Power Supply

Members:

Gonzales, Ryan Khristian

Salombro, Nikko John D.

August 22, 2019

Engr. Kristine Anne Montoya

BECE211L
 Introduction

Years have passed. Many things were discovered. Almost everything went on
an evolution. We’re living in a generation, where almost everything is controlled by
electronics & machines. Everything seems automated compared back then. From a
very small piece of device to a magnificent piece of computer.

Virtually every piece of electronic equipment, e.g., computers and their

peripherals, calculators, TV and hi-fi equipment, and instruments, is powered from a
DC power source, be it a battery or a DC power supply. Most of this equipment
requires not only DC voltage but voltage that is also well filtered and regulated. The
one device that can make this happen is a Power Supply.

A power supply is a component that supplies power to at least one electric load.
Typically, it converts one type of electrical power to another, but it may also convert
energy – such as solar, mechanical, or chemical - into electrical energy.

The Power Supply started at the early 20’s, when crude devices were first
developed for power radios in both commercial and consumer markets, as a “B”
battery. The need for stand-alone power supplies remained relatively small in the
1930s and into the 1940s. Linear regulators were known during this period.

During 1950s, an achievement in the industry arise when semiconductors were

first brought into the power supply design. When this escalated in the market, and
concerns about heat dominated the thinking of power supply designers. Germanium
transistors didn’t have the ability to glow in the dark, as a result, they simply melted
and quit.

In early 1960s, power supply products with Mag-Amp technology fulfilled those
applications required substantially higher power. The reason for this is the products
using transistors were limited to low voltage models or hybrid designs which used
semiconductors in the control circuit in the power stage to make possible higher
voltage products.

The world was still analog during the 60s. Computers were still under the early
phase of development. Debate aroused focusing about analog computing (op amp
control for simulation and modeling) and a new concept “digital computing”. During
this period, linear series within power supplies were seen more as power amplifiers
then a power source. The concept about amplifier exploited the high gain and linearity
of the transistors and created high power operational amplifiers. Op-amps were made
to scale, sum, integrate, or manipulate signals. In order for this to be successful, power
supplies were produced which allowed access to all of the control nodes. Input and
feedback control elements could be substituted and removed by user to consent
manipulation of the output to satisfy applications.

In addition, 1960s also saw the introduction of true bipolar (four quadrant)
source/sink units, and the correction of source voltage variation in a highly reliable,
low parts count package.

An energy crisis afflicted the entire industrial world during 1970s. This resulted
to the creation of switching power supply. Later, germanium transistors were used to
switch electrically.

A breakthrough in the 1970s was the creation of low loss ferrite, paired with
higher speed silicon and transistors that made the high frequency products operate
above 20KHz where they were inaudible. Also, high-gain series pass linear power
supply was augmented with a new level of intelligence where it has the ability to follow
commands from a host computer on a standard communication bus.

Digital control propagated onto the front end of linear power supply. Resistor
chains that were parallel with reed relays are the components of the very first
interfaces. Then digital to analog conversion happened for voltage control. Hewlett
Packard Company introduced the instrumentation bus standard which was adopted
by the power supply industry. It became IEEE-488 by the Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers.

Lastly, during the 1980s, quality and performance for switchers were essentially
improved and Operating frequencies increased from 20-50KHz range to a 100KHz
and 1 Megahertz as FET’s bipolar transistors.
 During 1980s, the quality and performance characteristics for switchers were
substantially improved. Operating frequencies also increased from the 25-50KHz
range, on up to 100KHz and even 1 Megahertz as FET's replaced bipolar transistors.

The main purpose of Power Supply is that it changes the AC from a socket to
a low-voltage DC in order for this to operate the processor and other devices. The
power from a wall outlet is high-voltage AC. The kind of intensity PCs need is low-
voltage DC. All PC parts (the electronic chips on the motherboard and connectors,
the gadgets on the drives, and the engines in the hard drive and optical drive) need
DC capacity to work. Power supplies in general come in two types: linear and
switching. Computers use switching power supplies. The main functions of a power
supply include the following:
 Convert AC to DC
 Give DC voltage to the motherboard, connectors, and fringe gadgets
 Give cooling and encourage wind current through the case
 Components Definition and Purpose

1N4001
The 1N400x series is a family of popular 1 A general-purpose silicon
rectifier diodes commonly used in AC adapters for common household appliances. Its
blocking voltage varies from 50 volts to 1000 volts. Diodes can be used as rectifiers,
signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches, signal modulators, signal mixers, signal
demodulators, and oscillators.

Electrolytic Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores
electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance.
It is used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors
separated by an insulator.

Voltage Regulator IC 7812

7812 is a 12V Voltage Regulator that restricts the voltage output to 12V
and draws 12V regulated power supply. The7812 is the most common, as its regulated
12-volt supply provides a convenient power source for most TTL components. 7812 is
a series of 78XX voltage regulators.
 Voltage Regulator IC LM317
The LM317 device is an adjustable three-terminal positive-voltage regulator
capable of supplying more than 1.5 A over an output-voltage range of 1.25 V to 37 V.

Voltage Regulator LM337

The LM337 is an adjustable 3−terminal negative voltage regulator
capable of supplying in excess of 1.5 A over an output voltage range of −1.2 V to −37
V.

Potentiometer
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that
forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end
and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to
reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

Ceramic Capacitor
A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor where the
ceramic material acts as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating
layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes. Surface
mount capacitors are often used in printed circuit boards and high-density
applications. Ceramic capacitors can also be used as a general-purpose capacitor,
because of their non-polarity and are available in a large variety of capacitances,
voltage ratings, and sizes.
 Bill of Materials

Components Quantity Unit Prices Amount

1N4001 4 2 8
AN7812 1 18 18
Potentiometer 20K 2 12 24
Capacitor (4700uF, 50V) 2 42 84
PCB 3x4 1 18 18
Solid Wire 3m 5 15
Speaker Wire 3m 10 30
Led 1 2 2
Male Plug w/ Wire 1 25 25
Ceramic Capacitor 2 3 6
(0.1uF)
Transformer Center 1 205 205
Tapped (24V)
LM 317 Voltage 1 18 18
Regulator
LM 337 Voltage 1 35 35
Regulator
Capacitor (100uF, 50V) 1 5 5
Resistors 4 0.50 2
Casing/Case 1 80 80
Switch 1 10 10
Capacitor (10000uF, 50V) 1 72 72
TOTAL 657
 Circuit

Variable and Fixed Power Supply Schematic Diagram

Layout
 Analysis and Comuptation

Ripple
Formula:

Solution:

Vdc=23.583V

Vr(rms)= 0.24V

r= 1.01%
 Variable Voltage Output

Let Vref=1.25
Let Iadj=50uA

Vout= 30.30V

Solution of our R1:

-Since we used parallelled resistor we used this formula:

Given that our R1=1.5K ohms and R2= 2.2K ohms.

Rt= 891 ohms

Why we used this method? Our R1 is supposedly 900 ohms, but there are no available
900 ohms resistors. And our layout is already printed and we can’t series another
resistor. So what we do is just paralled two resistors valued; 1.5K ohms and 2.2K
ohms, so that our layout will not be ruin.
Let:
Vref= 1.25
Iadj= 50uA
Note: 317 and 337 Vref and Iadj values are constant

Vout= -30.33V

Same with Lm 317 solution, our R1=881 is came from paralled resistor 1.5K ohms and
2.2K ohms.
 Comparison and Result
In this project we discovered the difference between calculation results/output
and actual result/output.

Solving Vout on Lm 317 variable positive 30V:

Vout= 30.30V

Vout of Lm 317 in reality is 32V

Solving Vout on Lm 337 negative variable 30V:

Vout=-30.33V

Vout in reality is -32V

Our explination why this happen is in the conclusion of our paper.

 Conclusion

Upon making this project, there are several things that we have learned. Most
of these came from experience and some are knowledge coming from books and the
internet.

Starting from the first thing we did, constructing and designing our circuit. We
based our circuit from backbones given to us from the information we gain coming
from Youtube videos and some PDF. The challenging part of creating the circuit is
about making the layout. It is because you need to analyze the circuit first before
forming the desired layout. And making the schematic and layout is challenging also
because the application we used is unfamiliar for us. But still, we manage form our
desired layout.

Then, looking for the correct IC regulator for the desired output +12V, +30V
and -30V. It was the first time that we encounter an output that is a negative output.
So, what we did was look for a correct IC regulator for a negative output. We found
LM337 for -30V output, LM317 for +30V output and AN7812 for +12V output. For
LM317, first terminal is for adjust, second terminal is for output and the third terminal
is for the input. While for LM337, first terminal is for adjust, second terminal is for
input and the third terminal is for output. Last is for AN7812, first terminal is input,
second terminal is for ground and third terminal is for output.

Next is the completion of the project. The formation of our Power Supply. We
printed the layout we designed and placed it in the Printed Circuit Board. Then, we
soldered the components and tested it.

After doing this project, there are various things we can conclude. First thing
is, the transformer needed for an output of +30V is a transformer with +24V input. It
is because calculating for the peek voltage, we can get +32V from +24v input. Using
lower input voltage can get lower peek voltage, if that happens, the voltage won’t
reach the voltage needed for the desired output.

Next thing is, the current we used is 1A because most devices only allow 1A
to flow. And also, using higher rate of current can make the ripple go higher and can
damage the load. There are specific current needed for the IC regulator. When the
rate of current is either above the maximum tolerance it can make the IC regulator
thermally unstable and if It is below the minimum tolerance, the IC will still work but it
won’t reach the desired output voltage.

Last thing we can conclude is, computing for the desired output voltage is
different from the actual measurement. The reason for this is, the components are
not giving the exact value that is stated in the label.
 References

o https://www.google.com/search?q=lm337&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ve
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7#imgrc=am-Avedag0yPxM:
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d=0ahUKEwiAhcmvxZTkAhVIUd4KHS7kDLkQ_AUIESgB&biw=1366&bih=65
7#imgrc=am-Avedag0yPxM:
o http://www.pearsonitcertification.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2024310&seqNu
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%20purpose&oq=power%20supply&gs_l=psy-
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HvNy6AZcC8flNHP0kr6UqvPktigeRPawatnHKFOBfg
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A23Y4_8IFG6zO_9t2Lstx7EYB8Y5ZsxUJkqR7YS3ly4