PRINCE HAROLD SILVANIA

12- ELEAZAR

Dalton's Theory

In 1808, English chemist John Dalton further built on the Greek notion
of atoms. He postulated that matter is made of atoms, which are small
indivisible particles. He also proposed that while all atoms of one
element are identical, they are totally different from those that make up
other elements.

J.J. Thomson's Theory

English physicist Joseph J. Thomson proposed the "plum pudding"

theory of the divisible atom in 1904, after discovering electrons in
1897. His model postulated that atoms consist of a big positively-
charged sphere studded with negatively charged electrons (he called
them "corpuscles") like fruit in a plum pudding. He further
hypothesized that the charge of the positive sphere's charge is equal to
the negative charges of the electrons. Today we call the positive
charged particles protons, and the negative ones electrons.

Rutherford's Hypothesis

British physicist Ernest Rutherford proposed a nuclear model

of the atom, in which a nucleus exists, in 1911. He also
discovered activity in this part, namely the movement of
protons and electrons within the central part of the atom. He
further postulated that the number of protons in an atom equals
that of the electrons. He also hypothesized that more neutral
particles exist. These have come to be known as neutrons.
Bohr's Theory

Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed in 1913 a planetary

model, in which electrons revolve about the nucleus just
as the planets orbit the sun. While the electrons are in
orbit, they have what Bohr termed "constant energy."
When these particles absorb energy and transition into a
higher orbit, Bohr's theory refers to them as "excited"
electrons. When the electrons return to their original orbit,
they give off this energy as electromagnetic radiation.

Shrodinger’s Theory

In 1926 Erwin Schrödinger, an Austrian physicist, took the

Bohr atom model one step further. Schrödinger used
mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of
finding an electron in a certain position. This atomic
model is known as the quantum mechanical model of the
atom. Unlike the Bohr model, the quantum mechanical
model does not define the exact path of an electron, but
rather, predicts the odds of the location of the electron.
This model can be portrayed as a nucleus surrounded by
an electron cloud. Where the cloud is most dense, the
probability of finding the electron is greatest, and
conversely, the electron is less likely to be in a less dense area of the cloud. Thus, this model
introduced the concept of sub-energy levels.
ALLEN JOSHUA G. ACOJIDO

12 - ELEAZAR

“ATOMIC THEORIES”
Dalton’s Theory

The most important of all Dalton's investigations are

concerned with the atomic theory in chemistry. While his
name is inseparably associated with this theory, the origin
of Dalton's atomic theory is not fully understood. The
theory may have been suggested to him either by
researches on ethylene (olefiant gas)
and methane (carburetted hydrogen) or by analysis
of nitrous oxide (protoxide of azote) and nitrogen
dioxide (deutoxide of azote), both views resting on the
authority of Thomas Thomson.

JJ Thompson’s Theory

Thomson's discovery of the electron completely changed the

way people viewed atoms. Up until the end of the 19th
century, atoms were thought to be tiny solid spheres. In 1903,
Thomson proposed a model of the atom consisting of positive
and negative charges, present in equal amounts so that an
atom would be electrically neutral. He proposed the atom was
a sphere, but the positive and negative charges were
embedded within it. Thomson's model came to be called the "plum pudding model" or "chocolate
chip cookie model". Modern scientists understand atoms consist of a nucleus of positively-
charged protons and neutral neutrons, with negatively-charged electrons orbiting the nucleus.
Yet, Thomson's model is important because it introduced the notion that an atom consisted of
charged particles.

Rutherford’s Theory

The Rutherford model, also known as planetary

model is a model which tried to describe
an atom devised by Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford
directed the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment in
1909 which suggested, upon Rutherford's 1911
analysis, that J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model of
the atom was incorrect. Rutherford's new model[1] for
the atom, based on the experimental results,
contained new features of a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume
in comparison to the rest of the atom and with this central volume also containing the bulk of
the atomic mass of the atom. This region would be known as the "nucleus" of the atom

Bohr’s Theory

Bohr atomic model, description of the structure

of atoms, especially that of hydrogen, proposed
(1913) by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr. The
Bohr model of the atom, a radical departure from
earlier, classical descriptions, was the first that
incorporated quantum theory and was the
predecessor of wholly quantum-
mechanical models. The Bohr model and all of its
successors describe the properties of
atomic electrons in terms of a set of allowed
(possible) values. Atoms absorb or emit radiation
only when the electrons abruptly jump between allowed, or stationary, states. Direct
experimental evidence for the existence of such discrete states was obtained (1914) by the
German-born physicists James Franck and Gustav Hertz.

Schrödinger’s Theory

In 1926 Erwin Schrödinger, an Austrian physicist, took

the Bohr atom model one step further. Schrödinger used
mathematical equations to describe the likelihood of
finding an electron in a certain position. This atomic
model is known as the quantum mechanical model of the
atom. Unlike the Bohr model, the quantum mechanical
model does not define the exact path of an electron, but
rather, predicts the odds of the location of the electron.
This model can be portrayed as a nucleus surrounded by
an electron cloud. Where the cloud is most dense, the
probability of finding the electron is greatest, and
conversely, the electron is less likely to be in a less dense area of the cloud. Thus, this model
introduced the concept of sub-energy levels.