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Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this paper, static and dynamic buckling of an FGM beam subjected to uniform temperature rise loading
Available online 11 June 2013 and uniform compression are studied. Material properties of the beam are assumed to be graded across
the thickness. Each thermo-mechanical property of the beam is assumed to be temperature dependent.
Keywords: Initial imperfection of the beam is also taken into account. The beam is resting over a three-parameter
Nonlinear elastic foundation elastic foundation with hardening/softening cubic nonlinearity which acts in tension as well as in com-
Temperature dependent pression. Nonlinear governing equations are obtained based on the static version of virtual displacements
Thermal buckling
and are solved via the multi-term Galerkin method. Dynamic buckling load levels are estimated based on
Hoff-Simitses Criterion
Dynamic buckling
the well-known Hoff-Simitses criterion. Results reveal that for sufficiently stiff softening elastic founda-
Galerkin method tion, post-buckling equilibrium path becomes unstable. Furthermore, when the thermal post-buckling
equilibrium path is stable, no dynamic buckling occurs according to this criterion.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction expressions to obtain the axial buckling loads of FGM and homoge-
neous beams based on both Euler and Timoshenko beam theories
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are known as a class of [7]. It is shown that, for some types of boundary conditions, the
novel materials which are generally comprised of different constit- critical buckling loads of FGM Timoshenko beams can be deduced
uents. Structures made of FGMs are typically used in high thermal from those of homogeneous Euler beams.
environment. Therefore, studying the static or dynamic thermal Thermal post-buckling analysis of FGM beams is also investi-
stability of structures made of FGMs is a main step for design gated through the open literature based on various numerical
purposes. methods. Among these investigations, Zhao et al. [8] employed
The linear thermal buckling analysis of FGM beams is well- the shooting method to trace the load–deflection equilibrium path
studied through the last decade. For instance, Kiani and Eslami of a heated slender beam. It is reported that bifurcation points may
[1,2] analyzed the linear bifurcation analysis of FGM beams sub- be detected through the deflection-temperature as well as end-
jected to various types of thermal loads. In these researches, the shortening force -temperature paths. Anandrao et al. [9] carried
eigenvalue analysis of stability equations is accomplished to ex- out a single term Ritz method based on trigonometric functions
tract the thermal buckling temperatures of the beam. It is reported to obtain explicit expressions of temperature-deflection equilib-
that bifurcation-type of buckling occurs in especial cases of ther- rium path in heated FGM beams. Ma and Lee [10] developed an ex-
mal loading and boundary conditions due to the asymmetrical act closed-form solution suitable for moderately thick FGM beams
property distribution with respect to the mid-surface of the FGM to obtain the post-buckled shapes of beams with both edges pin-
beams. In two other studies, Kiani et al. [3,4] obtained the influence ned or clamped as a function of uniform temperature rise. A shoot-
of applied actuator voltage to enhance the critical buckling tem- ing method suitable for the Timoshenko FGM beams with both
perature of FGM beams. Based on a higher order beam theory, edges clamped is developed by Li et al. [11]. For the post-buckling
Wattanasakulpong [5] obtained the linear buckling temperatures problem of FGM beams over an elastic foundation, Fallah and Agh-
of the FGM beams based on the conventional Ritz method. Based dam [12,13] presented a single-term Galerkin solution for slender
on finite elements method, Bhangale and Ganesan extracted the beams subjected to uniform temperature rise loading. The above-
thermal buckling loads and natural frequencies of FGM beams con- mentioned works on the subject of thermal post-buckling of FGM
taining a viscoelastic layer [6]. Li and Batra presented explicit beams, however, are restricted to the temperature-independent
materials.
