Term Paper Of analog SUBMITTED TO:

communication system Mr. I.Anwar sir

(ECE ‘302’)

SUBMITTED BY :

TOPIC :
Krishandeep Magotra
Conversion process
from analog to digital Sec:E6802A04
formats
Regd:10811481

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank GOD almighty for guiding me throughout the seminar. I would like to
thank all those who have contributed to the completion of the seminar and
helped me with valuable suggestions for improvement.

I am extremely grateful to lect. Imtiaz Anwar Department of Electronics And

Communication, for providing me with best facilities and atmosphere for the
creative work guidance and encouragement. I thank all staff members of my
college and friends for extending their cooperation during my seminar.

Above all I would like to thank my parents without whose blessings, I would not

have been able to accomplish my goal.

(krishan deep magotra)

• CONTENTS :
 • INTRODUCTION:

• Purpose of an Analog-to-Digital converter:

• Analog to digital converter

• Sampling Frequency

• Quantization

• Non-linearity
• Aperture error
• ELECTRIC SYMBOL
• METHODS OF
• CONVERTING ANALOG TO DIGITAL SIGNAL

• ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION IC ADCO804

• Application:

• ADC Examples

• Accuracy
• References.:

INTRODUCTION:

4-channel stereo multiplexed
analog-to-digital converter
Analog-to-digital conversion is an
electronic process in which a continuously
variable (analog) signal is changed, without
altering its essential content, into a multi-
level (digital) signal or An analog-to-digital
converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D)
is a device that converts a continuous
quantity to a discrete digital number. The
reverse operation is performed by a digital-
to-analog converter (DAC).An analog-to-
digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or
A to D) is a device that converts a
continuous quantity to a discrete digital
number. The reverse operation is performed
by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
The input to an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) consists of a voltage that varies
Digital signals propagate more efficiently
than analog signals, largely because digital
impulses, which are well-defined and
orderly, are easier for electronic circuits to
distinguish from noise, which is chaotic.
This is the chief advantage of digital modes
in communications. Computers "talk" and
among a theoretically infinite number of
values. Examples are sine waves, the
waveforms representing human speech, and
the signals from a conventional television
camera. The output of the ADC, in contrast,
has defined levels or states. The number of
states is almost always a power of two --
that is, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. The simplest digital
signals have only two states, and are called
binary All whole numbers can be
represented in binary form as strings of ones
and zeros
An ADC is an electronic device that
converts an input analog voltage to a digital
number proportional to the magnitude of the
voltage or current. However, some non-
electronic or only partially electronic
devices, such as encoders, can also be
considered ADC.
The digital output may use different coding
schemes. Typically the digital output will be
a TWO COMPLIMENTARY binary
number that is proportional to the input, but
there are other possibilities. An encoder, for
example, might output a gray code.
An ADC might be used to make an isolated
measurement. ADCs are also used to
quantize time varying signal by turning them
into a sequence of digital samples. The
result is quantized in both time and va
"think" in terms of binary digital data,while
a microprocessor can analyze analog data, it
must be converted into digital form for the
computer to make sense of it.
Digital-to-analog conversion is a process in
which signals having a few (usually two)
defined levels or states digital are converted
into signals having a theoretically infinite
number of states analog. A common
example is the processing, by modem of
computer data into audio-frequency (AF)
tones that can be transmitted over a twisted
pair telephone line. The circuit that performs
this function is a digital-to-analog converter
(DAC).
Basically digital-to-analog conversion is the
opposite of analog to digital conversion. In
most cases, if an analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) is placed in a communications circuit
after a DAC, the digital signal output is
identical to the digital signal input. Also, in
most instances when a DAC is placed after
an ADC, the analog signal output is identical
to the analog signal input.
Purpose of an Analog-to-Digital converter:
Most real world signals are analog in form.
Sound and light have infinite values without
distinct, separate levels. People are very
good at seeing and hearing these signals and
interpreting them. Computers on the other
hand are not designed to handle analog
signals. As computers store and manipulate
numbers, analog signals need to be
converted to a number form before a
computer can deal with them.
An analog to digital converter is the device
that performs the task. It evaluates a voltage
that represents the signal level and converts
it into a number. For audio, the number will
Binary digital impulses, all by themselves,
appear as long strings of ones and zeros, and
have no apparent meaning to a human
observer. But when a DAC is used to decode
the binary digital signals, meaningful output
appears. This might be a voice, a picture, a
musical tune, or mechanical motion.
Both the DAC and the ADC are of
