Hindu Ethics Ramana He did not have such things are creations of a mind

Maharshi a philosophy of that has been conditioned by

life. thought. And such a mind is no more
than a belief.
Confucian Ethics Confucius Focus on Confucianism is often
relationships characterized as a system of
social and ethical philosophy
rather than a religion
1275 – 1274 St. Thomas Summa Systematic Theology "Quinquae
Aquinas Theologica Viae" or the five proofs of existence
of Gods
1588 – 1679 Thomas Hobbes Nothing is Our capacity to reason is as fragile as
objectively good our capacity to know; it relies upon
or evil; what language and is prone to error and
pleases us we undue influence. When we act, we
say is good. may do so selfishly or impulsively or
Social contract in ignorance, on the basis of faulty
theory reasoning or bad theology or others'
emotive speech.
1711 – 1776 David Hume Reason alone An impression first strikes upon the
cannot be a senses, and makes us perceive heat
motive to the or cold, thirst or hunger, pleasure or
pain, of some kind or other. Of this
will, but rather is impression there is a copy taken by
the “slave of the the mind, which remains after the
passions impression ceases; and this we call
an idea.

• Differentiate critical thinking with ordinary thinking: Ordinary thinking is intuitive

thinking. In this kind of thinking you do not question your own opinions and decisions while
Critical thinking is the kind of thinking in which you actively think about your decisions and
your opinions. The major difference between critical and ordinary thinking is speed. Ordinary
thinking is very fast, although there is a big possibility of error and bias. Critical thinking is slow,
but the result is objectivity.

• Elements of Critical Thinking: Communication, analysis, problem-solving, evaluation,

synthesis, and reflection.

• Communication in critical thinking means defining the main idea or problem in your own
words.

• Analysis in critical thinking means comparing and contrasting available solutions to the
problem.
• Problem-solving in critical thinking means selecting a solution and defending your
decision.

• Evaluation in critical thinking means identifying weaknesses to the solution you chose in
your Problem-Solving section.

• Synthesis in critical thinking means suggesting ways to improve and strengthen the
solution you chose.

• Reflection in critical thinking means thinking about your own thought process as you
worked through the scenario.

• Real-Life Example applying Critical Thinking in order to attain critical reasoning: “An
educator using clever questioning to guide a student to new insights.” and “A soccer coach is
working during halftime on new tactics for attacking the weaknesses of the other team when the
match resumes.”

• Importance of Critical Thinking and Critical Reasoning:

• Critical Thinking is the ability to analyze the way you think and present evidence for your
ideas, rather than simply accepting your personal reasoning as sufficient proof.

• Critical Thinking is, in short, self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-

corrective thinking.

• Critical Thinking is a valuable skill for students to master.

• Critical Thinking skills teach a variety of skills that can be applied to any situation in life
that calls for reflection, analysis and planning.

• Critical Thinking is a domain-general thinking skill.

• Critical Thinking is very important in the new knowledge economy.

• Critical Thinking enhances language and presentation skills.

• Critical Thinking promotes creativity.

• Critical Thinking is crucial for self-reflection.