Get It Right: Dilute Sulphuric Acid

Get It Right
Some reactions of dilute sulphuric acid are given below.
Salt M + Gas N
Solid magnesium
Dilute sulphuric
acid
Solid Sodium hydroxide

copper carbonate solution
Salt P + Gas Q + Substance R Salt X + Substance Y
a) Identify salt M and gas N.

Salt M is magnesium sulphate. Gas N is hydrogen gas.
b) How can gas N be identified?

A lighted splint is extinguished with a ‘pop’ sound.
Recall the properties of acids. Refer to the Science Matters Textbook Volume A, section
8.1 on Acids.
c) Identify salt P, gas Q and substance R.

Salt P is copper sulphate. Q is carbon dioxide. R is water.
d) How can gas Q be identified?

It is passed through the limewater. If limewater turns milky, gas Q is carbon dioxide.
Recall the properties of acids. Refer to the Science Matters Textbook Volume A, section
8.1 on Acids.
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e) State the nature of sodium hydroxide solution. How would you know this?
Sodium hydroxide is alkaline. It turns red litmus paper blue.
Refer to the Science Matters Textbook Volume A, section 8.2 on Alkalis.
f) Name the process that produces salt X and substance Y.

Neutralisation
g) Both dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution are colourless. How
would you identify that salt X has been formed?
By adding Universal Indicator to either hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide solution before mixing
them. When the Universal Indicator turns green, it means salt X has been formed.
h) Identify salt X and substance Y.

Salt X is sodium sulphate. Substance Y is water.
Refer to the Science Matters Textbook Volume A, section 8.3 on Neutralisation — Mixing
Acids and Alkalis and section 8.4 on Indicators.
86 Acids and Alkalis 2007 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd
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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 8 Acidss and Alkalis

Acid
Worksheet 8.1 For Science Matters Textbook Volume A, sections:

8.1 Acids 8.3 Neutralisation — Mixing Acids and Alkalis
8.2 Alkalis
Secure Your Basics
Without referring to the textbook, try to answer these questions. If you cannot
answer a question, look up the relevant section in your textbook.
1. Which of the following is true of acid?

A It has a pH of more than 7.
B It produces a gas with an alkali.
C It produces effervescence with baking powder.
D It turns Universal Indicator blue. ( C )
2. When sulphuric acid is added to calcium carbonate, the gas produced

.
A extinguishes a lighted splint with a ‘pop’ sound
B relights a glowing splint
C turns limewater chalky
D turns litmus paper green ( C )
3. Which of the following is an example of neutralisation in everyday life?

A Adding bleach to whiten clothes
B Adding common salt to meat
C Rubbing ointment to skin
D Taking antacids for gastric pains ( D )
4. Acid rain causes lakes to be polluted. Which substance is used to neutralise the
acids in the water?
A Calcium B Calcium nitrate
C Calcium oxide D Calcium sulphate ( C )
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5. Complete the following word equations.
a) Iron + Sulphuric acid Iron sulphate + Hydrogen
b) Zinc carbonate + Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride + Carbon dioxide + Water
c) Calcium hydroxide + Nitric acid Calcium nitrate + Water
d) Aqueous ammonia + Sulphuric acid Ammonium sulphate + Water
6. Give a use for each of the following substances.
a) Sulphuric acid: In car batteries / For making fertilisers
b) Nitric acid: For making fertilisers / explosives
c) Potassium hydroxide: Ingredient in paint remover
Map It Out
Complete the graphic organiser that follows the question below.
What are the main differences between acids and alkalis?
Acids Alkalis
Taste sour Taste bitter
Turn blue litmus Turn red litmus
paper red . paper blue .
React with some metals Do not reactwith metals

and metal carbonates.
and metal carbonates .
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Name: Class: Date:
Challenge Yourself • 25 min •
Attempt the following questions within the time allocated.
1. Given two substances, an acid and an alkali, you cannot identify them by adding
to these substances.
A a piece of magnesium
B an indicator
C calcium carbonate
D hydrochloric acid ( D )
2. The diagram shows what happens when red and blue litmus paper are dipped into
solution X.
Red litmus Blue litmus

paper turns blue. paper remains blue.
solution X
Which of the following substances could possibly be solution X?

