ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELDS

If two magnetic fields are present in a machine, a torque will

be created which will line up the two magnetic fields. If one
magnetic field is produced by the stator and the other by the
rotor of the machine, then a torque will be induced in the rotor
causing it to turn and align itself with the stator magnetic field.
In an ac machine if “a three –phase set of currents, each of
equal magnitude and differing in phase of 120o , flows in a
three-phase winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant
magnitude is produced”.
According to Faraday’s law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the
rate of change of magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor
winding in an induction motor are either closed through an external
resistance or directly shorted by end ring, and cut the stator rotating
magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to this
emf a current flows through the rotor conductor.
A magnetic field in a stator can be made to rotate electrically, around and
around. Another magnetic field in the rotor can be made to chase it by
being attracted and repelled by the stator field. Because the rotor is free
to turn, it follows the rotating magnetic field in the stator.
To establish a rotating magnetic field in a motor stator, the number of
pole pairs must be the same as (or a multiple of) the number of phases in
the applied voltage. The poles must then be displaced from each other by
an angle equal to the phase angle between the individual phases of the
applied voltage.
 ROTARY MOTION
The most popular system for electro-mechanical energy are generators and motors.
A simple rotary system has a stator and a rotor separated by an air-gap
Stator has two coils ‘a’ and ‘b’ located at 900 electrical with respect to each other. Inner
surface of stator is cylindrical and outer surface of rotor is also cylindrical resulting in
uniform air-gap length for machine.
The diagram below represents a two pole machine, assuming axis of coil a is reference
and rotor-coil axis is separated from it by angle θ at every instant of time.
For a continuous rotation of the rotor at ω radians / sec, θ = ωt
Inductance is amount of magnetic flux produced by each ampere of
current
Xaa= self inductance of coil ‘a’, Xab = mutual inductance between coils a
and b
Note
Torque only exists when stator and rotor carry current. When stator coils
(or rotor coils only) carry current torque does not exist
When magnetic circuit of an electrical machine has a flux, this flux is
established in stator core, rotor core and air-gap. The energy stored in the
air-gap is higher than rotor core and stator cores
FACTORS CONTROLLING MOTOR SPEED
The speed of a motor is given by the relationship below

Where P is no. of poles, A is number of parallel paths, Z is no of

conductors in armature, ɸ is flux per pole
Also;
E =NZ ɸ
 SPEED CONTROL OF SHUNT MOTOR
A shunt motor is a DC motor with armature and field windings
connected in parallel. For a shunt motor, induced voltage is proportional
to speed, and torque is proportional to armature current.

Motor speed can be controlled by varying

•Flux/pole, ɸ (flux Control method)
•Resistance Ra of armature (Rheostatic Control)
•Applied voltage V (voltage control)
Flux Control Method
N α 1/Q
When w decrease flux, sped increases and vice versa. Flux can be altered
by changing Ish using a shunt field rheostat

Shunt field rheostat carries only small current as Ish is small.