Results and Analysis

I. Use of Analytical Balance

Table 1.1

# Tablets Removed by Mean Median

difference
1 0.5723 0.5723
2 0.5610 0.5611
3 0.5720 0.5721
4 0.5622 0.5622
5 0.5683 0.5683

As shown on the Table 1.1, the mean and the median of tablet 1, 4, and 5 provide similar values while
tablet 2 and 3 has greater median value than the mean. Thus, the median has major outliers in the low
end of the distribution.

Table 1.2

# Tablets Removed by Range Standard deviation Variance

difference
1 1x10^-4 7.071x10^-5 5.000 x10^-9
2 2x10^-4 1.225x10^-4 1.501 x10^-8
3 4x10^-4 2.121x10^-4 4.499 x10^-8
4 2x10^-4 1x10^-4 1x10^-8
5 2x10^-4 1x10^-4 1x10^-8

As shown on Table 1.2, the range provides information about the total variability in the data set. The
standard deviation and variance has smaller value which the data is very closely dispersed around the
mean.

Based on the table of standard deviation above, the precision was expressed. Since, the experiment
yields data with a low standard deviation then it is said to have high precision. Also, indeterminate error
existed such as collecting samples and making measurements which affects repeatability.

Table 1.3

Absolute error
# Tablets Removed by Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
difference
1 1x10^-4 1x10^-4 1x10^-4
2 1x10^-4 0 3x10^-4
3 0 1x10^-4 2x10^-4
4 1x10^-4 3x10^-4 0
5 0 1x10^-4 0
 Relative error
# Tablets Removed by Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
difference
1 0.01747% 0.01748% 0.01748%
2 0.01783% 0% 0.05334%
3 0% 0.01748% 0.03497%
4 0.01779% 0.05334% 0%
5 0% 0.01759% 0%

As shown on Table 1.3, the absolute error of the tablets ranges from 0 to 0.0003 while the relative error
of the tablets ranges from 0% to 0.05%. Thus, the closeness of the measured value to the true value is
somewhat far. Also, the error comes from the faulty use of balance.

Based on the table of absolute error and relative error above, the accuracy was expressed. Some
measured values are closer to the true value which ranges from 0 to 0.0001 while some measured
values are farther to the true value which ranges from 0% to 0.05%. Thus, in this experiment
determinate error existed such as measurement errors and personal errors which led to less accurate
measured values. However, the data of measured value to the true value is accurate and precise.

Table 1.4

# Tablets Removed by difference Confidence Interval for Sample

1 0.5723g +/ 1.755 x10^-4g
2 0.5610g +/ 3.041 x10^-4g
3 0.5720g +/ 5.266 x10^-4g
4 0.5622g +/2.483 x10^-4g
5 0.5622g +/2.483 x10^-4g

As shown on Table 1.4, for tablet #1 with a confidence interval of 0.5723g +/ 1.755 x10^-4g means that
95% of the mass of the tablet lies between 0.5723g and 0.5725g. For tablet #2, the mass of the tablet
lies between 0.5607g and 0.5613g. For tablet #3, the mass of the tablet lies between 0.5715g and
0.5725g. For tablet #4 and #5, the mass of the tablet lies between 0.5620g and 0.5624g.

IV. Calibration of Pipette

Table 4.1

Volume(mL) H20 Experimental/Measured Value True Value

5mL 5.0118 5.0108
10mL 5.1083 5.1073
15mL 4.9408 4.9399
20mL 5.0463 5.0453
As shown on Table 4.1, the experimental/measured values were calculated by the mass of H20 x factor
at T while the true values were calculated by the mass of H20 x factor corrected to 20oC.

Table 4.2

Mean Median
5.0268 5.0291

As shown on the Table 4.2, the median has greater value than the mean. Thus, the median has major
outliers in the low end of the distribution.

Table 4.3

Range Standard deviation Variance

0.1675 0.069865 4.8811x10^-3

As shown on Table 4.3, the range provides information about the total variability in the data set. The
standard deviation has greater value which indicates that the data points are spread over a wider range
of values while variance has smaller value which the data is very closely dispersed around the mean.

Based on the table of standard deviation above, the precision was expressed. Since, the experiment
yields data with a high standard deviation then it is said to have low precision. Also, indeterminate error
existed such as making measurements which affects repeatability.

Table 4.4

Volume(mL) H20 Absolute error Relative error

5mL 1x10^-3 0.019957%
10mL 1x10^-3 0.019580%
15mL 9x10^-4 0.018219%
20mL 1x10^-3 0.019820%

As shown on Table 4.4, the absolute error ranges from 0.001 to 0.0009 while the relative error ranges
from 0.018% to 0.019%. Thus, the closeness of the measured value to the true value is somewhat far.
Also, the error comes from the faulty use of pipette or improperly calibrated.

Based on the table of absolute error and relative error above, the accuracy was expressed. Some
measured values are closer to the true value which ranges to 0.001 while some measured values are
farther to the true value which ranges to 0.0009 Thus, in this experiment determinate error existed such
as personal errors which led to less accurate measured values.

Table 4.5

Volume (mL) H20 Confidence Intervals for Sample

5mL-20mL 5.0628g +/0.11109g
As shown on Table 4.5, a confidence interval of 5.0628g +/0.11109g means 95% of the mass of H20 lies
between 5.0517g and 5.1739g. However, the allowance in range of volume of H20 accepted is +/0.02
which is between 4.98g and 5.02g. Thus, the interval measured in the experiment is far from the
accepted value.

Conclusion:

To characterize the data in the Tables are to assume that the masses are randomly scattered around
central value that provides the best estimate of a tablet’s or h20’s expected or true mass through
calculating the mean and median. On the other hand, the spread of individual measurements provides
an estimate of the difference in mass among tablets or h20 or of the uncertainty in measuring with a
balance through calculating the range, the standard deviation, and the variance. Furthermore, there are
errors affecting accuracy called determinate error. Accuracy can be expressed as either an absolute
error or as a percent relative error. Meanwhile, errors affecting precision are indeterminate. Precision
can be expressed as a standard deviation. Lastly, confidence intervals for sample gives a range of values
for the estimated sample parameter rather than a single value or a point estimate.