A Distilled water
B Lime juice
C Limewater
D Vinegar ( C )
3. Which of the following word equations does not show neutralisation between an
acid and an alkali?
A Aqueous ammonia + Nitric acid Ammonium nitrate + Water
B Carbonic acid + Calcium hydroxide Calcium carbonate + Water
C Sodium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid Sodium sulphate + Water
D Zinc + Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen ( D )
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4. Marie is conducting an experiment to find out the type of shell that contains the
greatest amount of calcium carbonate. She intends to add 30 cm3 of hydrochloric
acid to three types of shells (chicken eggshell, quail eggshell and oyster shell) and
measure the volume of carbon dioxide produced.
gas syringe
30 cm3 of
hydrochloric acid
shell
a) What variables need to be controlled for a fair experiment?

Same mass of the different types of shells used e.g. 1 g each.
Same (concentration of) hydrochloric acid used.
b) Suggest why the shells must be completely immersed into the acid.
To ensure that the reaction is complete.
c) Suggest the function of the gas syringe in the experiment.

To measure the volume of carbon dioxide produced.
d) Write down the word equation for the reaction that takes place.
Calcium carbonate + Hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride + Carbon dioxide + Water
e) Explain how you can determine which type of shell contains the most amount
of calcium carbonate from the results.
The shell which produces the greatest volume of carbon dioxide contains the greatest amount of
calcium carbonate.
f) What assumption is made in the experiment?

No other substances in the shells react with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide.
© 2008
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Name: Class: Date:
Worksheet 8.2 For Science Matters Textbook Volume A, section:

8.4 Indicators
Secure Your Basics
1. Which of the following is not an indicator?

A Datalogger B Methyl orange
C Phenolphthalein D Red and blue litmus ( A )
Study the table below and answer questions 2 – 3.
Substance S T U
pH 3 8 6
2. Which substance will turn blue litmus paper red?

A S B S and T
C S and U D T and U ( C )
3. When equal volumes of T and U are mixed, the pH is likely to become .

A 5 B 7
C 8 D 14 ( B )
4. Where is it most unlikely for the measurement of pH to be done?

A In car engines B In farm soil
C In fish farms D In swimming pools ( A )
5. Label the pH scale to show the appropriate positions of the substances listed
below.
distilled water toothpaste vinegar

potassium hydroxide hair conditioner acid in car battery
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acid in car battery Distilled Potassium

water hydroxide
Vinegar Toothpaste
Hair conditioner
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6. A big piece of zinc is added to a beaker of hydrochloric acid containing a few drops
of Universal Indicator. A reaction takes place and a small piece of zinc remains at the
end of the reaction.
hydrochloric
acid + Universal
Indicator
zinc
a) What is the colour of the Universal Indicator in the acid?

Red
b) What changes to the colour of Universal Indicator are observed?

Red Orange Yellow Green
c) What happens to the piece of zinc? What other observations can be seen?
The piece of zinc becomes smaller in size and sinks to the bottom of the beaker. Effervescence is
also observed.
d) What substances are produced in this reaction? Write a word equation for the
reaction.
Zinc chloride and hydrogen gas are produced in this reaction.
Zinc + Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride + Hydrogen
e) A gaseous product is obtained in this reaction. Describe a test for this

substance.
Insert a lighted splint into the gas, and observe if the splint extinguishes with a ‘pop’ sound. If it
does, then the product is hydrogen gas.
7. State whether each of the following statements is true or false.
a) Fresh lemon juice turns litmus red. True
b) Common salt solution turns litmus paper blue. False
c) Indicators can help us know when alkalis have been neutralised

by acids. True
d) Methyl orange and Universal Indicator turn red in acids. True
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1. Which is likely to happen when a substance is added to a solution with pH 10?

Substance added Result
A Hydrochloric acid Carbon dioxide gas produced
B Iron powder Hydrogen gas produced
C Methyl orange Turns red
D Phenolphthalein Turns pink ( D )
2. What would be expected when sodium hydroxide solution

(in excess) is added gradually to a conical flask of dilute
nitric acid containing Universal Indicator?
sodium
A The colour of the indicator changes from blue to red. hydroxide
B The colour of the indicator changes from red to green. solution
C The pH increases from 3 to 7.
D The pH increases from 3 to 14.
dilute nitric
acid + Universal
Indicator
( D )
3. When aqueous solutions of P and Q are mixed, neutralisation occurs and a solution
with a pH of 7 is obtained. What could the pH values of P and Q be?
pH of P pH of Q
A 2 5
B 3 7
C 3 12
D 7 12 ( C )
4. The graph below shows the pH change of a colourless alkali when a colourless acid
is gradually added to it.
pH value
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Volume of acid (cm3)
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a) If a few drops of Universal Indicator was added to the alkali before the addition
of acid, describe the change in colour of the Universal Indicator throughout the
reaction.
The Universal Indicator turned from violet to dark blue, then appeared green, became yellow and
finally turned red.
b) How do you know neutralisation had occurred?

