• QUANTITATIVE PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

QUALITY CONTROL 1

• BY L.P. BAZAN, RPh., Ph.D.

 INTRODUCTION TO QUALITY
CONTROL
The term “quality” as applied to a drug product has been defined as the
sum of all factors which contribute directly or indirectly to the safety,
effectiveness, and reliability of the product. These properties are built
into drug products through research and during the manufacturing process
by procedures collectively referred to as “quality control.”Quality Control
guarantees within reasonable limits that a drug product:

(1) is free of impurities

(2) is physically and chemically stable

(3) contains the amount of active ingredient as stated on the label, and

(4) provides optimal release of active ingredients when the product is

administered.
 Four Classes of Reagents in the Laboratory

1. Technical or Commercial Grade – the cheapest kind. They have

not been purified very well and can’t be used for quantitative work.

2. USP Grade – these have been purified to conform with the

standards set by the USP book. They are used in compounding
medicines and dispensing prescription in drugstores.

3. Chemically Pure or CP grade – these have undergone a very

thorough purification. The quantity of impurity is very small. This
can be used for quantitative work.

4. Analytical Reagent or AR grade – the most expensive class of

reagent, besides being thoroughly purified. They have been
analyzed carefully so that every bottle carried on the label a
complete analysis of the compound.
 Types of Solution Based on Concentration
1. Concentrated Solution – a solution containing a relative large
amount of solute.

Examples: Pure HCl – 37% pure & 12N

CP H2SO4 - 98% pure & 36N
Conc. HNO3 – 65% pure & 16N
Conc. NH4OH – 28% pure & 14N

2. Dilute Solution – a solution containing a small amount of solute

3. Saturated Solution – a solution containing the maximum amount

of solute that the solvent can dissolve.

4. Unsaturated solution – a solution containing less solute that what

a given volume of solvent can dissolve.

5. Supersaturated Solution – a solution containing more solute that

what a given volume of solvent can dissolve.
Ways of Expressing Strength of
Solution
1. Weight/unit Volume – expresses the weight of solute in grams per ml of solution.
Ex. 2 grams BaCl2 / ml

2. Specific gravity – this is used for alcoholic solution which is numerically equal to density.

3. Ratio – proportional amount or parts of solute compared to the proportional amount or

part of solvent

4. Percent strength – expresses the number or weight in grams of solute present

in 100 ml of solution.

5. Molar solution – a solution containing one gram molecular weight of solute in one liter of
solution.

6. Normal solution – a solution containing one gram equivalent weight of solute in liter of solution.
Gram-Equivalent Weight (GEW)
- weight in grams which is chemically equivalent to 1 gram-atom of
hydrogen (1.0079).
- weight of a substance in grams which (1) contains, (2) furnishes, (3)
reacts with directly or indirectly, or (4) replaces 1 gram-atom or ion of
hydrogen (neutralization reaction)
- Weight which loses electrons equivalent to 96,500 C (Reducing
agent)
- weight which gains electrons equivalent to 1 faraday or to the
electrons gained by 1 gram-ion hydrogen ions (Oxidizing agent)

Determination of gram-equivalent weight (GEW)

GEW =molecular weight

- no. of replaceable H+ in acidic compounds
- no. of replaceable OH- in basic compounds
- total + valence in neutral salts OR
- no. of electrons gained or lost in REDOX
Determination of milliequivalent weight (meq wt)

Meq wt = 1/1000 of an equivalent weight

OR

Meq wt = Eq wt/1000

OR

Meq wt = ________molecular weight___________________

- total no. of + valence (SALT)
- no. of replaceable H+ (ACID)
- no. of replaceable OH- (BASE) x 1000
- no. of electrons gained or lost (REDOX)
EXAMPLES
SALTS ACIDS BASES
NaCl HCl KOH
Na2SO4 H2SO4 Ba(OH)2
CaCl2 H3PO4 Al(OH)3
AlCl3 CH3COOH Mg(OH)2
Na2PO4
KCl
Na2CO3
 STOICHIOMETRY INVOLVING
NORMALITIES
N = Weight of substance
Volume in mL x meq wt

Example/s:

1. What is the normality of a solution which was prepared by

dissolving 3.7 grams of Ca(OH)2 in q.s. water to make
100 mL solution?

