K.S.

Rangasamy College of Technology - Autonomous Regulation R 2014

Department Programme Code & Name Common to all Branches
Semester
Hours / Week Credit Maximum Marks
Course Code Course Name
L T P C CA ES Total
APPLIED PHYSICS
40PH008 4 0 0 4 50 50 100
1. To enhance students’ knowledge of theoretical and modern technological aspects in physics.
Objective(s)
2. To enable the students to correlate the theoretical principles with application oriented studies.
01. Explain the principle of laser emission and classification of lasers
02. Identify the applications of lasers.
03. Explain the propagation of lights in fibre optic cables and characteristic parameters.
04. Describe the fiber optic communication link and its applications
Course 05. Gives explanation for production and detection of ultrasonic waves.
outcomes 06. Identify the applications of ultrasonic waves.
07. Explain the development of quantum theory and its applications.
08. Describe the concepts of nuclear physics and elementary particles.
09.Categorize the sound and analyze its characteristics
10.Give suggestions for buildings with good acoustics
LASER TECHNOLOGY
Introduction – Principle of spontaneous emission, stimulated absorption and emission – Einstein’s co-efficient
(derivation)-population inversion-pumping mechanisms – Types of lasers: Nd:YAG, Semiconductor laser (homo junction
and hetero junction), CO2 laser – Industrial applications: Lasers in welding, cutting, drilling and soldering- Medical
applications: laser endoscopy– Holography: Construction and reconstruction of hologram –Applications.
FIBER OPTICS AND SENSORS
Principles – cone of acceptance, numerical aperture (derivation)- Modes of propagation –Fabrication of optical fibre:
Crucible-crucible technique - Classification: based on materials, modes and refractive index profile– Splicing – types of
splicing- Losses in optical fiber – Light sources for fiber optics – Detectors – Fiber optical communication links(Block
diagram) – Advantage of fiber optical cable over copper cables- Fiber optic sensors-principle-liquid level sensors-
Temperature and Displacement measurement.
ULTRASONICS AND APPLICATIONS
Introduction-Properties-Production: Magnetostriction effect, magnetostriction generator- piezoelectric effect, piezoelectric
generator – Ultrasonic detection- acoustical grating-Applications: Cavitation, cleaning, SONAR– Non destructive testing:
Pulse echo system, through transmission, resonance system- Medical applications: cardiology, neurology, ultrasonic
imaging (A, B and TM- Scan).
QUANTUM PHYSICS
Quantum physics: Introduction – de-Broglie hypothesis –Matter waves– Uncertainty principle, application: single slit
experiment – wave function-physical significance-Schrodinger’s wave equation: Time dependent and time independent –
Particle in a box (one dimensional and three dimensional)–Microscopy: Scanning Electron Microscope.
Nuclear Physics: Introduction, atomic nucleus, nuclear force, nuclear density, atomic mass unit-mass defect-Binding
energy-nuclear fission and fusion-Stellar energy-elementary particles: Leptons, Hadrons: Mesons and Baryons
ACOUSTICS
Introduction-Classification of sound – Characteristics of musical sound – sound intensity level – Weber-Fechner law –
loudness level and intensity: Bel, Decibel– basic requirements for acoustically good halls- Reverberation – Reverberation
time – Sabine’s formula (derivation) – Absorption co-efficient (derivation)–sound absorption co-efficient meauring
method-the two micrphone method- Factors affecting the acoustics of buildings and their remedies- acoustical materials.
Text Book:
1. V.Rajendran, “Engineering Physics”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishers, New Delhi, 2011

Reference (s) :
1. Jeremy Bernstein, Paul M.Fishbane, Stephen Gasiorowicz, “Modern Physics”, Pearson Education, 2009.
2 S.Kalainathan, A.Ruban kumar, “Physics for Engineers”, RBA publications, Chennai.
3 Dr.A.Arumugham, “Engineering Physics”, Anuradha Agencies, Chennai, 2005.
 UNIT-I LASER TECHNOLOGY
S.NO QUESTIONS CO’S MARKS

1.a What is laser? Mention the characteristics of laser. CO1 4

LASER
The term LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation. The LASER is a device which amplifies light waves similar to the
transistor which amplifies electric current.The laser is a powerful source.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER:
1.Directionality. 2.Coherence. 3.Intensity. 4.Monochromatic.
b Distinguish between photography and holography. CO2 4
PHOTOGRAPHY: HOLOGRAPHY:
1.It is a two dimensional recording 1.It is a three dimensional recording
process. process.
2.Ordinary light can be used for 2.Only laser beam can be used for
recording. recording.
3.It is based on lens system. 3.It is based on lensless system.
4.Only amplitude can be recorded. 4.Both amplitude and phase can be
recorded.
5.Image is recorded totally. 5.Image can be recorded bit by bit.
6.Image has poor resolution. 6.Image has very high resolution.
7.No need of vibration less table. 7.Need of vibration less table.