significance in some applications of DSP.
The intelligibility or fidelity of an analog
signal can often be improved by converting
the analog input to digital form using an
ADC, then clarifying the digital signal, and
finally converting the "cleaned-up" digital
impulses back to analog form using an
DAC.
be in the range 0 - 64,000 with a 16 bit
binary number or 1 - 16,000,000 with a 24
bit binary number. Video will use a value up
to 1000 using 10 binary digits for each of
the three signals. The end result for video is
a range of many millions of colors.
A to D converters sample the analog level
fast enough to capture the changes in level
as they happen. The process repeats and the
numeric data can be stored or passed to
other devices as a stream of numbers.
The great advantage of using numbers is that
they can be stored accurately. It doesn't
matter how often they are stored, copied or
sent to other devices, the numbers will
remain intact. At the end of the signal chain,
the numbers can be converted back to
analog signals to be displayed on each pixel
of a television screen or amplified before
being sent to loudspeakers. Although there
are some tiny quality losses as the signals
are first converted to digital, there will be no
more loss of quality throughout the complete
Analog to digital converter
Analog Signal is
• Continuous in nature
• Has a value at every instant in time
• Converts an analog signal to discrete
• Values
• Most cases it’s a voltage signal to
some
• physical parameter
(temp,pressure,etc.)
ADC Properties
• Quantization
signal .
The description of the signal chain does not
take into account the compression that is
normally used in both video and audio
signals. MP3 and MP4 formats compress the
amount of data to make it easier to store and
transmit. There are some additional quality
losses in this process but ideally, the losses
will not be noticeable for normal viewing .
• Saturation
• Sampling
• Alias
•
Quantization
The process of converting a voltage
value to a binary word.Dependent on
resolution of Analog to Digital
converter.It Can range from 6 to 18 bits
Sampling Frequency
s
sT
F = 1 Ts = Sampling Period At each
sampling period the voltage
value at that time will be quantized
Aliasing
•Must satisfy Nyquist Criterion if we are
going to try to reconstruct the signal
fsample > 2 fsignal
•The sampling frequency is limited by the
ADC
•Can vary from 1000 Hz to the MHz rang
Types of ADC
• Flash ADC
• Delta-Sigma ADC
• Dual Slope (integrating) ADC
• SuccessiveApproximation
Non-linearity
All ADCs suffer from non-linearity errors
caused by their physical imperfections,
causing their output to deviate from a linear
function (or some other function, in the case
of a deliberately non-linear ADC) of their
input. These errors can sometimes be
mitigated by or prevented by testing.
Important parameters for linearity are (INL)
and (DNL). These non-linearities reduce the
dynamic range of the signals that can be
digitized by the ADC, also reducing the
effective resolution of the ADC.
Aperture error
Imagine that we are digitizing a sine wave
x(t) = Asin(2πf0t). Provided that the actual
sampling time uncertainty due to the clock
JITTER is Δt, the error caused by this
phenomenon can be estimated as
.
The error is zero for DC, small at low
frequencies, but significant when high
frequencies have high amplitudes. This
effect can be ignored if it is drowned out by
the quantizing error. Jitter requirements can
be calculated using the following formula:
where q is a number of ADC bits.
Analog to digital converter:
ELECTRIC SYMBOL
METHODS OF CONVERTING ANALOG TO DIGITAL SIGNAL
1.
.Inputting a two-phase sinusoidal signal
consisting of two-phase amplitude
modulation signals (sinθ·sinωt, cosθ sinωt)
which are outputted from a resolver and
amplitude-modulated with the two-phase
amplitude modulation signals having
.
2.
Feeding back a phase modulation signal
(ωRt Φ), as an exciting source (sinωt) of the
resolver, from the negative feedback control
system of a phase locked loop (PLL) type
using a control deviation (ε) obtained
3.
There are many applications of the process
related to the conversion of varying analog
voltages to correlated binary values. This
process is often referred to as digitization
and is accomplished by sampling an analog
voltage at repeated intervals and then
storing, in binary form, a number that
identifies the analog value of each sample.
The resulting table of binary numbers can be
stored, transmitted without electronic
interference, and converted back to analog
form if need be. Some electronic circuits
that deserve attention include the dual-slope
integrator
respective exciting components to an R/D
conversionportion converting an input
rotational angle (θ) into a digital angle
output (Φ) and
obtaining the digital angle output (Φ) using
a negative feedback control system
including the resolver within a closed loop
through signal conversion of the two-phase
sinusoidal signal using at least
multiplicationandanalog addition/subtraction
in the R/D signal conversion portion.
used in digital meters, flash converters used
for high-speed applications, and the
successive approximation type converter
used for many digital instrumentation
applications.
We will be using an ADC0804 8-bit Analog
to Digital Converter IC in this experiment.
This circuit is a state machine that utilizes a
clock to drive an internal counting circuit
(successive approximation) and an internal
digital-to-analog converter to perform the
conversion process.
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION IC ADCO804