For the FGM beams with temperature dependent material
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 64543416. properties, Esfahani et al. [14] implemented the generalized differ-
E-mail address: eslami@aut.ac.ir (M.R. Eslami). ential quadrature method to trace the temperature-deflection
0263-8223/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.06.001
226 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234
equilibrium path of FGM beams that are resting over a hardening 2. Functionally graded beam
elastic foundation. Five possible cases of boundary conditions in
conjunction with two types of thermal loading are considered in Consider a beam of Length L, width b, and thickness h referred
their work. Based on a single-term Galerkin method, Fu et al. to the conventional Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z), as shown
[15] studied the influence of piezoelectric layers on the buckling in Fig. 1. The beam is made of functionally graded materials. Prop-
and post-buckling equilibrium path of a heated FGM beam. This erties are assumed to be graded through-the-thickness. The vol-
study, however, is restricted to beams with both edges clamped ume fractions of the constituent materials, which are assumed to
and immovable. A shooting method is also developed by Ma and be ceramic of volume Vc and metal of volume Vm, may be expressed
Lee [16] to solve the highly nonlinear equilibrium equations of a using the power law distribution as [1–4]
heated FGM beam. In this study temperature dependency of the f
constituents as well as various edge supports are taken into 1 z
Vm ¼ 1 V c; V c ¼ þ ð1Þ
account. 2 h
The dynamic buckling of FGM beams subjected to mechanical where f is the power law index which accepts the nonnegative val-
or thermal loads is not yet reported. However, for other mechanical ues. The common Voigt rule of mixture is used to express the equiv-
structures only a few investigations are available. For cylindrical alent material properties of the beam. According to this rule, each
shells, Shariyat examined the thermal, pressure-loaded, and axially thermomechanical property P may be expressed as
compressed static and dynamic buckling of FGM shells with and f
without the influence of smart piezoelectric layers [17,18]. The 1 z
Pðz; TÞ ¼ P m ðTÞ þ Pcm ðTÞ þ ð2Þ
complete form of the Green strain tensor is considered in these 2 h
works and equations are discreted by means of the finite element
where Pcm = Pc Pm, and Pm and Pc are the corresponding properties
technique. Other investigations are reported by Mirzavand et al.
of the metal and ceramic, respectively. In this analysis the material
[19,20] for thermal dynamic buckling of cylindrical shells based
properties, such as Young’s modulus E and the coefficient of thermal
on thin and thick shell theories. The influence of applied actuator
expansion a, are assumed to follow the property distribution (2).
voltage and temperature dependency are also taken into account.
In these studies, the resulting motion equations are obtained based
on the classical and third order shell theories. Solution is accom- 3. Governing equations
plished via the finite-difference method in space domain in con-
junction with the Runge–Kutta method in time domain. Shariyat In this study the kinematics of Euler–Bernoulli beam theory
[21] also studied the dynamic buckling problem of thick FGM rect- (EBT) suitable for the slender beams are adopted. Based on the
angular plates subjected to sudden thermal load and sudden com- kinematics of EBT, axial and transversal displacement components
pression. For axisymmetric thermally-loaded and pressurized FGM on a generic point (U, V, W) may be written in terms of the mid-
spherical caps, Ganapathi and his co-authors [22–24] implemented plane displacement components (u, w) as [26]
the finite element method to discrete the highly nonlinear motion dwðxÞ
equations of the system. Very most recently, Sofiyev [25] adopted Uðx; zÞ ¼ uðxÞ z
dx
the single term Galerkin approach to study the dynamic buckling ð3Þ
Vðx; zÞ ¼ 0
loads of a conical shell under linearly increasing pressure. In all
Wðx; zÞ ¼ wðxÞ
of these works, the well-known criterion of Budiansky-Hutchinson
is implemented to detect the dynamic buckling loads of the Based on the von-Karman nonlinear strain–displacement rela-
system. tions, suitable for small strains and moderate rotations, strain com-
The above literature survey reveals that while the static buck- ponents are [27]
ling and post-buckling of FGM beams is well-reported through 2
the open-literature, no investigation has been carried out to esti- @U 1 @W @W @W 0
exx ¼ þ þ
mate the dynamic buckling loads of FGM beams subjected to @x 2 @x @x @x ð4Þ
mechanical or thermal loads. Furthermore, a few investigations @U @W
exz ¼ þ
deals with the influence of elastic foundation on the equilibrium @z @x
paths. However, all of these investigations consider only the hard- Here, W0 indicates the initial imperfection function through the
ening type of elastic foundation and no work has been reported yet beam which demonstrates a deviation with respect to the flat con-
on the stability behavior of thermo-mechanically loaded FGM dition. Initial imperfection function is generally a through-the-span
beams on softening foundation. In this research, nonlinear static function. With the substitution of Eq. (3) into Eq. (4), the only non-
equilibrium equations of a through-the-thickness graded FGM zero component of strain field is the axial strain exx which is equal
beam are obtained based on the concept of static version of virtual to
displacements. Slender beam theory of Euler in conjunction with
2 2
the von-Karman type geometrical nonlinearity are assumed as du 1 dw dw dw0 d w
the basic formulations. Properties of the constituents are consid-
exx ¼ þ þ z 2 ð5Þ
dx 2 dx dx dx dx
ered to be temperature dependent. A three-parameter elastic foun-
dation with cubic hardening/softening nonlinearity is considered
to be in contact during deformation, which acts in tension as well
as in compression. Initial imperfections are also taken into account.
