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!--'-%('?*%12%I21H%8-'.-/0012.% C21L/=1j/L'2$%:*-O*-Q%bind()%
extern int errno; !// by #include <errno.h>! •  &*-O*-%2**?:%+'%<12?%/%8/-L(@=/-%8'-+%2@0<*-;%
struct sockaddr_in sin;!
•  5/2>%I21H%:>:+*0%(/==:%/2?%=1<-/->%M@2(L'2:%:*+%errno%'2%*--'-:% memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));!
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;!
sin.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;!
•  5/(-':%M'-%*--'-%('?*:%Jw!k%s%*--'-%2/0*K% sin.sin_port = htons(server_port);!
–  EINTR, EWOULDBLOCK, EINVAL, …!
if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0) {!
–  “man 5:/+;/,2!P%:6'G:%8'::1<=*%*--'-%('?*%M'-%+6*%M@2(L'2%2/0*% !perror(“bind failed”);!
!abort();!
•  V@2(L'2:%+'%('2O*-+%*--'-%('?*%12+'%6@0/2%-*/?/<=*%0:.:% }!
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•  B=G/>:%=''):%M'-%errno! –  4*-2*=%-*0*0<*-:%G61(6%8-'(*::%6/:%<'@2?%G61(6%8'-+J:K;%%
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–  const char *strerror(int err_code)%%
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C2(-*/:12.%/??-*::% uint16_t htons(uint16_t host16bitvalue);!

uint32_t htonl(uint32_t host32bitvalue);!
•  h':+%<>+*%'-?*-%1:%2'+%@21M'-0% uint16_t ntohs(uint16_t net16bitvalue);!
–  &'0*%0/(612*:%/-*%U1.%*2?1/2Q%'+6*-:%/-*%\17=*%*2?1/2% uint32_t ntohl(uint32_t net32bitvalue);!

•  T'00@21(/L2.%<*+G**2%0/(612*:%G1+6%?1i*-*2+%6':+%<>+*%'-?*-:% •  h12+$%hQ%nQ%sQ%/2?%l%:+/2?%M'-%6':+%<>+*%'-?*-Q%2*+G'-)%<>+*%'-?*-Q%
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:*.0*2+%=1M*L0*%JM-'0%"%+'%y%012:Q%108=*0*2+/L'2%?*8*2?*2+K;%F6>D%
struct sockaddr_in sin;! •  &*.0*2+%-*M*-:%+'%0/H10@0%:1j*%'M%8/()*+%
memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));!
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;! •  ,'-+%2@0<*-%(/22'+%<*%-*@:*?%<*M'-*%#5&\%
sin.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;! •  U@+%:*-O*-%8'-+%2@0<*-:%/-*%_H*?%tu%5@:+%<*%-*@:*?%
sin.sin_port = htons(server_port);! •  &'=@L'2$%,@+%+61:%('?*%<*M'-*%bind() %
if (bind(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0) {!
!perror(“bind failed”);! int optval = 1;!
!abort();! if (setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
}! &optval, sizeof(optval)) < 0) {!
•  bind()$%<12?:%/%:'()*+%G1+6%/%8/-L(@=/-%8'-+%2@0<*-;%
!perror(“reuse failed”);!
–  4*-2*=%-*0*0<*-:%G61(6%8-'(*::%6/:%<'@2?%G61(6%8'-+J:K;%% !abort();!
–  Z2=>%'2*%8-'(*::%(/2%<12?%/%8/-L(@=/-%8'-+%2@0<*-%/+%/%L0*;%
}!
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•  &'()*+%1:%/(LO*Q%<>%?*M/@=+% •  T=1*2+%
•  F*%2**?%+'%0/)*%1+%8/::1O*%+'%.*+%('22*(L'2:;% –  socket()!

if (listen(sock, back_log) < 0) {! •  &*-O*-%

!perror(“listen failed”);! –  socket() !
!abort();! –  setsockopt(sock, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR)!
}! –  bind()!
–  listen()!
•  listen()$%('2O*-+:%/2%/(LO*%:'()*+%+'%8/::1O*%
•  ,1|/==:%
•  back_log$%('22*(L'2dG/1L2.%f@*@*%:1j*;%J*;.;Q%m#K% –  S6*%'-?*-%'M%+6*%M@2(L'2:%0/7*-%
–  U@:>%:*-O*-%0/>%2**?%/%=/-.*%O/=@*%J*;.;Q%"Y#yQ%]K%
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&(*2/-1'%r"%a%ST,%(=1*2+d:*-O*-% T'22*(L'2%!:+/<=1:60*2+%J(=1*2+K%
•  &*f@*2(*%'M%/(L'2:% struct sockaddr_in sin;!
memset(&sin, 0 ,sizeof(sin));!
8'/()*# 3(0>(0#
sin.sin_family != AF_INET;!
socket() sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(“128.32.132.214”);!
S*-012/L'2% 3/+/%+-/2:M*-% T'22*(L'2% C21L/=1j/L'2%

socket()
sin.sin_port = htons(80);!
bind()
listen() if (connect(sock, (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof(sin)) < 0) {!
!:+/<=1:60*2+%

