
1 + 10 tan
50
iv From part iii, when v = 0, x = 50 tan 1 10 ⇡ 73.56. So the displacement of the

particle when it first comes to rest is 74 metres, correct to the nearest metre.
9 a Let y = x cos(⇡x).
dy
i Using the product rule, = cos(⇡x) ⇡x sin(⇡x).
dx
ii Use
Z part i:
(cos(⇡x) ⇡x sin(⇡x)) dx = x cos(⇡x)
Z
1
sin(⇡x) ⇡ x sin(⇡x) dx = x cos(⇡x)
⇡
Z
1
⇡ x sin(⇡x) dx = sin(⇡x) x cos(⇡x)
⇡
Z
1 x
x sin(⇡x) dx = sin(⇡x) cos(⇡x)
⇡2 ⇡
b f (x) = sin(⇡x) + px
i f 0 (x) = ⇡ cos(⇡x) + p, so f 0 (1) = ⇡ cos(⇡) + p = ⇡ + p. Then f 0 (1) = 0 if p = ⇡.
ii Substituting p = ⇡ gives f 0 (x) = ⇡ cos(⇡x) + ⇡ = ⇡(1 + cos(⇡x)).

Since the least value of cos(⇡x) is 1, then 1 + cos(⇡x) 0, so f 0 (x) 0.
c Please insert graph from student text answers page 642.
21
Z 1
d V= ⇡( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 1
=⇡ (sin(⇡x) + ⇡x)2 dx
0
Z 1
=⇡ (⇡2 x2 + 2⇡x sin(⇡x) + sin2 (⇡x)) dx
0
Z 1 !
3 2 2 ⇡
= ⇡ x + 2⇡ x sin(⇡x) + (1 cos(2⇡x)) dx
0 2
" !#1
⇡3 x3 ⇡ 1
= + 2 sin(⇡x) 2⇡x cos(⇡x) + x sin(2⇡x) (using part aii)
3 2 2⇡ 0
!
⇡3 ⇡
= + 2⇡ + 0
3 2
⇡3 5⇡
= +
3 2
2
(2⇡ + 15)⇡
=
6
e f (x) = sin(⇡x) + ⇡x, so f (1) = sin(⇡) + ⇡ = ⇡.

⇡
g(x) = k arcsin(x), so g(1) = k arcsin(1) = k ⇥ .
2
So f (1) = g(1) if k = 2.
f A quick plot of the graph of y = g(x) = 2 arcsin(x) shows that it lies beneath the
graph
Z of y = f (x) on (0,Z1). So the required area, using area between two curves, is
1 1
( f (x) g(x)) dx = (sin(⇡x) + ⇡x 2 arcsin(x)) dx
0 0
= 1.0658
using a CAS to do the integration (since it is not a standard type).
Thus the area of the region enclosed by the two graphs is 1.066, correct to 3 dp.
g From above, y(x) = f (x) g(x) 0 on [0, 1] and y(0) = y(1) = 0. So there will be a
maximum on (0, 1).
y0 (x) = f 0 (x) g0 (x)
2
= ⇡ cos(⇡x) + ⇡ p
1 x2
2
y0 (x) = 0 ) ⇡ cos(⇡x) + ⇡ =0 p
1 x2
Use the ‘solve’ command of a CAS to find the value of x on (0, 1).
22
This gives x = 0.57189 . . ., so the value of a is 0.572, correct to 3 dp.
10 a First note that the component of the weight force acting down and parallel to the
plane on the 4 kg particle is 4g sin 30 = 2g.
i Equation for the particle, parallel to the plane: T 2g = 4b.

Equation for the container: 3g T = 3b.
g
ii Adding the equations in part i gives g = 7b, so b = .
7
18g
Substituting in the first equation gives T = .
7
p p
11 a Distance of A From O is 22 + 12 + 22 = 9 = 3.
p p
Distance of B from O is m 12 + 12 + 12 = 3m.
p
So if the points are equidistant from O, then m = 3.
! ! !
b i OA = a, OC = a = OA, so A, O and C are collinear. Thus AC is a diameter
of the circle. Also, note that from part a, the radius of the circle is 3 units.
! p p p
ii AB = ( 3 2)i + ( 3 + 1) j + ( 3 2)k
! p p p
CB = ( 3 + 2)i + ( 3 1)j + ( 3 + 2)k
! !
AB · CB = (3 4) + (3 1) + (3 4) = 0
As the vectors are non-zero, they are perpendicular. So \ABC = 90 .
23
(Alternatively, you can do this without writing the vectors in component form:
! !
AB = b a, CB = b + a
! !
AB · CB = (b a)·(b + a)
=b·b a·a
= b2 a2 = 9 9=0
since a = b = 3, the radius of the circle.)
c i If D is a point on the circle with position vector d, then d · d = d2 = 9 (since

the radius of the circle is 3). Thus:
(ka + lb)·(ka + lb) = 9
k2 a2 + 2kla·b + l2 b2 = 9
p p
Now a2 p= b2 = 9 and a·b = 3(2 1 2) = 3, so substituting gives
9k2 2 3kl + 9l2 = 9 [⇤ ]
ii Substitute kp= 1 into [⇤ ] and solve for l.