2. How many grams of KOH are needed to prepare one liter

of a 0.25N solution?
 QUIZ 2
1. What is the normality of a solution which was prepared by dissolving 3.7
grams of Ca(OH)2 in q.s. water to make 100 mL solution?

2. How many grams of KOH are needed to prepare one liter of a 0.25N
solution?

.3. If 30.20 ml of hydrochloric acid solution were required in the titration of

0.3060 g pure sodium carbonate, what was the normality of the acid?
4. A 24.15 ml of sodium hydroxide solution were required in the
titration of 4.9651 g of potassium biphthalate, what is the
normality of the solution?
Ca = 40.08 x 1 = 40.08
O = 16 x 2 = 32
H=1x2 =2
= 74.08

Meq wt. = 74.08 = 74.08 = 0.03704

2 x 1000 2000
N = ______3.7 g____ = 0.99892 N
100 mL x 0.03704
2. How many grams of KOH are needed to prepare
one liter of a 0.25N solution?
N = wt of substance wt = N x mL x meq wt =
mL x meqwt = 0.25 N x1000 mL x 0.05610
N=0.25N = 14.025 g
Wt = ?
mL = 1L or 1000 mL
Meq wt = m.w. = 56.10 = 0.05610
1 x 1000 1000
K = 39.10 x 1 = 39.10
O = 16 x 1 = 16
H=1x1 = 1
56.10
• N = wt of substance
• mL x meq wt
= 14.025 g
1000 mL x 0.05610
= 0.25 N
 Methods of Analysis in Quantitative Pharmaceutical
Chemistry may be divided according to the following procedures:

General Methods used in official Pharmaceutical Analyses:

Volumetric (Titrimetric) Methods

- is the determination of the volume of a solution of known

concentration required to react with a given amount of
the substance to be analyzed.
Terms used in these methods:
• Titrimetric analysis
• Analyte (Titrand) – is the chemical substance being analyzed
• Titrant – is the solution of known concentration
• Indicator – is a chemical which changes color at the end point
• Stoichiometry – the mathematical formula employed in the
calculation to find the quantity of the constituent being analyzed.
• Stoichiometric point or equivalence point – the theoretical point
at which equivalent amounts of each have reacted
Milliequivalent weight is one thousand of a GEW
• Titer - grams of substance that is chemically
equivalent to 1 mL of a volumetric solution.
(Titer = Volume X N X meq. Wt.) (g/mL or mg/mL
• Volumetric apparatus are of 2 types:
that made to deliver a definite volume of liquid, such as burets and pipets;
and
 that made to contain a definite volume of liquid, such as volumetric flasks
and graduated cylinders.
• Units of capacity is the milliliter (mL)
• Standard solution – a solution whose accurate
concentration is known
• End Point or Actual Point where titration is stopped.
• Results in drug assay expressed in terms of percentage.
• Gram equivalent weight (GEW) are expressed in two ways:
the gram-equivalent of a chemical is defined as that weight in grams which
is chemically equivalent to 1 gram-atom of hydrogen (1.0079 g).
In neutralization reactions it is defined as the that weight of a substance in
grams which (1) contains, (2) furnishes, (3) reacts with directly or indirectly,
or (4) replaces 1 gram-atom or ion of hydrogen.
• Secondary standard – another standard solution of known
concentration
• Primary standard – a carefully weighed sample of a substance of
known concentration.
• Normality – the number of equivalents of solute per liter of
solution
• Molarity – the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
• molality – the number of moles of solute per 1000 g of solvent
 Preliminary Consideration:
4 requirements in Volumetric Work

1. accurate balance for weighing the sample

2. accurate measuring instrument for measuring volume (burets,

pipets and volumetric flask)

3. a standard solution (ss) or a solution whose accurate concentration

is known

4. An appropriate indicator
NEUTRALIZATION METHODS :
Indicators used in Neutralization Method:
Indicators Acid Alkaline Neutral

Phenolphthalein Colorless Dark pink/ red Light pink

Methyl Orange Red-orange / Yellow Salmon-pink

pink

Methyl Red Red Yellow Orange

Rules governing the use of Indicators:

a. Unless otherwise specified, use only 2 drops of indicator

b. In the titration of strong base with strong acid any of the

three (3) indicators may be used.

c. In the titration of weak base with strong acid, methyl orange

is used.

d. In the titration of weak acid with strong base,

phenolphthalein is used.

