EVALUATION OF MORHOLOGICAL GROWTH AND BIOMASS PRODUCTION

OF LOCAL AND EXOTIC RICE VARIETIES WITH DURATION

*Avinash Sharma, Sheelawati Monlai1, V. S. Devadas1, Janbo Libang1 and Chera Buri1
*1Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh-792103
*Corresponding Author Email: avinashcau@gmail.com, Cell Number: 911-349-7113
Corresponding Author Address: Arunachal University of Studies, National Highway 52
Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh-792103
Abstracts

The present experiment conducted on biomass production, yield, fresh weight and dry
weight of local rice Sali, Khampti lahi and exotic rice Thailand lahi. The fresh weight, dry
weight, biomass observed in root and shoot with days. The data of dry weight, fresh weight,
biomass of shoot and root were analyzed with mean. Significant differences obtained in fresh
weight, dry weight, biomass of root and shoot of local and exotic rice. The variable ranges
observed in dry weight, fresh weight, biomass of shoot and root. In shoot observation, the
highest shoot fresh weight 0.072 gm obtained with 72 days. The highest shoot fresh weight
0.053 gm obtained from Thailand lahi rice variety. The highest shoot dry weight 0.065 gm
observed with 14 days. The highest shoot dry weight 0.035 gm observed with local rice Sali.
In root observation, Among root dry weight, the highest root dry weight 0.047 gm obtained
with 35 days mean. The highest root dry weight 0.031 gm observed with Khampti lahi rice
variety. In root biomass observation, the highest root biomass 0.036 gm observed in 42 days.
The highest root biomass 0.028 gm observed in Khampti lahi rice variety. In shoot biomass
observation, the highest shoot biomass 0.035 gm obtained in 28 days mean. The highest shoot
biomass 0.031 gm reported in Thailand lahi rice variety. In variety yield, the highest yield
3280 kg/ha in 153 days in Thailand lahi rice variety. In duration of growth stages, the highest
time of growth stages 156 days observed in local rice Khampti lahi. The fresh biomass is
necessary for morphological growth, physiology and immune response. The dry biomass is
significant to another agriculture activity. The fresh biomass and dry biomass controls
environmental pollution. It will facilitate organic agriculture instead of sustainable agriculture
into future generation.

Keywords: Rice, shoot, root, biomass, duration, yield

Rice is a phanerogamic, angiospermic plant that belongs to genus oryza, Poaceae family.
Rice contains 80% carbohydrate, 7-8% protein, 5% fat and 3% fibre. The global per capita
food consumption was 53.7 kg in 2017 and is 53.9 kg in 2018 (FAO, 2018). The world paddy
production was 756.7 million tonnes and 502.2 million tonnes milled rice in 2017. The paddy
production of Asia was 684.2 million tonnes and 454 million tonnes milled rice in 2017. The
paddy production of India was 164.2 million and 109.5 million tonnes milled rice in 2017
(FAO, 2017).

