Prof. S.

Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 1]

BUCK, BOOST, BUCK-BOOST, DCM

2.1 Buck converter

2.1.1 Operation modes
2.1.2 Voltage transfer function
2.1.3 Current modes (CCM, DCM)
2.1.4 Capacitor current
2.2 Boost converter
2.2.1 Operation modes
2.2.2 Voltage transfer function
2.3 Buck-Boost converter
2.4 Comparison between topologies
2.5 Simulation of SMPS
2.5.1 The simulations problem
2.5.2 Basics of average model of SMPS
2.5.3 Example: Boost average model simulations

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 2]

Buck Converter Constant Switching

Frequency
S L control

Vin C R ON ON ON
D t
control
switch
1
Switch frequency: fs =
Ts ON ON ON t
Duty Cycle: ton toff
t on
= Don or → D TS
Ts
t off
= Doff → 1− D
Ts

1
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 3]

Operation modes
On VL Vin-Vo Commutation
S L

R t
Vin D C
IL
Ia
t
ts
Off
S L VL Vin-Vo Self commutation
Vin C R
D t
-Vo
IL
Ia Ib
At steady state Ia=Ib t
ts

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 4]

Buck
ton S
In this case
Vin toff R
C
D

Inductor current waveform at steady state

IL Vin − Vo Vo
−
L L

∆I

t
ton toff

2
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 5]

Voltage transfer function

The ∆I method

IL Vin − Vo Right triangle

L Vo
Left triangle −
L Vo
V − Vo ∆I = ⋅ t off
∆I = in ⋅ t on ∆I L
L
t
ton toff
 Vin − Vo  V
 t on = o t off
 L  L
Vo t on t
= = on = Don Independent of L !
Vin t on + t off Ts

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 6]

Voltage transfer function

The average voltage method
ton S Vo VL
Vin-Vo
Vin toff R + toff
VL C t
D
ton -
-Vo
Ts
At steady state, over one switching cycle:
VL = 0;
S + = ( Vin − Vo ) ⋅ t on ;
S − = ( − Vo ) ⋅ t off ;
V
S + + S − = 0 ⇒ o = Don
Vin

3
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 7]

Load Change with Fixed D

IL
S L Vo

Vin C R
D
control

t
ton toff
Ts

How will IL change if R is getting smaller?

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 8]

Load Change
IL Vin − Vo Vo
−
L L
R1
R2 R1 < R 2 < R 3
R3
ton t
toff
Ts

CCM - Continues Conductor Current Mode

DCM - Discontinues Conductor Current Mode

4
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 9]

Discontinuous Inductor Current Mode (DCM)

IL R4>R3
S Vx L Vo
Vin R3
D C
R R4
control
ton toff t

Ts
t'off

z Different voltage transfer ratio ≠ Don

z Higher ripple current

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 10]

Voltage transfer function (DCM)

IL
Ipk The ∆I method
Vin − Vo V
Ipk = t on = o t′off
L L
( Vin − Vout )Don
t'off t Doff =
ton Vout
Ts
1  1 Vin − Vo 
IAV =  Ton ⋅ TS (Don + Doff ) 
TS  2 L 
1 Vin − Vo V − Vo
IAV = Ton ⋅ Don (1 + in )
2 L Vo
V R( Vin − Vo ) Don
2
TS Vin = 2LVo2
IAV = o
R

2
Vo R Don Ts  8L 
=  1+ − 1
Vin 4L  2
R Don Ts 

5
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 11]

Boundary of CCM and DCM

IL L min
Vin − Vo Vo
−
L L2 L
Iav

t on toff t

Ts

z For CCM L > Lmin

Vo VoDoff R Doff
z In Buck t off = Ipk = 2 Iav L min = =
L min 2 Iav fs 2 fs

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 12]

Example
A BUCK converter has a following characteristics:
Output voltage: Vo = 5 V Output current: Iout = Iav = 10 A
Input voltage: Vin = 10 V Frequency: fs = 100 kHz
Current mode: CCM

Find: L min

Vo CCM
= Don = 0.5  
→ Doff = 1 − Don = 0.5
Vin
VoDoff 5 ⋅ 0. 5
L min = = = 1.2 µH
2 Iav fs 2 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10 5

6
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 13]

Capacitor current
S L
Vo IL
Vin IL IC
C R Iav
control D IR

t
IR Iav DC
z Assumption:
V0 has small ripple t
IC Capacitor current
AC
IC = IL − IR t

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 14]

BOOST Step-Up

L VX D Vo

Vin S C R

z Vo > Vin Why ??