!perror(“connection failed”);!
connect() accept() !abort();!
}!
send() or write() recv() or read()
]% ]% •  Connect()$%G/1+:%@2L=%('22*(L'2%*:+/<=1:6*:9M/1=:%
recv() or read() send() or write()
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close() close() 2@0<*-%J2*+G'-)%<>+*%'-?*-K;%%

#"%

h':+%2/0*Q%C,%/??-*::Q%,'-+%2@0<*-% T'22*(L'2%!:+/<=1:60*2+%J:*-O*-K%
•  h':+%2/0*% struct sockaddr_in client_sin;!
int addr_len = sizeof(client_sin);!
–  h@0/2%-*/?/<=*%2/0*%J*;.;Q%GGG;**(:;<*-)*=*>;*?@K% int client_sock = accept(listening_sock, !
–  c/-1/<=*%=*2.+6% (struct sockaddr *) &client_sin,!
–  T'@=?%6/O*%0@=L8=*%C,%/??-*::*:% &addr_len);!
if (client_sock < 0) {!
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•  C,%O*-:1'2%y%/??-*::% !abort();!
–  I:@/==>%-*8-*:*2+*?%/:%?'7*?%2@0<*-:%M'-%6@0/2%-*/?/<1=1+>% }!
•  !;.;Q%"#X;m#;"m#;#"y%
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•  !;.;Q%";#;m;y%tu%YHYyYmY#Y"% •  accept()$%-*+@-2:%/%2*G%:'()*+%?*:(-18+'-%M'-%/%(=1*2+%('22*(L'2%12%+6*%
('22*(L'2dG/1L2.%f@*@*;%
•  ,'-+%2@0<*-% –  S61:%:'()*+%?*:(-18+'-%1:%+'%('00@21(/+*%G1+6%+6*%(=1*2+%
–  C?*2L_*:%/%:*-O1(*%J'-%/88=1(/L'2K%'2%/%6':+% –  S6*%8/::1O*%:'()*+%J=1:+*212.o:'()K%1:%2'+%+'%('00@21(/+*%G1+6%/%(=1*2+%
•  !;.;Q%ST,%,'-+%XY%tu%G*<%:*-O1(*Q%I3,%,'-+%{m%tu%2/0*%:*-O1(*%J3R&K%
–  "n%<1+%@2:1.2*?%2@0<*-%JYAn{{m{K% •  client_sin$%('2+/12:%(=1*2+%C,%/??-*::%/2?%8'-+%2@0<*-%
–  EK%B-*%+6*>%12%U1.%*2?1/2%'-%\17*2%*2?1/2D%
&(*2/-1'%r"%a%ST,%(=1*2+d:*-O*-% &*2?12.%3/+/$%:*-O*-s(=1*2+Q%send()!
•  &*f@*2(*%'M%/(L'2:% char *data_addr = “hello, world”;!
int data_len = 12;!
8'/()*# 3(0>(0#
int sent_bytes = send(sock, data_addr, data_len, 0); !
socket() if (sent_bytes < 0) {!

S*-012/L'2% 3/+/%+-/2:M*-% T'22*(L'2% C21L/=1j/L'2%

socket()
!perror(“send failed”);!
bind()
}!
listen()

!:+/<=1:60*2+%
•  send()$%:*2?:%?/+/Q%-*+@-2:%+6*%2@0<*-%'M%:*2+%<>+*:%
connect() accept() –  B=:'%Z4%G1+6%write()Q%writev()%
•  data_addr$%/??-*::%'M%?/+/%+'%:*2?%
send() or write() recv() or read() •  data_len$%:1j*%'M%+6*%?/+/%
]% ]%
•  F1+6%<='()12.%:'()*+:%J?*M/@=+KQ%:*2?JK%<='():%@2L=%1+%:*2?:%/==%+6*%?/+/;%
recv() or read() send() or write()
•  F1+6%2'2d<='()12.%:'()*+:Q#4()*DNA*(4#0/>%2'+%*f@/=%+'%.+*+D'()#
–  CM%)*-2*=%?'*:%2'+%6/O*%*2'@.6%:8/(*Q%1+%/((*8+:%'2=>%8/-L/=%?/+/%
S10*%