The Universal Indicator turned green.
c) What is the volume of the acid required to neutralise the alkali?

25 cm3
5. Labels have fallen off three bottles. The labels read “Hydrochloric acid”, “Zinc
carbonate” and “Sodium hydroxide”. Use the information given and describe how
you can conduct tests to confirm the identity of the chemicals in the respective
bottles. Write down observations of the tests described. You can use chemicals
commonly found in the science laboratory.
Bottle Physical appearance

1 White powder
2 Colourless solution
3 Colourless solution
Add sulphuric acid to a sample of the white powder in bottle 1. Effervescence and a colourless gas
(carbon dioxide) is obtained. Pass the gas into limewater. The limewater turns milky. Hence, bottle 1
contains salt; zinc carbonate is the only salt among the three.
Add a few drops of Universal Indicator or dip litmus paper into the samples from bottles 2 and 3.
If the indicator turns blue, the substance is sodium hydroxide as it is alkaline. If the indicator turns red,
the substance is hydrochloric acid as it is acidic.
© 2008
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Get It Right
Here is a picture of a man being sandwiched between two beds of nails. Another man is
standing on the upper part of the bed.
man B
man A
a) What is the force that holds man A against the nails?

Gravitational force
b) Will man A get injured? Explain your answer.

He will not get injured. The weight of man A is distributed equally over the many nails. Hence, a very
small force acts on each nail. A small pressure is exerted onto the skin by each nail; this pressure is not
large enough to make a hole through the skin.
c) Which bed of nails should have higher density of nails, the one at the top or the one
at the bottom? Explain.
The one at the bottom should have higher density of nails. This is because it supports more weights (two
persons’ weights, man A’s and man B’s). Hence, more nails are required to distribute the force evenly
into small force on each nail.
Recall that a force can be distributed evenly onto many objects, i.e. many objects can share
the load to support a force. Refer to the Science Matters Textbook, section 10.3 on What is
Pressure? to understand how a force is related to pressure.
104 Force and Pressure © 2008

2007 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd
Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 10 Force and Pressure

10.1 What are Forces? 10.2 Forces Around Us
Secure Your Basics
1. Which of the following statements about mass and weight is true?

A An object has weight but not mass.
B Mass is a force, weight is not.
C Mass is the weight of an object.
D Weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object. ( D )
2. Which word would you not associate with a force?

A Predict B Pull
C Push D Twist ( A )
3. Which of the following activities does not involve forces?

A B
C D
( B )
4. Which of these statements is true?

A Catapults when pulled back and released will only then push.
B Gravity is only a pushing force.
C Magnetism is only a pulling force.
D Springs can only pull at what is attached to them. ( A )
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Name: Class: Date:

10.3 What is Pressure?
Secure Your Basics
1. You recently layered the floor of your home with expensive wooden parquet flooring.
In order to preserve the floor, identify which of the following footwear would cause
the most damage to the floor.
A Japanese flip-flops B Padded bedroom slippers
C Rubber-soled shoes D Stiletto heels ( D )
2. A cube with sides of 2 m is placed on the ground. It has a mass of 20 kg. What is the
pressure exerted on the ground by this cube?
A 0.5 Pa B 5 Pa
C 50 Pa D 5,000 Pa ( C )
3. a) After weighing in at 60 kg, Isaac measures the area of his foot. Each foot is roughly
a rectangle of 10 cm × 25 cm. He then stands on both his feet. Calculate the
pressure on the ground under his feet due to his weight.
Force
Pressure = ———
Area
Force = 60 kg × 10 = 600 N
Area of feet = 2 × (0.1 × 0.25) = 0.05 m2

600 N
Pressure = ———— = 12,000 Pa
0.05 m2
b) If Isaac now stands on one foot, what would be the pressure on the ground
under his foot?
If the area in contact is halved, the pressure is doubled.
Pressure = 2 × 12,000 Pa = 24,000 Pa
4. A girl weighs 45 kg, and stands with her full weight on one of her stiletto heels. The
base of the heel has an area of 1.0 cm2. What is the pressure she is exerting on the
floor in pascals?
Force = 45 kg × 10 = 450 N
Area = 0.0001 m2
450 N
Pressure = ————2 = 4,500,000 Pa
0.0001 m
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5. What is the main force that causes your shoes to wear out?
A Friction B Polishing
C Pressure D Weight ( A )
6. Observe the following illustration.
Explain how the three types of forces — gravitational force, frictional force and
magnetic force — act in the situations illustrated above.
a) Effect(s) of gravitational force
Gravitational force pulls all objects downwards, keeping them in contact with the ground. The boy,
the fridge and all its contents are not floating in the air.
b) Effect(s) of frictional force

Frictional force allows the hand to grip the milk bottle. It also allows the boy to stand without
slipping.
c) Effect(s) of magnetic force

Magnetic force allows the fridge magnets to stick onto the fridge door. The door of the refrigerator
is kept closed by a magnetic lock.