9l2 2 3l + 9 = 9
p
l(9l 2 3) = 0
p
2 3
l = 0,
9
k = 1, l = 0 : d = a = 2i j + 2k
p p
2 3 2 3 2 8 1 4
k = 1, l = :d =a+ b = 2i j + 2k + (i + j k) == i j+ k
9 9 3 3 3 3
d Let P have position vector d for some values of k and l. As OP bisects AB, then
OP is also perpendicular to AB (a radius bisects any chord at right angles). Thus:
(ka + lb)·(b a) = 0
lb2 ka2 + (k l)a·b = 0
p p
From part ci, a2 = b2 = 9 and a·b = 3, so this gives 9(l k) + 3(l k) = 0.
The solution to this equation is l = k. Substitute into [⇤ ]:
p 3 p
(18 2 3)k2 = 9 ) k = q = l (+ve so P on arc AB)
p
18 2 3
Then d = ka + lb
3
= q (a + b)
p
18 2 3
3 p p p
= q (( 3 + 2)i + ( 3 1)j + ( 3 + 2)k)
p
18 2 3
24
p p p
e ka + lb = (2k + 3l)i + ( k + 3l)j + (2k 3l)k
r = (5 t)i + (2 + t)j + (t 3)k
Equatepcomponents:
2k + 3l = 5 t 1
p
k + 3l = 2 + t 2
p
2k 3l = t 3 3
1
1 + 3 : 4k = 2, so k = .
2
3
2 + 3 : k = 2t 1, so t = .
4
p
p 17 13 13 3
Subst. in 1 : 1 + 3l = )l= p = .
4 4 3 12
!
3 17 11 9
f r = i+ j k
4 4 4 4
! p
3 1p 2 491
r = 17 + 112 + 92 = ⇡ 5.54
4 4 4
This is greater than 3, the radius of the circle, so the particle lies outside the circle
at this time.
p
12 a z3 + a = 0 and z1 = 3 3i
i z31 + a = 0
a = z31
p
= ( 3 3i)3
p p
= (3 3 27i 27 3 + 27i) (using (c d)3 = c3 3c2 d + 3cd2 d3 )
p
= 24 3
p
ii Since a is
p real, a second
p solution
p 3 is the complex conjugate, so z 3 = 3 + 3i.
Now 24 p3 = 8 ⇥ 3 p3 = (2 3) , so the equation p can be written in the form
3 3 3
z = (2 3) = ( 2 3) and hence z2 = 2 3.
b Please insert diagram from student text answers page 643.
c i Since z2 is one of the points, it must satisfy the equation. Hence:
25
b = |z2 z1 | + |z2 z3 |
p p p p
=| 2 3 3 + 3i| + | 2 3 3 3i|
p p
= | 3 3 + 3i| + | 3 3 3i|
p p
= 27 + 9 + 27 + 9
=6+6
= 12
ii The set
p of points is described
p by
|z ( 3 3i)| + |z ( 3 + 3i)| = 12 [⇤ ] p
The line through z1 and z3 is a vertical line with
p real component 3. So any
complex number on this line is of the form 3 + ki where k is real.
⇤
Substitute
p into
p [ ]: p p
| 3 + ki ( 3 3i)| + | 3 + ki ( 3 + 3i)| = 12
|(k + 3)i| + |(k 3)i| = 12
|k + 3| + |k 3| = 12
k > 3: k + 3 + k 3 = 12 ) k = 6
k < 3 : k 3 k + 3 = 12 ) k = 6
p
So the required complex numbers are 3 ± 6i.
iii The required set of points forms an ellipse (using the converse of the property
that the sum of lengths from two points is constant
p for an ellipse).
Now the ellipse p passes through the points 3 ± 6i on the vertical line with p
equation x = 3, and from part ci, p it also passes through the point 2 3 on the
x axis. It is clear that the point
p 4 3 also satisfies the equation.
p
So the ellipse has centre ( 3,p0), axes of symmetry x = 3 and y = 0 and so its
(x 3)2 y2
equation takes the form + 2 = 1.
a2 b p
The extreme p points show that the semi-axes lengths are 3 3 and 6 respectively,
i.e. a p
= 3 3 and b = 6. Thus:
(x 3)2 y2
+ =1
27 36
(Alternatively, you could substitute z = x + yi into [⇤ ] and attempt to simplify.
Using the geometrical property of an ellipse is rather more elegant!)
13 a x = 3 sin(t), y = 6 cos(t) a, 0 < a < 6.
x2 (y + a)2
i Using sin2 (t) + cos2 (t) = 1 gives + = 1.
9 36
ii Substitute y = 0 and solve for x:
26
x2 a2
+ =1
9 36
x2 a2
=1
9 36
36 a2
=
36
36 a2
x2 =
4
p
36 a2
x=±
2
(y + a)2 x2
b =1
36 9
9 x2
=
9
(y + a) = 4(9 x2 )
2
p
y + a = 2 9 x2 (negative square root gives curve below x axis)
p
y = 2 9 x2 a
p
So the required function f has rule f (x) = 2 9 x2 a.
d p p 1 1
c (x 9 x2 ) = 9 x2 + x ⇥ ( 2x)(9 x2 ) 2
dx 2
p x2
= 9 x2 p
9 x2
A p A (9 x2 )
d i p 9 x2 = p
9 x2 9 x2
x2 + A 9
= p
9 x2
x2
= p if A = 9
9 x2
p p p !
x2 9
ii 9 x2 p = 9 x2 p 9 x2 from part i
9 x2 9 x2
p 9
=2 9 x2 p
9 x2
27
Z p ! p
x2
e 9 x2 p dx = x 9 x2 from part c
9 x2
Z p p !
9
2 9 x2 p dx = x 9 x2 using the result of part d ii
9 x2
Z p Z p
2
9
2 9 x dx = p dx + x 9 x2
9 x2
! p
1 x
= 9 sin + x 9 x2
3
Z p !!
2
1 p 2 1 x
9 x dx = x 9 x + 9 sin
2 3
f Using symmetry together with the results in parts a ii, b and e, the required area A is
given by p
Z 36 a2 p !
2
A=2 2 9 x2 a dx
0
p
" p ! # 36 a2
1 x 2
=2 x 9 x2 + 9 sin ax
3 0
p r p ! p !
36 a2 36 a2 1 36 a2 a 36 a2
=2 ⇥ 9 + 9 sin
2 4 6 2
p p ! p !
a 36 a2 1 36 a2 a 36 a2
=2 + 9 sin
4 6 2
p ! p
36 a2 a 36 a2
= 18 sin 1
6 2
g From the result of part a i, the curve is an ellipse.

