Chapter 1-About The Organization.: Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited

KPTCL-SUBSTATION AND E-PLANNING
Chapter 1- ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION.
KARNATAKA POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL, is the sole
electricity transmission and distribution company in state of Karnataka Its origin was in
Karnataka Electricity Board. This electricity transmission and distribution entity was
corporatized to provide efficient and reliable electric power supply to the people of Karnataka
state.
1.1- Introduction
 Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the

Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-7-1999 and is a company wholly owned by
the Government of Karnataka with an authorised share capital of Rs. 2182.32 crores.
KPTCL was formed on 1-8-1999 by carving out the Transmission and Distribution
functions of the erstwhile Karnataka Electricity Board.
 Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the functions
of Transmission of power in the entire State of Karnataka and also Construction of
Stations & Transmission Lines and maintenance of 400/220/110/66 KV Sub-Stations.
Many new lines and Sub-Stations were added & existing stations were modified in the
Transmission network. It operates under a license issued by Karnataka Electricity
Regulatory Commission.
 The various wings of KPTCL is as follows :

• Corporate Office at Kaveri Bhavan, Bangalore
• Six Transmission zones, each zone is headed by a Chief Engineer.
• State Load Despatch Centre
• SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
DEPT.EEE, SJBIT PAGE 1 2019-20

 KPTCL has 5 No. of 400 Kv Station, 101 No. of 220 Kv Station, 413 No. of 110 Kv
Station and 637 No. of 66 Kv Station. The Total Transmission Line in CKMs is 36124 as
on 31.03.2018.
 The annual turnover of the Organisation was nearly Rs. 3380 crores during the year
2016-17.
1.2 - Overview
 Government vide order No. 69 BSR 2001 Bangalore, dated 15/02/2002 has unbundled
KPTCL and formed four distribution companies.
 Consequent to this the function of distribution of power has been totally separated from
KPTCL. KPTCL is now vested with the responsibility of transmitting power all over the
State and construction and maintenance of Stations and lines of 66KV and above.
 The four newly formed independent distribution companies, which were registered on
30/04/2002, are Bangalore Electricity Supply Company, Mangalore Electricity Supply
Company, Hubli Electricity Supply Company and Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company.
They have started functioning w.e.f.. 01/06/2002. These companies are incharge of
distribution of power within their jurisdiction.
 The Fifth Distribution Company

Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply
Corporation limited is a company
incorporated under the company act
1956 and is a successor entity to
Karnataka Power Transmission
Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and
MESCOM in respect of Distribution
and retail supply of Electric power
for five districts. Its operation
started from 01.04.2005 as per the
GOK order E.N.08 P.N.R 2005/262.
`

1.3- Mission
 The mission of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is to

ensure reliable quality power to its customers at competitive prices. The KPTCL is
committed to achieving this mission through:
 Encouraging Best practices in transmission & distribution.

 Ensuring high order maintenance of all it's technical facilities.
 Emphasizing the best standards in customer service.
 To be the best electricity utility in the country, the KPTCL pledges to optimize its human
and technical resources for the benefit of all its customers.
1.4- Substations & Transmission Lines
Voltage Level No. of stations Transmission Line in CKMs
400 kV 5 3543.952
220 kV 101 11278.811
110 kV 413 10509.522
66 kV 636 10792.061
33kv 358 8931.839
TOTAL 1513 45056.185

Chapter 2-ELECTRICAL SUB-STATION.
2.1-NEED OF SUBSTATION:
The economics of generation of electrical energy and the huge demands for power in the
modern times require creation of generating plants, may these be Hydro-electric, Steam Wind,
Solar or Atomic. The Generating plants may be far from the load centres as in the case of hydro-
power houses or may be in the midst of population as in the case of steam generating plants,
solar, wind. The transmission network is inevitable. Long and high voltage transmission lines are
necessary to transmit huge blocks of power from the sources of generation to the load centres, to
interconnect generating plant for increased reliability of supply, greater system stability and
lesser stand-by power plant and hence cheaper electric energy. In between the generating plant
and ultimate consumers a number of transformation and switching stations have to be created.
These are generally known as sub-stations.
Depending on the purpose, the sub-stations may be classified as:
1. Step up Sub-stations.
2. Primary Grid Sub-stations.
3. Secondary Sub-stations.
4. Distribution Sub-stations
The step up sub-stations are associated with the generating stations. The generation voltage is
limited due to the limitation of the rotating machinery, and needs to be steped up to the primary
transmission voltage so that huge blocks of power can be carried over long distance to the load
centre. The primary grid sub-stations are created at suitable load centres along the primary
transmission lines. The primary transmission voltage is stepped down to a number of suitable
secondary voltages. From here secondary transmission lines are carried over to the load points.
Along these secondary transmission lines at actual load points secondary sub-stations are created
where the voltage is further stepped down to sub-transmission and primary contribution voltage.
Distribution sub-stations are created where the sub-transmission voltage and the primary
distribution voltage are stepped down to supply voltage and feed the actual consumers through a
network of distribution and service lines.
Depending on the constructional features the sub-stations may be further sub-divided into:
1. Outdoor type.
2. Indoor type.
Sub-stations form an important element of transmission and distribution network of electric

power system. Basically these provide points for controlling the supply of power on different
routes by means of various equipment such as transformers, compensating equipment, circuit
breakers, isolators etc. The various circuits are joined together through these components to bus-
bar systems at the sub-stations. While the bus-bar systems have followed certain definite

patterns, thus limiting scope for variation, there is practically no standardization regarding the
physical arrangement of the various components in the layout. For the same type of bus-bar
system different layouts have been used.
One of the primary requirements of a good substation layout is that is should be as economical as
possible, which is particularly important in view of the paucity of land and rising cost of land,
material and labour. To meet the large programme for expansion of transmission and distribution
facilities, the layout should ensure the desired degree of flexibility, reliability, ease of operation
and maintenance & safety of the operation and maintenance personnel. Besides the layout should
not lead to breakdowns in power supply due to faults within the substation, as such faults are
more severe than those occurring on the lines away from the substations.
2.2-Function of a sub-stations:
An electricity supply undertaking generally aims at the following:
 Supply of required electrical power to all the consumers continuously at all times.
 Maximum possible coverage of the supply network over the given geographical area.
 Maximum security of supply.
 Shortest possible fault duration.
 Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
 Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits.
 Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
 Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
As a result of these objectives, there are various tasks which are closely associated with the
generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of the electrical energy. These tasks are
performed by various manual, semi-automatic and fully automatic devices located in generating
stations and sub-stations.
The tasks associated with a major sub-station in the transmission system include the following:
 Controlling the exchange of energy
 Protection of transmission system
 Ensuring steady state and transient stability.
 Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism. Maintaining the system frequency
within targeted limits.
 Voltage control, reducing the reactive power flow by the compensation of reactive power,
tap-changing.
 Securing the supply by providing adequate line capacity and facility for changing the
transmission paths.
 Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of network monitoring control
and protection.
 Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines and tie-lines.

 Fault analysis and pin-pointing the cause and subsequent improvements.