7
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 15]

Operation
Boostmodes
ON VL=Vin VL Vin

L Vo t
IL
Vin C R
Ia
t
ts

VL
OFF VL=Vin-Vo Vin
L Vo t
Vin-Vo
Vin R IL
C
Ia Ib
ts t

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 16]

Voltage transfer function

The average voltage method

L VX D Vo Vx Vo
Vin S C R t
toff
TS
VL = 0; V in − V x = 0 ; V in = V x ;
Vin = V in ;
Vo t off
Vx = = VoDoff ;
Ts
Vo 1
Vin = VoDoff → =
Vin Doff

8
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 17]

Voltage transfer function

The ∆I method
L VX D Vo
IL Vin Vo − Vin
−
Vin S C R L L

∆I

Vin V − Vin t
⋅ t on = o ⋅ t off
L L ton toff
Ts
Vin ⋅ ( t on + t off ) = Vo ⋅ t off

Vo 1
=
Vin Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 18]

BUCK-BOOST
Step-Up Step-Down

S VX D
Vo
Vin C R
L

z Find Vo/Vin
Hint: Average of Vx ?

9
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 19]

Comparison between basic topologies CCM

L D
Vo Vo
S L
Vin C Vin C
S R D R

Basic Cell
S Vo L D
Vin D C
L R
S

Switched inductor
b
L
a
c

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 20]

Input and Output Currents

Iin
Source current I
Load current
o

Buck
t t

Iin Io

Boost
t t

Iin Io

Buck Boost
t t

Continues current -> Low ripple component

Discontinues current -> High ripple component

10
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 21]

The simulation problem

Switched
Assembly Vo

Vin +
−

D Ve
Modulator Control

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 22]

The simulation problem

Switched
Assembly Vo

Vin +
−

D Ve
Modulator Control

•The problematic part : Switched Assembly

• Rest of the circuit continuous - SPICE compatible
• Only possible simulation :
Time domain (cycle-by-cycle) -Transient
• The objective : translate the
Switched Assembly into an equivalent
circuit which is SPICE compatible

11
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 23]

Average Simulation of PWM Converters

Ton L Vout L d Vout
b d a c
+
Ib IL + IL IC
− RLoad − Ib RLoad
Vin IC Cf Vin Cf
c b
Buck Boost

b
Ton d c Vout
Ib IC
Vin +
−
RLoad
IL L Cf
a
Buck − Boost

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 24]

The Switched Inductor Model

b L a b Ton L a
TDCM
Toff

c c

Ton - switch conduction time

Toff - diode conduction time
TDCM - no current time (in DCM)

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 25]

The Switched Inductor Model (SIM) (CCM)

The concept of average signals
Ib
Ton b
Ia a L
Toff c Ic

Ia Ia
t
Ib Ib
t
Ic Ic
t

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 26]

The SIM
Objective : To replace the switched part
by a continuous network
Ib
Ton b
Ia a L
Toff c Ic

⇓
b Ib
Ia a
?
c Ic

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 27]

Average current
Ib
IL Ton
Ton b Ib = = ILDon
Ia a L TS
Toff c Ic TON
Don =
TS
I a = IL
I Ib
Similarly : IL
Ib
IL Toff
Ic = = ILDoff TON
TS
TS

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 28]

