TRAINING REPORT ON CONSTRUCTION OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

A Training Report- II
Submitted for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
IN THE FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

BY
Naveen Kumar

Department of Civil Engineering

College of Technology and Engineering
UDAIPUR-313001

JULY 2018

©(name of Author), year

All rights reserved
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that work presented in the report entitled “TRAINING REPORT ON
CONSTRUCTION OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING” in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Department of
Civil Engineering, Collage of Technology and Engineering Udaipur is an authentic record
of my summer training work. I am the sole author of this report and authorize College of
Technology & Engineering, Udaipur to lend this report to other institutions or individuals
for the purpose of study and research.

Date: 25/07/2018 Naveen Kumar

Place: CTAE Udaipur (2015/CTAE/082)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The training opportunity I had with “ARYAM INTER-CONTINENTAL PVT. LTD. ” was a
great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very
lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for
having a chance to meet so many wonderful people and professionals who led me though this
internship period.

Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special
thanks to Er. MRIDUL RAWAT, THE DIRECTOR & STRUCTRAL ENGINEER of this
company who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide
and keep me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my report at their esteemed
organization and extending during the training.

I express my deepest thanks to Er. KAMAL SHARMA and all staff of company for taking part
in useful decision & giving necessary advices and guidance and arranged all facilities to make
things easier. I choose this moment to acknowledge thier contribution gratefully.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use
gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their
improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with all
of you in the future,

Naveen
Kumar
 i

ii
 Abstract

JAIPUR is one of the largest city in our country. As it is rapidly developing the construction in
the city is very costly. Economic point of view if the building is constructed at a far distance
from the city it will be cheaper and residents can live peaceful without any external polluted
sources. Having a peaceful surroundings s the main point of view of most of the people in
today’s lifestyle.

The training report in broad-spectrum contains [no of chapters] chapters in which I try to explain
my one month experience in my hosting company. The content of all chapters are broadly
explained and it is constructed from the practical basis of the site work.

The aim of this report is to apprise you about the practical experience gained by me during one
month of summer training period.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements i

Certificate ii

Abstract iii

List of Figures iv

List of Tables v

Notations and Abbreviations vi

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Demand of Houses. 2
1.2 Classification of Buildings Based on Occupancy. 3

2 Selection of Site 5

3 Squence of Structure Work 7

4 Limitation of Built up Area & Bye – Laws 8

5 Arrangement of Rooms 11

6 Construction Process and Material Used 13

7 Summary and Conclusion 30

Appendix 31
 LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.1. Plan of ground floor

Fig.2. Excavation by JCB

Fig.3. Placing of PCC

Fig.4. Reinforcement bars

Fig.5. Foundation

Fig.6. Storage of cement

Fig.7. Brickwork in building

Fig.8. Stretcher brick bond

Fig.9. Header brick bond

Fig.10. English brick bond

Fig.11. Flemish brick bond

Fig.12. Shuttering Plates

Fig.13. Scaffolding

iv
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 : Min floor area and height of rooms

v
 Chapter 1
Introduction
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times immemorial
man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has
been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a
basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for
his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and
convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and
kept in view.

• A Peaceful environment.

• Safety from all natural source & climate conditions .

• General facilities for community of his residential area

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws, environment,
financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation
etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

1
 Demand of Houses

The house is the first unit of the society and it is the primary unit of human habitation. The house
is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers, and to give insurance against physical
insecurity of all kinds.

The special features of the demand for housing consists of in its unique nature and depend on the
following factors.

 Availability of cheap finance.

 Availability of skilled labours.

 Availability of transport facility

 Cost of labours & material of construction.

 Predictions of future demand

 Rate of interest on investment e. g., low rates of interest with facilities of long term
payment may facilities investment in housing.

 Rate of population growth and urbanization.

 Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices

 Taxation policy on real estates

 Town planning & environmental conditions.