From part f with a = 0, A = 18 sin 1 (1) = 9⇡.
Now a = 0 corresponds to half the ellipse lying above the x axis.
So the area of the region enclosed by the curve is 18⇡.
p
h Use a = 0 and rotate the curve with Cartesian equation y = f (x) = 2 9 x2 about
the y axis to find the required volume V. Thus V is given by
28
Z 3
V=2 ⇡( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 3 p
= 2⇡ (2 9 x2 )2 dx
0
Z 3
= 2⇡ 4(9 x2 ) dx
0
" #3
4 3
= 2⇡ 36x x
3 0
= 2⇡(108 36)
= 144⇡
14 x = sin t, y = sin 4t, 0  t  2⇡.
a y = sin 4t
= 2 sin 2t cos 2t
= 4 sin t cos t(1 2 sin2 t)
= 4x cos t(1 2x2 )
y2 = 16x2 cos2 t(1 2x2 )2
= 16x2 (1 sin2 t)(1 2x2 )2
= 16x2 (1 x2 )(1 2x2 )2
dx dy
b = cos t, = 4 cos 4t
dt dt
dy dy dx
= ÷
dx dt dt
4 cos 4t
=
cos t
dy ⇡ ⇡
c i = 0 when cos 4t = 0, so 4t = (2n + 1) ) t = (2n + 1) , n = 0, 1, . . ..
dx 2 8
⇡ 3⇡ 5⇡ 7⇡ 9⇡ 11⇡ 13⇡ 15⇡
In the given domain, this gives solutions , , , , , , , .
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1
ii x2 = sin2 t = (1 cos 2t); for the t values in part i, the corresponding values of
p 2 p p p p p p p
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
cos 2t are , , , , , , , .
2 2 2 2 2p 2 2p 2
2 2 2+ 2
Then x2 takes just two values, and , so x takes the four values
4 4
29
q p q p q p q p
2 2 2+ 2 2 2 2 2
, , and .
2 2 2 2
iii For the t values in part i, y = sin 4t alternates 1, 1, 1, 1, . . .. So the coordinates
of the
q stationary points
q are p q q
p ! ! p ! p !
2 2 2 2 2+ 2 2+ 2
,1 , , 1, ,1 , , 1,
2 2 2 2
q p q p q p q p
! ! ! !
2 2 2 2 2+ 2 2+ 2
,1 , , 1, ,1 , , 1
2 2 2 2
1 ⇡ 3⇡ dy 4 cos 4t p p
iv At x = p , t = , so = = 4 2, 4 2.
2 4 4 dx cos t
1 5⇡ 7⇡ dy 4 cos 4t p p
At x = p , t = , so = = 4 2, 4 2.
2 4 4 dx cos t
dy 4 cos 4t
At x = 0 and y = 0, t = 0, ⇡, 2⇡ so = = 4, 4.
dx cos t
3⇡ dy
v At x = 1, t = and then cos t = 0, so is undefined.
2 dx
⇡ dy
At x = 1, t = and then cos t = 0, so is undefined.
2 dx
d There are 4 identical regions of one type and 4 of a second type.
1
Find the area A1 bounded by the curve in the 1st quadrant from x = 0 to x = p .
2
Z p1
2
A1 = y dx
0
Z ⇡
4 dx
= y dt
0 dt
Z ⇡
4
= sin 4t cos t dt
0
Z ⇡
4
= 2 sin 2t cos 2t cos t dt
0
Z ⇡
4
=4 sin t cos t(2 cos2 t 1) cos t dt
0
Z ⇡
4
=4 cos2 t(2 cos2 t 1) sin t dt
0
du
Now use the substitution u = cos t, so = sin t.
dt
30
⇡ 1
t = 0, u = 1; t = , u= p .
4 2
Z p1
2
A1 = 4 u2 (2u2 1)( 1) du
1
Z p1
2
=4 (u2 2u4 ) du
1
" # p1
1 3 2 5 2
=4 u u
3 5 1
p p ! !
2 2 1 2
=4 4
12 20 3 5
p
2( 2 + 2)
=
15
1
Find the area A2 bounded by the curve in the 4th quadrant from x = p to x = 1.
!2
⇡ ⇡
Use this quadrant since the curve here corresponds to t = to t = .
4 2
Using the same method as for A1 , and noting that this region lies below the x-axis,
the required
Z integral after substitution becomes
0
A2 = 4 u2 (2u2 1)( 1) du
p1
2
Z 0
=4 (2u4 u2 ) du
p1
2
" #0
2 1 3
= 4 u5 u
5 3 p1
2
p p !
2 2
=0 4
20 12
p
2 2
=
15 p
16( 2 + 1)
So the area of the enclosed region is 4(A1 + A2 ) = .
15
e The volume V can be found without the use of the parameter t (though it is not
