Engg Mech Strema GD

ENGR. GERO OLIVIER D.
DY, CE, RMP

ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
• A branch of Engineering that
deals with External Forces of
an assumably RIGID BODIES
TYPES OF
MECHANICS
Statics- deals with
the study of the external
effects of forces on rigid
bodies that are at rest
and remain at rest
before and after the
application of forces.
Dynamics- it is the
study of External Forces
applied on a body
inducing any motion.
Rigid Bodies
Basic requirement for the study of the
mechanics of deformable bodies and the
mechanics of fluids (advanced courses).
Essential for the design and analysis of many
types of structural members, mechanical
components, electrical devices, etc, encountered
in engineering.
A rigid body does not under load!
FORCES
Magnitude-
Amount of force
Direction-
Orientation of the
Path where the force will
be imposed.
Scalar- Is a physical
quantity that can be
described by a single element
of a number field such as a
real number, of accompanied
by units of measurement.
- Is usually said to be
a physical quantity that only
has a magnitude and no other
characteristics.
Vector- A quantity that
has both magnitude and
direction.
Small contact area;
treat as a point
FR is One body
resultant of acting on
w(s) = area another
under curve,
acts at
centroid
One body
Acting on acting on
narrow area another w/o
contact
Kinds of Loads
Kinds of Loads:
Point Load
Loads that are concentratedly imposed at a point
on a Free Body Diagram
Uniform Load
Series of concentrated loads with uniform
magnitude
Varying Load
Series of concentrated loads with varying
magnitude.
Force Systems
Parallel Forces
A set of forces having the same direction but do
not converge at a common point.
Coplanar Forces
A set of forces acting on a single plane
Concurrent Forces
A set of forces having all its directions converge at
a common point
Resultant Forces
Representative force of the cummulative effects
of forces
Component of a Force
Part of the Resultant force resolved at the
direction of the coordinate axes
Reaction
Reactive force developed by a body on which a
force or system of force acts
Couple Forces
Moment - Rotation of
a Force at a point or an
axis
Moment Arm-
Shortest distance of a
force from the point or axis
Free Body Diagram – An isolated

view of a body where all considered set of
force/s are shown.
Equilibrium - is a
state in which the
resultant of the force
system that acts on a
body vanishes
- means that both a

resultant force and the
resultant couple is zero
FBD of a Body with Friction
ƒ -frictional force
N -normal force
R -total surface
reaction
ф -angle of friction
μ -coefficient of friction
TRUSS ANALYSIS
Truss Loading
1. Method of Joints
2. Method of Sections
SECTION
PROPERTIES
Center of Gravity of Plane Areas
Centroid –
The center of mass
of a geometric
object of uniform
density. Center of
gravity of a plane
area
Moment of Inertia of Plane Areas
Moment of otherwise known as the angular
mass or rotational inertia, of a rigid
Inertia - a quantity body is a tensor that determines
of a body’s tendency to the torque needed for a desired
resist angular angular acceleration about a
acceleration. It is the sum rotational axis.
of the products of the
mass of each particle in
the body with the square
of its distance from the
axis of rotation
QUESTIONS?
QUESTION #1
Study of External Forces
applied on a body inducing
any motion?
A.MOTION
B.DYNAMICS
C.AERODYNAMICS
D. KINETICS
B. DYNAMICS
QUESTION #2
Representative force of the
cummulative effects of
forces?
A. RESULTANT FORCE
B. REACTION
C. MAGNITUDE
D. COMPONENT FORCE
A. RESULTANT
FORCE
QUESTION #3
Basic requirement for the study
of the mechanics of
deformable bodies and the
mechanics of fluids?
A. MATTER
B. DEFORMABLE
C. FLUIDS
D. RIGID
D. RIGID
STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
•Branch of Engineering that deals with
the internal effects of forces on the body
It is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with
the behaviour of solid bodies subjected to various
types of loading
Compression Tension (stretched) Bending Torsion (twisted) Shearing

STRESS AND
STRAIN
Stress
•It is the unit strength of
element, is the applied
force or system of forces
that tends to deform a
body
•The stress applied to a
material is the force per
unit area applied to the
material
Strain - It is the unit
deformation of a
material subjected to
an applied load
Stress Trajectories -Lines depicting the
direction but not the magnitude of the principal
stress of the beam
Strain Gauge -Also called as extensometer
instrument to measure a minute deformation
Stress – Strain Diagram