The governing equations are solved for beams with both edges
clamped. Two types of loading, i.e. uniform heating and uniform
compression, are considered. Static post-buckling equilibrium
paths are obtained based on the multi-term Galerkin method. To
estimate the dynamic buckling loads in thermal and mechanical
phases, the concept of Hoff-Simitses criterion is established. The
influence of various involved parameters are studied through
various parametric studies. Fig. 1. Coordinate system and geometry of FGM beam resting on elastic foundation.
S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234 227
In the above equation, rxx is the axial stress through the beam. Fur- Consequently, the complete set of natural and essential bound-
thermore, T and T0 stand for the temperature distribution and initial ary conditions are revealed as
temperature, respectively. Based on the EBT the stress resultants
are x ¼ 0 : Nx du ¼ 0 x ¼ L : ðNx þ NÞdu ¼ 0
Z dw
þh=2 x ¼ 0; L : Mx d ¼0 ð12Þ
ðNx ; Mx Þ ¼ ð1; zÞrxx dz ð7Þ dx
h=2 dM x dw dw0 dw
x ¼ 0; L : þ Nx þ þ Ks dw ¼ 0
dx dx dx dx
Substitution of Eq. (6) into the Eq. (7) gives the stress resultants in
terms of the mid-surface components as
2 ! 4. Solution method
2
du 1 dw dw dw0 d w
N x ¼ E1 þ þ E2 2 N T
dx 2 dx dx dx dx In this study only the case of a beam which is clamped in flex-
2 ! ð8Þ ural behavior is considered. However, it may be movable or
2
du 1 dw dw dw0 d w immovable in the in-plane direction. The out-of-plane boundary
Mx ¼ E2 þ þ E3 2 MT
dx 2 dx dx dx dx conditions according to Eq. (12) may be written as
Substitution of the above equation into the first of Eq. (11) with the displacement through the beam span may be obtained from
simultaneous aid of Eq. (16) yields Eq. (16). The total bending moment results can be easily deduced
! ! based on Eq. (17). Therefore, at this step the thermal post-buckling
4 2 2 2
E22 d w T M d w d w0 d w problem of an imperfect FGM beam resting on nonlinear harden-
E3 4
þ ðN þ N Þ 2
þ 2
þ Kww Ks 2
E1 dx dx dx dx ing/softening elastic foundation may be assumed to be solved.
K nl w3 ¼ 0 ð18Þ
4.2. Mechanical loading
The above equation is in terms of the lateral deflection function
only. Therefore, the main benefit of definition (16) is the uncoupling The problem for the case of an FGM beam under the pure in-
the in-plane and out-of-plane regime of displacements through the plane mechanical loading differs mainly for the in-plane boundary
governing equations. To solve Eq. (18), the concept of Galerkin conditions. It is assumed that load N is applied at x = L and there-
method is implemented. According to this method, the function fore FM case of boundary conditions (14) is adopted. Similar to the
w(x) may be written in the form previous section, according to the first of equilibrium Eq. (11) the
X
N in-plane force through the span is constant. The first boundary
wðxÞ ¼ W n Un ðxÞ ð19Þ condition implies that this constant is equal to the known applied
n¼1 force N. Therefore, the following nonlinear equation governs the
post-buckling deflection of the beam
Here, N is the number of terms which should be included in series
! !