e. Never titrate a weak base with a weak acid. No indicator will

give a sharp end point color.
STEPS INVOLVED IN VOLUMETRIC
ANALYSIS

A. PREPARATION

B. STANDARDIZATION

C. ACTUAL ANALYSIS
 STEPS INVOLVED IN VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

A. PREPARATION – computations involved

1. From a solid
Weight = N x V x meq wt
Ex. Solve for the weight needed to prepare 1 liter 0.50 N potassium
hydroxide solution.
N = wt of substance = 28.05 g
mL x meq wt 1000 mL x 0.0561

2. From a solution of known specific gravity and % strength

V = N x V x meq wt
Sp. gr. x %/ 100
Ex. How many ml of sulfuric acid whose sp. gr. Is 1.84 which is 98% pure
will be diluted with water to prepare ½ liter of 0.5 N solution?
3. From a solution of known normality by dilution with water.
N1 V1 = N2 V2
Ex. Solve for the volume of concentrated HCl which should
be diluted with water to produce 500 ml of 0.5 solution.

4. By mixing two solution of known normality (solve by alligation)

Ex. How many ml of 6N and 2N sulfuric acid will be mixed to

produce 100 ml of 4N sulfuric acid
 B. STANDARDIZATION

•process of establishing the accurate

concentration of a solution by allowing it
to react with a pure substance known as
primary standard. (pure substance used
to establish the accurate concentration
of a solution
 PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION
OF ACID SOLUTIONS

• Normal hydrochloric acid solution may be standardized

titrimetrically against pure sodium carbonate or standard
solution of sodium hydroxide which has been recently
standardized, or gravimetrically by precipitation of an
equivalent amount of silver chloride. (Refer Jenkin’s
Quantitative Pharmaceutical Chemistry pages 72-73,
Exercise 3.1).

• The normality may be calculated as follows:

N = wt of primary standard
ml x meq
Examples:

1. If 30.20 ml of hydrochloric acid solution were required in

the titration of 0.3060 g pure sodium carbonate, what
was the normality of the acid?

Reaction involved:

Na2CO3 +2 HCl 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2

Na = 2 Na = 2

C= 1 C =1
O= 3 O=3

H = 2 H =2
Cl = 2 Cl =2
N = wt of substance
mL x meq wt
= 0.3060 g = 0.3060 = 0.1912 N
30.20 mL x 0.05299 1.600298

Na = 22.99 x 2 = 45.98 meq wt = 105.98 = 0.05299

C = 12 x 1 = 12 2 x 1000
O – 16 x 3 = 48
105. 98
Example:

2. In the standardization of HCl against pure anhydrous sodium

carbonate using methyl orange as indicator , 1 ml HCl was found to
be equivalent to 0.050 g of sodium carbonate (mw=106). What is
the normality of HCl?

Reaction involved:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

N = wt of primary standard
ml x meq wt.
 PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF
ALKALI SOLUTIONS

Solutions of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide

may be standardized by use of a standard solution of
hydrochloric or sulfuric acid as a secondary standard,
or potassium biphthalate as a primary standard. The
normality may be calculated as follows:

ml x N = meq

N = wt of primary standard ml x meq

 
 
Example:
1. If 35 ml of sodium hydroxide solution were found to be
equivalent to 0.7140 g of pure potassium biphthalate, what
is the normality of sodium hydroxide?
 
Reaction involved:
KHC8H4O4 + NaOH KNaC8H4O4 + H2O

K = 1 K=1
Na = 1 Na = 1
H = 6 H=6
C = 8 C=8
O = 5 O=5
Example:

2. A 24.15 ml of sodium hydroxide solution were required in

the titration of 4.9651 g of potassium biphthalate, what is
the normality of the solution?

N=
1.The molecular weight of NaOH is 40. How many
grams of NaOH pellets are needed to make 500
ml of 1.5 N solution?
2.Find the equivalent weight of sodium sulfate
3.How many grams of potassium sulfate will be
needed to prepare two liters of a 1.5 N solution?
4.What is the normality of an aqueous solution of
ferrous sulfate if 41.50 grams of FeSO4 were
added to enough water to make 1000 ml of
solution at 20 degrees centigrade?
5.How many grams of Calcium Sulfate will be
needed to prepare 1.5L of a 1.25 N solution?