2
 Classification of Buildings Based on Occupancy

GROUP-A RESIDENSIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-B EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-C INSTITUTIONAL BULIDINGS

GROUP-D ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS

GROUP-E BUSINESS BUILDINGS

GROUP-F MERCANTILE BUILDINGS

GROUP-G INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP-H STORAGE BUILDINGS

GROUP-I HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS :
These building include any building in which sleeping accommodation provide for normal
residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities.It includes single or
multifamily dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants, hostels,
dormitories and residential hostels.

EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS:
These include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving assembly for
instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of
persons suffering from physical or mental illness, diseases or infirmity, care of infants,
convalescents or aged persons and for penal detention in which the liberty of the inmates is
restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants.

ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS:
These are the buildings where groups of people meet or gather for amusement, recreation, social,
religious, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, exhibition halls, museums, places of work
ship, etc.

BUSINESS BUILDINGS:

These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of accounts and records and for
similar purposes, offices, banks, professional establishments, courts houses, libraries. The
principal function of these buildings is transaction of public business and keeping of books and
records.

MERCANTILE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used as shops, stores, market, for display an sale of merchandise either
wholesale or retail, office, shops, storage service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise
and located in the same building.

INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS:
These are buildings where products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabrication,
assembled, manufactured or processed, as assembly plant, laboratories, dry cleaning plants,
power plants, pumping stations, smoke houses, laundries etc.

STORAGE BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, wares or merchandise
vehicles and animals, as warehouses, cold storage, garages, trucks.

HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:
These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly
combustible or explosive materials or products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly
and/or which may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or other liquids or
chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases
processing of any material producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division of
matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.

Chapter 2
Selection of Site

Selection of plot is very important for buildings a house. Site should be in good place where
there community but service is convenient but not so closed that becomes a source of
inconvenience or noisy. The conventional transportation is important not only because of present
need but for retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation, shopping,
facilities also necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is indication of
future development or not in case of undeveloped area.

The factor to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows :

 Access to park & play ground

 Agriculture polytonality of the land

 Availability of public utility services, especially water, electricity & sewage disposal.

 Contour of land in relation the building cost. Cost of land

 Distance from places of work

 Ease of drainage.

 Location with respect to school, collage & public buildings.

 Nature of use of adjacent area

 Transport facilities

 Wind velocity and direction

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

Fig.1. Ground floor plan
 Squence of Structure Work

1. Site Clearance

2. Surveying and layout

3. Excavation

4. Laying of PCC

5. Bar Binding and placement of foundation steel

6. Shuttering and Scaffolding

7. Concreting

8. Electrical and Plumbing

9. Deshuttering

10. Brickwork

11. Doors and windows frames along with lintels

12. Wiring for electrical purposes

13. Plastering

14. Flooring and tiling work

15. Painting

16. Final Completion.

9
 Limitation of Built-up Area

The built-up area is the constructed area which include wall thickness. Therefore , built-up area is
the area remaining after deducting open space area from the plot area i.e. the total area
purchased for the proposed building plan. When open space area is restricted then the built-up
area of any building is automatically restricted. According to use there are restriction on built-
up area as given below:-
1. In a bazaar market area,the built-up area shall not exceed 75% of the site area,provided
sample space for parking is available on the same site

2. In an industrial area the built-up area shall not exceed 60% of site area.

3. In case of residential building, the built-up area is stated as below:-

Area of plot up to 200sq.m (240sq.yd) - maximum permissable built up area

Ground and first - 60% of site area on floor only.

201 to 500sq.m (241to 600sq.yd) - 50% of the site area.

501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq.yd) - 40% of the site area

More than 1000sq.m - 33% of the site area.