 Securing supply by feeling the network at various points.
All these tasks are performed by the team work of load-control centre and control rooms of
substations. The substations perform several important tasks and are integral part of the power
system.
2.3-Voltage Levels in AC Substations:

A substation receives power via the incoming transmission lines and delivers power via the
outgoing lines. The substation may have step-up transformers or step-down transformers.
Generally, the switchyards at sending-end of lines have step-up transformers and switchyards at
receiving-end have step-down transformers. The rated voltage level refers to nominal voltage of
3 phase AC system and is expressed at r.m.s. value between phases. An AC substation has
generally 2 or 3 main voltage levels. The long distance transmission is generally at extra high
voltage such as 66kV, 110kV, 220kV, 400kV AC. The substation is at medium high voltage such
as 33kV, 11kV AC.
The choice of incoming and outgoing voltage of substations is decided by the rated voltage and
rated power of corresponding lines. Long distance and high power transmission lines are at
higher voltages. The nominal voltage is selected from the standard values of rated voltages
specified in Indian standards or relevant national standards.
The standards also specify the following steady state voltage within the limits specified below:
Sl. Nominal
Maximum (kV rms) Minimum (kV rms)
No. System Voltage (kV rms)
1 400 420 380
2 220 245 198
3 110 123 122
4 66 72.5 60
5 33 36 30
Reference Values of Nominal Voltages in AC substations are as under:

Sl.
Description Reference value of Nominal Voltage in KPTCL
No.
1 AC Substation 400kV, 220kV, 110kV, 66kV & 33 kV
2 Substation Auxiliaries Aux. AC supply: 11kV 415V, 3 ph, Phase to Phase Aux.

230V AC single phase, LVDC 220V, 110V, 48V

Aux. 230V AC single phase, LVDC 220V, 110V, 48V
2.4-Sub-station Types & Design consideration:

The substation or switchyard can be conventional air insulated substation (AIS) or Gas Insulated
substation (GIS) or a Hybrid substation. The factors to be taken into account for designing
substation shall be as under.
The choice of site for a substation or switchyard shall be based on technical economic and
environmental factors. The approximate location shall be determined on the grid consideration.
The new substation shall enhance the operational flexibility, system reliability and transmission
or transformation capacity after becoming a part of the network.
a. Land area required shall be considered based on the present and the future expansion
on 10-15 years scenario.
b. Reactive compensation as indicated by system studies shall be provided. The reactive
compensation should be suitably planned for series or shunt type with fixed/variable
and switched/non-switched option.
c. The selection of switching scheme shall be based upon requirements for operational
flexibility, system safety, reliability, availability and cost.
2.5-Air Insulated Sub-stations (Conventional Type).

The Bus-bar switching schemes as per following table shall generally be adopted at different
voltage levels in AIS depending on the importance of the installation.
Single Main 110kV, 66kV & 33kV
Double Main and Aux/Double Main/

220kV
Double Main with bypass isolator
Breaker and Half scheme 400kV
a. In case of AIS, bus-bar shall be either of the rigid type with tubular aluminium bus
conductor or flexible stranded conductor with aluminium conductor steel reinforced
(ACSR) or all aluminium alloy (AAAC) or other suitable conductors. The conductor
of appropriate rating and the number of conductors to be used in case of bundle
conductors shall be selected considering power flow requirements and ambient

conditions. For the rigid bus-bar arrangement, aluminium pipe conforming to relevant
standard shall be used.
b. Outdoor air insulated substation or switchyard shall be shielded against direct
lightning stroke by provision of overhead shield wire or earth wire or spikes (masts)
or a combination thereof.
2.6-Gas Insulated substation.

a. Gas insulated substation (GIS) installations shall generally be preferred to
conventional AIS as a techno-economic solution for location where space is a major
constraint and also for seismic prone areas. However, techno-economic analysis shall
be done to determine the preference for each GIS installation. The GIS shall comply
with the relevant standards. The GIS installation shall be outdoor or indoor type.
b. The switching scheme has a large impact on the total cost of the GIS and shall be
properly evaluated for a particular project. Single bus with or without sectionalization
and double main bus switching scheme shall be used depending on the voltage level
and the importance of the installation. Other type of switching schemes can also be
considered based on techno-economic analysis.
c. GIS shall be isolated phase or three phase non-magnetic enclosure type for voltage
220kV and below. For 400kV voltage it shall be isolated phase enclosure type.
d. The arrangement of gas sections or compartments shall be such as to facilitate future
extension on either end without any drilling, cutting or welding on existing equipment
from any manufacturer and without the necessity of moving or dislocating the
existing switchgear bays.
e. The design shall be such that all parts subjected to wear and tear are easily accessible
for maintenance purposes. The equipment shall be protected against all types of
voltage surges and shall necessarily include the component or assembly required for
this purpose.
f. The bus enclosure should be sectionalized in a manner that maintenance work on any
bus disconnector (when bus and bus disconnector are enclosed in a single enclosure)
can be carried out by isolating and evacuating the small effected section and not the
entire bus. The design of GIS shall be such that in case a circuit breaker module of a
feeder is removed for maintenance, both busbars shall remain in service. For
achieving the above requirements, adequate number of intermediate compartments, if
required, shall be provided to ensure equipment and operating personnel’s safety.
2.7-Hybrid substation:
In a hybrid substation, the bus-bars shall be air insulated type. Switchgear for a hybrid
sub-station shall have some or all functional units enclosed in SF6 gas insulated housing.
A hybrid substation would require less space than conventional AIS but more than GIS.

A hybrid substation can be considered as techno-economic solution for locations where

space is a constraint and also for sub-station renovation or augmentation.
2.8-Bus-bar Switching schemes:

The choice of bus-bar scheme for sub-station depends upon several factors mentioned
above. The important bus-bar schemes include the following.
The choice of bus-bar scheme for sub-station depends upon several factors mentioned
above.
The important bus-bar schemes include the following.
2.8.1-Single Bus-bar:
This is the simplest switching scheme in which each circuit is provided with one circuit breaker.
The equipment connection is very simple and hence the system is very convenient to operate.
However, it suffers from two major defects.
i. Maintenance without interruption of supply is not possible.
ii. Extension of the substation without shutdown is not possible.
This bus arrangement has been used in 110kV, 66kV & 33kV AIS station.

2.8.2-Single Bus-bar with sectionalizer:

Because of cheapness and simplicity single bus-bar is adopted with sectionalizing arrangements.
Full advantage of the scheme is realized if the incoming and outgoing circuits are distributed
evenly on the sections. Where double feed is provided for any single load it is preferable to have
one circuit from each section. In this arrangement each section behaves as a separate bus-bar.
Any outage can be confined to one section of the bus-bar. The use of isolator for bus
sectionalizing does not fulfil the purpose. The isolators have to be operated ‘off circuit’ and it
may present quite a problem to obtain zero current across the section. For fuller benefits a circuit
breaker should be used. This will enable bus differential protection to trip only the faulty section
and keep the healthy section running.

2.8.3-Double Bus-bar:
In this scheme, a double bus bar arrangement is provided. Each circuit can be connected to either
one of these bus bar through respective bus bar isolator. Bus coupler breaker is also provided, so
that the circuits can be switched on from one bus to the other on load. This scheme suffers from
the disadvantage that when any circuit breaker is taken out for maintenance, the associated
feeder has to be shutdown. This Bus bar arrangement is used in 220kV GIS substation/AIS
substation.