1
 Sali and Khampti lahi are indigenous rice varieties of Namsai circle, Arunachal Pradesh.
Sali is short plant, non sticky, short oblong grain. Khampti lahi is tall plant height, sticky
quality and slender long grain, Thailand lahi is exotic rice variety of Thailand country that
was introduced in Namsai circle, Arunachal Pradesh. Sali and Khampti lahi are land race of
Namsai agroclimatic zone. Thailand lahi is secondary introduced variety of Namsai
agroecosystem. The total duration of local, hybrid, exotic improved and mutant rice varieties
are altered in several agroclimatic zones. The days of growth stages of local, hybrid, exotic,
improved and mutant rice varieties transited in different climatic zone. The yield of rice is
change different ecosystem. The fresh weight and dry weight of shoot or root are changed
with effect of climatic factors. The days of fresh biomass and dry biomass are obtained
different in the shoot and root organ. The fresh biomass contains water, carbohydrate,
protein, lipid, nutrient, enzymes and secondary metabolites etc. The fresh biomass is utilized
to plant system for germination growth, vegetative growth, reproductive growth and
maturation. The dry biomass contains carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nutrient, enzymes and
secondary metabolites and no water. The dry biomass are used in soil amendment, biogas
production, gasifier, Biofuel production, mushroom production and organic production etc.
The fresh biomass with day conducts appropriate plant activities and the dry weight performs
another agricultural progress. Vibhuti et al. (2015) reviewed shoot dry weight and root dry
weight in rice varieties. Huy and Iwai (2017) studied fresh weight and dry weight of white
and sticky rice. Bhaskar et al. (2017) obtained fresh weight and dry weight of shoot and root
with duration in traditional rice cultivars of Assam district. Morales et al. (2012) observed
root fresh weight, dry weight and shoot fresh weight or dry weight in Indica rice variety.
Akihiro et al. (2012) obtained biomass production with duration in japonica rice after
transplanting. They observed yield in japonica rice cultivar. Tian et al. (2017) reported root
dry weight, shoot dry weight and yield in rice. Gareth et al. (2017) obtained biomass of 22
bangladesh rice cultivars under alternate wetting and drying conditions. Emile et al. (2017)
observed crop duration and biomass of rice. Hoom et al. (2016) studied harvest time and
yield of Chuchung variety green rice. IRRI (2015) mentioned rice crop cycle of short
duration 100-120 days 120-140 days medium duration and 160 or more long duration. Tang
et al. (2009) observed yield and biomass production in five rice crops. Elipitiya et al. (2017)
observed vegetative growth and yield in Sri Lankan traditional rice varieties Pacchchperumal
and Sudurusamba. Ke et al. (2018) observed grain wield in super hybrid rice. With this
background, the following objective as taken for experiment i.e.,

i) Evaluation of Fresh weight, Dry weight of shoot and root with days in local and exotic
rice varieties.
ii) Evaluation of Biomass production of shoot and root with days in local and exotic rice
varieties.
iii) Evaluation of Yield of local and exotic rice varieties.
iv) Determination of duration of crop stages of local and exotic rice varieties.

2
 Material and Methods

The local rice Sali, Khampti lahi and exotic rice variety Thailand lahi used in the
experiment. The fresh weight, dry weight of shoot and root of 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days,
biomass of shoot and root of 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42 days, growth stages with days and yield
with days observed in local and exotic rice varieties. The dry weight of shoot and root
recorded in open environment system. The observation reported after transplanting AUS
department of agriculture. The observed data was analyzed with Mean parameters.

Results and Discussion

i) Evaluation of Fresh weight, Dry weight of shoot and root with days in local and exotic
rice varieties

The data of shoot fresh weight and root dry weight showed in Table 1 and fig. 1.
Significant differences found among varietal mean, days mean of shoot fresh weight and
shoot dry weight. The day ranges 0.025-0.038 gm 7 days, 0.017-0.033 gm 14 days, 0.038-
0.046 gm 21 days, 0.056-0.066 gm 28 days, 0.047-0.072 gm 35 days, 0.057-0.087 gm 42
days, variety mean range 0.050-0.053 gm and days mean range 0.024-0.072 gm observed in
shoot fresh weight. The day ranges of shoot dry weight 0.07-0.023 gm 7 days, 0.11 0.065 gm
14 days, 0.012-0.018 gm 21 days, 0.023-0.027 gm 28 days, 0.018-0.035 gm 35 days, 0.019-
0.049 gm 42 days, variety mean range 0.028-0.035 gm and days mean range 0.015-0.065 gm
observed in local and exotic rice varieties. Among shoot fresh weight, the highest shoot fresh
weight 0.072 gm obtained with 72 days. The highest shoot fresh weight 0.053 gm obtained
from Thailand lahi rice variety. Among shoot dry weight, the highest shoot dry weight 0.065
gm observed with 14 days. The highest shoot dry weight 0.035 gm observed with local rice
Sali.