The analog input to this circuit is generated
at Pin 6(V+) by using a voltage divider
created by the 100K potentiometer placed
between Vref (5V) and ground.
The RC pair made up of the 10K resistor
and the 150pF capacitor create a digital
oscillator that is used to provide clock pulses
to the converter chip. The digital output can
be connected directly to the trainer LED
displays. The conversion is started with
atransition on Pin 3, WR.

Application:

Analog-to-digital converters are used in a Information collected from analog

variety of information-processing phenomena such as sound, light,
applications. temperature, and pressure can be digitized
and made available for digital processing.
A codec (coder/decoder) is the device that
transforms the analog signals to digital
signals. The process involves sampling,
quantizing, and digitizing. The amplitude of
a signal is measured at various intervals. The
tighter these intervals, the more accurate the
recording. Figure A-3 illustrates how a wave
is sampled 16 times per second with a
sampling rate of 16Hz. While sampling at
this rate is impractical for voice or music, it
illustrates how each sample records a
different amplitude value for the sound.
Generally, a rate of 8,000 samples per
second or higher using 8 bits per sample is
adequate for voice-quality signals.
Application to music recording ADCs are
integral to current music reproduction
technology. Since much music production is
done on computers, when an
ADC Examples
•Vehicles
–ECU
•Temp Sensor
•Oxygen Sensor
•RPM
•TV Tuner Card
A typical telephone modem makes use of an
ADC to convert the incoming audio from a
twisted-pair line into signals the computer
can understand. In a digital signal
processing system, an ADC is required if the
signal input is analog.
Analog signals have a great advantage over
digital signals in that they have a much
higher density which can present more
refined information. Essentially, there is the
potential for the signal resolution to be
infinite. In addition, the process to create an
analog signal is achieved much more
simply. By merely adjusting the time
quantities, information can be presented
analog recording is used, an ADC is needed
to create thePCM data stream that goes onto
a compact disc or digital music file.
.
•Oscilloscope
•Music
Analog signal needs to be processed stored
or transported in digital form.Recording
 USE IN MUSIC

ADC USE IN Oscilloscope

ADC USES IN CAR

ADS USE IN TV TUNER

Accuracy

An ADC has several sources of errors. Quantization
error and (assuming the ADC is intended to be linear)
non-linearity is intrinsic to any analog-to-digital
conversion. There is also a so-called aperture error
which is due to a clock jitter and is revealed when
digitizing a time-variant signal (not a constant value).
These errors are measured in a unit called the LSB,
which is an abbreviation for least significant bit. In the
above example of an eight-bit ADC, an error of one
LSB is 1/256 of the full signal range, or about 0.4%.
References.:
• www.google.com
• www.answer.com
• BOOKS: COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM,
• Annalog communication by Tomasi

• Georgia Institute of
Technology
.