APPORTIONMENT & VOTING

Apportionment – means distribution or allotment in proper shares.

I. HAMILTON METHOD
Standard Divisor (SD) = total population
total no. to be apportioned
Standard Divisor (SD) = population in the group
SD
Example – 20 tutors

SD = 795 = 39.75
20

Subject No. of Student SQ Initial Final

Math 325 325/39.75=8.176 8 8
Stat 265 265/39.75=6.667 6 6
Phys 130 130/39.75=3.270 3 3
Chem 75 75/39.75=1.887 1 2
Total 795 18 20

II. JEFFERSON METHOD (TRIAL & ERROR)

Modified Divisor (MD) < SD MQ = population of group

Let MD = 37.5 MD

Subject No. of Student MQ No. of Tutors

Math 325 325/37.5=8.667 8
Stat 265 265/37.5=7.067 7
Phys 130 130/37.5=3.467 3
Chem 75 75/37.5=2 2
Total 795 20
Example
Andromeda’s Constitution calls for 25 representatives to be chosen from
the states. The no. of representatives is to be apportioned according to its
population use a) Hamilton & b) Jefferson Method

Hamilton Method
State Population SQ No. of Rep
Apus 11,123 13.904 14
Libra 879 1.099 1
Draco 3,518 4.397 4
Cephus 1,563 1.954 2
Orion 2,917 3.646 4
Total 20,000 25

SD = 20,000 = 800
25

Jefferson Method
Modified Divisor (MD) < SD MQ = population of group
Let MD = 740 MD

State Population MQ No. of Rep

Apus 11,123 15.031 15
Libra 879 1.187 1
Draco 3,518 4.754 4
Cephus 1,563 3.112 2
Orion 2,917 3.941 3
Total 20,000 25
VOTING

I. Plurality Method of Voting

Example
Fifty people were asked to rank their preferences of chocolate candy using
1 for the favorite and 5 for the least favorites.
Rankings
Caramel Center 5 4 4 4 4
Vanilla Center 1 5 5 5 5
Almond Center 2 3 2 1 3
Toffee Center 4 1 1 3 2
Solid Chocolate 3 2 3 2 1
No. of Votes 17 11 9 3 2
* According to this table, w/c variety of candy would win the taste test
using the plurality voting system.
First Place Votes Second Place Votes
Caramel Center 0 0
Vanilla Center 17 0
Almond Center 3 26
Toffee Center 20 2
Solid Chocolate 2 14
st
* For 1 place votes Toffee Center would win the taste test.
* For 2 n d place votes Almond Center would win.

II. Borda Count Method of Voting

Use Borda Count Method of Voting

Example 1:
Fifty people were asked to rank their preferences of chocolate candy using
1 for the favorite and 5 for the least favorites.
Rankings
Measure A :$50M 1 3 3
Measure B :$30M 3 1 2
Measure C :$15M 2 2 1
No. of Senators 15 12 9
 Measure A Measure B Measure C
st
1 15.3=45 12.3=36 9.3=27
nd
2 0.2=0 9.2=18 27.2=54
rd
3 21.1=21 15.1=15 0.1=0
* Measure C won

Example 2:
Members of the club are going to elect a president form four nominees. If
the 100 members of the club mark the ballots as shown, who will be elected
president using Borda Method .
Rankings
Avalon 2 2 2 2 3 2
Branson 1 4 4 3 2 1
Columbus 3 3 1 4 1 4
Dunkirk 4 1 3 1 4 6
No. of Votes 30 24 18 12 10 6

Avalon Branson Columbus Dunkirk

st
1 0.4=0 36.4=144 28.4=112 36.4=144
nd
2 90.3=270 10.3=30 0.3=0 0.3=0
rd
3 10.2=20 12.2=24 54.2=108 24.2=48
th
4 0.1=0 42.1=42 40.1=40 40.1=40
Total 290 240 260 232
* Avalon has the largest

Seatwork: Fifty people were asked to rank their preferences of chocolate candy
using 1 for the favorite and 5 for the least favorites.
Rankings
Caramel Center 5 4 4 4 4
Vanilla Center 1 5 5 5 5
Almond Center 2 3 2 1 3
Toffee Center 4 1 1 3 2
Solid Chocolate 3 2 3 2 1
No. of Votes 17 11 9 3 2
 CC VC AC TC SC
st
1 0.5=0 17.5=85 3.5=15 20.5=100 2.5=10
nd
2 0.4=0 0.4=0 26.4=104 2.4=8 14.4=56
rd
3 0.3=0 0.3=0 13.3=39 3.3=9 26.3=78
th
4 25.2=50 0.2=0 0.2=0 17.2=34 0.2=0
th
5 17.1=17 25.1=25 0.1=0 0.1=0 0.1=0
Total 67 110 158 151 144
* Almond Center won.

III. Plurality with Elimination

– the least vote will be eliminated or eliminated first the fewest no. of first
place votes.
Ranking
Apple Valley 3 1 2 3
Bremerton 2 3 3 1 >eliminated
Cochella 1 2 4 2
Del Mar 4 4 1 4
No. of Votes 12 11 5 2

Ranking
Apple Valley 2 1 2 2
Cochella 1 2 3 1
Del Mar 3 3 1 3 >eliminated
No. of Votes 12 11 5 2

Ranking
Apple Valley 2 1 1 2
Cochella 1 2 2 1 >eliminated
No. of Votes 12 11 5 2

Apple Valley = 11+5=16 >Apple Valley is the winner.

Cochella = 12+2=14
IV. Pairwise Comparison
– the candidate who wins in head to head match-up is the winner.

AV over B : 11+15=16
B over AV : 12+2=14

AV over C : 11+5=16
C over AV : 12+2=14

AV over D : 12+11+2=25
D over AV : 5

B over C : 5+2=7
C over B : 12+11=23

B over DM : 12+11+2=25
DM over B : 5

C over DM : 12+11+2=25
DM over C : 5

AV = III ∴ Apple Valley is the winner.

B = I
C = II
DM =