c Explain the modes of vibrations of CO2 molecules. Describe the construction and CO1 12
working of CO2 laser with necessary energy level diagrams.
2.a Write down the condition for achieving laser action. CO1 2
CONDITION FOR ACHIEVING LASER ACTION:
1. Population inversion should be achieved.
2. Stimulated emission should be predominant over spontaneous emission.
b Explain laser endoscopy with neat diagram. CO2 6
c In detail explain the principle construction and working of a Nd:YAG laser with a CO1 12
neat energy level diagram.
3.a Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted by an LED made up of a CO1 2
semiconducting material with band gap energy 2.8 eV.
b Distinguish between spontaneous emission and stimulated emission. CO1 6
c Explain the construction and reconstruction of hologram with necessary diagrams and CO2 12
also mention its applications.

APPLICATIONS:
1.It is one of the best method to store data.
 2. It is used to produce photographic masks.
3. It is used in the identification of finger prints.
4.a What is the role played by Nitrogen and Helium in CO2 laser? CO2 4

b What are the types of lasers based on the active medium with examples? CO1 4
1.Gas laser. 2.Chemical lasers. 3.Dye laser. 4.Metal-vapour laser.
5.Solid-state laser. 6.Semiconductor laser.
c Discuss the construction and working of a homo junction semiconductor diode laser. CO1 12
HOMO JUNCTION SEMICONDUCTOR:
If a p-n junction is formed in a single crystalline material,then it is called as homo
junction material.eg:Single crystal of gallium arsenide.
5.a Can two level system is possible for the production of laser? Justify your answer. CO1 2
ANSWER:
No.Two level system is not possible for the production of laser.Because the two level
system cannot achieve the population inversion which is most important for
achieving laser action.
b Explain the engineering applications of laser with necessary diagrams. CO2 8
c State and explain the spontaneous emission and stimulated emission processes in CO1 10
laser. Hence derive an expression for Einstein’s coefficients.
6.a Why do we call laser as Non-material knife? CO2 2
ANSWER:
Laser can cut things like a knife. But a laser is light and it has no substance. Hence it
is referred to as a non material knife.
b Distinguish between ordinary light and laser light. CO1 4

c What is meant by coherence? Explain the different types of CO1 6

coherence?

There are two types of coherence:

1.Temporal coherence. 2.Spatial coherence.

TEMPORAL COHERENCE:
It entails the phase correlation of waves at a given point in space at two different
instances of time,it is the measure of the average correlation between the value of a
wave and itself delayed by a certain period of time depicting the characteristics of
how well a wave can create an interference with itself.The delay on which the
 correlation effect is emphatically low is denoted by the degree of Tc(coherence
time).
SPATIAL COHERENCE:
It is a concept of wave disturbance describing the correlation between periodic
transmitted energy from one point to another , it can also be said that it is a mutual
interdependence or connection of variable wave quantities of two different points in a
given instant of time,the coherence is presented as a function of distance and mapped
as correlation against an absolute distance between points.while spatial coherence is
concerned with the phase correlation of waves in different observation points.
d What is meant by population inversion and pumping? Explain the different types of CO1 8
pumping mechanisms.
 UNIT-II FIBER OPTICS AND SENSORS

S.NO QUESTIONS CO’S MARKS

1.a What are the advantages of an optical fiber communication system over the CO4 4
conventional ones?
ADVANTAGES:
1. Silica is very much cheaper than copper.
.2. Optical fiber can be handled more easily because of their light weight, smaller
in size and flexibility.
3. Tapping (overhear secrets) of information is impossible in fiber optic systems.
4. The loss of intensity of energy is less in optical fiber cables.
b What is splicing? Mention the different types of splicing techniques used in fibers CO4 4
SPLICING:
It is often required to join two optical fibers together.The method and technique for
connecting the fibers depends on whether a permanent joint is required or easily
disconnected joint is required.The permanent bonding technique is called splicing.
TYPES OF SPLICING:
1.Fusion splicing:It is an act of joining two optical fibers end-to-end using heat.
2.Mechanical splicing:It is a junction of two or more optical fibers that are aligned
and held in a place by a self contained assembly.
c Classify the optical fibres on the basis of materials, modes and refractive index CO3 12
profile.
2.a Write down the conditions for total internal reflection. CO3 2
CONDITIONS FOR TOTAL INTERRNAL REFLECTION:
1.Light should be travel from the denser medium to the rarer medium.
2.The angle of incidence on core should be greater than the critical angle.
b Write a short note on PIN photo detector. CO4 4