 FLOOR AREA HEIGHT(m)

LIVING 10 sqm (100sqft) 3.3 (11’)

(breadth min 2.7m or 9’)

KITCHEN 6sm (6sqft) 3.0 (10’)

BATH 2sqm (20sqft) 2.7 (9’)

LATTRINE 1.6sqm (16sqft) 2.7 (9’)

BATH & WATER CLOSET 3.6sqm (36sqft) 2.7 (9’)

SERVANT ROOM 10sqm (100sqft) 3.0 (10’)

GARAGE 2.5 * 4.8 m (8’16”) 3.0 (10’)

MIN DEPTH OF ………. 0.9 (3’)

FOUNDATION

THICKNESS OF WALL 20 cms to 30 cms …….

DAMP PROOF COURSE 2 cms to 2.5 cms Thick full width of plinth wall
Table 1: Min floor area and height of rooms-
12
 Building Bye Laws and Regulation

A bye laws is the local laws framed by a competent authority. Every locality has its
own peculiatries with respect to the climate condition, geological condition, i.e.
availibility of material for construction, labour, etc if the building is built up in a
definite planned way, the construction become economically sound and safe. As there
such must be a laws or regulations on the part of owners while building his own house.
If not, the house owner under his ownership right will construct the house, which may
affect the inetrest of others in respect of health and convenince. Hence, there must be
restriction to limit the power of the builder or owner to deal with the property. This is
done under building regulation which are a compressive code of building bye-laws.

 Line of building frontage and minimum plot size.

 Open space around residential building.
 Min standard dimensions of building elements.
 Provision for lightining and ventilation.
 Provision for safety from explosion.
 Provision for means of access.
 Provision for safety of works against hazards.
 Requirements for off-street parking spaces.
 Requirements for landscaping.
 Special requirements for low income housing.
 Size of structrual elements.
 ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS

 LIVING ROOM

 KITCHEN

 STORE ROOM

 BED ROOM

 OFFICE ROOM

 BATH & W C

 DRESSING ROOM

 VERANDAH

 STAIR CASE

LIVING ROOMS:

This is the area is for general use. Hence the living & drawing room should be planned near the
entrance south east aspects. During colder day the sun is towards the south & will receive
sunshine which is a welcoming feature. During summer sunshine ti the northern side & entry of
sunrays from southern or south – east aspects do not arise.

KITCHEN:

Eastern aspects to admit morning sun to refresh & purity the air.

READING ROOM:

North aspects this makes more suitable since there will be no sun from north side for most part of
the year.

BED ROOM:

Bed may also be provided with attached toilets, there size depends upon the number of beds, they
should be located so as to give privacy & should accommodate beds, chair, cupboard, etc., and
they should have north or – west south – west aspect.
VERANDAH:

There should verandah in the front as well as in the rear. The front verandah serves setting place
for male members & weighting place for visitors. The back verandah serve a ladies apartment for
there sitting, working controlling, kitchen works etc., verandah project the room against direct
sun, rain & weather effect. They used as sleeping place during the summer and rainy season &
are used to keep various things verandah also give appearance to the building. The area of a
building may vary from 10% to 20% of the building.

STAIR CASE:

This should be located in a easily accessible to all members of the family, when this is intended
for visitors it should be in the front, may be on one side of verandah. It meant for family use
only, the staircase should be placed the rear. The stairs case should be well ventilated & lighted
the middle to make it easy & comfortable to climb. Rises & threads should be uniform through to
keep rhythm while climbing or descending. Some helpful points regarding the orientation of a
building are as follows:-

 Long wall of the building should face north south, short wall should face.

 East and west because if the long walls are provided in east facing, the wall.

 Absorb more heat of sun which causes discomfort during night.

 A verandah or balcony can be provided to wards east & west to keep the rooms
cool.

 To prevent sun’s rays & rain from entering a room through external doors &
windows sunshades are required in all directions.