expansion to assure the convergence. Furthermore, each of the 4
E22 d w
2 2
d w d w0
2
d w
functions Un(x), n = 1, 2, . . ., N should satisfy the boundary condi- E3 4
þN 2
þ 2
þ K w w K s 2 K nl w3 ¼ 0
E1 dx dx dx dx
tions (13). In this study the polynomial functions are used as the ba-
sic functions of the expansion (19). According to the clamping ð25Þ
condition, an admissible set of these functions may be written in A Galerkin procedure similar to the one implemented for ther-
the form mal loading case may be used here.
x2 xnþ1 !
Un ðxÞ ¼ 2nþ3 1 ð20Þ E22 XN X N XN
L L E3 W n Að4Þ W n Að2Þ W n Að0Þ
nr þ ðN K s Þ nr þ K w nr
E1 n¼1 n¼1 n¼1
It is worth noting that the in-plane boundary conditions may be
applied at this stage, since the out-plane displacement is known. ð2Þ
X
N X
N X
N
Integrating Eq. (16) in the domain x = [0, L] and recalling the þ lhNA1r K nl W n W m W p C ð0Þ
nmpr ¼ 0 ð26Þ
p¼1 m¼1 n¼1
immovability conditions u(0) = u(L) = 0 reaches us to
Z ( !) For any magnitude of the applied load N the above equation should
E1 L X N
dUn XN
dUm dU1
M
N ¼ Wn Wm þ 2l h dx ð21Þ be solved according to the Newton–Raphson method. Therefore, the
2L 0 n¼1
dx m¼1
dx dx lateral displacement is obtained through the beam span according
to Eq. (19). To obtain the in-plane displacement regime through
The residue of the Galerkin method is revealed with the substitu-
the beam span, one may refer to the definition of the in-plane force
tion of Eq. (19) into Eq. (18)
resultant through the span. For the problem in-hand the first of Eq.
!
E22 XN 4
d Un XN 2
d Un (8) takes the form
Res ¼ E3 Wn 4
þ ðNT þ N M K s Þ W n 2 2 !
E1 n¼1 dx n¼1 dx du 1 dw dw dw0
2
d w
E1 þ þ E2 2 ¼ N ð27Þ
X
N dx 2 dx dx dx dx
þ K w W n Un þ lhðNT þ NM ÞU1
n¼1 Integrating the above equation with respect to x in the domain
X
N X
N X
N [0, x] in conjunction with the clamping condition and immovability
K nl W n W m W p Un Um Up ð22Þ condition at x = 0 exhibits the in-plane regime of displacement
p¼1 m¼1 n¼1
through the beam span as
Finally, to obtain the constants Wn the residue (22) should set Z ( !)
1 x X N
dUn XN
dUm dU1
orthogonal with respect to each of the functions Ur. The process re- u¼ Wn Wm þ 2l h dx
sults in N nonlinear algebraic equations in which Wn’s are unknown. 2 0 n¼1
dx m¼1
dx dx
These N equations may be written in a compact form as N
! x ð28Þ
E22 XN X
N X
N E1
E3 ð4Þ
W n Anr þ NT þ NM K s W n Að2Þ
nr þ K w W n Að0Þ
nr
E1 n¼1 n¼1 n¼1
Finally, the bending moment resultant may be evaluated similar
to the process developed for thermal loading case as
ð2Þ
X
N X
N X
N
! 2
þ lhðNT þ NM ÞA1r K nl W n W m W p C ð0Þ
nmpr ¼ 0 ð23Þ E22 d w E2
p¼1 m¼1 n¼1 M x ¼ E3 N ð29Þ
E1 dx2 E1
where the following definitions apply
Z 2 4
!