c What is meant by intermodal dispersion? How it can be eliminated? CO3 6

INTERMODAL DISPERSION:
When more than one mode is propagating through the fiber,then the intermodal
dispersion will occur.Since many modes are propogating;they will have different
wavelengths and will take different time to propogate through the fiber,which leads to
intermodal dispersion.
 Intermodal dispersion>Material dispersion>Wave guide dispersion.
d What is sensor? With a neat diagram, explain the construction and working of a
liquid level sensor.
SENSOR: CO4 8
A sensor is a device which detects or measures a physical property and
records,indicates, or responds to it.
3.a A step index fiber has a diameter of 6µm. Its core refractive index is 1.47 and for CO3 4
cladding 1.43. How many mode can propagate into the fiber if the wave length of
laser source is 1.5µm.
b Explain the construction and working of Light Emitting Diode with a neat diagram. CO4 6
c What is acceptance angle and numerical aperture? Derive the expression for the CO3 10
same with neat diagram.
ACCEPTANCE ANGLE:
Acceptance angle is defined as the maximum angle that a light ray can have relative
to the axis of the fiber and propagate down the fiber.
4.a Explain the bending losses involved in fiber optic transmission. CO4 4
b Compute the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of an optical fiber from the CO3 4
following data.
Refractive index of core n1 = 1.6 , Refractive index of clad n2 = 1.5
c Explain the construction and working of temperature and displacement sensor with CO4 12
neat diagrams.
5. a What is meant by attenuation? CO4 2

b Distinguish between active and passive sensors with examples. CO4 4

ACTIVE SENSOR: PASSIVE SENSOR:
1.It requires an external AC or DC 1.It provides its own energy or derives
electrical source . energy .
2.Eg:strain gauge, blood pressure 2.Eg:Thermocouple.
sensor.
3.It is a radar instrument. 3.It is a microwave instrument.
4.They can efficiently work in both day 4.They can function only at day time.
and night.
c With a neat block diagram explain the optical fibre communication link CO3 6
.
d Explain the double crucible technique for the fabrication of fiber cable with a neat CO4 8
sketch
 UNIT-III- ULTRASONICS AND APPLICATIONS
S.NO QUESTIONS CO’S MARKS
1.a Why ultrasonic waves can not be produced by loud speakers? Also mention the CO5 4
frequency range of ultrasonic waves.
REASON:
At such high frequencies, inductive reactance is so high that no current flows through
the coil of the loud speaker and hence ultrasonic waves cannot be produced.
FREQUENCY RANGE:
The range of ultrasonic wave is above 20kHz, which is above the audible range of
human ears.
b Write a short note on i) Kundts tube method ii) sensitive flame method to detect the CO5 6
ultrasonic sound waves.
c Explain the various scan displays used in ultrasonic imaging system with neat CO6 10
diagrams.
2.a Find the depth of a submerged submarine if an ultrasonic wave is received after 0.33s CO6 2
from the time of transmission.
Given: Velocity of ultrasonic waves in sea water= 1440 m/s.
b How ultrasonic sound waves are used to study the fetal heart movement? CO6 6
c What is magnetostriction effect? Draw a neat diagram and explain the CO5 12
magnetostriction oscillator for production of ultrasonic waves. Mention its merit and
demerits.
3.a Write a note on ultrasonic cleaning. CO6 4

b Explain in detail how SONAR is employed to locate the objects. CO6 6

c Explain with neat sketch, the principle, construction and working of piezoelectric CO5 10
oscillator.
4.a A Quartz crystal of thickness 0.001m vibrates in its fundamental frequency. Calculate CO5 2
its frequency. Given that E=7.9x1010 N/m2 and density ρ=2650Kg/m3 for Quartz.
b What are X-cut and Y-cut crystals? CO5 4

c Mention the properties of ultrasonic waves. CO5 4

PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC WAVES:
1.The ultrasonic waves cannot travel through vaccum.
2.Their velocity remains constant in homogeneous media.
3.These waves can travel with speed of sound in a given medium.
4.The ultrasonic waves are reflected and refracted just like light waves.
d Describe the method of determining the velocity of ultrasonic waves using acoustic CO6 10
grating.
5.a What is meant by sonogram? CO6 2
SONOGRAM:
A sonogram is a noninvasive medical procedure that helps doctors diagnose and treat
medical conditions. The method uses high frequency sound waves to produce very
specific images of what’s inside a patient’s body.
b Write a short note on i) Thermal method ii) piezo electric method to detect the CO5 6
ultrasonic sound waves.
c Explain the process of non-destructive testing of materials using ultrasonic waves by CO5 12
pulse echo method and through transmission method with necessary diagram.
.
 UNIT-IV- QUANTUM PHYSICS