7. The diagrams below show the basic principles of how a beam balance and a spring
balance work.
a b c
very light rod
M m
Beam balance m Spring balance
a) How does a beam balance measure the mass of object M?

It measures the mass of object M by placing a counterweight, m, whose mass is known to balance
the rod. If the arms ab and bc are equal, and the the rod is very light, the mass of object M is equal
to that of the counterweight, m.
b) Why does a beam balance measure mass and not weight?

Beam balance has two objects hanging onto it at its two ends, M and m. Since both M and m are on
the same place (for example on earth), gravitational forces that act on M and m (i.e. the weights) are
the same. The weights of M and m still balance the rod because they have the same mass. Therefore,
a beam balance measures mass and not weight.
c) In the diagrams below, sketch arrows to represent the size and direction of the
forces acting on the objects due to their weights. [Hint: The greater the force,
the longer the arrow.]
i) On the moon ii) On the earth
a b c a b c
M m M m
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d) How does a spring balance measure the weight of object m?
By quantifying the extension of the spring that is being pulled by the weight of m.
e) By looking at the diagram of the spring balance and the beam balance, what is
the difference between the instruments for measuring mass and the instruments
for measuring weight?
Instruments for measuring mass have counterweights while instruments for measuring weight
have springs.
f) Observe the diagrams below.
0
9
1
standard 8
weights 2
7
3
6
5
4 counterweight
A B C
Based on your answer in (e), state if each of the instruments shown above
measures mass or weight.
A measures mass. B measures weight. C measures mass.

Map It Out
What are the effects of forces?
Effects
Change in shape
Change in size
Move a stationary
object
Forces
Stop a moving
object
Speed up or slow down

the motion of of an object
Change in direction
of a moving object
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1. Which of the following is true about a spring balance?

A The mass of the spring will always try to balance the mass of the object hanging
from it.
B The more the pull of gravity, the greater is the stretch of the spring.
C The density of the object hanging on the spring balance is greater than the
density of the spring balance.
D The spring’s weight will balance the weight of the object hanging from it.
( B )
2. The diagrams show the weights of a 500-g mass on the earth and on the moon.
0.8 N
5N
g On the moon
500
On the earth 500
g
a) Indicate which diagram shows the weighing on the earth and which shows the
weighing on the moon. Draw arrows to show the size and direction of the weight.
[Hint: The greater the force, the longer the arrow.]
b) An object with a mass of 1.75 kg is weighed on the earth and on the moon.
i) What is the weight of the object on earth?
1 kg
The weight of a 1 kg mass on earth = ——— × 5 N = 10 N
0.5 kg
Therefore, the weight of a 1.75 kg object on earth = 1.75 × 10 N = 17.5 N
ii) What is the weight of the object on the moon?

1 kg
The weight of a 1 kg mass on the moon = ——— × 0.8 N = 1.6 N
0.5 kg
Therefore, the weight of a 1.75 kg object on the moon = 1.75 × 1.6 N = 1.8 N
c) What causes this difference in weight?

Difference in gravitational force acting on the object when it is on the earth compared to when it
is on the moon.

Map It Out
To carry heavy groceries, would you use a shoppping bag with narrow handles or the
one with wide handles? Why?
Carrying heavy groceries

with a shopping bag that has …
Narrow handles Wide handles
Assuming the weight of the groceries in each bag is the same, from the
Force
relationship Pressure = , we can deduce that as the area of the
Area
handle increases , the pressure decreases .
Differences
The area of the handle is The area of the handle is

small . large .
Pressure exerted on the Pressure exerted on the
fingers is large . fingers is small .
It may hurt your fingers. It is more convenient .
Therefore, I would use a shopping bag with wide handles to carry the
groceries.