2.8.4-Double Bus bar with Auxiliary Bus:

It is similar to double bus-bar arrangement however, where there is space constraint in the land
(width wise) the bays are to be accommodate on either side of the bus.
This bus-bar arrangement is used in 220kV Switching stations.

2.8.5- Double Bus -bar with bypass isolator:

In this arrangement, all the circuits have to be transferred to one bus and protection of feeder has
to be transferred to Bus-coupler. This scheme has the limitation that only one bus is available
when any breaker is taken out for maintenance.
This bus-bar arrangement is used in 220kV Sub-stations.
2.8.6- Double Main Bus Bar with Transfer Bus scheme:

This is only an alternative to double bus-bar scheme. The double bus arrangement provides
facility to change over to either bus to carry out maintenance on the other but provides no facility
to carry over breaker maintenance. The main and transfer bus works the other way round. It
provides facility for carrying out breaker maintenance. Wherever maintenance is required on any

breaker, the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and controlled through transfer bus
coupler breaker. This arrangement envisages the use of an additional isolator on each circuit and
thereby add to the cost because the connection to the transfer bus is through isolator, careful
interlocking is necessary with the transfer bus-coupler breaker.

2.8.7-One and a Half Breaker scheme:
In this scheme, three circuit breakers are used for controlling two circuits which are connected
between two bus bars. Normally, both the bus bars are in service. A fault on any one of the bus
bars is cleared by opening of the associated circuit breakers connected to the faulty bus bar
without affecting continuity of supply.
Similarly, any circuit breaker can be taken out for maintenance without causing interruption.
Load transfer is achieved through the breakers and therefore, the operation is simple. However,
protective relaying is somewhat more involved as the central (tie) breaker has to be responsive to

troubles on either feeder in the correct sequence. Besides, each element of the bay has to be rated
for carrying the currents of two circuits to meet the requirement of various switching operations
which increases the cost. The breaker and a half scheme is best for those substations which
handle large quantity of power and where the orientation of outgoing feeders is in opposite
directions. This scheme is generally used in 400kV substations.
2.9-Electrical Layout Plan (ELP).

To start with, the land plan is obtained from the field officers acquiring land for the sub-station.
The land plan indicates the boundaries, block level etc., of the land acquired. On the land plan, a
general layout is first prepared in which the space is marked for control room building and
switchyard and also the roads and paths for movement of the men and material. On the land
earmarked for the electrical works, detailed electrical layout is prepared which indicates the
placing of various equipment in the switchyard. The electrical layout would reveal:
i. Physical position of each equipment.
ii. Distance between various equipment.
iii. Phase segregation distance.
iv. Phase to ground segregation distance (Horizontal).
v. Phase to ground clearance (vertical).
vi. Sectional clearance.
A table indicating bay width, minimum clearances in the substation, height of main bus and
cross- bus etc is given below:
Sl.
Particulars 66kV 110kV 220kV 400kV
No
1 Basic insulation Level (kV) 325 550 1050 1550
2 Minimum Clearances
a) Between Phases (for Rigid Bus) 1.8M 2.0M 3.35M 6.0M
b) Between Phases (for Strung Bus) 2.0M 2.0M 3.65M 6.0M
c) Between Phase to Earth (Centre line 1.8M 2.1M 3.35M 6.0M

of Tower)
d) Sectional clearance 3.0M 3.5M 4.3M 6.5M
3 a) Height of cross bus conductor 8.5M 11.0M 13.5M 22.0M

b) Bay width 7.6M 8.2M 14.0M 24.0M
c) Height of main bus 4.25M 4.6M 5.75M 12.5M
4 Height of centre of Terminal pad

pertaining to various equipments
a) Isolators adjacent to main bus 5.5M 6.35M 8.25M 8.0M
b) Other isolators and equipments 4.25M 4.6M 5.75M 8.0M
5 Materials of the bus
a) Main Aluminium tube BS 1600 63mm 75mm 75mm 125mm

SCH. 40/80 Dia Dia Dia Dia
b) Cross Bus
i) Aluminium tube BS 1600 SCH. 50MM 63mm 63mm 100mm

40/80 Dia Dia Dia Dia
Drake/ Twin/Qu
ii) ACSR Conductor Double Drake Drake ad
Drake Bersimis

Chapter 3-SUB-STATION MAIN EQUIPMENTS.
The sub-station layout is influenced to a great extent by the dimensions of the various equipment
and their accessories within the substation. The brief description of the various equipment to the
extent they relate to the sub-station layout have been detailed below
3.1-Bus bar
Types of Bus-bars
The outdoor bus-bars are either of the rigid type or the strung type.
3.1.1-RIGID TYPE BUS-BARS:
In the rigid type, Aluminium tubes are used for bus-bars and also for making connections to the
various equipment wherever required. The bus-bars and the connections are supported on
pedestal mounted insulators. This leads to a low level type of switchyard, wherein equipment as
well as the bus-bars are spread out. Since the bus-bars are rigid, the clearances remain constant.
However as the bus-bars and connections are not very high from the ground, the maintenance is
easy. Due to large diameter of the pipes, the corona loss is also substantially less. This system is
more reliable than the strung bus. In case of a rigid type bus, special care has to be taken in
respect of aeolian vibration.
3.1.2-STRUNG TYPE BUS-BARS:
The strung type of bus bars is an overhead system conductors strung between supporting
structures and tension type insulators. The conductor tension, which strongly influences the
design and weight of structure, has to be specified carefully with reference to span, ambient
temperature, wind velocity and relevant site conditions.

3.1.3-BUS BAR MATERIAL:
For the rigid bus bar arrangement, aluminium tubes of Grade 63401 WP conforming to IS:
5082 are commonly used. The commonly used sizes of pipes are given in Table below:
System voltage (kV) Nominal diameter
66 63mm/50mm
110 75mm/63mm
220 100mm/75mm/63mm
400 150mm/125mm/100mm
The material commonly used for bus-bars and connections of the strung type bus-bars are
ACSR/AAAC. The following conductors are commonly used either as single conductors or
as bundles as given in Table below:
System voltage (kV) Type
66 Drake
110 Drake
220 Drake
400 Moose/Bersimis
Since aluminum oxidizes rapidly, great care is necessary in making connections. In case of
long spans, the supporting insulators shall be provided with expansion clamps to avoid
strain on the supporting insulators due to thermal expansion or contraction of pipes.
The bus-bar sizes should meet the electrical and mechanical requirements of the specific
application for which these are chosen.