close() close()
–  x'@%0@:+%-*+->%M'-%+6*%@2:*2+%?/+/%
#{%

e*(*1O12.%3/+/$%:*-O*-s(=1*2+Q%recv()! S*-012/L'2$%:*-O*-s(=1*2+Q%(=':*JK%
char buffer[4096];!
int expected_data_len = sizeof(buffer);! // after use the socket!
int read_bytes = recv(sock, buffer, expected_data_len, 0);! close(sock);!
if (read_bytes == 0) { !// connection is closed!
! …!
} else if (read_bytes < 0) { // error!
!perror(“recv failed”);!
} else { !// OK. But no guarantee read_bytes == expected_data_len!
!…!
}! •  close()$%(=':*:%+6*%:'()*+%?*:(-18+'-%
•  recv()$%-*/?:%<>+*:%M-'0%+6*%:'()*+%/2?%-*+@-2:%+6*%2@0<*-%'M%-*/?%<>+*:;%
–  B=:'%Z4%G1+6%read()%/2?%readv()!
•  F*%(/22'+%'8*2%_=*:9:'()*+:%0'-*%+6/2%"Y#y~%
•  read_bytes 0/>%2'+%*f@/=%+'%(O&(2*(.D.+*+D'()# –  F*%0@:+%-*=*/:*%+6*%-*:'@-(*%/b*-%@:*%
–  CM%2'%?/+/%1:%/O/1=/<=*Q%1+%<='():%
–  CM%'2=>%8/-L/=%?/+/%1:%/O/1=/<=*Q%-*/?o<>+*:%}%*H8*(+*?o?/+/o=*2%
–  Z2%:'()*+%(=':*Q%*H8*(+*?o?/+/o=*2%*f@/=:%+'%Y%J2'+%*--'-lK%
–  CM%>'@%.*+%'2=>%8/-L/=%?/+/Q%>'@%:6'@=?%-*+->%M'-%+6*%-*0/1212.%8'-L'2;%
~%&@8*-%@:*-%(/2%'O*-('0*%+61:%('2:+-/12+Q%<@+%-*.@=/-%@:*-%(/22'+;%

&(*2/-1'%r#%a%I3,%(=1*2+d:*-O*-% &(*2/-1'%r#%a%I3,%(=1*2+d:*-O*-%
•  EK%F6/+%0@:+%<*%(6/2.*?D% •  BK%F*%2**?%/%?1i*-*2+%121L/=1j/L'2%
8'/()*# 3(0>(0# 8'/()*# 3(0>(0#
socket() socket()
S*-012/L'2% 3/+/%+-/2:M*-% T'22*(L'2% C21L/=1j/L'2%

S*-012/L'2% 3/+/%+-/2:M*-% T'22*(L'2% C21L/=1j/L'2%

socket() socket()
bind() bind()
listen() listen()
!:+/<=1:60*2+%

!:+/<=1:60*2+%

connect() accept() connect() accept()

send() or write() recv() or read() send() or write() recv() or read()

]% ]% ]% ]%
recv() or read() send() or write() recv() or read() send() or write()
S10*%

S10*%

close() close() close() close()

#W% mY%
C21L/=1j/L'2$%I3,% &(*2/-1'%r#%a%I3,%(=1*2+d:*-O*-%
int sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);! •  EK%F6/+%*=:*%0@:+%<*%(6/2.*?D%
if (sock < 0) {! 8'/()*# 3(0>(0#
!perror(“socket failed”);!
socket()

S*-012/L'2% 3/+/%+-/2:M*-% T'22*(L'2% C21L/=1j/L'2%

socket()
!abort();! bind()
}! listen()

!:+/<=1:60*2+%
connect() accept()

•  I3,%@:*:%&ZT4o3veB5%12:+*/?%'M% send() or write() recv() or read()

&ZT4o&Se!B5% ]% ]%
recv() or read() send() or write()

S10*%
close() close()
m#%

&(*2/-1'%r#%a%I3,%(=1*2+d:*-O*-% &(*2/-1'%r#%a%I3,%(=1*2+d:*-O*-%
•  BK%I3,%1:%2-))(2,-)P'(44;%F*%-*0'O*%/==%('22*(L'2% •  BK%listen()%1:%/=:'%-*=/+*?%+'%('22*(L'2;%e*0'O*%1+;%
-*=/+*?%:+*8:;%
8'/()*# 3(0>(0# 8'/()*# 3(0>(0#
socket() socket()
C21L/=1j/L'2%