The figures of root fresh weight and root dry weight depicted in Table 2 and fig. 2.
Significant differences observed in variety mean, days mean of root fresh weight and root dry
weight. The day ranges 0.016-0.017 gm 7 days, 0.023-0.033 gm 14 days, 0.037-0.042 gm 21
days, 0.045-0.053 gm 28 days, 0.035-0.069 gm 35 days, 0.029-0.078 gm 42 days, variety
mean range 0.032-0.049 gm, days mean range 0.013-0.047 gm reported with local and exotic
rice. Among root dry weight, the highest root dry weight 0.047 gm obtained with 35 days
mean. The highest root dry weight 0.031 gm observed with Khampti lahi rice variety.
Bhaskar et al. (2016) reported root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight and
shoot dry weight with 0, 7, 14 & 21 days in traditional rice cultivars. Aditi et al. (2015)
observed root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight in rice.
Morales et al. (2012) reported shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight and
root dry weight in rice. The shoot fresh weight is higher than root fresh weight with days
transformation. The good shoot fresh weight and root fresh weight provides high water
content, nutrient content, biomolecules content, enzymes content, growth regulator content

3
and secondary metabolites content in the system. These are performs well for morphological
growth and physiological maturity in the plant system.

The best root dry weight and shoot dry weight contains high nutrient, biomolecules,
fibre, enzymes, secondary metabolites etc. The shoot dry weight and root dry weight
performs fitful another agriculture activities. The shoot fresh weight contributes to
ecosystem. The shoot dry weight and root dry weight contributes in the terrestrial ecosystem.

4
 Table 1: Shoot fresh weight and dry weight of local and exotic rice varieties

Shoot
Fresh Weight Dry Weight
Days
7 14 21 28 35 42 Mean 7 14 21 28 35 42 Mean
Variety
Sali 0.038 0.017 0.046 0.056 0.047 0.057 0.044 0.021 0.11 0.018 0.025 0.018 0.019 0.035
Khampti Lahi 0.025 0.033 0.042 0.059 0.069 0.073 0.050 0.023 0.014 0.015 0.027 0.041 0.049 0.028
Thailand Lahi 0.031 0.022 0.038 0.066 0.072 0.087 0.053 0.07 0.016 0.012 0.023 0.031 0.045 0.033
Mean 0.031 0.024 0.042 0.060 0.063 0.072 Mean 0.038 0.065 0.015 0.025 0.03 0.038

Table 2: Root fresh weight and dry weight of local and exotic rice varieties

Root
Fresh Weight Dry Weight
Days
7 14 21 28 35 42 Mean 7 14 21 28 35 42 Mean
Variety
Sali 0.017 0.028 0.037 0.045 0.035 0.029 0.032 0.014 0.011 0.018 0.026 0.013 0.012 0.016
Khampti Lahi 0.016 0.023 0.039 0.049 0.069 0.078 0.046 0.013 0.016 0.01 0.022 0.096 0.029 0.031
Thailand Lahi 0.016 0.033 0.042 0.053 0.069 0.078 0.049 0.011 0.016 0.012 0.023 0.031 0.045 0.023
Mean 0.016 0.028 0.039 0.049 0.058 0.062 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.024 0.047 0.029

5
 0.060

0.050
Shoot mean

0.040 Sali
0.030
Khampti Lahi
0.020
Thailand Lahi
0.010

0.000
FW DW
Fresh weight and Dry weight of variety

Fig. 1: Shoot fresh weight & dry weight of local and exotic rice varieties

0.060

0.050

0.040 Sali
Root mean

0.030 Khampti Lahi

0.020 Thailand Lahi
0.010

0.000
FW DW
Fresh weight and Dry weight of variety

Fig. 2: Root fresh weight & dry weight of local and exotic rice varieties

6
ii) Evaluation of Biomass production of shoots and roots with days in local and exotic
rice varieties