ORIENTATION:
After having selected the site, the next step is proper orientation of building. Orientation means
proper placement of rooms in relation to sun, wind, rain, topography and out look and at the
same time providing a convenient access both to the street and back yard.
The factors that effect orientation most are as follows:-

 Solar heat
 Wind direction
 Humidity
 Rain fall
 Intensity of wind site condition
 Lightings and ventilation

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND MATERIAL USED

Site Clearance -
The very first step is site clearance which involves removal of grass and vegetation along with
any other objections which might be there in the site location.

Excavation -
Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. Normally 1-2 earth
excavators (JCB’s) were used for excavating the soil. Adequate precautions are taken to see that
the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining structures. Excavation is carried out
providing adequate side slopes and dressing of excavation bottom. The soil present beneath the
surface was too clayey so it was dumped and was not used for back filling.The filling is done in
layer not exceeding 20 cm layer and than its compacted. Depth of excavation was 5’4” from
Ground Level.
 Fig.2. Excavation by JCB

PCC – Plain Cement Concrete

After the process of excavation, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. A layer of 4
inches was made in such a manner that it was not mixed with the soil. It provides a solid bas for
the raft foundation and a mix of 1:5:10 that is, 1 part of cement to 5 parts of fine aggregates and
10 parts of coarse aggregates by volume were used in it. Plain concrete is vibrated to achieve full
compaction. Concrete placed below ground should be protected from falling earth during and
after placing. Concrete placed in ground containing deleterious substances should be kept free
from contact with such a ground and with water draining there from during placing and for a
period of seven days. When joint in a layer of concrete are unavoidable, and end is sloped at an
angle of 30 and junctions of different layers break joint in laying upper layer of concrete. The
lower surface is made rough and clean watered before upper layer is laid.
 Fig.3. Placing of PCC

LAYING OF FOUNDATION

At our site, Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area,
normally the entire area of the structure. Normally raft foundation is used when large load is to
be distributed and it is not possible to provide individual footings due to space constraints that is
they would overlap on each other. Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential
settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading positions. They
are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads
over a larger area.
In laying of raft foundation, special care is taken in the reinforcement and construction of plinth
beams and columns. It is the main portion on which ultimately whole of the structure load is to
come. So a slightest error can cause huge problems and therefore all this is checked and passed
by the engineer in charge of the site.
Fig.4. Reinforcement bars
 Fig.5. Foundation

CEMENT
Portland cement is composed of calcium silicates and aluminate and aluminoferrite It is obtained
by blending predetermined proportions limestone clay and other minerals in small quantities
which is pulverized and heated at high temperature – around 1500 deg centigrade to produce
‘clinker’. The clinker is then ground with small quantities of gypsum to produce a fine powder
called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). When mixed with water, sand and stone, it combines
slowly with the water to form a hard mass called concrete. Cement is a hygroscopic material
meaning that it absorbs moisture In presence of moisture it undergoes chemical reaction termed
as hydration. Therefore cement remains in good condition as long as it does not come in contact
with moisture. If cement is more than three months old then it should be tested for its strength
before being taken into use.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three different grades The
classification is mainly based on the compressive strength of cement-sand mortar cubes of face
area 50 cm2 composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by weight with a water-
cement ratio arrived at by a specified procedure. The grades are :-

(i) 33 grade

(ii) 43 grade

(iii) 53 grade

The grade number indicates the minimum compressive strength of cement sand mortar in
N/mm2 at 28 days, as tested by above mentioned procedure.

ADVANTAGES OF USING PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT OVER OPC

Pozzolana combines with lime and alkali in cement when water is added and forms compounds
which contribute to strength, impermeability and sulphate resistance. It also contributes to
workability, reduced bleeding and controls destructive expansion from alkali-aggregate reaction.
It reduces heat of hydration thereby controlling temperature differentials, which causes thermal
strain and resultant cracking n mass concrete structures like dams. The colour of PPC comes
from the colour of the pozzolanic material used. PPC containing fly ash as a pozzolana will
invariably be slightly different colour than the OPC.One thing should be kept in mind that is the
quality of cement depends upon the raw materials used and the quality control measures adopted
during its manufacture, and not on the shade of the cement. The cement gets its colour from the
nature and colour of raw materials used, which will be different from factory to factory, and may
even differ in the different batches of cement produced in a factory. Further, the colour of the
finished concrete is affected also by the colour of the aggregates, and to a lesser extent by the
colour of the cement. Preference for any cement on the basis of colour alone is technically
misplaced.