Toward a continuous model

b I b = I L ⋅ Don
I a = IL a
c I c = I L ⋅ Doff

⇓
Ga, Gb,Cc - current
Gb b Ib dependent sources

Ia a Ga Ga ≡ I L
G b ≡ IL ⋅ Don
Gc c Ic Gc ≡ IL ⋅ Doff

14
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 29]

Average inductor current

Deriving I L
dIL VL d IL VL
= ⇒ =
dt L dt L

VL IL IL
IL
VL V
IL t
VL

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 30]

Average inductor current

VL
V (a,b )
V(a, b)
b
a L
c
V(a, c )
V (a, c )
Ton Toff
Ts

V(a, b) ⋅ Ton + V(a, c ) ⋅ Toff

V L= =
TS
= V(a, b) ⋅ Don + V(a, c ) ⋅ Doff

15
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 31]

The Generalized Switched Inductor Model

(GSIM)

b IL
b Gb
L Ton Ga L
a
c a EL VL
Toff
Gc c rL

Ga = I L
Gb = I L ⋅ Don Topology independent !
Gc = I L ⋅ Doff
E L = V(a,b) ⋅ Don + V(a,c) ⋅ Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 32]

Example Implementation in Buck Topology

S L a
b Vo
1. The formal approach Vin Co
D Ro
c

V(a, b) a Vo
Ga
EL
IL
b Gb Ro L
Co

Vin Gc
c V(a, c ) rL

Ga = I (L) Gb = I (L) ⋅ Don Gc = I (L) ⋅ Doff

E L = [V0 − Vin ] ⋅ Don + [0 − V0 ] ⋅ Doff

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 33]

Implementation in Buck Topology

2. The intuitive approach - by inspection
S L Vo

Vin D C Ro
o

Ein = Vin ⋅ Don L Vo

Gb = I L ⋅ Don Gb Co
Vin IL Ro
Ein − Vo → VL Ein

Polarity: (voltage and current

sources) selected by inspection

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 34]

Boost
L D Vo

Vin S Co Ro

L I L ⋅ Doff Vo
Co Ro
Vin

Doff ⋅ Vo
• Emulate average voltage on inductor
• Create I L dependent current sources

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 35]

Buck-Boost
D Vo

Vin L Co Ro

I L ⋅ Don I L ⋅ Doff Vo
Co
Vin L Ro

Vin ⋅ Don + Doff ⋅ Vo

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 36]

Partially accounting for parasitics

SIM
R dson L rL a Vo
b c Co
Vin Ro
rc

18
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 37]

Modified Average Model

a
Ga IL
Rdson b Gb Co L
Ro EL VL
Gc rc
Vin c rL

Ga = I L
Gb = I L ⋅ Don
Gc = I L ⋅ Doff
E L = (Va − Vb ) ⋅ Don + (Va − Vc ) ⋅ Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 38]

Making the model SPICE compatible

IL Don L IL
Gb

IL and Don are time dependent variables {IL(t), Don (t) }

Don is not an electrical variable

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 39]

In SPICE environment
⇓
Gvalue
V(Don ) ∗ I(L ) L

Don
+ Name of node : " Don "
−
Source

Don is coded into voltage

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 40]

Simulation

Running SPICE simulation

DC (steady state points) - as is

TRAN (time domain) - as is

AC ( small signal) - as is

* Linearization is done by simulator !

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 41]

Discontinuous Model (DCM)

Ton b
a L
IL I IL c
L pk Toff

t T'off = Ts − Ton
Ton Toff
Ts − Ton
Toff D'off = = 1− Don
Ts
Ts

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 42]

Combining CCM / DCM

1.The average inductor current in DCM
VL V(a, b)

Ts V (a, b)
t Ton b
a
Ton Toff L c
V (a, c )
V(a, c )
T'off

VL = V(a,b)Don +V(a,c)Doff as in CCM

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 43]

Combining CCM / DCM

Ib IL
Gb b
Ia Ga I LS
a IL
Gc Ic t
c
∗ I a is I L Ton Toff
∗ I b is sampledduring Ton
Ts
∗ I c is sampledduring Toff
∗ I b is I c are sampling I Ls