wrong to find it with the parameter). It is given by
31
Z 1
V=2 ⇡( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 1
= 2⇡ 16x2 (1 x2 )(1 2x2 )2 dx
0
Z 1
= 32⇡ (x2 x4 )(1 4x2 + 4x4 ) dx
0
Z 1
= 32⇡ (x2 4x4 + 4x6 x4 + 4x6 4x8 ) dx
0
Z 1
= 32⇡ (x2 5x4 + 8x6 4x8 ) dx
0
" #1
1 8 4 9
= 32⇡ x3 x + x7
5
x
3 7 9 0
!
1 8 4
= 32⇡ 1+
3 7 9
64⇡
=
63
! !
⇡t ⇡t
15 a x = 5 sin , y = 20 sin , t 0. So:
30 15
! !
⇡t ⇡t
y = 40 sin cos (sin 2✓ = 2 sin ✓ cos ✓)
30 30
!
⇡t
= 8x cos
30
!
2 2 2 ⇡t
y = 64x cos
30
!!
2 2 ⇡t
= 64x 1 sin
30
!
2 x2
= 64x 1
25
64x2 (25 x2 )
=
25
! !
dx ⇡ ⇡t dy 4⇡ ⇡t
b = cos , = cos
dt 6 30 dt 3 15
32
i x = 0 when t = 0, 30, 60, 90, . . . .
dx ⇡ dy 4⇡ dy 4⇡ ⇡
t = 0, 60, . . . : = , = ) = ÷ = 8.
dt 6 dt 3 dx 3 6
!
dx ⇡ dy 4⇡ dy 4⇡ ⇡
t = 30, 90, . . . : = , = ) = ÷ = 8.
dt 6 dt 3 dx 3 6
So the gradients of the curve in this case are ±8.
ii Since x = 3 does not give ‘nice’ values for t, use Cartesian form in this case.
64x2 (25 x2 )
y2 =
25
64
= (25x2 x4 )
25
dy 64
2y = (50x 4x3 )
dx 25
dy 32(50x 4x3 )
=
dx 25y
64 ⇥ 9 ⇥ 16 96
When x = 3, y2 = )y=± .
25 5
dy 32(150 108)
= !
dx 96
25 ⇥ ±
5
32 ⇥ 42
=
±5 ⇥ 96
14
=±
5
! !
⇡t ⇡t
c i r(t) = 5 sin i + 20 sin j
30 15
! !
⇡ ⇡t 4⇡ ⇡t
ṙ(t) = cos i+ cos j
6 30 3 15
! !
⇡ 7.5⇡ 4⇡ 7.5⇡
ṙ(7.5) = cos i+ cos j
6 30 3 15
! !
⇡ ⇡ 4⇡ ⇡
= cos i + cos j
6 4 3 2
⇡ 1
= ⇥ p i
6 2
p
⇡ 2
= i
12
p
⇡ 2
ii From part i, the speed is .
12
33
d There are 4 identical regions, so the area A is given by
Z 5
A=4 y dx
0
Z 15
dx
=4 y dt
0 dt
Z 15 ! !
⇡t ⇡ ⇡t
=4 20 sin ⇥ cos dt
0 15 6 30
Z ! !
40⇡ 15 ⇡t 2 ⇡t
= 2 sin cos dt
3 0 30 30
! !
⇡t du ⇡ ⇡t
Now use the substitution u = cos , so = sin .
30 dt 30 30
t = 0, u = 1; t = 15, u = 0.
Z !
80⇡ 0 2 30
A= u du
3 1 ⇡
Z 1
= 800 u2 du
0
" #1
1
= 800 u3
3 0
800
=
3
e By symmetry, there must be a point on the curve in the first quadrant that gives the
greatest distance.
Now if sd(t) is the distance of a general point in the first quadrant from O, then
! !
2 ⇡t 2 ⇡t
d(t) = 25 sin + 400 sin , 0 < t < 15.
30 15
Finding the maximum ‘by hand’ looks rather difficult, so this is a case for the use
of a CAS. Either find where the derivative is zero and substitute, or if your CAS
has an ‘fMax’ facility, use this. The syntax in the latter case will be something like
‘fMax(d(t), t)|0 < t < 15’, where the function
p ! is first defined as d(t).
3 14
30 cos 1
16 325
The maximum occurs at t = , and substitution gives dmax = .
⇡ 16
f The volume V can be found without the use of the parameter t (though it is not
wrong to find it with the parameter). It is given by
34
Z 5
V=2 ⇡( f (x))2 dx
0
Z 5
128⇡
= (25x2 x4 ) dx
25 0
" #5
128⇡ 25 3 1 5
= x x
25 3 5 0
!
128⇡ 3125
= 625
25 3
6400⇡
=
3
x3
16 f (x) = , a>0
x2 + a
3x2 (x2 + a) x3 ⇥ 2x
a f 0 (x) =
(x2 + a)2
x4 + 3ax2
=
(x2 + a)2
(4x3 + 6ax)(x2 + a)2 (x4 + 3ax2 ) ⇥ 2(x2 + a) ⇥ 2x
f 00 (x) =
(x2 + a)4
(4x3 + 6ax)(x2 + a) 4x(x4 + 3ax2 )
=
(x2 + a)3
2ax3 + 6a2 x
=
(x2 + a)3
b f 0 (x) = 0 if x2 (x2 + 3a) = 0. Since a > 0, the only solution is x = 0.