SETTLING OF CEMENT
When water is mixed with cement, the paste so formed remains pliable and plastic for a short
time. During this period it is possible to disturb the paste and remit it without any deleterious
effects. As the reaction between water and cement continues, the paste loses its plasticity. This
early period in the hardening of cement is referred to as ‘setting’ of cement.

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Initial set is when the cement paste loses its plasticity and stiffens considerably. Final set is the
point when the paste hardens and can sustain some minor load. Both are arbitrary points and
these are determined by Vicat needle penetration resistance
Slow or fast setting normally depends on the nature of cement. It could also be due to extraneous
factors not related to the cement. The ambient conditions play an important role. In hot weather,
the setting is faster, in cold weather, setting is delayed Some types of salts, chemicals, clay, etc if
inadvertently get mixed with the sand, aggregate and water could accelerate or delay the setting
of concrete.

STORAGE OF CEMENT:

Fig.6. Storage of Cement

It needs extra care or else can lead to loss not only in terms of financial loss but also in terms of
loss in the quality. Following are the don’t that should be followed:

 Do not store bags in a building or a godown in which the walls, roof and floor are not
completely weatherproof.
 Do not store bags in a new warehouse until the interior has thoroughly dried out.

 Do not be content with badly fitting windows and doors, make sure they fit properly
and ensure that they are kept shut.

 Do not stack bags against the wall. Similarly, don’t pile them on the floor unless it is a
dry concrete floor. If not, bags should be stacked on wooden planks or sleepers.

 Do not forget to pile the bags close together

 Do not pile more than 15 bags high and arrange the bags in a header-and-stretcher
fashion.

 Do not disturb the stored cement until it is to be taken out for use.

 Do not take out bags from one tier only. Step back two or three tiers.

 Do not keep dead storage. The principle of first-in first-out should be followed
in removing bags

 Do not stack bags on the ground for temporary storage at work site. Pile them on a
raised, dry platform and cover with tarpaulin or polythene sheet.
COARSE AGGREGATE
Coarse aggregate for the works should be river gravel or crushed stone .It should be hard, strong,
dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or vegetable
matter. The pieces of aggregates should be cubical, or rounded shaped and should have granular
or crystalline or smooth (but not glossy) non-powdery surfaces.Aggregates should be properly
screened and if necessary washed clean before use.
Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or flaky pieces or mica should be rejected. The
grading of coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of IS-383.
After 24-hrs immersion in water, a previously dried sample of the coarse aggregate should not
gain in weight more than 5%.
Aggregates should be stored in such a way as to prevent segregation of sizes and avoid
contamination with fines.
Depending upon the coarse aggregate color, there quality can be determined as:

Black => very good quality

Blue => good

Whitish =>bad quality

FINE AGGREGATE
Aggregate which is passed through 4.75 IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is
added to concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in mixture. Usually, the natural
river sand is used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered is that fine aggregates
should be free from coagulated lumps.
Grading of natural sand or crushed stone i.e. fine aggregates shall be such that not more than 5
percent shall exceed 5 mm in size, not more than 10% shall IS sieve No. 150 not less than 45%
or more than 85% shall pass IS sieve No. 1.18 mm and not less than 25% or more than 60% shall
pass IS sieve No. 600 micron.
BRICKWORK