 
6. The gram-molecular weight of H2SO4 is 98. A
solution containing 49 grams per liter solution
is how many in terms of normality?
7. The gram-molecular weight of NaOH is 40. A
0.05 N solution of NaOH contains in 100 ml
how many grams?
8. Find the equivalent weight of sodium sulfate
9. How many grams of potassium sulfate
(mw=174.27) will be needed to prepare two
liters of a 1.5 N solution?
10. What is the normality of an aqueous
solution of ferrous sulfate if 41.50 grams of
FeSO4 were added to enough water to make
1000 ml of solution at 20 degrees centigrade?
MIDTERM
COVERAGE
Types of titration based on
chemical reaction involved

•Neutralization
• Direct and Residual
• Aqueous and Non-aqueous
• Acidimetry and alkalimetry
 Aqueous Medium:
Types of Neutralization Reactions:
1. Acidimetry – acidic titrant with basic
analyte
A. Direct Titration
B. Residual titration
C. Nitrogen Determination by Kjeldahl
Method

2. Alkalimetry - basic titrant with acidic

analyte
A. Direct Titration
B. Residual titration
1. Acidimetry – acidic titrant with basic
analyte

A. Direct Titration

B. Residual titration

C. Nitrogen Determination by Kjeldahl

Method
 Direct Titration
 is conducted by introducing a standard acid/base
solution gradually from a buret into a solution of the
base/acid being assayed until chemically equivalent
amounts of each have reacted as shown by some
change in properties of the mixture. Such an end
point, which must be close to the stoichiometric
point, is made evident by a change in the color of
some indicator. The percent purity may be calculated
as follows:

% = mL x N x meq x 100
Sample wt
Examples:
1. Calculate the sodium Bicarbonate content of 0.2800
g sample requiring 3.51 ml of 0.9165 N sulfuric acid.
Solution:
% = mL x N x meq x 100
Wt of Sample
V= 3.51 mL
Wt =0.2800 g
N = 0.9165 N
Meq wt = 84___ = 0.084
1 x 1000
% = 3.51 mL x 0.9165 x 0.084 x100
0.2800 g

Answer: 96.51% NaHCO3

2. A 4.0520 g of hydrochloric acid required
44.15 mL of 0.9035 N sodium hydroxide in a
titration. Calculate the HCl content in percent

% = mL x N X meq wt x 100
Wt sample
= 44.15 mL x 0.9035 N x 0.03645 x 100
=35.88%HCl 4.0520 g
Wt = 4.0520 g
mL = 44.15 mL
N = 0.9035 N
Meq wt = 36.45/1000 = 0.03645
 Residual or back titration
is used whenever the end point of a direct titration
deviates appreciably from the stoichiometric points
For some reason;

 when the reaction proceeds slowly

 when the reaction doesn’t give a sharp end-point with the
indicator
 when the sample or analyte cannot be brought to solution
without changing the chemical nature upon which the
titration is based.
 Residual titration is carried out by dissolving the
substance under examination in an accurately measured
quantity of standard solution known to be in excess and
titrating the excess of the latter with another standard
solution. The percent purity of the sample may be
calculated as follows:

% = (mLa x Na) – (mLb x Nb) x meq wt x 100

Sample wt
Examples:

1.A 1.2500-g sample of zinc oxide were treated with 50

ml of 1.1230 N sulfuric acid and 27.48 ml of 0.9765 N
sodium hydroxide were consumed. Calculate the percent
purity of the sample.

2. Calculate the MgO content of milk of magnesia, 12.32

g which was dissolved in 50 ml of 1.0340 N sulfuric acid,
producing a mixture that required 24.60 ml of 1.1265 N
sodium hydroxide.
Solution:
% ZnO = (50 mL x 1.1230 N) – (27.48 mL x 0.9765) x 0.040685 x
100
1.2500 g

= 95.43% ZnO
Given:
Wt = 1.2500 g
Va = 50 mL
Vb = 27.48 mL
Na = 1.1230 N
Nb = 0.9765 N
Meq wt = 81.37/2000 = 0.040685
Zn = 65.37 x 1 = 65.37
O = 16 x1 = 16
81.37
2. Calculate the MgO content of milk of
magnesia, 12.32 g which was dissolved in 50
ml of 1.0340 N sulfuric acid, producing a
mixture that required 24.60 ml of 1.1265 N
sodium hydroxide.

