Engine Orientation & Engine Design and Construction

Engines used in automobiles utilize the same source of energy as steam engines and steam
locomotives. A better utilization of the heat energy is a salient feature of internal combustion
engines. Engines is the main source of power and converts chemical energy to heat energy which
in turn produce mechanical energy in the form of reciprocating and rotating forces which propel
the vehicle. Without the engine, the vehicle cannot move or run and do its function of transferring
people and goods from one place to another.
• In the choice of engines, Simplicity of operation,
light weight and performance are the deciding factors.
• In the engine performance, three factors are the
deciding factors are usually considered by prospective
buyers. These are Speed, power, and the economy.
• Another factors is the application of the engine,
whether it is going to be used for land transportation,
air transportation, stationary power plants used for the
production of electric current or propulsion of boats
and ships in locomotives.
Also previously mentioned, internal combustion engines may either be gas or diesel engines.
Automotive engines are usually mounted in front of the vehicle under the hood and are
installed in the line with the body. Early models of cars, jeepneys and cars are examples of
automobiles under this type. The later of models of cars however have the engine also mounted
in the front of the vehicle under the hood but are installed across the line of the automobile body.
Examples of which are the latest models of Honda, Toyota, Nissan, Mitsubishi, and Mazda
among the others. These are front wheel drive vehicles. This type of mounting eliminates the use
of propeller shaft and reduces the power flow and yet makes it more stable especially during
curves. There are still automotive cars with engines at the rear end of the vehicle. This is
common to Renault, Volkswagen, Brazilia, almost all modern buses and vans. The location of
the engine depends on the design of the body for which the vehicle is made of.
Automotive engines are usually made up of cast iron and aluminum alloy metals. There
are however parts which are made up of steel like the crankshaft, camshaft, connecting rod and
valves. Aluminum alloy is used in the pistons, cylinder head and cylinder block of some engines.
The demand of modern automobiles, however is to use a metal that is light to cope up with
its speed requirement, so far aluminum alloy is the most widely used metal for today’s high
speed engines.
• Steel is the primary metal used to make most cars. Most parts of the car that have to do
with steering and suspension are made from steel. Parts of the body, wheels, chassis and
frame are also made from steel. Steel is durable and flexible, making it a desirable
material in car manufacturing because on impact it bends instead of breaking.
• Aluminum is used in the making of the modern car because it is light. Parts of a car that
are typically made from aluminum include the engine and wheels.
 • Iron is also used to make cars. Iron was used more often in the past and has been used
less in modern car manufacturing because it is heavy. That being said, with that weight
comes great durability,
• Titanium is an exotic metal that is extremely strong, lightweight and resistant to corrosion
from chemical weathering and saltwater. This metal is hard to manufacture, so it is used
sparingly. Some car parts that may be made of titanium include intake and exhaust valves
• Wiring is typically copper or aluminum. Lead is used in car batteries. Catalytic
converters rely on special beads that are coated with "platinum-group metals" such as
rhodium, palladium and of course, platinum. These metals help burn unwanted
combustion products, converting them to cleaner carbon dioxide and water.
Engines may also be single acting or double acting. The latter being used on large gas and
diesel engines as in the case of marine engines which are usually classified as two-stroke cycle
engines while the former are classified as four-stroke cycle engines.
The design of new engines is usually based on the information's concerning the performance
and behavior of present engines based on a given dimension. Some conditions being looked into
in an engines are stroke-bore ration, speed factor, and mean effective pressure. Designing a new
engine so that it will be similar to existing units that are operating satisfactorily is called the
“Principle of Similitude”. The principle of similitude is a supplement to the scientific method
advocated by Lord Rayleigh (1842–1919) that requires that any suggested scientific law be
examined for its relationship to similar laws

Classification of Engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Burns its fuel inside the engine in the combustion chamber. Burning of fuel charges is not seen
but its product is emitted in the form of smoke. Examples are gasoline engines and diesel engines
which are used in cars, jeepneys, trucks, buses and even ships.
Can be classified into several groups using features as characteristics: type of combustion fuel
used, method of cooling, number and arrangement of cylinders, position of valves, method of
ignition, cycle of operation.
External Combustion Engines
Are engines where the fuel is burned in a separate compartment outside the engine. The fuel is
burned to generate steam pressure delivered and causes the movement of engine parts like the
piston, connecting rod and crankshaft.
The application of external combustion engines are usually in big, stationary engines like the
steam boilers. Steam locomotives and steam turbines are other examples of this engine used for
transportation.
According To Fuel
Gasoline Engines
Gasoline engine is a spark plug ignition engine which can either be used for moving as in
transportation vehicles or stationary engines as in generators and water pumps.
Diesel Engines
These are engines using diesel fuel oil or crude oil as fuel which are more viscous than gasoline.
This fuel is injected in atomized form to the combustion chamber inside the engine by means of
the injection pump and nozzle which is ignited by high compression pressure and temperature of
compressed air of about 500 psi and 1000 °F respectively.
• There are no spark plugs but pre-heating devices called glow plugs.
• Diesel are compression ignition engines
• The greatest disadvantage is that it is more expensive to buy.