C21L/=1j/L'2%
socket() socket()
bind() bind()
listen()

send() or write() recv() or read() send() or write() recv() or read()

S*-012/L'2% 3/+/%+-/2:M*-%

S*-012/L'2% 3/+/%+-/2:M*-%
]% ]% ]% ]%
recv() or read() send() or write() recv() or read() send() or write()
S10*%

S10*%

close() close() close() close()

mm% my%

&(*2/-1'%r#%a%I3,%(=1*2+d:*-O*-% &(*2/-1'%r#%a%I3,%(=1*2+d:*-O*-%
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8'/()*# 3(0>(0# 8'/()*# 3(0>(0#

socket() socket()
C21L/=1j/L'2%

C21L/=1j/L'2%

socket() socket()
bind() bind()

send() or write() recv() or read() sendto()

S*-012/L'2% 3/+/%+-/2:M*-%

S*-012/L'2% 3/+/%+-/2:M*-%

recvfrom()
]% ]% ]% ]%
recv() or read() send() or write() recvfrom() sendto()
S10*%

S10*%

close() close() close() close()

m{% mn%
&*2?%3/+/%ZO*-%I3,$%sendto()! e*(*1O*%3/+/%ZO*-%I3,$%recvfrom()%%%
struct sockaddr_in sin;! struct sockaddr_in sin;!
memset(&sin, 0, sizeof(sin));! int sin_len;!
char buffer[4096];!
sin.sin_family = AF_INET;!
sin.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(“128.32.132.214”);! int read_bytes = recvfrom(sock, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0,
sin.sin_port = htons(1234);! ! ! ! ! ! ! !(struct sockaddr *) &sin, &sin_len);!

sent_bytes = sendto(sock, data, data_len, 0, ! if (read_bytes < 0) {!

!! ! ! (struct sockaddr *) &sin, sizeof(sin));! !perror(“recvfrom failed”);!
if (sent_bytes < 0) {! !abort();!
!perror(“sendto failed”);! }!
!abort();!
}!
•  recvfrom()$%-*/?:%<>+*:%M-'0%+6*%:'()*+%/2?%:*+:%+6*%:'@-(*%12M'-0/L'2%
•  sendto()$%:*2?:%/%8/()*+%+'%/%:8*(1_(%?*:L2/L'2%/??-*::%/2?%8'-+%
–  (;M;Q%12%ST,Q%G*%?'%+61:%?*:L2/L'2%:*2.%G6*2%(/==12.%connect()! •  e*/?12.%Y%<>+*:%?'*:%2'+%0*/2%N('22*(L'2%(=':*?P%@2=1)*%ST,;%%
•  B:%'88':*?%+'%ST,Q%I3,%8/()*Lj*:%?/+/;%&'Q%sendto()%:*2?:%/==%?/+/%'-% –  e*(/==%I3,%?'*:%2'+%6/O*%/%2'L'2%'M%N('22*(L'2P;%
2'+612.;%

B,C%M@2(L'2:%&@00/->% Z@+=12*%
789# =;9# •  &'()*+%B,C%0'LO/L'2Q%</().-'@2?%
•  C21L/=1j/L'2% •  C21L/=1j/L'2%
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•  S*-012/L'2% •  S*-012/L'2%
–  (=':*JK% –  (=':*JK%

h'G%+'%6/2?=*%0@=L8=*%128@+:D% ,'==12.%@:12.%2'2d<='()12.%:'()*+%
•  3/+/%:'@-(*:%
•  S61:%/88-'/(6%G/:+*:%T,I%(>(=*:%
–  &+/2?/-?%128@+%J*;.;Q%)*><'/-?K% int opt = fcntl(sock, F_GETFL);! Q(*4#*I(#4-25(*R4#
–  5@=L8=*%:'()*+:% if (opt < 0) {!
!perror(“fcntl failed”);!
-&,-)#
•  ,-'<=*0$%/:>2(6-'2'@:%?/+/%/--1O/=% }!
!abort();!

