CALIMAG, Jessica D.

RES290 4Q1819 Chapter 7 Answered: 4

2018290016 13 July 2019 Assigned: 4

END OF CHAPTER 7 QUESTIONS

1. “The methodological framework emerges from the conceptual framework. Explain this statement.”
“Methodological framework emerges from the conceptual framework means that the decision on
which methodology to use in the research project is made based on the focus of the research. The
focus of the research is outlined, clearly, and simply, in the conceptual framework for the research
project. The conceptual framework for the research project is contained in the research question or
statement.”

2. “”Name and briefly explain five different research methodologies.”

 “Surveys- tend to be quantitative research projects or largely quantitative, research projects
that is quantitative with some qualitative element. In general, the data collection methods that
tend to be used in surveys are questionnaires or scales. It is often the case that the population
or population sample used in surveys is big, and a questionnaire and/or scale in an effective
method to use in engaging with large research populations. Sometimes the population is
geographically scattered. A questionnaire can generally easily be posted or e-mailed or made
available on the Internet for a geographically scattered population. The use of the internet in
survey is very common, and online surveys are commonly used.”
 “Documentary analysis is the methodology designed to facilitate research on documents.
Documentary analysis involves the systematic analysis of data in the form of documents or
data drawn from documents. The documents used can be written documents, books,papers,
magazines,notices,letters,records,and so on.”
 “Textual analysis is the analysis of any text. Texts can be books, magazines, other documents
or images or film, TV programmes, DVDs, vides, websites and web pages, advertisements,
clothes,graffiti, the décor, layout and organization of rooms, and so on. The researchers
analyzes the texts in order to develop some interpretation of the meaning of the texts in
relation to the aim the research. The research analyzes and interprets the text in order to try to
make some meaning of the text.”
 “Feminist research can be undertaken to highlight the experiences of women, as well as to
highlight gender inequality. Feminism is a philosophical framework and it is an intellectual
and political movement. Feminists hold a particular standpoint in relation to the nature of the
social world. “

Page 1 of 9
3. “Elements of methodological framework”
 “Introduction”
 “Research methodology”
 “Population of the study”
 “Sampling and sampling method”
 “Data collection methods”
 “Issues of validity and reliability”
 “Triangulation “
 “Ethics”

4. “Explain the key differences between survey research methodology and case study research
methodology.”

“Survey research methodology is a quantitative kind of research project and it requires

large number of population. It is often the case that the population or population sample used in
surveys is big, and a questionnaire or scale is an effective method to use in engaging with large
research population while case study research, the case to be studied can be a class in a school , it
could be in a school, it could be in office, or a shop, or a factory , an enterprise of some kind. A
case study generally does not have substantial population in terms numeric size or geographic
spread of survey research. Instead of breadth, example numeric size geographic spread, case
study research calls for depth; it calls for deeper investigation of some bounded entity. “
“Survey research is much of quantitative kind of research while the case methodology
can be quantitative or qualitative data or a mixture of both.”

Page 2 of 9
 CALIMAG, Jessica D.

RES290 4Q1819 Chapter 8 Answered: 6

2018290016 13 July 2019 Assigned: 6

END OF CHAPTER 8 QUESTIONS

1. “Explain what is meant by the term population of the research project.”

“The population of a study is all of the individuals, items or units relevant to the study. The
population comprises individuals, groups, organizations, documents, campaigns, incidents, and so
on. The population of the research is also called ‘the universe.”

2. “Detail and explain the reasons why a researcher would engage sampling with a research population.”

“The researcher should engage in sampling with research population because it will you validate
the data gathered from other researcher sources if the researcher has his own data sampling from a
certain period of time. The sampling of population will also help the researcher to prove the entire
hypothesis formulated in a certain research project. This will ensure that the study you are undertaking
is credible, reasonable and reasoned. The researcher should have a time in implementing this kind of
sampling method in his/her research.”

3. Explain the difference between probability and non-probability sampling.

“Probability sampling is based on the theories of mathematics of probability. Probability

sampling techniques include simple random sampling, stratified sampling, , systematic sampling
and cluster sampling. Using probability sampling, the sample selected from the population is
claimed by the researcher to be representative of the population. While in non-probability sampling,
the sample is selected tore present the population, but it cannot be said to be representative of the
population, in any statistical sense. The emphasis in non-probability sampling is on capacity of a
relatively small number of cases to clearly and comprehensively illustrate the phenomenon under
investigation. Non-probability sampling techniques include judgemental sampling, quota sampling,
snowball sampling and convenience sampling.”

Page 3 of 9
4. “What is simple random sampling and how is it used?”

“”Simple random sampling involves selecting a sample at random from a sampling frame. Let us
say that you want to study the population of your class, and there are 30 students in the class. As it is
simple thing to get a complete list of the names of the students in your class (a complete sampling
frame), it is possible to engage in simple random sampling with this population. The first thing to do is
to make a list on a sheet of paper of all the names of the people in the class. Then tear off each one by
one, and place each one into a hat or a box. Then select one name at a time from the hat or box. You
are now engaging in simple random sampling. Every time you select a name, note the name and then
replace it in the hat or box. Then each time you select a name , you are selection from a complete
population. This is known as sampling with replacement. You continue this process until you have the
complete sample required , the number of names required to complete the sample.”

5. “What is meant by the term judgemental sampling method and how and when is such a method used in
research?”

“Using judgmental or purposive sampling technique the researcher decides, or makes a

judgement , about who to include in the research. The criterion for inclusion in the research is the
capacity of the participant to inform the research. Each person, or unit, chosen to be included must
have a contribution to make the research. People chosen to be included in such a sample would be key
informants on the topic under investigation.”

6. “Detail five different research methods available to the researcher.”

 “Online Questionnaires- are questionnaires which are administered online. Such
questionnaires can be uploaded to a websites sent to respondents can be sent a link to the
questionnaire , which can be uploaded to a websites, and invited to respond to the
questionnaire. Response rates can be a substantial issue using online questionnaires.
Questionnaires can be created online using tools like Survey Monkey, instant survey or
zoomerang.”
 “Group Interviews- are interviews conducted face-to-face between the interviewer and the
group of interviewees. This type of face-to-face interview has all the advantages of the one-
on-one interview outlined above, as well as all the issues. A key skill required in group
interviews is that the facilitating groups. Facilitating groups is substantial and a complex
task. It requires particular skill and diplomacy. A group interview is used by a researcher
when the data required for the research project can best gathered through a group interview.
This means that there is something in the group processes, which generally occur naturally
within group interview of the data required for the research . The researcher chooses group
interview as the data gathering method when there is something in the group process which
will aid the generation of the data required.”
 “Drop and collect questionnaires is where a researcher drops a questionnaire with
respondents and then returns to collect the questionnaire when the respondent has completed
filling in the questionnaire. The method of administering the questionnaire , drop and collect
, can help boost response rates.”

Page 4 of 9
 “Scales-scale and scaling techniques are used widely in attitude measurement research.
Commonly used scales include Likert scale , Bogardus social distance scales, semantic
differential scales. Scales are used to generate quantitative data . scales are very interesting
research techniques . They appear to be quite simple, but appearances can be deceptive . the
production of a valid scale involves a great deal of work and preparation., drawing on all of
the data sources possible, engages in an in-depth examination of the case(s).”
 “Case study is a research carried out on a bounded entity, on a specific space or place, on a
particular incident, or on specific entities. Using a case study method the researcher studies
one case or a number of cases.

Page 5 of 9
 CALIMAG, Jessica D.

RES290 4Q1819 Chapter 9 Answered: 6

2018290016 13 July 2019 Assigned: 6

END OF CHAPTER 9 QUESTIONS

1. “What is meant by the term primary sources?”

“The primary source is a first -hand account of an account of an experience or a phenomenon by
a person who has had the experience or experienced the phenomenon. Primary source are said to be
unmediated, or direct sources. Primary sources are direct sources of evidence that the researcher creates
and/or gathers themselves. A primary source is also called an original source. Primary sources provide
original information or evidence and are the first evidence of phenomenon being observed and recorded.
A primary source includes documents, letters, diaries, photographs, maps, charts, sound recordings,
completed questionnaires, completed scales, interview transcripts, focus group transcripts, statistics, all
kinds of research data, reports , original manuscripts, official documents and records, film and video,
some newspapers and magazines, art works, stories, narratives, published first-hand accounts , folk tales
, web content. As can be seen, almost any artefact can be primary source. The essential criterion is that
they must be original accounts of the phenomenon.”

“Characteristics of Primary sources:”

 “Primary sources document events, people, viewpoints of the time.”
 “When research is more era, rather than event driven, scope of possible primary sources
broadens considerably.”
 “Primary sources represent one person's perspective; frequently will be used
with secondary/tertiary sources to broaden the lens through which a researcher is looking at an
event, era, or phenomenon.”
 “It is important when using anything as a primary source that the researcher be cognizant of and
sensitive to the bias of the observer/analyzer that created the primary source, and also to the
broader cultural biases of the era in which the primary source was created.”
 “The researcher's perspective, or the arguments or points for which a researcher plans to use a
primary source as evidence, is significant in determining what sources will be primary.
 “Reproductions of primary sources remain primary for many research purposes.”
 “Some attributes are based more on the perspective represented in the source and context in
which the source is being used by researcher.”

Page 6 of 9
 “Examples of Primary Source Formats/Genres:”

 “Artifacts – Painting titled “Rejection Letter” by Trinh Do, 1989 [from: Project Ngoc Records,
1978-1998. MS-SEA-016]. Trinh Do was labeled a dissident artist and imprisoned in Vietnam in
1988. “”After escaping from prison, he, his wife, and ten-year old son came to Hong Kong’s
Whitehead Detention Center in 1989. Trinh Do painted this picture while waiting for his family’s
status to be determined.”

 “Photographs – Wedding portrait of Clodomiro Sepulveda and Peregrina Rosa Yorba, 1885
[from: Orange County Californio Families Portrait Photograph Album. MS-R076]. Two
descendents of the Sepulveda and Yorba families marry. Two historic ranchos from these
families (Rancho San Joaquin and Rancho Lomas de Santiago) became part of the Irvine Ranch,
established in 1876 by James Irvine I.”

 “Records – A drawing for a patent [from: Lynch, Gary. Tom Blake: the Uncommon Journey of a
Pioneer Waterman.Corona del Mar, CA: Croul Family Foundation, 2001]. Tom Blake designed a
hollow surfboard in 1931 that revolutionized surfing. Blake was a direct connection between
surfing in Hawaii and the popularity of surfing in California that began before World War II and
expanded after the war.”

 “Journals - The overland journals of Edwin Bryant [from: What I Saw in California: Being the
Journal of a Tour of the Emigrant Route and South Pass of the Rocky Mountains, Across the
Continent of North America, the Great Desert Basin, and through California, in the Years 1846,
1847. Santa Ana, CA: Fine Arts Press, 1936]. Edwin Bryant was a journalist who arrived at
Sutter’s Fort on Sept 1, 1847. His journals were an early authoritative source on California of the
discovery period.”

 “Artifacts – Wine and liquor labels [from: Kuchel Family Papers [MS-R029]. The Kuchel
Family of Anaheim published Orange County’s first newspaper, the Anaheim Gazette, for 90
years. Henry Kuchel, born in 1858, arrived in Anaheim in 1860 with his German immigrant
family. The collection contains a variety of printed ephemera which provides a record of early
Orange County business and cultural history. These are a sample of labels of early wineries and
distilleries in Anaheim.”