3.2-CIRCUIT BREAKERS
3.2.1-SF6 circuit breaker

3.2.2-Air blast and bulk oil circuit breaker
3.2.3-Air blast circuit breaker

3.2.4-Vacuum circuit breaker
Circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device capable of making, carrying and breaking
currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a specified time and
breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions. Circuit Breakers of the types
indicated below have been used in India.
11kV Vacuum
33kV & above SF6
The circuit breakers may be of live tank or dead tank design. The circuit breakers of the “live
tank” type for outdoor substations have the interrupters housed in porcelain weather-shields on
the top of an insulated support column. The circuit breakers of the “dead tank” type have
interrupters housed in an earthed metal container with their connections taken out through
porcelain bushings and the bushings may be used to house the current transformers. Generally,
for 400kV double break type interrupter chamber is provided and for 220kV & below single
break interrupter chamber is provided.
The circuit breakers are normally mounted on individual structures for 220kV & above voltage
class.245kV and higher voltage outdoor circuit breakers, generally necessitate the provision of
approach roads for breaker maintenance. The commonly used operating mechanisms are
pneumatic, spring, hydraulic or their combinations.

3.3-DISCONNECTORS/ISOLATORS AND EARTHING SWITCHES:
A disconnector is a mechanical switching device, which provides in the open position, an

isolating distance meeting the specified requirements. A disconnector can open and close a
circuit when either a negligible current has to be broken or made or when no significant change
in voltage across the terminals of each pole of the disconnector occurs. It can also carry current
under normal circuit conditions and carry for a specified time the short circuit currents.
Disconnectors are used for transfer of load from one bus to another and also to isolate equipment
for maintenance. Although a variety of disconnectors are available, the factor which has the
maximum influence on the station layout is whether the disconnector is of the vertical break
type, pantograph or horizontal break type. Horizontal break type normally occupies more space
than the vertical break type. Out of the horizontal centre break and horizontal double break type,
the former requires a greater phase to phase clearance.
The location of disconnecting switches in substations affects not only the substation layouts but
maintenance of the disconnector contacts also. In some substations, the disconnectors are
mounted at higher positions either vertically or horizontally. Although such substations occupy
smaller space, the maintenance of disconnecting switches in such substations is more difficult
and time consuming.
Earthing switch is a mechanical switching device for earthing parts of a circuit capable of
withstanding for a specified time short-circuit currents, but not required to carry normal rated
currents of the circuit.It is usual for disconnectors to be motorized. Earthing switches may be
motorized or operated manually.

In case of double circuit lines the earthing switches shall be capable of switching inductive
current (electromagnetically induced) and capacitive currents (electrostatically induced) as per
the values specified in IEC 62271-102 when parallel circuit is energized. The disconnector must
also be capable of interrupting and making parallel circuits when transferring load between main
and reserve bus bars according to IEC requirements.
3.4-INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS:
Instrument transformers are devices used to transform the values of current and voltage in the
primary system to values suitable for the measuring instruments, meters, protective relays, etc.
These also serve the purpose of isolating the primary system from the secondary system.
3.4.1-Current Transformer (CT) may be either of the bushing type or wound type. The
bushing types are normally accommodated within the transformer bushings and the wound
types are invariably separately mounted. The location of the current transformer with
respect to associated circuit breaker has an important bearing upon the protection scheme
as well as layout of substation. So far, the wound type current transformers with dead tank
construction have been used. However, current transformers with live-tank construction
also are being used.

3.4.2-Potential Transformer (PT) may be either of the electro-magnetic type (Inductive

voltage transformer-IVT) or the capacitor type
(Capacitive Voltage Transformer -CVT). The electro-
magnetic type VTs are more costly than the capacitor
type and are commonly used where higher accuracy is
required as in the case of revenue metering. Capacitor
type is preferred particularly at high voltages due to
lower cost and it serves the purpose of a coupling
capacitor also for the carrier equipment. The CVTs
are connected on the line side of the circuit breaker
for 400kV & 220kV sub-stations for carrier protection
& protection relaying. However, IVTs are connected
to the bus-bars for metering, protection relaying and
synchronization.

3.5-TRANSFORMERS:
Transformer is the largest equipment in a sub-station and it is therefore, important from the point
of view of station layout. In case Transformers are provided in adjacent bays baffle wall are
provided in between the transformer.
The overall dimensions of the transformer shall allow for sufficient clearances for installation.In
220kV switchyard, with bay width of 14000mm, the phase to phase and phase to earth clearance
of 220kV bay is 3650mm and 3350mm. However the length of transformer is to be limited to
11000mm and the maximum length of the Transformer from centre line of Transformer to the
longest side shall be less than 6500mm. In 110kV Switchyard with bay width of
10400mm/8200mm, the phase to phase & phase to earth clearances of 110kV Bay is 2700mm
and 2500mm/2000mm and 2100mm.
However, the overall width of transformer is limited to 7000mm. In 66kV Yard with bay width
of 7600mm the phase to phase and phase to earth clearance of 66kV Bay is 2000mm and
1800mm. However, the length of transformer is to be limited to 6500mm.
The transformer rail tracks are to be extended up to road for movement of transformer. The
Transformer foundations shall be provided with bi-directional Rail Track.
One of the important factors governing the layout of the substation is whether the transformer is
a three-phase unit or a bank of 3 single-phase transformers. The space requirements with single-
phase banks are much larger than those with three-phase transformers. Besides, in the case of

single-phase banks, it is usual to provide one spare single-phase transformer, and used in case of
a fault or maintenance of one of the single phase units. The spare unit may be permanently
installed in the switchyard ready to replace the unit, which is out of service.
3.6-REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION EQUIPMENT:

Reactive Power compensation may be of switched or non-switched type as indicated by system
studies of the network in which the substations are located. The reactive power compensation
usually comprises shunt reactors permanently connected to transmission line or to bus bars at the
substations as per the requirements. Next to the transformer, shunt reactors constitute large
equipment. Often another reactor called neutral grounding reactor, which is connected between
the neutral bushing of the line shunt reactor and earth, is provided to facilitate single pole auto-
reclosing. However, in case of bus reactor neutral is solidly grounded. Since these equipment
also contain oil, the provisions valid for transformers apply to shunt reactors too.
3.7-LIGHTNING PROTECTION:
Substation has to be shielded against

direct lightning strokes either by
provision of overhead shield wire/earth
wire or spike Lightning mast. The
methodology followed for systems upto
145kV is by suitable placement of earth
wires/masts so as to provide coverage to
the entire station equipment. Generally,
an angle of shield of 600 for zones
covered by two or more wires/masts and
450 for single wire/mast is considered
adequate. The most used method for
determining shielded zones is Razevig
Method.
Besides direct strokes, the substation equipment has to be protected against travelling waves due
to lightning strokes on the lines entering the substation.The apparatus most commonly used for
this purpose is the Surge arrester.