1. A 4 kg brick has a dimension of 20 cm × 30 cm × 10 cm. Calculate the maximum

pressure that can be exerted by the brick.
Force
Pressure = ——— Force = 4 kg × 10 = 40 N
Area
Smallest area = 0.1 m × 0.2 m = 0.02 m2. Since the smallest area will exert the greatest pressure,
40 N
Pressure exerted = ———— = 2,000 Pa
0.02 m2
2. A spacesuit provides air and keeps the air pressure at a comfortable level to the
astronaut. Without the spacesuit, the astronaut’s body could burst in the vacuum
of space. Why do you think a person going to the depths of the sea requires a rigid
diving suit instead of a flexible one?
In the depths of the ocean, the water pressure is far greater than the air pressure humans are used to. To
prevent the high water pressure from crushing the diver, a rigid diving suit is needed. This suit keeps the
air inside at a pressure lower than the water pressure outside the suit. A flexible suit would collapse under
the water pressure, crushing the diver within.
3. You went to an overseas trip to a cold country. It was winter then and the weather
was snowy. On the way to the hotel, you had to walk through a path covered with
snow a metre deep. You sank into the snow at every step of the way.
a) Explain why you kept sinking into the snow as you walked.
The pressure of weight on the snow is high because of the small surface area of the soles of the
shoes in contact with the snow.
b) You are given the following items: the grills from the previous evening’s barbecue,
some ping-pong bats, newspapers and a pair of flip-flop sandals.
Aluminium grills Ping-pong bats Newspapers Flip-flop sandals
Suggest what you can do to avoid sinking into the snow the next time you go
to countries with snowy weather. Use any of the items given. Explain your
reasoning in finding the solution to this problem.
Wear any of the available items under your shoes such that the surface area in contact with the
ground is increased. Anything that increases the surface area you stand on will help decrease the
pressure of your weight on the snow.
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Get It Right
The picture below shows a simple watermill. A watermill is an example of application of

unbalanced moment.
rotation of watermill
a) Explain how a watermill works.
The force exerted by the water to the blade creates a
turning effect (moment) on the watermill. The watermill
turns in the direction of water flow.
flow of water
Analyse how a watermill work in relation to application of moment of force.
b) Sketch how a watermill works. Label where a force is applied and where the pivot
(fulcrum) of the water mill.
fulcrum
force flow of water
c) Assuming that the force of the water hitting the paddles remains steady, what will
happen if the radius of the watermill is increased? Explain.
The moment of force (the turning effect) will be higher as moment is proportional to the perpendicular
distance between the fulcrum and effort. Increasing the radius means increasing the perpendicular
distance.
Recall the formula of moment of force. Refer to the Science Matters Textbook Volume A,
section 11.2 on Moment of a Force.
116 Force and Work © 2008

Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 11 Force and Work

11.1 What is Work Done?
Secure Your Basics
1. Work has the same unit as energy because .

A forces are needed to create energy and forces do work
B it is difficult to think of a new name for a new unit
C while doing work, heat is generated and heat is energy
D work measures the energy changing from one form to another ( D )
2. Which of the following pictures shows no work done?

A C
B D
( D )
3. The most work done against gravity on a 5 kg bag is when it is

.
A carried a distance of 10 m from the gate of the house to the bus stop
B carried at the bus stop for ten minutes
C carried up the bus by climbing three steps, each 28 cm high
D carried while standing in the bus as it moves 120 m ( C )
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4. Which activity will use up the highest amount of energy?
A Climbing a hill 500 m high
B Climbing down a 30 m ladder
C Standing on a boat moving 2.5 km out to sea
D Walking up a flight of stairs 4 m high ( A )
E 5. When an item of weight W goes up against gravity, the energy required to move it up
by a height H is given by .
A H + W, which is the total energy for supporting and moving it
B HW, which is the work done on the weight against gravity
C H , which is the specific height achieved by the worker
—
W
D H , which is the pressure on the hand that does the work
— ( B )
W
E 6. Marie, who has a mass of 40 kg, climbs up to a look-out point 25 m above the road.
All the work done against gravity was converted into heat. How much heat energy
was produced?
A 10 kJ B 100 kJ
C 1,000 kJ D 10,000 kJ ( A )
E 7. A force equals to the weight of a backpack is used to carry it upstairs. The work
done is given by the formula:
A Work = Height of stairs + Weight
B Work = Height of stairs / Weight
C Work = Weight × Height of stairs
D Work = Weight / Height of stairs ( C )
E 8. A pebble of mass 120 g leaves a catapult with kinetic energy of 18 J. It rises vertically
to a height of .
A 1.5 m B 6.7 m
C 15 m D 150 m ( C )
9. Whenever energy changes from one form to another, work is done .
10. The family car broke down. Isaac gets out to push the car with all his might. The
maximum force he can exert is 800 N. After trying hard, without success, he gives
up. Isaac thinks he has lost a lot of energy as he is hot and sweaty. How much work
has he done? How did you arrive at this answer?
No work was done. The car did not move.
106 Force and Work 2007 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd
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E 11. What is the force needed to do 2.4 kJ of work in pulling a cart over a distance of
0.5 km?
Work done = Force × Distance
2,400 J = Force × 500 m
2,400 J
Force = ——— = 48 N
500 m
E 12. Calculate the work done:

a) to draw 8 kg of water, in a 2 kg bucket, from a well 5 m deep.
= 100 N × 5 m = 500 J
b) when a force of 500 N tries to pull a car parked along a road without budging it
a little.
= 500 N × 0 m = 0 J
c) when a force of 4 kN hammers a nail 1.2 cm into a wall.

= 4,000 N × 0.012 m = 48 J
E 13. A soggy wet towel weighing 1.2 kg falls from the bamboo pole on a flat balcony to the
pavement 42 m below. (1 kg of mass weighs 10 N.)
a) What is the weight of the towel?
Weight = 1.2 kg × 10 = 12 N
b) What is the work done by the towel’s weight to pull it down to the ground?
= 12 N × 42 m = 504 J
c) What is the work done by the owner of the towel to bring the towel up to the
balcony again? Explain your answer.
= 12 N × 42 m = 504 J
The work done to bring the towel up to the balcony is equal to the work done when the towel falls.
The force and distance are unchanged.
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E 14. The initial kinetic energy of a 5 kg stone thrown upwards is 325 J.
a) What is the weight of the stone?
Weight = 5 kg × 10 = 50 N
b) How much energy has the stone at its highest point? Explain your answer.
325 J. Energy is conserved. Hence, it has the same amount of energy as the kinetic energy at the
start. Energy changes from one form (K.E.) to another (P.E.).
c) How high will the stone go? Explain your answer.

The work done against gravity is stored as potential energy. As the stone rises, kinetic energy
decreases until all the stone’s energy becomes potential energy at the maximum height of the throw.
P. E. at the peak of throw = K. E. at the start of throw
Weight × Maximum height = 325 J

325 J
Maximum height = ——
50 N
= 6.5 m
E 15. Marie, who has a mass of 40 kg, walked around in the supermarket. She moved a
total distance of 55 m. What is the total work done in moving herself against gravity?
Explain your answer.
Marie’s weight has a downward direction. However she travelled a horizontal distance, which is not in
the direction of the weight. Hence, there is no work done.
Map It Out
What are the three conditions for work to be done?
A force
The object moves . acts on the object.
Work done
The movement of the object is in the

direction of the force.
108 Force and Work 2007 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd
© 2008
LSSWB_11.indd 108 8/6/07 12:11:56 PM

1. A rock in outer space moving in a straight line with a constant speed. Which of the
following is true the about the rock?
A It burns up like a meteorite and does work.
B It does no work because there is no force acting on it.
C It has energy, which is mass multiplied by distance moved.
D It has kinetic energy, and hence, work is done. ( B )
2. The diagram shows 7 steps.
20 cm
15 cm
Geno, having a mass of 50 kg, runs up the steps to the top. What is the potential
energy gained by Geno?
A 525 J B 1,225 J
C 5,250 J D 12,250 J ( A )
3. When a motorcycle accelerates up a hill, the work done by the motorcycle causes it
to .
A lose both kinetic and potential energy
B gain both kinetic and potential energy
C lose kinetic energy but gain potential energy
D gain kinetic energy but lose potential energy ( B )
4. Marie, whose mass is 49 kg, pushed the wall of a building with a force of 40 N. What
is the amount of work Marie did?
A 530 N B 490 N
C 400 N D 0N ( D )
©
© 2007
2008 Marshall
Marshall Cavendish
(Singapore) Pte
Pte Ltd
5. A cart weighing 2.5 kN is lugged up a hill by a rope having a force F. The distance
moved by the cart is as shown in the diagram.
m 12 m
20
16 m
a) What is the work that needs to be done against gravity to lift the cart up the
hill?
= Weight of cart × Vertical height
= 2,500 N × 12 m = 30,000 J
b) What then, is the potential energy the cart would have gained at the top of the
hill? Explain your answer.
30 kJ. The work done is stored as potential energy.
c) The work done by force F provides the 30 kJ required to bring the cart to the
top of the hill. Find the force F.
Weight done = Force × Distance

Work done
Force = —————
Distance
30,000 J
= —————
20 m = 1,500 N
Note to Teacher:
gravitational
An exercise involving conversion from
gy is available
potential energy to elastic potential ener
Resources). This
in the Inquiry Worksheets (Teacher’s
Cord.
exercise is on the Safety of a Bungee

Name: Class: Date:
E
11.2 Moment of a Force 11.3 Levers
Secure Your Basics
1. The moment of a force about a point does not depend on .

