CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

There were multiple studies and thesis made about sleep deprivation, not only in the

Philippines but also internationally. The findings that were sought in these studies can provide data

that determine the causes of sleep deprivation in terms of distinct socio-demographic factors,

workload, family obligations, personal necessities and the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive

skills, mood, and motor skills. These studies were found related and beneficial to the present study

as it produce basis and appropriate information from the extent of problem of the study to the

recommendation. The following discussions is a summarized review of found studies that are

considered helpful to aid and support the researchers in the making of the present study.

On Age

According to Canadian Sleep Society, older individuals have a higher proportion of sleep

disorders than young adults. Aging is accompanied by a weakening and an earlier timing of signal

from the biological clock which may affect the sleep schedule. Compared to young adults, older

individuals often show earlier bed time and wake-up times. Around the age of 40, older adults

become more sensitive to challenges imposed upon their sleep-wake cycle. Conjointly, older

people may have more difficulties or take more time to recover from sleep deprivation.

On Sex

According to an original study conducted by Dr. Diane B. Boivin of McGill University’s

Department of Psychiatry and the Douglas Mental Health University Institute, controlling for the

menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive use, the body clock affects sleep and alertness
differently in men and women. Dr. Diane B. Bolvin of McGill University's Department of

Psychiatry conducted a study showing that the body clock affects sleep and alertness differently

in men and women. The researchers’ team compared 15 men and 11 women variations in sleep

and alertness regulated by the body clock. A women's body clock causes them to fall asleep and

wake up earlier than men due to their body clock shifting to a more easterly time zone. The results

also hinted that women are less alert than men hence women being less biologically suited for

night work.

On Place of Residence

Place of Residence is defined as where a person lives or resides; dwelling place (Merriam-

Webster,2005) When a person has a far place of residence from his work, he tends to commute

and some say that long work commutes add unnecessary stress to their lives and may even impact

health. (Laing, 2016)

On Subject Area

The question, “What is the hardest subject to teach?” was posted on the question-and-

answer website Quora and an anonymous user said that Math was the hardest subject to teach. He

explained that all other courses (English, History, Science, Foreign Language, etc.) were pretty

much standalone courses, and do not require much of any pre-requisite training. Math is structured

in such a way that if you don’t thoroughly understand “A” then “B” will be twice as difficult, “C”

will be exponentially more troubling, and “D” will be impossible. Math teachers always have to

pick up strategies to explain to their class each concept to make sure they can go on to the next

lesson.

On Position
 According to The University of Texas at Austin (2019), they defined Job Position as the

role of that employee in the company, whether he is a developer, tester etc. It is believed that the

higher the position is, the more sleep deprived a person is. An online article that was reviewed by

Davis, C.P. (2017) it was stated that senior managers typically work long, grinding hours and deal

with a lot of stress in the process.

On Cognitive Skills

According to National Sleep Foundation, good sleep helps us to think clearly, remember

information, and make decisions. When we don’t get enough quality sleep, it impairs our

“executive function”—a set of abilities we need to do well in school, at work, and in all realms of

daily life. When you lose sleep, it’s harder to focus and pay attention. This affects school

performance and job productivity. Research shows that we need good sleep to feed our high-level,

innovative thinking and problem solving abilities. As you sleep, memories are reactivated,

connections between brain cells are strengthened, and information is transferred from short to

long-term. Without enough quality sleep, we can become more forgetful. Studies suggest that

sleeping shortly after we learn new information helps us retain and recall that information later.

On Mood

According to Zlatan Krizan and Garrett Hisler of Iowa State University, losing just a couple

hours of sleep at night makes you angrier, especially in frustrating situations, according to new

research. While the results may seem intuitive, the study is one of the first to provide evidence that

sleep loss causes anger. The research also provides new insight on our ability to adjust to irritating

conditions when tired.

On Motor
 According to Tom Scheve, sleep-deprived people have decreased activity in the temporal

lobe of the cerebral cortex, an area of the brain that helps us process language. But another part of

the brain - the parietal region picks up the slack, explaining why we can speak at all when short on

sleep. Sleep deprivation also leads to slower reaction times. Studies show it affects speed before it

affects accuracy (be it physical or mental). But stay awake a little longer, and you'll be neither

quick nor accurate.