Advances in material technology has resulted in

the development of metal oxide gapless type
surge arrestors, which are being most widely
used because of better protection level, higher
energy handling/discharge capability and low
power loss under normal operating conditions.
The most important and costly equipment in a

substation is the transformer and the normal
practice is to install Surge arrestors as near to the transformer as possible. The fixing up of
insulation level for various equipments within a substation requires a detailed study of
insulation coordination with lightning arrestor as the focal point for providing protection to
the equipment from power frequency over-voltage exceeding the rating of the arrester. In
the EHV range, there is also the problem of switching over-voltages and the life of the
arrester may be considerably reduced due to frequent operations because of such over-
voltages. Sometimes it is not possible to locate the lightning arrester very near the
transformer. However, there is no problem so long as the transformer is within the
protective distance from the Surge arrester. Besides protecting the transformers, the
lightning arresters also provide protection to the equipment on the bus side located within
certain distance. In the case of very large substations where the Surge arrester for the
transformer does not provide adequate protection to the other equipment, additional Surge
arresters either on the bus or on various lines have to be provided. For determination of
number of Surge arrester and their locations, each case has to be studied taking the size and
importance of the substation, isoceraunic level, anticipated over-voltages etc. into
consideration.
3.8-INSULATORS:
Provision of adequate insulation in a substation is of primary importance from the point of view
of reliability of supply and safety of personnel. An important consideration in determining the
insulation in a substation, particularly if it is located near sea or a thermal power generating
station or an industrial plant is the level of pollution. As a first step to combat this problem,
special insulators with higher creepage distance should be used. In case this does not suffice,
washing the insulator by using live line equipment has to be resorted to and this aspect has to be
kept in mind while deciding the layout of the substation.

The creepage distance for the different pollution levels are provided according to Table:
Creepage distance (mm/kV of highest

Pollution level
system voltage)
Light 16
Medium 20
Heavy 25
Very Heavy 31
For determining the creepage distance requirement, the highest line-to-line voltage of the
system forms the basis.
The following types of insulators are normally used:
A) Bus Support Insulators

Solid core type - Porcelain/Polymer
B) Strain Insulators
i. Disc insulators
ii. Long rod porcelain insulators
iii. Polymer insulators

3.9-STRUCTURES:
The cost of structures also is a major consideration while deciding the layout of a substation. For
instance, in the case of the strung bus-bar arrangement, cost of structures is much higher than in
the case of rigid bus type. Similarly, the form of structures also plays an important part and the
choice is usually between using a few heavy structures or a large number of smaller structures.
While finalizing the design, size and single line diagram of structures, safety clearance
requirements should be ensured.
Steel is the most commonly used material in India for substation structures. Normally the steel
structures are hot-dip galvanized so as to protect them against corrosion. However, galvanizing
sometimes has not proved effective, particularly in sub-stations located in coastal or industrial
areas and in such cases painting also becomes essential.
3.10-POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT

The carrier equipment required for communication, relaying and telemetering is connected to
line through high frequency cable, coupling capacitor and wave trap. The wave trap is installed
at the line entrance. The capacitive voltage Transformers are installed on the line side of the
wave trap and are normally ground mounted. The wave traps can be mounted on the gantry
structure on which the line is terminated at the substation or ground mounted on structures of
appropriate heights.
3.11-Power & Control cables

Aluminium stranded conductor XLPE insulated, armoured, FRSL type cables shall be used for
main power supply purpose from LT Aux. Transformers to control room, between distribution
boards and for supply for colony lighting from control room.
Aluminium stranded conductor PVC insulated, armoured, FRLS type power cables shall be used
for various other applications in switchyard area/control room except for control/protection
purposes. For all control/protection/instrumentation purposes PVC insulated armoured, FRLS
type control cables of minimum 2. 5Sq.mm size with stranded Copper conductors shall be used.
3.12-EARTHING:
The substation grounding system comprises of a grid
(earth mat) formed by a horizontal
buried conductors. The grounding system in substation
is very important.

 The functions of grounding systems or earth mat in include:

o To ensure safety to personnel in substations against electrical shocks.
o To provide the ground connection for connecting the neutrals of star connected
transformer winding to earth (neutral earthing).
o To discharge the over voltages from overhead ground wires to earth. To provide
ground path for surge arresters. To provide a path for discharging the charge
between phase and ground by means of earthing switches.
o To provide earth connections to structures and other non-current carrying metallic
objects in the sub-station (equipment earthing).
o If the switchyards have a soil of low resistivity, earth resistance of the earthing
system would be low. If the soil resistivity is high, the mesh rods are laid at closer
spacing. More electrodes are inserted in the ground.
 The points we must earth in an electrical substation.
 The neutral point of different voltage levels.
 Metallic enclosure of all current carrying equipment.
 Framework of all current carrying equipment.
 All the metallic structure even not associated with current carrying equipment
 Equipment earthing is a connection done through a metal link between the body of any
electrical appliance, or neutral point, as the case may be, to the deeper ground soil. The
metal link is normally of MS & CI flat, GI wire which should be inserted to the ground
earth grid.
 Permissible Values of Earth Resistance:
 Power stations - 0.5 ohms
 EHT stations - 1.0 ohms
 33KV Stations - 2 ohms
 DTR structures - 5 ohms
 Tower foot resistance - 10 ohms.

3.13-CONTROL ROOM:
 In every sub-station certain supervision, control and protection functions are necessary.
Every substation has a control room. The relay and protection panels and control panels
are installed in the control room. The various circuit breakers, tap changers and other
devices are controlled by corresponding control-relay panels.
 In a small independent sub-station, the supervision and operation for normal service can
be carried out by the operator with the aid of analogue and digital control systems in the
plant. The breakers can be operated by remote control from the control room. During
faults and abnormal conditions, the breakers are operated by Protective relays
automatically.

 Control and Relay Panel: - In panel various types of relays are placed such as
 Overload Relay
 Earth Fault Relay
 Restricted Earth Fault Relay
 IDMT Overcurrent Relay
 Distance Protection Relay
 Numerical Relay
 Differential Protection Relay, etc.
 Different meters fixed in control panel like

 Ammeter
 Voltmeter
 Power Factor Meter
 Trivector Meter (KW,KVAR,KWH)

Chapter 4- SUB-STATION AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS.

4.1-Illumination/Lighting System:
Good lighting in a sub-station is necessary to facilitate normal operation and maintenance
activities and at the same time to ensure safety of the working personnel.
4.2-System description.
4.2.1-AC Normal Lighting:

AC lights will be connected to AC lighting panels. All the lights connected to the AC lighting
system in different areas will be connected to the main lighting distribution boards.
4.2.2-AC Emergency Lighting :

This system will be available in control room building, GIS hall, switchyard, etc. AC lighting
load will be connected to this system which will be normally ‘ON’. The lighting panels of this
system will be connected to the Emergency lighting board which is fed from diesel generator
during the emergency. 25% for 220kV stations and 50% for 400kV stations of lighting fixtures
shall be connected on AC emergency lighting.
4.2.3-DC SYSTEM:
DC Auxiliary supply is required for relays, instrumentation, closing and tripping of circuit
breaker, emergency lighting, control board indications, etc. During normal operation, battery
charger (Rectifier bridge with silicon diodes and silicon control rectifiers) provides the required
DC supply. However, to take care of failure of the AC supply (rectifier), a storage battery of
adequate capacity is provided to meet the DC requirement. Normally, the storage battery merely
keeps floating on the direct current system and supplies current in case of failure of the rectifier
in sub-station. It is desirable to provide duplicate rectifier to meet the contingency of rectifier
failure. An arrangement shall be made to supply an uninterrupted DC supply to load wherever
the battery charger is facilitated with float/trickle/boost charging.
The voltage commonly used for the DC auxiliary supply is 110 to 220 volts batteries for
substations and 48 volts for PLCC Generally lead acid batteries are used.
Capacity of the battery should be adequate to supply:
a. Momentary current required for the operation of switchgear.
b. The continuous load of indicating lamps, holding coils for relays contactors, etc.
c. Emergency lighting load.
Complete DC equipment for a sub-station may be divided into three parts ie., storage battery and
accessories, charging equipment and distribution board.
The charging equipment generally consists of float charger and boost charger in major sub-
stations, twin float chargers and twin boost chargers or with float cum boost charge with a
suitable switching cubicle are generally used for reliability.

The distribution board has an incoming circuit from the DC battery and a number of out going
circuits for closing and tripping alarm and indication for control and relay panels. A separate
circuit is provided for the emergency load normally fed from AC supply but s automatically
switched on to DC supply in the event of AC power failure.
4.2.4-AC AUXILIARY SUPPLY:

AC supply both single and three phase, are needed in a substation for internal use for
several functions such as
a) Illumination
b) Battery charging
c) Transformer cooling system
d) Oil filtration plant
e) Transformer tap-changer drives.
f) Air compressors.
g) Power supplies for communication equipment.
h) Crane.
i) Breaker/disconnector switch motors.
j) Fire protection system.
k) Space heaters in cubicles and marshalling kiosks.
l) Air-conditioning/ventilation equipment.
4.2.5-Auxiliary Transformer:
The design of AC auxiliary supply system must be such that it ensures continuity of supply under
all conditions, as far as practicable, reliability being the basic requirement. In a substation, it is
normally provided from a station transformer connected to the 11kV or 33kV station bus. Its
capacity should be adequate to meet the demands of all the essential connected loads. Generally,
two such transformers are provided in all major substations.
In case of transformers where tertiary winding is available one auxiliary transformer can be
connected to tertiary of transformer for station power supply with adequate insulation margin
and protection to save the damage to main transformers from the Secondary system faults.
The station transformer is connected to the indoor AC Distribution panel through duplicate
cables. Duplicate feds to important loads are made from the AC distribution panels through
outlets, which are controlled, by switch fuses or circuit breakers.
In the Even of shutdown of the entire station to ensure availability of AC auxiliary supply for
charging of protective equipments, DG set shall preferably be provided in major substations with
Auto Main Fail (AMF) panel preferably. Change over scheme shall be provided in AC
distribution panel to feed important loads by DG set.
Incomer of AC distribution panel shall be provided with 4-pole break either it may be from
auxiliary transformer or from DG set.

4.3-SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM
 SUBSTATION AUTOMATION SYSTEM:
Substation automation refers to using data from intelligent electronic devices(IED), control
and automation capabilities within the substation, and control commands from remote users
to control power-system devices.
 COMPONENTS OF SAS:
 IED (like BCU, S relay, etc.).

 HMI (human machine interference).
 GPS receiver (global positioning system).
 FO patch cables (Fiber optic)/copper.
 Switches for connecting all IED’s with HMI.
 Software for monitoring and control of all the bays.
 The automation functions for monitoring, protection and control within a
substation and utilize recent improvements in the fields of electronics and
communication technologies are provided by substation automation system.
 SUBSTATION AUTOMATION STRUCTURE: All the functions in substation

automation can be divided into three levels: - Process, bay and station functions.
o Process level: It is the lowest where the switchgear equipment is located

including the sensors and actuators that are necessary to monitor and operate the
switchgear. The process level contains devices such as; circuit breakers, current
transformers, etc.
o Bay level: It is the middle level where the protection distributed control
equipment is located. these devices are generally hardwired to bay level and the e
transferred data basically consists of binary and analogue input or output
information such as voltage and current transformer outputs and trip controls from
the protective relay.
o Station level: it is the upper level where centralized system computers, human
interface(HMI) and gateways for connections to network control center (NCC) are
located.

Chapter 5- EHV TRANSMISSION LINES.

5.1-Need of transmission lines
 To transmit bulk power from one place to another place.
 Link between the Generating stations and Receiving Stations.
 Normally load centers are far away from the generation points & hence EHV
transmission lines are required.
 In view of the high cost of EHV transmission lines it is necessary to design them most
economically.
5.2-Components of Transmission line

 Power Conductor.
 Earth wire.
 Insulators and hardware.
 Conductor & G/w accessories.
 Super structure.
 Tower accessories.
 Tower foundation.
 Earthing of tower.
5.3-TRANSMISSION TOWERS
 The main supporting unit of overhead

transmission line is Transmission tower. Transmission
towers have to carry the heavy transmission conductor
at a sufficient safe height from ground. In addition to
that all towers have to sustain all kinds of natural
calamities. So transmission tower designing is an
important engineering job where all three basic
engineering concepts, civil, mechanical and electrical
engineering concepts are equally applicable.
 There are four major categories of transmission towers are suspension, terminal, tension,
and transposition. Some transmission towers combine these basic functions.
Transmission towers and their overhead power lines are often considered to be a form
of visual pollution.

 Three-phase electric power systems are used for high voltage (66 kV and above) and
extra-high voltage AC transmission lines. The towers must be designed to carry three (or
multiples of three) conductors. The towers are usually steel lattices or trusses and the
insulators are either glass or porcelain discs or composite insulators using silicone rubber
or EPDM rubber material assembled in strings or long rods whose lengths are dependent
on the line voltage and environmental conditions.
 Typically, one or two ground wires, also called "guard" wires, are placed on top to
intercept lightning and harmlessly divert it to ground. Towers for high and extra-high
voltage are usually designed to carry two or more electric circuits. If a line is constructed
using towers designed to carry several circuits, it is not necessary to install all the circuits
at the time of construction. Indeed, for economic reasons, some transmission lines are
designed for three (or four) circuits, but only two (or three) circuits are initially installed.
Transmission towers are supporting structures for

 Power Conductors
 Earth wires
1-Earth wires: Protects the power

conductors from lightning surges, and 1
provides continuous earth. It also acts
as return path for the fault current.
2
2-Power Conductors: Carry the
requisite power at various voltages,
Size & No. of conductor per phase is
decided on the quantum of power & the 3
voltage of the line.
3-Jumpers: Connecting two adjacent
spans in tension tower.
Insulators & Hard-wares:

To insulate the conductor live point from the metallic cross arm.
Insulator string of
• Porcelain Disc
• Toughened Glass Disc

• Long rod
• Silicon rubber composite insulators are adopted.
Broader classification of EHV lines.
 Transmission towers are categorized as

 Self-supporting Towers
 Guyed Towers
 These towers can be further classified based on the material used for construction of
towers:
 Lattice type fabricated steel structures
A lattice tower as shown in the figure 2 is a framework

construction made of steel or aluminium sections.
Lattice towers are used for power lines of all voltages,
and are the most common type for high-voltage
transmission lines. Lattice towers are usually made of
galvanized steel. Aluminium is used for reduced
weight, such as in mountainous areas where structures
are placed by helicopter. Aluminium is also used in
environments that would be corrosive to steel. The
extra material cost of aluminium towers will be offset
by lower installation cost. Design of aluminium lattice
towers is similar to that for steel, but must take into
account aluminium's lower Young's modulus.
 High Tensile Steel tubular poles (Mono Poles)

Poles made of tubular steel as shown in the figure 1 generally are
assembled at the factory and placed on the right-of-way
afterward. Because of its durability and ease of manufacturing
and installation, many utilities in recent years prefer the use of

monopole steel or concrete towers over lattice steel for new power lines and tower replacements.
 RCC/PSC/Spun Concrete poles

Concrete pylons as shown in the figure.4 are used
in Germany normally only for lines with operating voltages below
30 kV. In exceptional cases, concrete pylons are used also for 110
kV lines, as well as for the public grid or for the railway traction
current grid. In Switzerland, concrete pylons with heights of up to
59.5 metres is used.

Chapter 6-OIL TESTING.

Transformer oil, a type of insulating and cooling oil used in transformers and other electrical
equipment, needs to be tested periodically to ensure that it is still fit for purpose. This is because
it tends to deteriorate over time. Testing sequences and procedures are defined by various
international standards, many of them set by ASTM (American society for testing materials).
Testing consists of measuring breakdown voltage and other physical and chemical properties of
samples of the oil, either in a laboratory or using portable test equipment on site.
Transformer oil testing is important to:
 Determine essential electrical properties of transformer oil

 Identify if a certain oil is suitable for future use
 Detect whether regeneration or filtration is needed
 Reduce oil costs and enhance component life
 Prevent untimely failures and maximize safety
On site testing
Recently time-consuming testing procedures in test labs have been replaced by on-site oil testing
procedures. There are various manufacturers of portable oil testers. With low weight devices in
the range of 20 to 40 kg, tests up to 100 kV rms can be performed and reported on-site
automatically. Some of them are even battery-powered and come with accessories.
6.1-Types of tests:
6.1.1Breakdown voltage testing:
To assess the insulating property of dielectric transformer oil, a sample of the transformer
oil is taken and its breakdown voltage is measured. The lower the resulting breakdown
voltage, the poorer the quality of the transformer oil.
 The transformer oil is filled in the vessel of the testing device. Two standard-
compliant test electrodes with a typical clearance of 2.5 mm are surrounded by the
dielectric oil.
 A test voltage is applied to the electrodes and is continuously increased up to the

breakdown voltage with a constant, standard-compliant slew rate of e.g. 2 kV/s.
 At a certain voltage level breakdown occurs in an electric arc, leading to a collapse of

the test voltage.
 An instant after ignition of the arc, the test voltage is switched off automatically by
the testing device. Ultra-fast switches off is highly desirable, as the carbonisation due
to the electric arc must be limited to keep the additional pollution as low as possible.
 The transformer oil testing device measures and reports the rms value of the
breakdown voltage.

 After the transformer oil test is completed, the insulation oil is stirred automatically
and the test sequence is performed repeatedly: typically, 5 repetitions, depending on
the standard.
 As a result, the breakdown voltage is calculated as mean value of the individual
measurements.
6.1.2-Flash point of transformer oil.
 It is the temperature at which oil gives enough vapours to produce a flammable

mixture with air.
 This mixture gives momentary flash on the application of flame under standard
condition.
 Flashpoint is important because it specifies the chances of fire hazard in the

transformer.
 So it is desirable to have a very high flash point of transformer oil. In general, it is

more than 140 ̊c.
6.1.3-Viscosity of transformer oil.
 In few words, the viscosity of transformer oil can be said that viscosity is the
resistance of flow, in normal condition.
 Resistance to flow of transformer oil means obstruction of convection circulation of

oil inside the transformer. Good oil should have a low viscosity so that it offers less
resistance to the conventional flow of oil thereby not affecting the cooling of a
transformer.
 Low viscosity of transformer oil is essential, but it is equally important that the
viscosity of oil should increase as less as possible with a decrease in temperature.
 Every liquid becomes more viscous if the temperature decreases.
6.1.4-Acidity of transformer oil.
 Acidic transformer oil is a harmful property.
 If oil becomes acidic, the water content in the oil becomes more soluble in the oil.
 The acidity of oil deteriorates the insulation property of paper insulation of winding.

 Acidity accelerates the oxidation process in the oil. Acid also includes rusting of iron
in the presence of moisture.
 The acidity test of transformer oil can be used to measure the acidic constituents of
contaminants. We express the acidity of oil in mg of KOH required to neutralize the
acid present in a gram of oil. This is also known as neutralization number.
6.1.5-Furan analysis:
 Furan Analysis on transformer oil indicates the degree of degradation of the

transformer paper insulation.
 This is usually done in transformers aging above 15 years.
 Furan indicates the compounds of carbon and hydrogen.
 When the furan count is above 2500ppb, it means the transformer is about to fail.
 Furan Analysis is important in deciding when to discard a transformer unit or retain.
 By measuring the quantity and types of furans present in a transformer oil sample, the
paper insulation overall DP (degree of polymerisation) can be inferred with a high
degree of confidence.
 The types and concentration of furans in an oil sample can also indicate abnormal
stress in a transformer, whether intense, short duration overheating or prolonged,
general overheating. Furan analysis can be used to confirm Dissolved Gas Analysis
where carbon monoxide present indicates problems with solid insulation.
An aromatic compound is produced during this degradation called furan. Testing is

performed for five furans:
• 5H2F (5-hydroxymethl – 2-furaldehyde)—oxidation;

• 2FOL (2-furfurol)—high moisture;
• 2FAL (2-furaldehyde)—overheating, old fault;
• 2ACF (2-acetylfuran)—rare, lightning; and
• 5M2F (5-methyl – 2-furaldehyde)—local, severe overheat.
 Furan results are used to determine an average expected degree of polymerization for
the paper in the equipment. The calculated degree of polymerization is used to
estimate percentage of solid insulation life remaining inside the transformer.
 It has been shown that the amount of 2-furaldehyde in oil (usually the most prominent
component of paper decomposition) is directly related to the DP of the paper inside
the transformer. Paper in a transformer does not age uniformly and variations are
expected with temperature, moisture distribution, oxygen levels and other operating

conditions. The levels of 2-furaldehyde in oil relate to the average deterioration of the
insulating paper. Consequently, the extent of paper deterioration resulting from a "hot
spot" will be greater than indicated by levels of 2-furaldehyde in the oil.
6.1.6-Moisture titration:
 Karl Fischer calorimeter is used to find moisture percentage in the oil and this method
is called Karl Fischer volumetric titration.
 it done with the dissolution of iodine into to the oil
6.1.7-Interface tension:
 Interfacial Tension –The interfacial tension (IFT) test is employed as an indication

of the sludging characteristics of power transformer insulating oil. It is a test of IFT
of water against oil, which is different from surface tension in that the surface of the
water is in contact with oil instead of air.
6.1.8-Dissolved gas analysis(DGA):
 Oil is taken in a syringe of 150-250 ml and is given to a DGA chamber

 Head stock method is used in this process
 This chamber separates various gases like hydrogen, Carbon monoxide, Carbon
dioxide, Methane, Ethane, Acetylene, Ethylene, Propane and many others based on
our requirement
6.2-Testing of Transformers
The structure of the circuit equivalent of a practical transformer is developed earlier. The
performance parameters of interest can be obtained by solving that circuit for any load
conditions. The equivalent circuit parameters are available to the designer of the transformers
from the various expressions that he uses for designing the transformers. But for a user these are
not available most of the times. Also when a transformer is rewound with different primary and
secondary windings the equivalent circuit also changes. In order to get the equivalent circuit
parameters test methods are heavily depended upon. From the analysis of the equivalent circuit
one can determine the electrical parameters. But if the temperature rise of the transformer is
required, then test method is the most dependable one. There are several tests that can be done on
the transformer; however, a few common ones are discussed here.
Before proceeding with transformer measurements the test engineer will become familiar with
the safety rules. THESE RULES MUST BE FOLLOWED FOR ALL TEST PROCEDURES.
Following is an approximate sequence for transformer testing:
1. Inspect transformer and parts for shipping damage and moisture.
2. Check nameplate and prints for proper voltages and external phasing connection to the line or
bus.

3. Check calibration of all thermal gauges and hot-spot heater, bridge RTDs and associated alarm
contacts. Contact settings should be similar to the following:
 One stage runs all the time (forced cooling)
 2nd stage at 80°C
 3rd stage at 90°C
 Hot-spot alarm 100°C (trip at 110°C when applicable)
 Top-oil alarm 80°C at 55°C rise and 75°C at 65°C rise
 OA = no fans or pumps
 FA =fans running
 FOA = fans and pumps running
4. Check and Megger all wiring point to point: Fans, pumps, alarms, heaters, tap changers, and
all other devices on the transformer and interconnecting cables
5. All banks above 150 MVA should be vacuum dried. Do not apply test voltages to the winding
during the vacuum drying process. Make certain the terminals are shorted and grounded during
oil circulation because of the large amount of static charge that can build up on the winding.
6. After the tank has been filled with oil, confirm that an oil sample was sent to the Chemical
Lab and that its results are entered in the bank test reports. Note the oil level and temperature at
completion of filling.
7. Power operate to verify proper rotation of pumps and fans and correct operation of the under
load (UL) tap changer, when provided. Also, check heater, alarms and all other devices for
proper operation.

CHAPTER 7-REFLECTION NOTES
7.1- WORK EXPERIENCE
 Started from 4th July 2019 for a period of one month till date 31 July 2019. Internship
carried out at KPTCL is very good opportunity for an Electrical Engineer because of core
sector. Power system is vast network and there are many things to learn.
 we were guided under AEE, Here the AEE(Elec) is very knowledgeable with 15+ years
of experience in KPTCL also with strong technical knowledge guided me throughout my
internship tenure. And also every staff of substation and of kptcl corporate office helped
us for successful completion of internship.
 During my internship period we learnt that electricity plays an important role in our life.
The three important wings of electrical system are generation, transmission and
distribution are connected to each other and that too very perfectly.
 We are aware of how the transmission and distribution of electricity is done. we came to
know about the various parts of the substation. we learnt the operations & maintenance of
various equipments in power stations.
 We also aware of how load is managed during the variations of input and output of
substation. here load is managed accordingly by load monitoring and load shedding.
 Safety is the important factor. All the equipments in substation are properly grounded and
well maintained. Technicians who perform duty in substation yard uses safety shoes,
helmets, hand gloves and goggles etc.
 Mainly KPTCL has the motto of providing uninterrupted quality power supply.

7.2- CONCLUSION
Now from this report we conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life .from
the generation, the power is transmitted and distributed to consumer end using various
transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a power system.
in general, they represent an interface between different levels or sections of the power
system, with the capability to switch or reconfigure the connections among various
transmission and distribution lines.
The major stations include a control room from which operations are coordinated. smaller
distribution substations follow the same principle of receiving power at higher voltage on
one side and sending out a number of distribution feeders at lower voltage on the other,
but they serve a more limited local area and are generally unstaffed. the central
component of the substation is the transformer, as it provides the effective interface
between the high- and low-voltage parts of the system.
other crucial components are circuit breakers and switches. circuit breakers serve as
protective devices that open automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a
protective relay indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition. switches are
control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a
connection. an important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that breakers
are designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those very
situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular switches are designed
to be operable under normal currents. breakers are placed on both the high- and low-
voltage side of transformers. finally, substations may also include capacitor banks to
provide voltage support.
Thus for effective transmission and distribution a substation must:-
▪ Ensure steady state and transient stability.

▪ Effective voltage control.
▪ Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points.
▪ Fault analysis improvement in respective field.
▪ Establishment of economic load distribution.

REFERENCES:
WWW.kptcl.com
Google,wikepedia.
Electrical4u.com

Chapter 1-About The Organization.: Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited

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KPTCL-SUBSTATION AND E-PLANNING

Chapter 1- ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION.

KARNATAKA POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED

 Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the

 The various wings of KPTCL is as follows :

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 The Fifth Distribution Company

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 The mission of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) is to

 Encouraging Best practices in transmission & distribution.

1.4- Substations & Transmission Lines

Voltage Level No. of stations Transmission Line in CKMs

220 kV 101 11278.811

110 kV 413 10509.522

33kv 358 8931.839

TOTAL 1513 45056.185

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Chapter 2-ELECTRICAL SUB-STATION.

Sub-stations form an important element of transmission and distribution network of electric

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 Fault analysis and pin-pointing the cause and subsequent improvements.

2.3-Voltage Levels in AC Substations:

Reference Values of Nominal Voltages in AC substations are as under:

1 AC Substation 400kV, 220kV, 110kV, 66kV & 33 kV

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230V AC single phase, LVDC 220V, 110V, 48V

2.4-Sub-station Types & Design consideration:

2.5-Air Insulated Sub-stations (Conventional Type).

Single Main 110kV, 66kV & 33kV

Double Main and Aux/Double Main/

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2.6-Gas Insulated substation.

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A hybrid substation can be considered as techno-economic solution for locations where

2.8-Bus-bar Switching schemes:

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2.8.2-Single Bus-bar with sectionalizer:

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2.8.4-Double Bus bar with Auxiliary Bus:

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2.8.5- Double Bus -bar with bypass isolator:

2.8.6- Double Main Bus Bar with Transfer Bus scheme:

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2.8.7-One and a Half Breaker scheme:

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2.9-Electrical Layout Plan (ELP).

a) Between Phases (for Rigid Bus) 1.8M 2.0M 3.35M 6.0M

b) Between Phases (for Strung Bus) 2.0M 2.0M 3.65M 6.0M

c) Between Phase to Earth (Centre line 1.8M 2.1M 3.35M 6.0M

3 a) Height of cross bus conductor 8.5M 11.0M 13.5M 22.0M

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b) Bay width 7.6M 8.2M 14.0M 24.0M

c) Height of main bus 4.25M 4.6M 5.75M 12.5M

4 Height of centre of Terminal pad

a) Isolators adjacent to main bus 5.5M 6.35M 8.25M 8.0M

b) Other isolators and equipments 4.25M 4.6M 5.75M 8.0M

5 Materials of the bus

a) Main Aluminium tube BS 1600 63mm 75mm 75mm 125mm

i) Aluminium tube BS 1600 SCH. 50MM 63mm 63mm 100mm

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