The figure of root biomass and shoot biomass showed in Table 3, Table 4 and fig. 3.
Significant differences observed in root biomass and shoot biomass of local and exotic rice
varieties. The days range 0.003-0.012 gm 7 days, 0.006-0.026 gm 14 days, 0.021-0.023 gm
21 days, 0.013-0.021 gm 28 days, 0.022-0.041 gm 35 days, days mean range 0006-0.036gm
and variety mean 0.017-0.028 gm obtained in root biomass. The range of shoot biomass
0.002-0.017 gm 7 days, 0.004-0.019 gm 14 days, 0.027-0.036 gm 21 days, 0.031-0.042 gm
28 days, 0.028-0.044 gm 35 days, 0.024-0.031 gm 42 days, days mean range 0.01-0.035gm
and variety mean range 0.022-0.031 gm recorded in shoot biomass. Among root biomass, the
highest root biomass 0.036 gm observed in 42 days. The highest root biomass 0.028 gm
observed in Khampti lahi rice variety. Among shoot biomass, the highest shoot biomass
0.035 gm obtained in 28 days mean. The highest shoot biomass 0.031 gm reported in
Thailand lahi rice variety. Tang et al. (2009) observed shoot biomass and shoot biomass after
harvesting in rice. Frageria (2012) studied shoot dry weight of rice. Emile (2018) estimated
biomass with duration in rice. Tian et al. (2017) observed root dry weight and shoot dry
weight in two rice varieties. The fresh biomass involves in vegetative growth, reproductive
growth and maturation. It forbids nutritional and metabolic dysfunction. It participates in the
environmental cycle and ecosystem. The dry biomass involves in another agriculture
activities. It contributes to the biogeochemical cycle. The well fresh biomass and dry biomass
of the crop reduces the environment pollution. The good dry biomass of agriculture and
horticulture crops promotes organic farming instead of sustainable agriculture.

7
 Table 3: Root Biomass production in local and exotic rice varieties

Biomass Production
Root
Days
7 14 21 28 35 42 Mean
Variety
Sali 0.003 0.017 0.021 0.019 0.022 0.017 0.017
Khampti Lahi 0.012 0.026 0.023 0.021 0.033 0.05 0.028
Thailand Lahi 0.003 0.006 0.022 0.013 0.041 0.042 0.021
Mean 0.006 0.016 0.022 0.018 0.032 0.036

Table 4: Shoot Biomass production in local and exotic rice varieties

Biomass Production
Shoot
Days
7 14 21 28 35 42 Mean
Variety
Sali 0.017 0.004 0.028 0.031 0.029 0.038 0.025
Khampti Lahi 0.002 0.019 0.027 0.032 0.028 0.024 0.022
Thailand Lahi 0.011 0.018 0.036 0.042 0.044 0.032 0.031
Mean 0.01 0.014 0.030 0.035 0.034 0.031

0.035
0.030
Biomass mean

0.025
Sali
0.020
Khampti Lahi
0.015
0.010 Thailand Lahi
0.005
0.000
Root Shoot
Root and Shoot biomass of rice varieties

Fig. 3: Root and shoot biomass of local and exotic rice varieties

8
ii) Evaluation of Yield with days of local and exotic rice varieties

The figure of days and yield showed in Table 5, fig. 4 and fig. 5. Significant differences
observed in days, yield from local and exotic rice variety. The day ranges 151-156 days and
yield ranges 2408-3280 kg/ha obtained with local and exotic rice variety. The local rice Sali
variety obtained 2408 kg/ha in 151 days. The local rice Khampti lahi variety observed 2212
kg/ha in 156 days. The exotic rice variety recorded 3280 kg/ha yields in 153 days. The
highest yield 3280 kg/ha in 153 days in Thailand lahi rice variety. Jumiatan et al. (2016)
resulted grain yield in rice varieties. Ahmed et al. (2015) resulted grain yield in seven
traditional rice cultivars. Ranawake et al. (2014) studied yield in many rice genotypes. The
rice plant produces good yield with ideal impact of climatic factors and physiology. The rice
plant performs stable metabolism in disturb climatic factors and generates high yield in the
rice. The fresh biomass also involves for high rice yield. The CO2 compensation point
maintains in disturb climatic factors and produces high yield in the crops.