Since x2 (x2 + 3a) > 0 for all non-zero values of x, it follows that the stationary point
is an inflexion point (the gradient is positive both sides of x = 0).
f (0) = 0, so (0, 0) is a stationary point of inflexion.
c f 00 (x) = 0 if 2ax( x2 + 3a) = 0.

From part b, x = 0 gives a stationary point of inflexion. p
So non-stationaryppoints of inflexion
p are given by x = ± 3a. Then:
p 3a 3a 3 3a
f (± 3a) = ± =±
4a 4 p !
p 3 3a
So the coordinates of the non-stationary points of inflexion are ± 3a, ± .
4
ax
d Division shows that f (x) can be rewritten as f (x) = x 2
.
x +a
As x ! ±1, the fractional term approaches zero, i.e. f (x) ! 0.
So y = x is an asymptote.
35
e Please insert graph from student text answers page 643.
f The enclosed
Z a area A!is given by
x3
A= x dx
0 x2 + a
Z a
ax
= 2
dx
0 x +a
Z
a a 2x
= dx
2 0 x2 + a
" #a
a 2
= loge (x + a)
2 0
!
a 2
= loge (a + a) loge (a)
2
a
= loge (a + 1)
2
1
Since the area is to be loge 2, it is evident that a = 1.
2
x3
17 f (x) = , a>0
x2 a
3x2 (x2 a) x3 ⇥ 2x
a f 0 (x) =
(x2 a)2
x4 3ax2
=
(x2 a)2
(4x3 6ax)(x2 a)2 (x4 3ax2 ) ⇥ 2(x2 a) ⇥ 2x
f 00 (x) =
(x2 a)4
(4x3 6ax)(x2 a) 4x(x4 3ax2 )
=
(x2 a)3
2ax3 + 6a2 x
=
(x2 a)3
p
b f 0 (x) = 0 if x2 (x2 3a) = 0. This has solutions x = 0 and x = ± 3a. To test
the nature of the stationary points, check the sign of the derivative. Since the
denominator is positive, only p the numerator
p needs to be considered.
2 2 2
Now x (x 3a)p= x (x + 3a)(x 3a), so:
0
x< 3a, f (x) > 0
p
3a < x < 0, f 0 (x) < 0
p
0 < x < 3a, f 0 (x) < 0
p
x > 3a, f 0 (x) > 0
36
p
Then it follows thatp x = 3a gives a maximum, x = 0 gives a stationary point of
inflexion and x =p 3a givespa minimum.
p 3a 3a 3 3a
f (± 3a) = ± =± and f (0) = 0.
2a 2
p ! p !
p 3 3a p 3 3a
So 3a, is a local maximum, 3a, is a local minimum and
2 2
(0, 0) is a stationary point of inflexion.
c f 00 (x) = 0 if 2ax(x2 + 3a) = 0.