S.NO QUESTIONS CO’S MARKS

1.a State de-Broglie wave theory. CO7 2

The de-Broglie wave is also known as the matter waves .Any particle associate with
the wave nature are called as matter waves.
b What is meant by wave function? Mention the physical significance of wave CO7 8
function.
c What is chain reaction? Explain the types of chain reaction with examples. CO8 10
2.a Calculate the de-Broglie wave length of an electron of energy 150 V. CO7 2
(Given: h= 6.625 x 10-34 and m= 9.11 x 10-31 kg)
b What are elementary particles? Explain their types. CO8 6

c Explain the construction and working of Scanning Electron microscope with neat CO7 12
diagram.
3.a Mention the properties of matter waves. CO7 4
PROPERTIES OF MATTER WAVES:
1.
b Derive various de-Broglie wavelength expressions interms of energy, voltage and CO7 6
temperature.
c Explain the stellar energy associated with nuclear fusion process. CO8 10
4.a What is nuclear density? CO8 2
b Illustrate the Heisenberg uncertainty principle by considering the electron diffraction CO7 6
through a single slit experiment.
c Derive the energy Eigen values and Eigen functions for a particle in one dimensional CO7 12
potential well.
5.a Find the least energy of an electron moving in one dimension in an infinitely high CO7 2
potential box of width 0.1 nm.
b Write a short note on the classification of nuclei CO8 6
c Derive the expression for time dependent and time independent Schrodinger CO7 12
equation.
 UNIT-V- ACOUSTICS
S.NO QUESTIONS CO’S MARKS

State Weber-Fechner law. CO9 2

WEBER-FECHNER LAW:
1.a Loudness is directly propositional to intensity of sound.
L∞Log I.
L=K log I, where K is the propositionality constant.
Explain the characteristics of musical sound. CO9 6

b
 Discuss the following factors affecting the acoustics of building with their remedies. CO10 12
i) resonance ii) loudness iii) reverberation time
iv) echo and echelon effect v) focusing effect

3)Revebration time and its remedy:

2)Loudness and its remedies:

5)Focusing and its remedies:

4)Echo and echelon effect with remedies:

 1)Resonance and its remedies:

What are acoustic materials? Give examples for sound absorbing acoustic materials. CO10 4
ACOUSTIC MATERIALS:
2.a Acoustic material is a material which is designed to control, direct and manipulate
sound waves as these might occur in gases, liquids and solids.
Eg: Wood, Carpets, Fibers, Windows and doors, Curtains, Glasses, etc.
A hall has a volume of 1,20,000 m3. It has a reverberation time of 1.5 seconds. What CO10 4
B is the average absorbing power of the surface if the total absorbing surface area is
25,000 m2.
C )What is reverberation time? Arrive at the expressions for growth and decay rates CO9 12
of sound and hence deduce the Sabine’s reverberation time expression.
 A hall has a volume of 1200 m3. Its total absorption is equivalent to 480 sq.m of open CO10 4
3.a window. What will be the effect on the reverberation time if audience fills the hall
and thereby increases the absorption by another 480 sq.m of open window
What is meant by noise? Explain the different types of noises CO10 6
NOISE:

b
c Define absorption co-efficient. Deduce an expression for the sound absorption co- CO9 10
efficient ‘am’ for unknown sound absorbing sample having surface area ‘sm’.
4.a The intensity of sound produced by thunder is 0.1wb/m2, calculate the intensity level CO9 2
in decibel
Distinguish between noise and music. CO9 4
NOISE: MUSIC:
1.Noise is a unpleasant sound. 1.Music is a pleasant sound.
b 2.Noise is more irregular. 2.Music is periodic and regular.
3.The component frequencies of noise 3.The component frequencies of music
are continuous and random. are discrete.
4.Noise gives the iritational sensation. 4.Music gives the pleasant sensation.
Mention the factors to be followed for good acoustics of buildings. CO10 6
FACTORS FOLLOWED FOR GOOD ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS:

Explain the two microphone method used to measure the absorption coefficient with CO10 8
a neat diagram.

d
**********