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•  CM%2'%?/+/%/O/1=/<=*Q%recv()%<='():;% !perror(“fcntl failed”);! -&,-)#S/*I#)-)#
!abort();!
•  CM%<='()*?%'2%'2*%:'@-(*Q%(/22'+%6/2?=*%'+6*-%:'@-(*:% }!
N'-25/)<#-&,-)##
–  &@88':*%G6/+%1M%/%G*<%:*-O*-%(/22'+%6/2?=*%0@=L8=*%('22*(L'2:% while (1) {!
!int read_bytes = recv(sock, buffer, sizeof(buffer), 0);!
•  &'=@L'2:% !if (read_bytes < 0) {!
! !if (errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {! TI()#)-#.+*+U#
–  ,'==12.%@:12.%2'2d<='()12.%:'()*+%!%C2*Ä(1*2+% ! ! !// OK. Simply no data!
–  C9Z%0@=L8=*H12.%@:12.%:*=*(+JK%!%:108=*% ! !} else {! S(#4((#KTV=L;JLV8W#
–  5@=L+6-*/?12.%!%0'-*%('08=*H;%R'+%('O*-*?%+'?/>% ! ! !perror(“recv failed”);! (00-0#2-.(B##
! ! !abort();!
! !}!
} !
C9Z%0@=L8=*H12.%@:12.%select()! U1<=*:%a%<'+6%<>%F;%e1(6/-?%&+*O*2:%
fd_set read_set;!
struct timeval timeout!

FD_ZERO(&read_set); ! $)/,+'/X(4#+0<?%()*4#1-0#
FD_SET(sock1, &read_set);!
FD_SET(sock2, &read_set);!
4('(2*6:#
timeout.tv_sec = 0;!
timeout.tv_usec = 5000;!

if (select(MAX(sock1, sock2) + 1, &read_set, NULL,!

!! ! ! !NULL, &time_out) < 0) {!
!perror(“select failed”);!
!abort();!
}! ,/::%RI\\%12:+*/?%'M%
gL0*'@+%1M%>'@%G/2+%
if (FD_ISSET(sock1, &read_set)) {! +'%G/1+%12?*_21+*=>%%
!// sock1 has data!
}!
if (FD_ISSET(sock2, &read_set)) {! 8I(254#$YV#(>()*4B#
!// sock2 has data!
}!

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•  v/0*%(=1*2+%M'-0:%ST,%('22*(L'2%
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–  \'.'@+$%:/O*:%8=/>*-%8-'_=*%12+'%/% •  T/2%+*:+%>'@-%(=1*2+%'2%8-'O1?*?%-*M*-*2(*%:*-O*-%
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•  F1==%2'+%<*%('O*-*?%?@-12.%+6*%=*(+@-*% •  h'G%+'%(6*()%+6*%6':+%<>+*%'-?*-%'M%0>%
•  ,=*/:*%-*M*-%+'%+6*:*%L8:%1M%>'@k-*%12+*-*:+*?% 0/(612*D%

union {!
!uint16_t number;!
!uint8_t bytes[2];!
} test;!
test.number = 0x0A0B;!
printf(“%02x%02x\n”, test.bytes[0],
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! test.bytes[1]);!
S18%r#% S18%rm%
•  h'G%+'%.*+%C,%/??-*::%M-'0%6':+%2/0*% •  U>%?*M/@=+Q%I21H%+*-012/+*:%+6*%8-'(*::%G1+6%
–  I:*%gethostbyname()! 3$Q9$9K#1M%>'@%G-1+*%+'%/%ST,%:'()*+%G61(6%6/:%
<**2%(=':*?%<>%+6*%'+6*-%:1?*;%x'@%(/2%?1:/<=*%
struct sockaddr_in sin;! 1+%<>$%
struct hostent *host;!
host = gethostbyname(“www.berkeley.edu”);! signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);!
sin.sin_addr.s_addr !
!= *(unsigned *) host->h_addr_list[0];!

S18%ry%d%&+-@(+@-*%,/()12.%
•  F*%6/O*%+6*%M'=='G12.%/88=1(/L'2d=*O*=%8/()*+%
6*/?*-%M'-0/+%J+6*%2@0<*-:%?*2'+*%_*=?%:1j*%
12%<>+*:K% length type source dest
addr addr
2 1 4 4
•  &'Q%G*%?*_2*%+6*%6*/?*-%/:%:+-@(+%=1)*%+61:$%
struct my_pkt_hdr {!
!unsigned short length;!
!unsigned char type;!
!unsigned int source_addr;!
!unsigned int dest_addr;!
};!
•  EK%e*:@=+%'M%:1j*'MJ:+-@(+%0>o8)+o6?-KD%%
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•  T'081=*-%G1==%+->%+'%<*%yd<>+*%/=1.2*?%J'2%m#<1+%0/(612*:K%
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I:12.%man%8/.*:%
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–  3*:(-1<*:%6'G%*/(6%M@2(L'2%G'-):%
–  S*==:%G6/+%+6*%-*+@-2%O/=@*%0*/2:%/2?%G6/+%*--'-%
2@0<*-%(/2%6/88*2%
–  !;.;Q%%man connect%%