The only solution is x = 0 and from part b, (0, 0) is a stationary point of inflexion.
ax
d Division shows that f (x) can be rewritten as f (x) = x + 2 .
x a
As x ! ±1, the fractional term approaches zero, i.e. f (x) ! 0.
So y = x is an asymptote.
p p
Also as x2 a ! 0, f (x) ! ±1, so x = a and x = a are vertical asymptotes.
e Please insert graph from student text answers page 644.

p
f If there
p is a stationary
p point
p where x = 4 3, then from part b, it must correspond to
x = 3a, i.e. 3a = 4 3 ) a = 16.
18 f (x) = x arcsin(x), g(x) = arcsin(x), 1  x  1.

x
a f 0 (x) = arcsin(x) + p
0
1 x2
Observe that f (0) = 0.
For 1 < x < 0, f 0 (x) < 0 (since both terms are negative); for 0 < x < 1, f 0 (x) > 0
(since both terms are positive).
Thus x = 0 gives a minimum, and the test also shows that there are no further
stationary points.
As f (0) = 0, then (0, 0) is a minimum turning point.
p 1 1
1 1 x2 x ⇥ (1 x2 ) 2 ⇥ ( 2x)
b f 00 (x) = p + 2
1 x2 1 x2
1 1 x2 + x2
= p + 3
1 x2 (1 x2 ) 2
1 x2 1
= 3
+ 3
(1 x2 ) 2 (1 x2 ) 2
2 x2
= 3
(1 x2 ) 2
37
But 1 < x < 1, so the second derivative is positive for all values of x in this
interval. Thus there are no points of inflexion.
c If x < 0, arcsin(x) < 0 and so x arcsin(x) > 0 (product oftwo negative numbers).
If x > 0, arcsin(x) > 0 and so x arcsin(x) > 0.
Also, f (0) = 0, so f (x) 0 for all values of x in the domain.
d ( f x) = g(x), then f (x) g(x) = 0, i.e. arcsin(x)(x 1) = 0.