% MgO = (50 mL x 1.0340) – (24.60 mL x 1.1265) x0.02016 x100

12.32 g

= 3.92% MgO
2. Alkalimetry - basic titrant with acidic analyte

A. Direct Titration

B. Residual titration
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1.A sample of Sodium Carbonate weighing

1.09 g requires 22.38 ml of 0.9050 N H2SO4
to reach a methyl orange end point. What is
the percentage of Na2CO3 in the sample?
(Na=23; C=12; O=16)

2. What is the percentage of Magnesium

Hydroxide in milk of magnesia, if 5.2430 g of
which was dissolved in 25 ml of 0.9915 N
sulfuric acid, producing a mixture that
required 9.85 ml of 1.1402 N sodium
hydroxide? (Mg=24; O=16; H=1). 
 Solution (1)
Given:
Wt = 1.09 g
Vol = 22.38 mL
N = 0.9050 N
Meq wt = 0.053
%=?
% = mL x N x meq wt x 100
wt of sample
= 22.38 mL x 0.9050 N x 0.053 x 100
1.09 g
= 98.48% Na2CO3
 SOLUTION (2)

Given:
Wt. = 5.2430 g mw = Mg = 24 x 1 = 24
Na = 0.9915 N O = 16 x 2 = 32
Va = 25 mL H = 1x2 = 2
Nb = 1.1402 N 58
Vb = 9.85 mL
Meq wt = 58/2x1000 = 0.029

% Mg(OH)2 = (25 mL x 0.9915 N) – (9.85 mL x 1.1402) x 0.029 x100

5.2430 g

= 7.498% Mg(OH)2
 • SEATWORK

1.Calculate the following titer values for 1N sulfuric acid:

a) KHCO3 b) K2CO3 c) CaCO3
2. If a 0.4340 g sample of methenamine were titrated in the usual way with
25 mL of 0.6500 N sulfuric acid and 9.45 mL of 0.4500 N sodium
hydroxide was required in the back titration, what was the percent
C6H12N4 of the sample?
3. The ammonia from a 6.1500 g sample of an organic nitrogen compound
was distilled into 50 mL of 0.1246 N sulfuric acid and the mixture was
titrated with 22.42 mL of 0.0962 N sodium hydroxide. Calculate the
percentage of nitrogen in the sample.
4. A 4.0520 g sample of hydrochloric acid, sp gr 1.18, required 44.15 mL of
0.9035 N sodium hydroxide in a titration. Calculate (a) HCl content (b)
normality ( C ) Na2CO3 titer of the sample.
2) If a 0.4340 g sample of methenamine were titrated in the usual way
with 25 mL of 0.6500 N sulfuric acid and 9.45 mL of 0.4500 N sodium
hydroxide was required in the back titration, what was the percent
C6H12N4 of the sample?
% C6H12N4 = (mLa x Na) – (mLb x Nb) x meq wt x 100
wt of sample
= (25 mL x 0.6500 N) – (9.45 mL x 0.4500 N) x 0.03505 x 100
0.4340 g

= 16.25 – 4.2525 x 0.03505 x 100

0.4340 g

= 96.89%
 3) The ammonia from a 6.1500 g sample of an organic nitrogen
compound was distilled into 50 mL of 0.1246 N sulfuric acid and the
mixture was titrated with 22.42 mL of 0.0962 N sodium hydroxide.
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in the sample.
%N = (mLa x Na) – (mLb x Nb) x meq wt x100
wt of sample
= (50 mL x 0.1246 N) – (22.42 mL x 0.962 N) x 0.014 x 100
6.1500 g
= 0.927% Nitrogen

= 0.927% x 6.25 = 5.79375% or 5.794% of protein

4) A 4.0520 g sample of hydrochloric acid, sp gr 1.18, required 44.15 mL
of 0.9035 N sodium hydroxide in a titration. Calculate (a) HCl
content (b) normality ( C ) Na2CO3 titer of the sample.
(a) %HCl = mL x N x meq wt x 100
wt of sample
= 44.15 mL x 0.9035 N x 0.03645 x100 = 35.88%
4.0520 g
(b) N1V1 = N2V2
Na = NbVb = 0.9035 N x 44.15 mL = 11.62 N
Va 3.4339 mL

C) Titer = mL x N x meq wt
= 1 mL x 11.62 N x 0.053 = 0.61586 g/mL or 615.86 mg/mL
5. Methylparaben (MP) is used in pharmacy as a preservative in
pharmaceutical preparation. From the following experimental data,
calculate the % purity of a sample of this material.