L
d Un d Un 5. Dynamic buckling criterion
Að0;2;4Þ
nr ¼ Un ; 2 ; 4 Ur dx
0 dx dx
Z ð24Þ
L Various criteria for dynamic buckling have been developed in
C ð0Þ
nmpr ¼ Un Um Up Ur dx the past 50 years. The most well-known criteria are the phase
0
plane criterion of Hoff-Hsu, the equation of motion approach of
The solution of Eq. (23) is obtained based on the Newton–Raphson Budiansky-Hutchinson and the modified potential energy ap-
method. It should be emphasized that, after the unknown constants proach of Hoff and Simitses [30]. However, there are other criteria
Wn are obtained, the post-buckling deflection of the beam is revealed which have been used in the open literature. For instance, Kleiber
from Eq. (19). At the onset of evaluation of NM from Eq. (21), the axial et al. [31] proposed a criterion based on the eigenvalues of the
S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234 229
Z L Z b=2 Z h=2
tangent stiffness matrix. The ability of this criterion is examined in 1
some simple cases and good agreement is observed between the
U¼ rx ex dzdydx bNuðLÞ
2 0 b=2 h=2
results of this criterion and the Budiansky-Hutchinson criterion. Z Z 2 !
L þb=2
Gilat and Aboudi examined the ability of Lyapunov exponents
1 dw 1
þ K w w2 þ K s K nl w4 dydx ð32Þ
criterion on some dynamic buckling problems [32]. It turns out 2 0 b=2 dx 2
that the response of an structure may be remained unbounded,
Recalling the definition of stress resultants, the total energy func-
thought not necessarily stable. Accordingly, the definition of
tion may be written in terms of stress resultants. Besides, the term
stability limit in these cases has to be based on other criteria such 2
as the Budiansky-Hutchinson criterion. There are other criteria N2EbL
1
in the integrand of the above integral should be ignored since
such as those belong to Kounadis [33], Kubiak [34], and Volmir this trajectory is not contributed to any buckling mode. The modi-
[35]. Each of these criteria has its own disadvantages and benefits fied total potential energy then becomes
when are compared with respect to each other. For instance, Z 2 ( !
L 2
1 du 1 dw dw0 dw d w
Hoff-Simitses criterion is mainly restricted to the conservative U mod ¼ b Nx þ þ Mx 2
systems, while the advantage of this criterion is its capability in 2 0 dx 2 dx dx dx dx
2 )
predicting the dynamic buckling loads of suddenly loaded struc- dw 1 N 2
bL
tures through the static equilibrium paths, mainly for unit step þK w w2 þ K s K nl w4 dx bNuðLÞ þ ð33Þ
dx 2 2E1
function case of loading. This criterion may be used for loads with
finite or infinite time duration and with the presence or the ab- For each magnitude of in-plane mechanical loading, displacements
sence of preloads. The ability of this criterion has been demon- and stress resultants are evaluated according to the process of pre-
strated in many investigation. Mainly, Sheinmann and Jabareen vious sections. The modified total potential energy, Eq. (33), is then
[27] performed a comparison on dynamic buckling loads predicted evaluated. A null value of Umod reveals the magnitude of in-plane
by Budiansky-Hutchinson and Hoff-Simitses criteria for slender load N in which unbounded motion occurs when load is applied
simply-supported beams subjected to sudden in-plane load. A very suddenly at x = L. Such load is called the dynamic buckling load of
good agreement is observed between the results. Motivated by a suddenly compressed beam.