Then either x = 1 or arcsin(x) = 0, i.e. x = 0.
e Please insert graph from student text answers page 644 (BUT note correction is
required for this graph!!!).
R1
f The required area A is given by A = 0 arcsin(x)(1 x)dx.
This is a non-standard integrand, which suggests the use of a CAS.
3⇡
This gives A = 1.
8
dx dy 1
19 = 3y, = sin 2t, t = 0 : y = , x = 0.
dt dt 2
Note that the first equation involves three variables, whereas the second involves
two, just y and t. Thus to find x and y in terms of t, you need to first solve the second
equation for y and then substitute its solution into the first equation.
dy
a = sin 2t
dt
1
y= cos 2t + c
2
1
t = 0, y =
2
1 1
= +c) c=0
2 2
1
So y = cos 2t.
2
Substitute and solve for x :
dx 3
= cos 2t
dt 2
3
x = sin 2t + d
4
t = 0, x = 0
0=0+d ) d =0
3
So x = sin 2t.
4
38
b sin2 2t + cos2 2t = 1
!2
4x
+ ( 2y)2 = 1
3
16x2
+ 4y2 = 1
9
dy dy dx
c = ÷
dx dt dt
!
3
= sin 2t ÷ cos 2t
2
2
= tan 2t
3
d The x and y coordinates at a general point t are the solutions found in part a. So the
equation of the!tangent is !
1 2 3
y cos 2t = tan 2t x sin 2t
2 3 4
!
2 1 sin2 2t 1
y= tan 2t x cos 2t
3 2 cos 2t 2
!
2 1 sin2 2t + cos2 2t
= tan 2t x
3 2 cos 2t
!
2 1
i.e. y = tan 2t x 1
3 2 cos 2t
For the x!intercept, let y = 0 in 1 :
2 1
tan 2t x =0
3 2 cos 2t
!
2 1
tan 2t x =
3 2 cos 2t
1 3 cos 2t
x= ⇥
2 cos 2t 2 sin 2t
3
= cosec 2t
4
For the y-intercept, let x = 0 in 1 :
1 1
y= = sec 2t
2 cos 2t 2
1
e Using base ⇥ height and noting that the values of the intercepts will be negative
2
for some values of t, the area is given by
39
!
1 3 1 3 1
cosec 2t ⇥ sec 2t = ⇥
2 4 2 16 sin 2t cos 2t
3 1
= ⇥
8 sin 4t
3
= cosec 4t
8
⇡ ⇡ k⇡
Now the minimum value of | cosec 4t| is 1 when 4t = ± + 2k⇡ ) t = ± + ;
2 8 2
3⇡ ⇡ ⇡ 3⇡
thus t = . . . , , , , , . . ..
8 8 8 8
!
3
f From part a or b, the x axis intercepts of the curve are ± , 0 , so the circle has
4
9
equation x2 + y2 = .
16
There are many possible answers, but keeping to the ‘2t’ parameter setup used for
3 3
the ellipse, one answer would be x = sin 2t, y = cos 2t.
4 4
g The area of a circle is ⇡r2 and the area of an ellipse is ⇡ab. So the area of the region
!2 ! !
3 3 1 3⇡
enclosed by the circle and the ellipse is ⇡ ⇡ = .
4 4 2 16
R3
Alternatively, the area A is given by A = 4 04 (y1 y2 )dx, where y1 is the equation of
the circle and y2 is the equation of the ellipse in the first quadrant. To avoid square
3 1
roots, use the parametric forms y = cos 2t for the circle and y = cos 2t for the
4 2
1
ellipse (NOT y = cos 2t since then corresponding values of t land you in di↵erent
2
quadrants).
Z ⇡ !!
4 3 1 dx
A=4 cos 2t cos 2t
0 4 2 dt
Z ⇡ ! !
4 1 3
=4 cos 2t cos 2t dt
0 4 2
Z ⇡
3 4
= cos2 2t dt
2 0
Z ⇡
3 4
= (1 + cos 4t) dt
4 0
" # ⇡4
3 1
= t + sin 4t
4 4 0
3 ⇡ 3⇡
= ⇥ =
4 4 16
40
R3
h Using the notation as in part g, the volume V is given by V = 2 04 (y21 y22 ) dx.
In this case, there is no need to use parametric form since no square roots are
involved. Thus:
Z 3 ! !!
4 9 2 1 16 2
V = 2⇡ x 1 x dx
0 16 4 9
Z 3 !
4 5 5 2
= 2⇡ x dx
0 16 9
" #3
5 5 3 4
= 2⇡ x x
16 27 0
!
15 5 5⇡
= 2⇡ =
64 64 16
1
20 x = t2 , y = t3 t
3
1
a y = t3 t
3
!
12
=t t 1
3
!2
1
y = t t2
2 2
1
3
!2
x
=x 1
3
!2
x
So g(x) = x 1 .
3
dy dy dx
b = ÷
dx dt dt
t2 1
=
2t
Then stationary points occur for t2 1 = 0, i.e. t = ±1.
2 2
t = 1 : x = 1, y = ; t = 1 : x = 1, y = .
3 ! 3
2
So the stationary points are 1, ± .
3
!2
x
c g(x) = x 1 = 0 when x = 0, 3. From this and the stationary points in part c, the
3
curve has a loop to the right of the y axis (you can confirm this by plotting the curve
41
with a Z
CAS). So the area A of the region enclosed by the curve is given by
3
A=2 y dx
0
Z p
3
dx
=2 y dt
0 dt
Z p !
3
13
=2 t t (2t) dt
0 3
Z p !
3
14 2
=4 t t dt
0 3
p
" # 3
1 5 13
=4 t t
15 3 0
p !
3 3 p
=4 + 3
5
p
8 3
=
5 p
(Note:pwhen the parameter is introduced, x = 3 corresponds to either p t = 3 or
t= 3. But the formula for ypshows that between t = 0 and t = 3, y is negative
while p
between t = 0 and t = 3, y is positive; so the upper terminal should be
t= 3 or you will get a negative result.)
Z 3
d V= ⇡( f (x))2 dx
Z 3 !2
x
=⇡ x 1 dx
0 3
Z 3 !
2x2 x3
=⇡ + x dx
0 3 9
" 4 #3
x 2x3 x2
=⇡ +
36 9 2 0
!
9 9
=⇡ 6+
4 2
3
= ⇡
4
42