Table 5: Days and Yield of local and exotic rice varieties

Varieties Days Yield (kg/ha)

Sali 151 2408
Khampti Lahi 156 2212
Thailand Lahi 153 3280

4000
3500
3000
Yield (kg/ha)

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Sali Khampti Lahi Thailand Lahi
Rice varieties

Fig. 4: Productivity of Local and Exotic rice varieties

9
 157
156
Maturity Dyas

155
154
153
152
151
150
149
148
Sali Khampti Lahi Thailand Lahi
Rice varieties

Fig. 5: Maturity days of Local and Exotic rice varieties

iv) Determination of duration of crop stages of local and exotic rice varieties

The data of growth stages depicted in Table 6. The duration range of vegetative stage 72-
75 days, reproductive stage obtained 27- 30 days and maturation stage 33-46 days among
local and exotic rice varieties. The growth duration 75 days vegetative stage, 30 days
reproductive stage and 46 days maturation stage were obtained with Sali rice variety. The
growth period 74 days vegetative stage, 29 days reproductive stage and 33 days maturation
were observed with Khampti lahi rice variety. The growth days 72 days vegetative stage, 27
days reproductive stage and 34 days maturation stage were recorded with Thailand lahi rice
variety. The highest time of growth stages 156 days observed in local rice Khampti lahi.
Aghamoki et al. (2014) reported booting stage, flowering stage and ripening stage of tall ice
cultivar. Ke et al. (2017) observed grain filling and panicle initiation in five super hybrid rice.
Elpittiya et al. (2017) resulted vegetative growth and reproductive stage in Sri Lankan
traditional rice. The days of vegetative stage, reproductive stage and maturation stage
depends on stages physiology, fresh biomass and climatic factors, The ideal climatic factors
and fresh biomass produces early rice maturation.

Table 6: Growth stages of Local and Exotic rice varieties

Variety Vegetative Stage Reproductive Stage Maturation Stage Total

Sali 75 30 46 151
Khampti Lahi 74 29 33 156
Thailand Lahi 72 27 34 153

Conclusion
The morphological growth, yield, duration and biomass varies in local and exotic rice
varieties. The days of vegetative stage, reproductive stage and maturation stage of rice varies
with effect of physiology, climatic factors and biomass. The yield of rice produces different
10
with effect of climatic factors. The growth stages and yield of rice generates well in disturb
climatic factor. The fresh biomass, dry biomass of shoot differs from fresh biomass, dry
biomass of root. The variation of fresh biomass and dry biomass incurs with impact of
climatic factors. The fresh biomass conducts morphological growth, physiology and immune
response in the plant. The dry biomass promotes organic production, land amendment,
prevents pollution, industrial activities, maintains ecosystem. So, the fresh biomass and dry
biomass are essential to crop production and agriculture activities.

Acknowledgement

Author acknowledged for approved fund and seed materials from Director of Arunachal
University of Studies, Namsai.

References

Aditi, K., Rodante, E. T. and Amir, I. 2015, Evaluation and Selection of High Biomass Rice
(Oryza sativa L.) for Drought Tolerance. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6:
1962-1972.

Aghamolki, M. T. K., Yusop, M. K., Oad, Zakikhani, F. C. H., Hawa,. Z. J., Kharidah, S. S.
M. and Hanafi, M. M. 2014, Response of Yield and Morphological Characteristic of
Rice Cultivars to Heat Stress at Different Growth Stages. International Journal of
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 8(2): 98-100.

Ahmed, A. R., Dutta, B. K. and Ray, D. C. 2015, Response of Some Rice Varieties to
Different Crop Management Practices towards Morphological and Yield Parameters.
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(2): 1-6.

Bhaskar, S., Neeva, R. B., Shamsun, N. and Bhaben, T. 2016, Effect of drought stress on
morphophysiological traits in some traditional rice cultivars of Kokrajhar district,
Assam, India. Annals of Plant Sciences, 5.8: 1402-1408.