Sheinmann and Jabareen [27] in this study, to predict the dynamic
buckling loads of a suddenly heated or compressed beams, 6. Results and discussion
Hoff-Simitses criterion is implemented. According to this criterion,
a load level is known as a dynamic buckling load if the modified The procedure outlined in the previous sections is used to study
total potential energy of the structure under the same static load the static and dynamic buckling of thermally or mechanically
level becomes zero [30]. The modified total potential energy is loaded FGM beam. Constituents of the FGM are Stainless Steel as
the total potential energy in which all of the nonadmissible metal and Silicon Nitride as ceramic. Properties of Stainless Steel
pre-buckling deformations are excluded. and Silicon Nitride are temperature dependent. Each property P
may be described based on the Touloukian model
5.1. Thermal buckling
P ¼ P0 ðP1 T 1 þ 1 þ P1 T þ P2 T 2 þ P3 T 3 Þ ð34Þ
To total energy of a beam over a three-parameter elastic foun-
dation that is subjected to thermal loading may be written as where P1, P0, P1, P2, and P3 are constants and unique to each con-
Z Z Z stituent. For the constituents of this study, these constants are given
L b=2 h=2
1 in Table 1. Here, TD belongs to the case when properties are as-
U¼ ðrx ðex aðT T 0 ÞÞ Ea2 ðT T 0 Þ2 Þdzdydx
2 0 b=2 h=2 sumed to be temperature dependent. In contrast, TID refers to the
Z Z 2 ! case of temperature independent material properties.
L þb=2
1 2 dw 1 4
þ Kww þ Ks K nl w dydx ð30Þ For pure mechanical loading, properties are evaluated at refer-
2 0 b=2 dx 2
ence temperature T0 = 300 K. It should be pointed out that coeffi-
Recalling the definition of stress resultants, the total energy func- cients of elastic foundation are normalized according to following
tion may be written in terms of stress resultants. In this case, the definition
!
integrand of the modified total potential energy is equal to the total 12K w L4 12K s L2 12K nl L4 h
2
potential energy. The modified total potential energy then becomes ðkw ; ks ; knl Þ ¼ 3
; ref 3 ; 3
ð35Þ
( ! Eref
c h Ec h Eref
c h
1 L Z du 1 dw2 dw dw
0
U mod ¼ b Nx NT þ þ where Eref
c stands for the ceramic elasticity modulus at reference
2 0 dx 2 dx dx dx
) temperature.
2 2
d w dw 1
ðM x M T Þ 2 þ K w w2 þ K s K nl w4 dx ð31Þ 6.1. Comparison study
dx dx 2
At each step of thermal loading, displacements and stress resultants To assure the validity and accuracy of the present model, some
are evaluated according to the process of previous sections. The comparison studies should be accomplished. Due to the lack of any
modified total potential energy, Eq. (31), is then evaluated. A null data on the dynamic buckling characteristics of fully clamped
value of Umod indicates a temperature in which unbounded motion homogeneous/FGM beam, comparison is confined to the nonlinear
occurs when temperature is applied as a sudden uniform load equilibrium path of a heated FGM beam. In Fig. 2, post-buckling
throughout the beam domain. Such temperature is called the dy- deflection of a beam under in-plane thermal load is compared with
namic buckling temperature of a suddenly heated beam. the results of Esfahani et al. [14]. Results of Esfahani et al. [14] are
obtained through the complete nonlinear equilibrium equations
5.2. Mechanical buckling via the generalized differential quadrature method. For the case
of a contact-less beam with L/h = 40 and f = 1, post-buckling equi-
To total potential energy of a beam over a three-parameter elas- librium path is presented and compared in Fig. 2. It is seen that
tic foundation that is subjected to an in-plane load may be written comparison is well-justified and the solution procedure seems to
as be accurate and efficient.
230 S.E. Ghiasian et al. / Composite Structures 106 (2013) 225–234
Table 1
Temperature dependent coefficients for SUS304 and Si3 N4 [2,14].
Fig. 6. Static and dynamic imperfection sensitivity of clamped FGM beams resting
on elastic foundation (kw, ks, knl) = (0, 0, 1000).
Fig. 4. Thermal postbuckling equilibrium path of perfect and imperfect clamped
FGM beams resting on nonlinear hardening elastic foundation.
Fig. 7. Static and dynamic imperfection sensitivity of clamped FGM beams resting
on elastic foundation (kw, ks, knl) = (100, 0, 1000).
Table 2
Critical buckling temperature difference DTcr[K] for clamped FGM beams with L/h = 25 resting over an elastic foundation (kw, ks, knl) = (10, 10, 1000) subjected to uniform
temperature rise.
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