Specialist Methods 12 Solutions

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Specialist Methods 12 Solutions

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Chapter 1 – Preliminary topics

−11π c  −11π 180 ◦ c

∴ 0.25 + cos2 (x◦ ) = 1 √ 100

8 a sin2 (x) + cos2 (x) = 1

11 a f (x) = sin 2x, x ∈ [0, 2π]

a Applying the sine rule: cos ∠BAC

4 a Using the cosine rule 6 B

= (121.33004 . . .)◦ 40°

2 a ∠RT W = (180 − 105)◦ = 75◦

c ∠RT S = 37◦ (angle subtended by the arc RS )

d ∠RS T = (105 − 62)◦ = 43◦

3 c = 50 (angle between tangent and chord)

4 a ∠ABX = ∠BXA = ∠XAB = 60◦

b ∠XDC = (90 − 75)◦ = 15◦

(180 – c – (180 – b))°

7 x = 80 (angle subtended by arc at centre)

8 a = 180 − (70 + 50) = 60

3 t1 = −2, tn+1 = −3tn

c (x − 2)2 + (y − 2)2 < 4 5 Length of diameter

2 x = 4t2 , y = 8t 5 a x = 4 cos 2t, y = 4 sin 2t

-3 Note: ensure your handheld unit is

= [0, 6] Now type the following information:

= [0, 4] 0 < f < 2π tstep = 0.13

x2 y2 10 Ellipse: x–intercepts at (−4, 0) and (4, 0)

2 AP = 10 cm. Form Triangle PAO which is right-angled at A.

Triangle AOP is congruent to triangle BOP as AO = BO (radii of a circle) and

X is the midpoint of AB and OX is perpendicular to AB.

b Let angle AOX have magnitude θ◦ .

7 a cos(315◦ ) = cos(360 − 45)◦

c sin A = sin 330◦ .

a Triangle ABD is isosceles with BD = AB (given).

b Triangle ABD is similar to triangle CDA.

Let angle BXP have√magnitude θ◦ .

a Triangle ABC is a right-angled triangle at C as AC 2 + CB2 = AB2 .

b In triangle DAC, AC = DC = 9 cm.

b The triangle ABC is right-angled at C.

16 For x = 3 cos(2t) + 4 and y = sin(2t) − 6, first rearrange each of the equations.

The quadrilateral is cyclic and therefore 3x = 180 which implies x = 60.

21 For x = a + b cos(2πt) and y = c + d sin(2πt) rearranging gives

a ∠ADB = 180 − (90◦ + 40◦ )

ii The sum of the sequence,

b sum = 7(p + 1)(10p + 11)

26 a The nth term is 3n−1

b 30 × 31 × 32 × . . . × 3n−1 = 30 + 1 + 2 + ... +(n−1)

2 D The first term of the arithmetic

i The magnitude of angle BAP = (80 − (θ + 10))◦ = (31.43 . . .)◦

ii Use the cosine rule to find the size of angle APB.

iii The centre is (0, −3)

b The centre of the! ellipse has coordinates

e There is a right angle at P and hence AQ is a diameter.! !

b Suppose (x − h)2 + (y − k)2 = a2 touches both axes.

c If the circles pass through the point (2, 4) then

d (10, 10) and radius 10, and (2, 2) and radius 2

d When y = 0, −a sin2 θ = −x cos θ + a cos2 θ

Note that AX = AY = XB = YC = CZ = ZB (equal tangents from point) and the

a From the diagram, ∠APB = 100◦

b In triangle PBA, using the sine rule gives

30° 70° 45°

8 f (x) = |x2 − ax|

! ! ! However when these values are

5i + 3j = 2(x 1)i 2yj = (x2 x1 , y2 y1 , z2 z1 )

a a.a = (i 4j + 7k).(i 4j + 7k)

b b.b = (2i + 3j + 3k).(2i + 3j + 3k)

d a.c = (2i j + 3k).( i + 3j k) c a.(a + b) b.(a + b)

−11π c −11π 180 ◦ c