A the location of the line of action of the force
B the magnitude of the force
C the perpendicular distance of the line of action from the fulcrum
D the time during which the force acts ( D )
2. Which of the following actions does not make use of the turning effect of a force?
A Dabbing on paint with a paint brush
B Picking up an ice cube with ice tongs
C Tightening a nut with a spanner
D Turning on the tap to wash your hands ( A )
3. The scale pan weighs 40 g. The uniform

metre rule is supported at its centre.
What is the mass of the object X in the 40 cm 90 cm
scale pan if the standard weight given
is 500 g?
500 g
A 1,085 g
X
B 1,125 g
C 1,960 g
D 2,000 g ( C )
4. Slotted weights of 50 g each are hung on a metre rule as shown. The weight hanger
has the same weight as each slotted weight shown. Which diagram shows a balanced
metre rule?
A B
C D
( D )
©
© 2007
2008 Marshall
Marshall Cavendish
(Singapore) Pte
Pte Ltd
LSSWB_11.indd 111 8/6/07 12:11:57 PM

5. Which of the following is not true for a lever?
A It moves about a stationary point called the pivot.
B The force a person uses to operate the lever is called the effort.
C The force that has to be overcome is called the load.
D The load and effort must always be equal. ( D )
6. In this diagram, at the position of the knife shown
A The fulcrum is at the pointed tip of the knife.

B The fulcrum is the point where the knife touches the board.
C The fulcrum is where the object being cut touches the board.
D The fulcrum is on the right of the load. ( B )
7. The cutter shown is used to cut a woody stem.

E
L F
E
The smallest effort can be used if .
A the load is moved to the left to the extreme tip of the cutter and
the effort moved close to the fulcrum.
B the load and effort are both moved closer to the fulcrum.
C the load and effort are both moved away from the fulcrum.
D the load is moved closer to the fulcrum and the effort moved away
from the fulcrum to the right. ( D )
8. A pair of tongs is used to pick an ice cube as shown below.
A B C D
At which position should effort be applied such that the least force is required?
( D )

9. L, the load force, is 30 cm away from the fulcrum, E
F, of this wheelbarrow. The effort is applied at the
handle, which is 120 cm away from F. What is the
effort, E, required to lift a 20 kg load of soil?
200 N × 30 cm = E × 120 cm
30 cm L
E = 200 N × ———— = 50 N F
120 cm
30 cm
120 cm
10. The diagram below shows a see-saw type of lever that has a length 8 L. On the left of
the fulcrum is a body P with 6 units of mass. Find the mass of the body M in terms
of these units if the see-saw is balanced. [You do not need to know what units they
are.]
Clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment
6 units ?
M×3L = 6×2L P M
2L
M = 6 × ——
3L
= 4 units
11. A light metre rule is pivoted at the zero end. A spring balance supports the other
end. What is the reading of the spring balance if a weight of 50 N is hung from the
80 cm mark?
80 cm
E = ——— × 50 N = 40 N
100 cm
80 cm
E
F L
50 N
12. AC is a plank of wood 3 metres long. It is supported at the centre and bolted at a
point B, one metre from A. The end C overhangs a swimming pool. What force is
acting at the bolt when a diver weighing 50 kg stands at C?
F × 0.5 m = 500 N × 1.5 m 1m
1.5 m A B P C
F = 500 N × ——— = 1,500 N
0.5 m
500 N
©
© 2007
2008 Marshall
Marshall Cavendish
(Singapore) Pte
Pte Ltd
For questions 1 and 2, you may have to add up all clockwise moments and add up all
anticlockwise moments to see if they are equal.
1. A metre rule has 50-cent coins laid onto it. Which diagram shows an unbalanced
metre rule?
A B
C D
( D )
2. Weights of a standard unit are hung on a metre rule as shown. All weights and
hangers have the same mass. Which diagram shows a balanced metre rule?
A B
C D
( D )
3. Jack and Jill sit 52 cm and 72 cm respectively from the fulcrum of a see-saw.
The fulcrum is at the centre of the see-saw. Jill weighs 46 kg.
a) What does Jack weigh?
72
Jack weighs — × 46 = 63.7 kg
52 F
52 cm 72 cm
b) What is the force at the fulcrum supporting

the see-saw if the see-saw weighs 50 kg?
Jack Jill
Total mass = 63.7 kg + 50 kg + 46 kg = 159.7 kg 46 kg
Force on pivot = 159.7 kg × 10 = 1,597 N