I L Ts IL
I Ls = =
Ton + Toff Don + Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 44]

Combining CCM / DCM

Ib
Gb b IL
Ia Ga
a I LS
IL
Gc Ic
c t
Ton Toff
Ga = I L
I LDon Ts
Gb =
Don + Doff
I LDoff
Gc =
Don + Doff
in CCM: (Don + Doff ) = 1

22
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 45]

Doff in DCM
IL
V(a,b) Ton Ipk
Ipk =
L Vab Vac
1  V(a,b) Ton  (Ton + Toff ) L L
IL =   IL
2 L  TS
V(a,b)Don t
IL = (Don + Doff )
2Lfs
Ton Toff
2 I LLfs
Doff = − Don T'off
V(a,b)Don
D′off = 1− Don

Doff ≤ 1− Don

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 46]

The combined DCM / CCM mode

Gb b
IL
L b Ga L
a a
c EL VL
Gc c
rL
Ga ≡ I L
I L Don I L Doff
Gb ≡ Gc ≡
Don + Doff Don + Doff
E L = V(a,b) ⋅ Don + V(a,c) ⋅ Doff
  2 I LLfs 
Doff = min(1− Don ),  − Don 
  V(a,b)Don 

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 47]

Example: Boost average model simulation

L D Vo

Vin S Co Ro

PARAMETERS: PARAMETERS: PARAMETERS: PARAMETERS:

VIN_DC = 10v LMAIN = 75u RESR = 0.07 FS = 100k
VDON = 0.5 COUT = 220u RINDUCTOR = 0.1 TS = {1/fs}
RLOAD = 10 RSW = 0.1

{Rinductor} Dmain
a b c out

GVALUE Rinductor 1 Cout

Dbreak
Vin_DC I(Lmain) Gb {Cout}
+ EL Lmain Gc
Rsw RLoad
- IN+
OUT+ IN+
OUT+ IN-
OUT- IN-
OUT-
{Vin_DC} {Lmain} {Rsw} Resr {RLoad}
IN-
OUT- IN-
OUT- IN+
OUT+ IN+
OUT+
Ga EVALUE GVALUE {Resr}
GVALUE

(V(Don)*V(a,b)+V(Doff)*V(a,c))
0 V(Doff)*I(Lmain)/(V(Don)+V(Doff))

V(Don)*I(Lmain)/(V(Don)+V(Doff))
Don
Doff
EDoff
+ IN+
OUT+
VDon
- IN-
OUT-
{VDon} etable

0 min(2*I(Lmain)*Lmain/(Ts*v(a,b)*V(Don))-V(Don),1-V(Don))

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 48]

Example: Boost average model simulation

24
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 49]

Example: Boost average model simulation

L D Vo

Vin S Co Ro

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 50]

Example: Boost average model simulation

L D Vo

Vin S Co Ro

25
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 51]

Boost: Response to step of input voltage

(average model simulation)
12V

Vin
11V

10V

9V
V( a )
21V

Vout
20V

19V

SEL>>
18V
3 0 ms 3 5 ms 4 0 ms 4 5 ms 5 0 ms
V( o u t )
Ti me

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 52]

Boost: Response to step of duty cycle

8 0 0 mV

Don
6 0 0 mV

4 0 0 mV
V( Do n )
50. 0V

37. 5V
Vout

25. 0V

SEL>>
10. 0V
3 0 ms 3 5 ms 4 0 ms 4 5 ms 5 0 ms
V( OUT)
Ti me

26
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [2- 53]

Boost transfer function (CCM)

DC Sweep simulation
15

ideal case
Vo 1
=
10

Vin 1 − Don

real case
Parasitic resistances are taken
into account
0
0V 0. 1V 0. 2V 0. 3V 0. 4V 0. 5V 0. 6V 0. 7V 0. 8V 0. 9V 1. 0V
V( OUT) / V( a ) V( i d e a l )
VDo n

27