Brickwork is masonry done with bricks and mortar and is generally used to build partition walls.
In our site, all the external walls were of concrete and most of the internal walls were made of
bricks. English bond was used and a ration of 1:4 (1 cement: 4 coarse sand) and 1:6 were used
depending upon whether the wall is 4.5 inches or 9 inches. The reinforcement shall be 2 nos.
M.S. round bars or as indicated. The diameter of bars was 8mm. The first layer of reinforcement
was used at second course and then at every fourth course of brick work. The bars were properly
anchored at their ends where the portions and or where these walls join with other walls. The in
laid steel reinforcement was completely embedded in mortar.
Bricks can be of two types. These are:

 Traditional Bricks-
The dimension if traditional bricks vary from 21 cm to 25cm in length,10 to 13 cm in
width and 7.5 cm in height in different parts of country .The commonly adopted normal
size of traditional brick is 23 * 11.5*7.5 cm with a view to achieve uniformity in size of
bricks all over country
.
 Modular Bricks–
Indian standard institution has established a standard size of bricks such a brick is known
as a modular brick. The normal size of brick is taken as 20*10*10 cm whereas its actual
dimensions are 19*9*9 cm masonry with modular bricks workout to be cheaper there is
saving in the consumption of bricks, mortar and labour as compared with masonry with
traditional bricks.
 Fig.7. Brick Work in Building

There are many checks that can be applied to see the quality of bricks used on the site.Normally
the bricks are tested for Compressive strength, water absorption, dimensional tolerances and
efflorescence. However at small construction sites the quality of bricks can be assessed based on
following, which is prevalent in many sites.
• Visual check – Bricks should be well burnt and of uniform size and color.
• Striking of two bricks together should produce a metallic ringing sound.
• It should have surface so hard that can’t be scratched by the fingernails.
• A good brick should not break if dropped in standing position from one metre above ground
level.
• A good brick shouldn’t absorb moisture of more than 15-20% by weight, when soaked in water
For example; a good brick of 2 kg shouldn’t weigh more than 2.3 to 2.4 kg if immersed in
water for 24 hours.

TYPES OF BONDS IN BRICK MASONARY :

Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded together with mortar. For temporary sheds mud mortar
may be used but for all permanent buildings lime or cement mortars are used.
The various types of bonds generally used in brick masonry are :

 STRETCHER BOND
 HEADER BOND
 ENGLISH BOND
 FLEMISH BOND
STRETCHER BOND :
A stretcher is the longer face of the brick as seen in the elevation. In the brick of size 190 mm ×
90 mm × 90 mm, 190 mm × 90 mm face is the stretcher. In stretcher bond masonry all the bricks
are arranged in stretcher courses as shown in Fig-1. However care should be taken to break
vertical joints. This type of construction is useful for the construction half brick thick partition
wall.

Fig.8. Stretcher brick bond

HEADER BOND :

A header is the shorter face of the brick as seen in the elevation. In a standard brick it is 90 mm ×
90 mm face. In header bond brick masonry all the bricks are arranged in the header courses. This
type of bond is useful for the construction of one brick thick walls.
 Fig.9. Header brick bond

ENGLISH BOND :
In this alternate courses consist of headers and stretchers. This is considered to be the strongest
bond. Hence it is commonly used bond for the walls of all thicknesses. To break continuity of
vertical joints a brick is cut lengthwise into two halves and used in the beginning and end of a
wall after first header. This is called queen closer. Fig shows typical one brick and one and half
brick thick wall with English bond.

Fig.10. English brick bond

FLEMISH BOND :
In this type of bond each course comprises of alternate header and stretcher . Alternate courses
start with stretcher and header. To break the vertical joints queen closers are required, if a course
starts with header. Every header is centrally supported on the stretcher below it.
Flemish bond may be further classified as below:

1. Double flemish bond

2. Single flemish bond

In case of double flemish bond,both faces of wall have flemish look i.e. each course consist of
alternate header and stretcher, whereas in single flemish bond outer faces of wall have flemish
look.