Proportional Limit (Hooke’s Law) - From the origin O to the
point called proportional limit, the stress-strain curve is a straight line. This
linear relation between elongation and the axial force causing was first
noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and is called Hooke's Law that within
the proportional limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain or the
constant of proportionality k is called the Modulus of Elasticity E or
Young's Modulus and is equal to the slope of the stress-strain diagram
from O to P.
Proportional Limit (Hooke’s Law)
Elastic Limit - The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the
material will go back to its original shape when the load is
removed, or it is the maximum stress that may developed such that
there is no permanent or residual deformation when the load is
entirely removed.
Yield Point - is the
point at which the material
will have an appreciable
elongation or yielding
without any increase in
load.
Ultimate Strength-
The maximum ordinate in
the stress-strain diagram is
the ultimate strength or
tensile strength.
Rupture Strength-
Rupture strength is the
strength of the material at
rupture. This is also known
as the breaking strength.
Elastic and Plastic
Ranges - The region in
stress-strain diagram from
O to P is called the elastic
range. The region from P to
R is called the plastic
range
Modulus of
Resilience - is the
work done on a unit volume
of material as the force is
gradually increased from O
to P, in Nm/m3. This may be
calculated as the area under
the stress-strain curve from
the origin O to up to the
elastic limit E (the shaded
area in the figure). The
resilience of the material is its
ability to absorb energy
without creating a permanent
distortion.
Modulus of
Toughness - Modulus
of toughness is the work
done on a unit volume of
material as the force is
gradually increased from
O to R, in Nm/m3. This may
be calculated as the area
under the entire stress-
strain curve (from O to R).
The toughness of a
material is its ability to
absorb energy without
causing it to break.
Material Properties
Elasticity - Property that enables deformity upon the
force applied and recovers after removing such force
Material Properties
Ductility - Property that enables the material to
deform under tensile load
Material Properties
Malleability - The ability to deform under
compressive strength
Material Properties
Toughness - The ability to absorb energy
before rupturing
Material Properties
Modulus of Elasticity or Young’s Modulus
- It is the ratio between the unit stress and unit
deformation caused by stress
- Derived by Hooke’s law
Material Properties
Shear Modulus of Elasticity - Also called
Modulus of Rigidity, Modulus of Torsion.
The ratio between shearing stress and the
shearing strain.
Material Properties
Poisson’s Ratio - IIs the ratio of the transverse
contraction strain to longitudinal extension strain in the
direction of stretching force.
s the ratio of the transverse contraction strain to
longitudinal extension strain in the direction of stretching
force.
Material Properties
Strain Rate Effect - The behavior of increased
rate of load application can cause in normally
ductile material.
- Is the change in strain (deformation) of a material
with respect to time.

force.
Material Properties
Temperature Effect - The brittle behavior low
temperature can cause in a normally ductile
material

force.
Material Properties
Elastic Deformation - A temporary change in
the shape the body produced by a stress less than
the elastic limit of the material
Permanent Set - Inelastic strain in a material
force.
Material Properties
Creep - Gradual permanent deformation
produced by continuous application of loads
Material Failure
Stress Relaxation - The time-dependent
decrease in strength capacity in a constrained
material
Fatigue - Failure to maintain elastic limit

subjected to repeated series of stress
Material Failure
Fatigue
TYPES OF
INTERNAL FORCES
Axial Loads
Axial Forces - Forces
done along the
longitudinal axis or the
length of the material
Axial Stresses - Stress

that develops to resist
axial force
Types of Axial Loads
Compression- Act of
shortening or state of
pushing together
Tension- Act of
stretching or state of
pulling apart
Shear Loads
Shear Force - Forces
done perpendicular the
longitudinal axis or the
length of the material
Shearing Stress - Stress

that develops to resist
shear force
Eccentric Force
Bending - Force producing
both tension and compression
on to the cross-section of the
body
Torsion - Twisting effect

on to the cross section
QUESTIONS?
QUESTION #1
The capacity of the material to
absorb energy without danger of
being permanently deformed?
A. TEMPERATURE EFFECT
B. STRAIN RATE EFFECT
C. MODULUS OF RESISTANCE
D. MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
D. MODULUS
OF RESILIENCE
QUESTION #2
It is the stress caused by a pair of
opposing forces that acts along
parallel lines through the material?
A. COMPRESSIVE
B. ELONGATION
C. SHEAR
D. TENSILE
C. SHEAR
QUESTION #3
Gradual permanent deformation
produced by continuous
application of loads?
A. CREEP
B. PERMANENT SET
C. FATIGUE
D. STRESS RELAXATION
A. CREEP

Engg Mech Strema GD

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ENGR. GERO OLIVIER D.

DY, CE, RMP

Free Body Diagram – An isolated

- means that both a

Compression Tension (stretched) Bending Torsion (twisted) Shearing

Stress – Strain Diagram

s the ratio of the transverse contraction strain to

s the ratio of the transverse contraction strain to

Permanent Set - Inelastic strain in a material

Fatigue - Failure to maintain elastic limit

Axial Stresses - Stress

Shearing Stress - Stress

Torsion - Twisting effect

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