Elpitiya, U., Uvindhya, R. and Sudarshanee, G. 2017, Morphological diversity of Sri Lankan
traditional rice varieties “Pachchaperumal” and “Suduru samba”. Open Agriculture,
2: 552-560.

Emile, N., Dinh, H. T. M., Hai, T. D. N., Nicolas, B., Dominique, C., Laure, H. and
Ibrahim, E. M. 2018, Estimation of Rice Height and Biomass Using Multitemporal
SAR Sentinel-1 for Camargue, Southern France. Remote Sens., 10: 1394.

Fageria, N. K. 2012, Yield Physiology of Rice. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 30: 843-879.

Faostat. 2017, Rice market monitor, statistical data base, food and agricultural organization
(FAO) of the United Nations Rome.

Faostat. 2018, Rice Market Monitor, Trade and Markets Division Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

11
Gareth, J. N., Anthony, J. T., John, M. C., Danku, D. E., Salt, Mahmud, H., Rafiqul, I. and
Adam, H. P. 2017, Biomass and elemental concentrations of 22 rice cultivars grown
under alternate wetting and drying conditions at three field sites in Bangladesh. Food
and Energy Security, 6(3): 98-112.

Hoon, K., Oui-Woung, K., Ae, W. H. and Soojin, P. 2016, Determination of Optimal Harvest
Time of Chuchung Variety Green Rice (Oryza sativa L.) with High Contents of
GABA, γ-Oryzanol, and α-Tocopherol. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci., 21(2): 97-103.

Huy, V. and Iwai, C. B. 2017, Utilization of wastewater on seed germination and

physiological parameters of rice (Oryza sativa L.). IOP Conf. Series: Materials
Science and Engineering, 334.

IRRI, 2015, Steps to successful rice production. Rice Production Manual, International Rice
Research Institute, Philippines, 1-31.

Jumiatun, A., Junaedi, I., Lubis, M. A., Chozin. and Miyazaki, A. 2016, Morphological,
Physiological and Yield Responses of Some Rice Varieties (Oryza sativa L.) as
Exposed Under High Temperature in Indonesia. American Journal of Plant
Physiology, 11(1-3): 33-41.

Ke, L., Aibin, H., Chang, Y., Shaowen, L., Jian, L., Mengtao, G., Youzhong, F., Bilin, L.,
Xiaohai, T. and Yunbo, Z. 2018, Root Morphological Traits and Spatial Distribution
under Different Nitrogen Treatments and Their Relationship with Grain Yield in
Super Hybrid Rice. Scientific reports, Nature, 8 (131): 1-9.

Morales, S. G., Libia, I. T. T., Fernando, C. G. M., Camila, C., David, E. V. and Braulio, E.
H. C. 2012, Growth, photosynthetic activity, and potassium and sodium concentration
in rice plants under salt stress. Acta Scientiarum, Agronomy, 34(3): 317-324.

Ranawake, A. L., Amarasinghe, U. G. S., Hewage, M. J. and Pradeepika, N. G. J. 2014,

Effect of Days to Flowering on Plant Height and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.).
International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 3(9): 1143-1152.

Tanga, L., Zhua, Y., Hannawayb, D., Menga, Y., Liua, L., Chena, L. and Caoa, W. 2009,
RiceGrow: A rice growth and productivity model. Wageningen Journal of Life
Sciences, 57: 83-92.

Tian, Z., Jingpeng, L., Xinhua. H., Xueying, J., Fu, Y. and Zhichun, W. 2017, Grain Yield,
Dry Weight and Phosphorus Accumulation and Translocation in Two Rice (Oryza
sativa L.) Varieties as Affected by Salt-Alkali and Phosphorus.

Vibhuti, Charu, S., Kiran, B. and Bargali, S. S. 2015, Seed germination and seedling growth
parameters of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties as affected by salt and water stress. Indian
Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 85(1): 102-8.

12