• Experimental Data

• Weight of sample 21.1000 g

• mL of 1 N NaOH taken for sample and
blank 40.00 mL
• mL of 1.100 N sulfuric acid required for
blank titration 41.00 mL
• mL of 1.100 N sulfuric acid required for
sample titration 31.00 mL
Solution:
% = (mL blank - mL sample ) N x meq wt. x 100
Sample wt
NONAQUEOUS TITRIMETRIC
ANALYSIS
NONAQUEOUS TITRIMETRIC ANALYSIS

Characteristics of medicinal
substances that this method
can be used:
 for poorly soluble & weakly
reactive substances in water
Precautions observed in the use of this process:

 moisture is to be avoided in using non-aqueous procedures,

since H2O being weakly basic would compete with the weak
nitrogen for the HClO4 and the sharpness of the end point
would be lost. Experimentally, it has been found that the
moisture content in non-aqueous titrimetry should be held
to less than 0.05% so as not to have any appreciable effect
on the end point
Acidimetry: analyte: free base
titrant: acid
Aqueous Non-aqueous
VS HCl Perchloric acid in glacial
H2SO4 HAc
Perchloric acid
1 std Na2CO3 K biphthalate
2 std NaOH ----
Example
s: NaOH, Na2CO3 Methacholine Cl
•Direct NaHCO3, Na
salicylate

•Residu ZnO, tartrate,

al methenamine
Alkalimetry:analyte: acid
titrant: base
Aqueous Non-aqueous
VS NaOH Na methoxide in EtOH or
Toluene
1 std K biphthalate ----
2 std HCl & H2SO4 ----

Eg.
•Direct H3PO4, H3BO3, Phenytoin
HCl
•Residual
ASA
Non – aqueous titration
Indicators:
1. WB + salt: crystal violet, methylrosaniline Cl, quinaldine
red, ἀ-naphtholbenzein & malachite green
2. Relatively SB: methyl red, methyl orange & thymol blue
3. WA: azo-violet; o-nitro-aniline (very WA)
4. SA: thymol blue
III. Reactions involving
Combination of Ions
1. Volumetric precipitation
2. Complexation/ Chelometry reaction
 3.1 Volumetric precipitation

Method Manifestation VS Indicators 1 std Example

VOLHARD Formation of
NH4SCN FAS AgNO3 Aminophylline,
insoluble colored NaCl
complex

MOHR Formation of a NaCl SLS

2nd precipitate AgNO3 K dichromate
GAY-
LUSSAC Cessation of NaCl
precipitation ----- ----- NaCl

LIEBIG Na Bromophenol KHP Organic N

Appearance of
tetraphenyl blue compounds
turbidity
boron
 3.1 Volumetric precipitation
Method Manifestation VS Indicators 1 std Examples

FAJANS Change in --- Adsorption indicators NaCl PhenylephrineHCl

color of ppt. Ex:
DCF (dichlorofluorecein), Tubocurarine HCl
Eosin Y TS,

TEE
(Tetrabromophenolphthalein
Ethyl ester) TS
3.2 Complexation

• Vs: Ca EDTA (hexa Direct CaCO3, ZnO,

dentate ligand) Mg
• 1 std: CaCO3 Residual Analysis of Bi
• Indicators: and Al
hydronaphthol compounds
blue, dithizone,
eriochrome black
MASKING - metal detection in the
presence of another metal
Masking agents Elements masked
1. Triethanloamine Al, Fe, Mn
2. Thioglycol (aka: 2,3- Hg, Cu, Bi
dimercaptopropanol)
3. Cyanide Zn, Ni, Cu, Co
(ZiCoNiCu)
4. Fluoride Ca, Mg, Al
(Mg Almusal Ca
ng Fluoride)
Computation

A 2.3 g sample of NaCl was assayed by Volhard method using

50mL of a 0.0901N AgNO3 and 12mL 0.125NH4SCN.
Calculate the % NaCl. MW NaCl=58.44

%P = (N1V1-N2V2) (mEq wt) x100

wt of sample
Ans: