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INTRODUCTION
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HISTORY
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from Black heath, withdrew
draft rules at his club the
the previous meeting: from theallowed
first FA overforthe removal
running ofthe
with twoball
in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an
opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby clubs
followed this lead and did not join the FA and instead in 1871 formed
the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge
of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the
game.[14] These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack
of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules
football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played
by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until
there was little difference between the games.
The laws of the game are determined by the International Football
Association Board (IFAB).[16] The Board was formed in 1886 after a
meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football
Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football
Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which
was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams
since 1872. The first official international football match took place in 1872
between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C.
W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was
founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William
McGregor .[18] The original format contained 12 clubs from
the Midlands and Northern England. FIFA, the international football body,
was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws
of the Game of the Football Association.[19] The growing popularity of the
international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to
the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board consists of
four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the
four British associations.[20]
Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions
of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite
teams,[21] while billions more watch the game on television or on the
internet.[22] A very large number of people also play football at an amateur
level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over
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240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play
football. Football has the highest global television audience in sport.
In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an
important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even
nations. R. Kapuscinski says that people who are polite, modest or even
humble in Europe fall easily into rage with playing or watching soccer
games. The Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to
the nation's civil war in 2006 and it helped further reduce tensions between
government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital
of Bouaké, an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the
first time. By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final
proximate cause for the Football War in June 1969 between El
]
Salvador and Honduras. The sport also exacerbated tensions at the
beginning of the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, when a match
between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade degenerated into rioting in
May 1990.
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Gameplay
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Laws
There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a
collection of stipulation and guidelines. The same laws are designed to
apply to all levels of football, although certain modifications for groups such
as juniors, seniors, women and people with physical disabilities are
permitted. The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility
in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the
Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the International
Football Association Board(IFAB).[40] In addition to the seventeen laws,
numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation
of football.
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Pitch
As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered
solely by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard
dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units.
The Laws now express dimensions with approximate metric equivalents
(followed by traditional units in brackets), though popular use tends to
continue to use traditional units in English-speaking countries with a
relatively recent history of metrication (or only partial metrication), such as
Britain.[47]
The length of the pitch for international adult matches is in the range of
100 –110 m (110 –120 yd) and the width is in the range of 64 –75 m (70 –
80 yd). Fields for non-international matches may be 90 –120 m (100 –
130 yd) length and 45 –90 m (50 –100 yd) in width, provided that the pitch
does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size
of 105 m (344 ft) long and[48]
68 m (223 ft) wide as a standard pitch dimension
for international matches; however, this decision was later put on hold
and was never actually implemented.[49]
The longer boundary lines are touchlines, while the shorter boundaries (on
which the goals are placed) aregoal lines. A rectangular goal is positioned
at the middle of each goal line.[50] The inner edges of the vertical goal posts
must be 7.32 m (8 yd) apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar
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supported by the goal posts must be 2.44 m (8 ft) above the ground. Nets
are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws .[51]
In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line,
two lines starting on the goal line 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts and
extending 16.5 m (18 yd) into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a
line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent
being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a
penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a
penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players
at kick-offs, goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.
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consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra
time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known
officially in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark") to
determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament.
Goals
game, scored during
but kicks fromextra time periods
the penalty mark arecount toward
only thedecide
used to final score of the
the team
that progresses to the next part of the tournament (with goals scored in a
penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).[31]
In competitions using two-legged matches, each team competes at home
once, with an aggregate score from the two matches deciding which team
progresses. Where aggregates are equal, the away goals rule may be used
to determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored
the most goals in the leg they played away from home. If the result is still
equal, extra time and potentially a penalty shootout are required.[31]
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of
creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often
seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a
game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored
(golden goal ), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of
extra time (silver goal ). Golden goal was used at the World Cup
in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal
was France's victory overParaguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation
to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in
the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these
experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.[57]
Ball in and out of play
Main article: Ball in and out of play
Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ball in
play and ball out of play . From the beginning of each playing period with a
kick-off until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times,
except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by
the referee.
eight restart When thedepending
methods ball becomes out ofit play,
on how went play
out ofis play:
restarted by one of
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A player takes a free kick, while the opposition form a "wall" to try to block
the ball
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Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and dismissed from the game
with a red card. These colours were first introduced at the 1970 FIFA World
Cup and used consistently since.
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HISTORY
Indianadal of all of their scheduled opponents. But the governing body, the
AIFF, decided against going to the World Cup, being unable to understand
the importance of the event at that time. Reason shown by AIFF was that
there was the cost of travel (although FIFA agreed to bear a major part of
the travel expenses), lack of practice time, team selection issues and
valuing the Olympics over the FIFA World Cup.
The period
football. fromthe
Under 1951 to 1962
tutelage is considered theAbdul
of legendary Syed golden era in
Rahim [3] Indian
India became
the best team in Asia. The Indian team started the 1950s with their triumph
in the 1951 Asian Games which they hosted[4] Later next year they went on
to participate in the 1952 Olympics, but lost 10 –1 to Yugoslavia. Like before
four years earlier, many of the team played without boots.[5] After the result
the AIFF immediately made it mandatory to wear boots.[6] India then went
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Olympics and
semi-finals. alsolost
They making India the first Asian
4 –1 toYugoslavia, and team
lost the to reach
third theplay-off
place Olympic
match 3 –0 to Bulgaria.
Then in 1962 India went on to win the 1962 Asian Games where they
beat South Korea 2 –1 in the final.
Then in 1964 India played in its most memorable tournament yet. The 1964
AFC Asian Cup where they finished as runners-up thanks to then-current
manager Harry Wright. India won their first match against South Korea 2 –0,
then lost 2 –0 to the hosts Israel then won 3 –1 against Hong Kong which
[10]
gave India second in the tournament.
After the Asian Cup India went downhill. Failure in a many qualification
tournaments meant that the next time India reached a quarter-final stage
was as host in the 1982 Asian Games. Then all of a sudden India managed
to qualify for the 1984 AFC Asian Cup after twenty years out of the cup. But
India during the competition failed to make any impact. India would then fail
to make the Asian Cup for another 27 years.
Although India failed to qualify for the 2004 Asian Cup, the senior team did
well by showing off a silver-medal winning performance in the inaugural
Afro Asian Games, with victories over Rwanda and Zimbabwe (then 85
places ahead of India in the world rankings) along the way, losing the final
by just 1 –0 to Uzbekistan.[14]
As a result, Indian football has steadily earned greater recognition and
respect, both within the country and abroad. The LG Cup win in Vietnam
under Stephen Constantine was one of the few bright spots in the early part
of the 2000s. It was India's first victory in a football tournament outside the
subcontinent after 1974. In November 2003, then India coach Stephen
Constantine was named AFC Manager of the Month.[14]
In 2006 Bob Houghton was later appointed coach of team. His appointment
saw a general progress in India’s performances crowned by victory in 2007
Nehru Cup in August 2007. Houghton then led India to the 2008 AFC
Challenge Cup title as they beat Tajikistan 4 –1 in August 2008. Winning the
AFC Challenge Cup qualified India for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup for the first
time since 1984. He also oversaw the Indian team to its second
consecutive Nehru Cup trophy by winning 2009 Nehru Cup.[15]
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In 2011, India started off their campaign by participating in 2011 AFC Asian
Cup for which they qualified after 27 years. India lost all three matches but
did manage to perform well in patches.[16]
In 2012, India won the 15th edition of Nehru cup by beating Cameroon 5-4
in penalties as the full-time score was tied at 2-2, making it the third
successive Nehru cup win for India.[17]
Home stadium
The Indian Football Team does not have a permanent stadium as of 2011
due to so many football stadiums not meeting FIFA guidelines. The only
stadiums that are FIFA and AFC approved are the Ambedkar
Stadium in New Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium also in New Delhi,Nehru
Stadium in Chennai, Balewadi Sports Complex in Pune, and most recently
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A C H IE V E M E N T S O F T W O G R E A T P L A Y E R S O F IN D IA
Baichung Bhutia
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of his contribution to Indian football (first player to have such honour while
he is still playing), has also won many awards, such as the Arjuna
Award and the Padma Shri.
Sunil Chhetri
for himself.
the 2012 He helped
Nehru Cup asIndia
well win the 2007SAFF
as the 2011 NehruChampionship. He
Cup, 2009 Nehru Cup,
was also
one of India's best players during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup in which
India won the tournament and thus qualified for their first AFC Asian Cup in
27 years. Chhetri has also been named AIFF Player of the Year thrice in
2007, 2011 and 2013.
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Sukhasana
What is Sukhasana?
In Sanskrit, Sukha means happy or easy or comfortable. Hence,
Sukhasana refers to a comfortable and easy sitting position.
Explanation
For Sukhasana, sit in cross-legged position with your spine straight and
hand resting on your knees. You can adapt this to suit your needs; by
sitting on a cushion with your legs crossed; or if you have knee problems,
sitting with one or both legs extended out in front of you.
Benefit
Sukhasana opens the hips and stretches the spine. It promotes inner calm
and
staterelieves physical
of serenity, and mental
tranquility, exhaustionanxiety.
and eliminates and tiredness. It intensifies the
Precaution
This asana should be avoided in case of recent or chronic knee or hip
injury or inflammation.
Anuloma Viloma
What is Anuloma Viloma?
Anuloma Viloma is a breathing technique. In Sanskrit Anuloma means with
the natural order and Viloma means going against.
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Precaution
If you have neck injuries or problems, do this asana with care. Don’t move
your neck from side to side and prevent your spine from jerking. Never
extend beyond your comfort level.
Benefit
This asana is good for mind and body as well. It stretches the chest, neck,
and spine and stimulates abdominal organs, lungs, and thyroid. It is an
excellent rejuvenator for tired legs. It improves digestion, reduces anxiety,
fatigue, backache, headache, and insomnia. It is a good asana for women
as it helps to relieve the symptoms of menopause and menstrual
discomfort. It is a therapeutic posture for asthma, high blood pressure,
osteoporosis, and sinusitis. It also calms the brain and helps alleviate
stress and mild depression.
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Vajrasana
What is Vajrasana?
'Vajra' means diamond. The body is rigid as a diamond in this posture. This
is a basic position for many other asanas and meditation.
Explanation
Sit in the Dandasana position. Place the palms on the floor near the thighs.
Supporting your weight on the right palm, bend the left leg at the knee and
pull the ankle under the left buttock. Do the same with the right leg by
supporting the body weight on the left palm. The toes point backwards and
towards the ground while space is kept between the ankles. Do meditation
with normal breathing or do Pranayaama with different breathing
techniques in this position for 10 to 15 minutes.
Benefit
Relaxes your kneecaps, knees, ankles and feet, improves digestion and
reduces gas. Relieves sciatica pain. 'Vajrasana', if done for 10 minutes
after a full meal relieves heaviness in stomach due to overeating.
Precaution
Do not sit on your ankles.
Dandasana
What is Dandasana?
Dandasana is the simplest form of sitting posture on which many other
asanas are based.
Explanation
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Sit with your legs straight and feet together and place your hands on the
ground on either side of your body with fingers pointing forward. Make sure
you breathe normally and have your eyes closed for concentration. It is
advisable to sit in this position for a little time before practicing other
Stand
side orstraight, keep the
front straight feetthe
above three to six
head andinches
stand apart,
on tip lift
of the
the arms
toes. up from
Breathe
in slowly while moving your arms up and breathe out slowly while bringing
them down. This movement is one unit. Do 20 to 30 such repetitions in one
sitting.
Benefit
It helps strengthening the spine and increases a person's height. It helps in
cleansing of your digestive system and reduces fat deposition around the
abdomen and buttocks.
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What is Savasana?
Savasana also known as Mrta-asana or "Corpse Pose" is an ultimate
relaxing pose that is mainly practiced as a concluding asana at any yoga
session. The word Mrta and Shava refers to dead body in Sanskrit. In this
pose one loosens all his limbs and lie motionless as a dead person thus the
name Savasana. It is one of the most difficult to master poses because
though lying relaxed and motionless one should be fully conscious and
awaken. The "conscious" part of Savasana is the most difficult because
people tend to drift off to sleep while doing Savasana. This relaxing posture
rejuvenates one's body, mind and spirit.
Explanation
Start with sitting in Dandasana with your legs stretched in front and hands
resting on your sides. Then bend your knees and move your torso
backward while resting your elbows on the floor. Rest your torso with arms
at a 45-degree angle to your torso and palms facing up. Now extend your
legs slightly apart with your feet naturally falling to either side. Now relax
completely. The back of the neck should be extended, chin slightly tucked
in toward the chest, lengthening the upper spine.
Take care that the spine and legs are aligned and that you are evenly
relaxed on the right and left sides. If this pose is done at the end of a
session, remain in Savasana for about five minutes, breathing easily. To
come out of the position without disturbing your peaceful state, stretch out
your body and take a deep breath. Roll onto your side into the fetal
position, then gradually ease your way up to a sitting or standing position,
moving slowly without any sudden or jerky movements.
Benefit
It is an ultimate relaxing pose that provides relaxation to mind and body as
well. It calms the brain and helps relieve stress and mild depression. It
reduces headache, fatigue, nervousness and helps to cure asthma,
constipation, diabetes, indigestion, insomnia, and lumbago. It improves
concentration also.
Precaution
If you have back injury or discomfort then practice this pose with your
knees bent and your feet on the floor or support the bent knees on a
bolster. Pregnant women can raise their head and chest on a bolster if they
wish to do this asana.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
FourFourTwo
World Soccer
Champions
WEBSITES
www.sporcel.com
www.fourfourtwo.com
www.wikipedia.com