4. A light rod 80 cm long is supported at both ends by two spring balances P and Q.
A weight of 40 N is hung 10 cm from P along the rod. What does each balance read?
10
Q reads (40 × — ) N = 5 N
80 P Q
P reads (40 – 5) N= 35 N
10 cm
40 N
5. A bucket of water can be very heavy. By using the wheel and axle shown, the force
required to draw water from the well can be reduced.
wheel
R
r
axle
If the diameter of the wheel is 60 cm and the axle’s diameter is 20 cm, how much
force would you need to pull up a bucket of water weighing 600 N?
Let the required force be F.
Taking moments about the centre of the wheel and axle, notice that the perpendicular distances are equal
to the radius of both wheel and axle.
Clockwise moment = Anticlockwise moment
F×R =W×r
F × 30 cm = 600 N × 10 cm
F 10 cm = 200 N
= 600 × ———
30 cm
I need to exert only 200 N to pull up the bucket of water.
©
© 2007
2008 Marshall
Marshall Cavendish
(Singapore) Pte
Pte Ltd
LSSWB_11.indd 115 8/2/07 6:14:03 PM

Get It Right: Dilute Sulphuric Acid

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Get It Right: Dilute Sulphuric Acid

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Get It Right

Some reactions of dilute sulphuric acid are given below.

Solid Sodium hydroxide

Salt P + Gas Q + Substance R Salt X + Substance Y

a) Identify salt M and gas N.

b) How can gas N be identified?

c) Identify salt P, gas Q and substance R.

d) How can gas Q be identified?

LSSWB_08.indd 85 8/2/07 6:11:32 PM

Refer to the Science Matters Textbook Volume A, section 8.2 on Alkalis.

f) Name the process that produces salt X and substance Y.

h) Identify salt X and substance Y.

LSSWB_08.indd 86 8/2/07 6:11:33 PM

Chapter 8 Acidss and Alkalis

Worksheet 8.1 For Science Matters Textbook Volume A, sections:

Secure Your Basics

1. Which of the following is true of acid?

2. When sulphuric acid is added to calcium carbonate, the gas produced

3. Which of the following is an example of neutralisation in everyday life?

LSSWB_08.indd 77 8/2/07 6:11:18 PM

a) Iron + Sulphuric acid Iron sulphate + Hydrogen

b) Zinc carbonate + Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride + Carbon dioxide + Water

c) Calcium hydroxide + Nitric acid Calcium nitrate + Water

d) Aqueous ammonia + Sulphuric acid Ammonium sulphate + Water

6. Give a use for each of the following substances.

a) Sulphuric acid: In car batteries / For making fertilisers

b) Nitric acid: For making fertilisers / explosives

c) Potassium hydroxide: Ingredient in paint remover

Complete the graphic organiser that follows the question below.

What are the main differences between acids and alkalis?

Taste sour Taste bitter

Turn blue litmus Turn red litmus

paper red . paper blue .

React with some metals Do not reactwith metals

LSSWB_08.indd 78 8/2/07 6:11:26 PM

Challenge Yourself • 25 min •

Attempt the following questions within the time allocated.

Red litmus Blue litmus

Which of the following substances could possibly be solution X?

LSSWB_08.indd 79 8/2/07 6:11:27 PM

a) What variables need to be controlled for a fair experiment?

Same (concentration of) hydrochloric acid used.

c) Suggest the function of the gas syringe in the experiment.

f) What assumption is made in the experiment?

LSSWB_08.indd 80 8/2/07 6:11:28 PM

Worksheet 8.2 For Science Matters Textbook Volume A, section:

Secure Your Basics

1. Which of the following is not an indicator?

Study the table below and answer questions 2 – 3.

2. Which substance will turn blue litmus paper red?

3. When equal volumes of T and U are mixed, the pH is likely to become .

4. Where is it most unlikely for the measurement of pH to be done?

distilled water toothpaste vinegar

Acid in car battery Distilled Potassium

LSSWB_08.indd 81 8/2/07 6:11:28 PM

a) What is the colour of the Universal Indicator in the acid?

b) What changes to the colour of Universal Indicator are observed?

Zinc + Hydrochloric acid Zinc chloride + Hydrogen

e) A gaseous product is obtained in this reaction. Describe a test for this

does, then the product is hydrogen gas.

7. State whether each of the following statements is true or false.

a) Fresh lemon juice turns litmus red. True

b) Common salt solution turns litmus paper blue. False