According To Method of Cooling

Method of Cooling
1. Indirect Cooling System
2. Direct Cooling System
Indirect Cooling System
 • Engines with this type of cooling system are also called water-cooled engines.
• Water serves as the coolant or the cooling medium.
• Radiator serves as the storage of water.
Direct Cooling System
• Engines with this type of cooling system are also called air-cooled engines.
• A Blower draws air leading to air metal fins or shrouds around the cylinders through air
ducts.
• Typical example of this is the Volkswagen Engine.

According to Number of Cylinders

Automotive engines may either be single or multi-cylinder. The choice in the number of
cylinders depends upon use.
Four Stroke Cycle or Otto Cycle
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust

According to Cylinder Arrangement

Vertical or in-line engines
These are engines with vertical center lines of the
cylinders. In other words, the cylinders (for multi-
cylinder) are vertically arranged one after the other in the
cylinder block. This is common to single, four, six and
even eight cylinder engines.
Horizontal engines
These are engines with horizontal center lines of the cylinder. In other words, cylinders (multi-
cylinder) are arranged horizontally opposing one another so that the pistons move toward and
away from each other during engine operation. Volkswagen engines are a typical example of
engines with horizontally opposed cylinders.

V-type engine
Firstly, the engine block resembles the shape of letter “V”.
These are engines where the cylinder axes are located in
two intersecting planes which permit the pistons of each
pair of cylinders to act upon the same crank.
This arrangement shortens considerably, the length of the
crankshaft and of the whole engine. The center lines of
cylinder is usually inclined from 30° to 45° from vertical
position. This is common to engines from 6 cyl to 12 cyl.
and even more.

Radial engine
The cylinders are usually arranged in circular manner with the
crankshaft having only one crank upon which act five, seven or
nine pistons. Another application of this is the so called Wankel
engine.

According To Valve Arrangement

T- Head Engine
• All valves are located on both side of the cylinder block.
• This type is used in early models of automobile
F- Head Engine
• It’s intake valves are located in the cylinder head and operated by push rods and rochet
arms while the exhaust valves are located on one side of the cylinder block and are
operated by cam followers and tappets.
• There is only one cam shaft
• It permits large intake valve for improve volume of fuel charge.
• It is a combination of the I – head engine and the L – head engine.
I-Head Engine
• All intake and exhaust valves are mounted in the cylinder head
• This type of arrangement can obtain higher volumetric efficiency and mean effective
pressure.
• It is due to capacity designed combustion chamber.
• Thermal efficiency is also achieve in this design.
Overhead Camshaft (OHC)
• Improved version of I – Head Engine
• Push rod and cam followers are eliminated
• There is usually a timing chain or belt connecting the camshaft and crankshaft.
Double Overhead Cars (DOHC)
• Latest model of cars equipped with.
• One set of cars operate the intake valves and the other set the exhaust valves.
According To Method of Ignition
Spark Plug-Ignition Engines
It is an automobile engines operate with electric
ignition.
Advantage
• These engines have lower cost
• They generate high rpm at low torque
• It creates less pollution compare to CI engines
• These engines are light in weight and required
less space
Disadvantage
• SI engines have low efficiency compare to CI engine
• These engines are not economical at high load
• Higher fuel consumption
• Knocking problem

High Compression Oil Engines

Unlike the spark plug-ignition, it does not
need any special ignition mechanisms. The
fuel being ignited when it comes in contact
with the highly compressed and therefore hot
air charge. This type of engine is designated
as compression ignition engine.
Advantage
• It gets great mileage
• It has high efficiency
• Better fuel economy
• Higher torque compared to SI engines
Disadvantage
• It has higher cost
• The demand for the diesel engine is growing resulting in increases price of diesel fuel

According To Cycle Operations

- Automotive engines are also classified according to the number of strokes required of the
piston to complete one cycle. This is also referred to by other authors as method of
charging. Engines could either be 4-stroke cycle engine or two-stroke cycle engine or
simply 4-stroke and two-stroke engines.
Four-Stroke Engines
These are engines where the cycle is completed in four (4) strokes of the piston. This means that
the piston has to move four (4) times to complete the cycle. In this type of engine, one (1)
complete cycle requires two (2) complete revolutions/rotations of the crankshaft.
Two-Stroke Engines
These are engines where the cycle is completed in two (2) strokes of the piston. This means that
the piston has to move two times to complete the cycle. In this type of engine, one complete
cycle requires one (1) complete revolution/rotation of the crankshaft.

Hybrid Diesel Two-Stroke Engine

This refers to engines which has one (1) power stroke for every revolution of the crankshaft but
uses some of the valve gearing system, fuel injection and lubrication systems of the four-stroke