 “Autobiographies – Autobiography of Josephine Baker and her years as an African-American

dancer in France [from: Baker, Josephine. Une vie de Toutes les Couleurs. Grenoble: B.
Arthaud, 1935.]”

Page 7 of 9
2. “What is meant by the term secondary sources?”

“Secondary sources are data from secondary sources. They are the data that already exist.
Sometimes researchers use these data rather than creating data themselves. Secondary sources do not
provide original information or evidence. They refer to original information or evidence published in
primary sources. They comment on, analyze, interpret or discuss primary sources. Example of secondary
sources includes publications, textbooks, newspaper and magazine articles, histories, criticisms, and
commentaries on experiences, events phenomena. The essential point is that these accounts are not first-
hand accounts.”

3. “Give three examples of type of primary sources.”

 “Original documents such as diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, records,
eyewitness accounts, autobiographies”
 “Empirical scholarly works such as research articles, clinical reports, case studies, dissertations”
 “Creative works such as poetry, music, video, photography”

4. Give three examples of type of secondary sources.

 Books
 journal articles
 speeches
 reviews

5. “Secondary sources data are particularly useful to researchers who cannot access primary sources.
Explain this statement.”
“Secondary data are created from the primary sources. When a researcher has the data that comes
from the secondary sources, he can also access its primary sources because the researchers collect data
of the secondary data from a primary data. ““Let’s say for example, a journal has that was created comes
from a source such as books or magazines, the secondary data will interpret what are the data that came
from the books and magazines as his/ her reference.”

6. “Detail and explain three potential problems in using secondary data sources.”

“One of the problems of using secondary sources data is sheer amount of data available.
Often the published data sets are very large. It is very important that the data that the data
gathered, created and selected for use in the research project be manageable. Keep the data set
simple. Unless very confident , skilled and able in terms of research and research methods,
researchers are wise to work with small sets of data or relatively small sets of data. This
sometimes means that the researcher works with subsets of data sets. Subsets of data sets are part
of the overall data set that the researcher selects from the data set.”
“One of the main problems with secondary data is that the data available may not be
exactly the data required. When working with secondary sources every researcher is restricted to
Page 8 of 9
 the data available. The main danger in selecting out subset of data from a large data set is that in
selecting out data, you render the data invalid in some way. Try to ensure that when you do
select out data, the logic of the data holds . In other words , try to ensure that you understand
exactly what the data you have selected really means. It is a good idea to the organize the data set
you intend to use in your research project as quickly as possible. You should immediately begin
the process of establishing strengths and limitations of the data set, in terms of research project
you intend to undertake using the data.”
“The most important issue to be addressed in that defence of your data is the issue of
validity. Try to establish the validity of the data selected out; validity in this context means that
the data are valid , credible, reasonable, reasoned, justifiable and defensible. The validity of the
data is the extent to which the data measures or represents that which it purports to measure and
represent. Try to be clear about what it is that the data that you have selected measure and/ or
represent. Try to ensure that the data are credible and they are useful and meaningful in relation
to your research. In other words, try to ensure that the data really do explain or illustrate the
phenomenon which you are investigating, as it is outlined in your research statement or
question.”
References:
Primary Sources: Definition & Examples, Austin Peay Stare University Retrieved from
https://www.lib.uci.edu/examples-primary-source-formats

HOW TO DO LIBRARY RESEARCH, Colorado State University Libraries Retrieved from

https://libguides.colostate.edu/howtodo/primarysourcesexamples

Examples of Primary Source Formats/Genres,UCI Libraries, retrieved from

https://www.lib.uci.edu/examples-primary-source-formats

Research Process, North Central university, retrived from

https://ncu.libguides.com/researchprocess/primaryandsecondary

Silva (2016), Research Methods, Structuring Inquiries and Empirical Investigations

Page 9 of 9