Caput succedaneum

1. Etiologi : During labor, increased pressure of vaginal and uterine walls on the
fetal head results in accumulation of blood and serum above the periosteum and below the
skin, leading to caput succedaneum (akangire, 2016)
2. Deteksi dini : In the present study, we demonstrated that a transperineal
ultrasound conducted in the presence of prolonged second stage is an easy and reliable
technique to detect CapS (gIlboa 2013)
3. Tanda gejala : It presents as a soft tissue swelling with purpura and ecchymosis over
the affected portion of the scalp. Unlike the cephalhematoma, it extends across the suture
line (uhing, 2006)
4. Penatalaksanaan : Caput succedaneum resolves over a few days and no treatment is
indicated (uhing, 2006)

Cephalhematoma
1. Etiologi : .Cephalohematoma(Fig1)iscausedbya subperiosteal collection of
blood due to rupture of vessels beneath the periosteum (akangire, 2016)
2. Deteksi dini
3. Tanda gejala : does not cross the suture lines because the bleeding is within a single
cranial plate (akangire, 2016)
the affected area is typically largest on postnatal day 3. Sharply demarcated boundaries may
be palpable, and the possibility of an underlying skull fracture can be ruled out by skull
radiography or computed tomography (CT) scan (akangire, 2016)
4. Penatalaksanaan : Cephalohematomas resolve over the course of 3 to 4 weeks,
although calcification may be present thereafter, leaving a palpable
subcutaneousnoduleuntilitisresorbedover3to4months (akangire, 2016)

Trauma flexus brachialis

1. Etiologi : The commonest fetal risk factor is macrosomia [23]; however, any
maternofetal condition predisposing to fetal trauma including maternal obesity, maternal
diabetes or instrumental delivery can be implicated (Chaturvedi, 2018)

There are 4 forms of brachial plexus injury akangire, 2016:

• Erb-Duchenne palsy: injury to C5-6, most common form of brachial plexus palsy

• Klumpke palsy: injury to C8 to T1

• Total arm paralysis: if all nerve roots are involved

• Horner syndrome: miosis, ptosis, and enophthalmos; damage to sympathetic outflow via nerve root
T1
 2. Deteksi dini : Ultrasound has a role in preoperative evaluation of postganglionic
brachial plexus (Chaturvedi, 2018)
3. Tanda gejala : diagnosed by the presence of unilateral arm weakness (akangire,
2016) The Moro reflex is absent in the affected side, but the grasp reflex is normal. Motor
deficit includes shoulder abduction, external rotation and elbow flexion. Biceps tendon reflex
is lost, but pain sensibility is usually preserved. Heise 2015

4. Penatalaksanaan : Nerve reconstruction is generally undertaken at or beyond age 6

months. (akangire, 2016

A. Mullet scale : muscle power; Gilbert scale : assessing shoulder function; Raimondi
scale : assessing hand function; Gilbert – raimondi scale : assessing elbow function
recovery (yang, 2014)
B. Immobilized arm across the upper abdomen during the first week to minimize
discomfort (uhing, 2006)
C. teaching the parents to move the infant’s trunk and extremities in a way that
minimizes both pain and overuse of the adjacent joints during a particular task.
(akangire, 2016
D. 3 to 6 months of age may be considered for surgical exploration (uhing, 2006)

Fraktur humerus dan klavikula

1. Etiologi : clavicle fracture are use of vacuum and forceps, shoulder dystocia,
higher birthweight, and increased maternal age. (akangire, 2016)
2. Deteksi dini :
3. Tanda gejala : The diagnosis often associated with decreased arm movement, pain
with palpation, tactile crepitus or petechiae over the affected side (akangire, 2016)
4. Penatalaksanaan : This pain is usually amenable to oral or rectal acetaminophen
akangire, 2016)
Clavicle Fracture
a. Treated with immobilization of the arm for 7 to 10 days by pinning the affected arm’s sleeve
to the shirt (Uhing, 2006)

Humerus Fracture

a. Treatment is with immobilization and splinting. Closed reduction and casting arerequired only
when the bones are displaced.

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