Fig.11. Flemish brick bond

REINFORCEMENT

Steel reinforcements are used, generally, in the form of bars of circular cross section in concrete
structure. They are like a skeleton in human body. Plain concrete without steel or any other
reinforcement is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel is one of the best forms of
reinforcements, to take care of those stresses and to strengthen concrete to bear all kinds of loads
Mild steel bars conforming to IS: 432 (Part I) and Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars
conforming to IS: 1786 (grade Fe 415 and grade Fe 500, where 415 and 500 indicate yield
stresses 415 N/mm2 and 500 N/mm2 respectively) are commonly used. Grade Fe 415 is being
used most commonly nowadays. This has limited the use of plain mild steel bars because of
higher yield stress and bond strength resulting in saving of steel quantity. Some companies have
brought thermo mechanically treated (TMT) and corrosion resistant steel (CRS) bars with added
features.
Bars range in diameter from 6 to 50 mm. Cold-worked steel high strength deformed bars start
from 8 mm diameter. For general house constructions, bars of diameter 6 to 20 mm are used
Transverse reinforcements are very important. They not only take care of structural requirements
but also help main reinforcements to remain in desired position. They play a very significant role
while abrupt changes or reversal of stresses like earthquake etc.

SHUTTERING AND SCAFFOLDING

DEFINITION
The term ‘SHUTTERING’ or ‘FORMWORK’ includes all forms, moulds, sheeting, shuttering
planks, walrus, poles, posts, standards, leizers, V-Heads, struts, and structure, ties, prights,
walling steel rods, bolts, wedges, and all other temporary supports to the concrete during the
process of sheeting.
 Fig.12. Shuttering Plates

FORM WORK
Forms or moulds or shutters are the receptacles in which concrete is placed, so that it will have
the desired shape or outline when hardened. Once the concrete develops adequate strength, the
forms are removed. Forms are generally made of the materials like timber, plywood, steel, etc.
The steel form work was designed and constructed to the shapes, lines and dimensions shown on
the drawings. All forms were sufficiently water tight to prevent leakage of mortar. Forms were so
constructed as to be removable in sections. One side of the column forms were left open and the
open side filled in board by board successively as the concrete is placed and compacted except
when vibrators are used. A key was made at the end of each casting in concrete columns of
appropriate size to give proper bondings to columns and walls as per relevant IS.
 Fig.13. Scaffolding

SCAFFOLDING:

Scaffolding is just a provisional structure which is used to provide support to the original
structure and at the same time, it also functions as a platform for the workers to perform the
construction works. According to the type of construction work, the type of scaffolding will
differ. Scaffolding ought to be well-built, strong and firm to support workers and other
construction material laid on it. Either of steel or timber, scaffolding is made up of.
 Summary & Conclusion

During my 30 days training ,I learnt various things , like the study of architectural drawings &
structural drawing. I questioned on different topics related to construction and whatever I had
gone through and our quarries related to the drawings were resolved at the same time.

I had various site visits relating to reinforcement,masonary,concreting of footing & columns

which made us familier with the practicle aspects in the field.

Also knowledge gained through paper works at the office has enriched my architectural
concept.my various questions on different topics relating to constructions resolved at the time.
 Appendix
Below is a list of occupations and work activities that satisfy the definition of building and
construction services:
 Architectural work (including drafting and design)
 Block laying
 BricklayingBricklaying
 Building of room components (for example, kitchens, bathroom components, laundry
components, cupboards and similar components)
 Concreting (including formwork, pouring and finishing)
 Drainage work
 Electrical work (including electrical inspection)
 Erection of scaffolding
 Excavation and grading
 Finishing
 Flooring (for example, tiling, laying carpet, laying linoleum, timber flooring, floating
floors, resilient flooring, slate tiles, and similar flooring)
 Installation of fittings
 Installation of window frames
 Landscaping construction (including paving and design)
 Painting (internal and external surfaces, including roofs)
 Stonework
 Tiling (walls and similar structures)
 Timber work
 Waterproofing interior and exterior surfaces