Science and

technology in the
Philippines

National Institute of Molecular Biology and

Biotechnology Building at UP Diliman.
Science and technology in the Philippines
describes scientific and technological
progress made by the Philippines and
analyses related policy issues. The main
agency responsible for managing science
and technology (S&T) is the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST). There are
also sectorial councils for Forestry,
Agriculture and Aquaculture, the Metal
Industry, Nuclear Research, Food and
Nutrition, Health, Meteorology,
Volcanology and Seismology.

Among the men and women who have

made contributions to science are Fe del
Mundo in the field of pediatrics, Eduardo
Quisumbing in plant taxonomy, Gavino
Trono in tropical marine phycology and
Maria Orosa in the field of food
technology.[1]

History
Pre-Spanish Period

The Banaue Rice Terraces

Even before the colonization by the

Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the
natives of the archipelago already had
practices linked to science and
technology. Filipinos were already aware
of the medicinal and therapeutic properties
of plants and the methods of extracting
medicine from herbs. They already had an
alphabet, number system, a weighing and
measuring system and a calendar.
Filipinos were already engaged in farming,
shipbuilding, mining and weaving. The
Banaue Rice Terraces are among the
sophisticated products of engineering by
pre-Spanish era Filipinos.[2]

Spanish Colonial Period

The colonization of the Philippines
contributed to growth of science and
technology in the archipelago. The Spanish
introduced formal education and founded
scientific institution. During the early years
of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish
schools were established where religion,
reading, writing, arithmetic and music was
taught. Sanitation and more advanced
methods of agriculture was taught to the
natives. Later the Spanish established
colleges and universities in the archipelago
including the University of Santo Tomas.[2]

The study of medicine in the Philippines

was given priority in the Spanish era,
especially in the later years. The Spanish
also contributed to the field of engineering
in the islands by constructing government
buildings, churches, roads, bridges and
forts.[2] Biology is given focus.
Contributors to science in the archipelago
during the 19th century were botanists, Fr.
Ignacio Mercado., Dr. Trinidad Pardo de
Tavera and Dr. Leon Ma Guerrero, chemist
Anaclento del Rosario, and medicine
scholars Dr. Manuel Guerrero, Dr, Jose
Montes and Dr. Elrodario Mercado.[3]

The Galleon Trade have accounted in the

Philippine colonial economy. Trade was
given more focus by the Spaniard colonial
authorities due to the prospects of big
profits. Agriculture and industrial
development on the other hand were
relatively neglected.[3] The opening of the
Suez Canal saw the influx of European
visitors to the Spanish colony and some
Filipinos were able to study in Europe who
were probably influenced by the rapid
development of scientific ideals brought by
the Age of Enlightenment.[3]

American Period and Post-

Commonwealth era
Angel Alcala is a national scientist noted for his work in
marine and aquatic biology.

The progress of science and technology in

the Philippines continued under American
rule. On July 1, 1901 The Philippine
Commission established the Bureau of
Government Laboratories which was
placed under the Department of Interior.
The Bureau replaced the Laboratorio
Municipal, which was established under
the Spanish colonial era. The Bureau dealt
with the study of tropical diseases and
laboratory projects. On October 26, 1905,
the Bureau of Government Laboratories
was replaced by the Bureau of Science and
on December 8, 1933, the National
Research Council of the Philippines was
established.[2] The Bureau of Science
became the primary research center of the
Philippines until World War II.[4]

Science during the American period was

inclined towards agriculture, food
processing, medicine and pharmacy. Not
much focus was given on the development
of industrial technology due to free trade
policy with the United States which
nurtured an economy geared towards
agriculture and trade.[4]

In 1946 the Bureau of Science was

replaced by the Institute of Science. In a
report by the US Economic Survey to the
Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic
information which were necessities to the
country's industries, lack of support of
experimental work and minimal budget for
scientific research and low salaries of
scientists employed by the government. In
1958, during the regime of President
Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress
passed the Science Act of 1958 which
established the National Science
Development Board.[4]

Marcos Era and Martial Law

During Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the

importance given to science grew. In the
amended 1973 Philippine Constitution,
Article XV, Section 9 (1), he declared that
the "advancement of science and
technology shall have priority in the
national development."[5] In his two terms
of presidency and during Martial Law, he
enacted many laws promoting science and
technology.
In his Second State of the Nation Address
on January 23, 1967, he declared that
science was necessary for the
development programs, and thus, directed
the Department of Education to revitalize
the science courses in public high schools.
The Department of Education, with the
National Science Development Board
(NSDB), is organizing a project to provide
selected high schools with science
teaching equipment over a four-year
period.[6]

In his Third State of the Nation Address on

January 22, 1968, he recognized that
technology was the leading factor in
economic development, and channeled
additional funds to support projects in
applied sciences and science education.[7]

In his Fourth State of the Nation Address

on January 27, 1969, he gave a big part of
the war damage fund to private
universities to encourage them to create
courses in science and technology and to
research. He stated that he planned a
project to have medical interns do a tour
of duty in provincial hospitals to arouse
their social conscious and reduce the
"brain drain." On April 6, 1968, he
proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig,
Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science
Community. The government also
conducted seminars for public and private
high school and college science teachers,
training programs and scholarships for
graduate and undergraduate science
scholars, and workshops on fisheries and
oceanography.[8]

In his Fifth State of the Nation Address on

January 26, 1970, he emphasized that the
upgrading of science curricula and
teaching equipment is crucial to the
science development program. He added
the Philippine Coconut Research Institute
to the NSDB to modernize the coconut
industry. The NSDB also established the
Philippine Textile Research Institute. The
Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of
the NSDB explored the uses of atomic
energy for economic development. Marcos
assisted 107 institutions in undertaking
nuclear energy work by sending scientists
to study nuclear science and technology
abroad, and providing basic training to 482
scientists, doctors, engineers, and
technicians.[9]

In his Seventh State of the Nation Address

on January 24, 1972, he spoke about his
major development projects in reforming
sectors of education. Such projects
included research and development
schools, technical institutes, science
education centers, and agricultural
colleges and vocational high schools.[10]

In 1972, he created the National Grains

Authority to provide for the development of
the rice and corn industry to fully harness
it for the economy of the country.
(Presidential Decree No. 4, s. 1972)[11] He
established the Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research to support the
progressive development of agriculture,
forestry, and fisheries for the nation. It was
attached to the Department of Agriculture
and Natural Resources for administrative
purposes.[12] He provided further support
for the promotion of scientific research
and invention with Presidential Decree No.
49, s. 1972. This decree contains details
on the protection of intellectual property
for the creator or publisher of the work.[13]
He established the Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) under the
Department of National Defense to provide
environmental protection and to utilize
scientific knowledge to ensure the safety
of the people. (Presidential Decree No. 78,
s. 1972)[14]

In 1973, he created the Philippine National

Oil Company to promote industrial and
economic development through effective
and efficient use of energy sources.
(Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973)[15]

In 1976, he enacted a law under

Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to
establish the National Academy of Science
and Technology, which is composed of
scientists with "innovative achievement in
the basic and applied sciences," to serve
as a reservoir of scientific and
technological expertise for the country.[16]

In 1978, he created a Task Force on the

formulation of a national action program
on science and technology to assess
policies and programs of science and
technology. (Executive Order No. 512, s.
1978)[17] In his Fourteenth State of the
Nation Address on July 23, 1979, he said
that the government invested funds and
time in organizations for scientific
research, such as the NSDB, the Philippine
Council for Agricultural Research and
Resources, the Plant Breeding Institute, the
International Rice Research Institute, the
Bureau of Plant Industry, and the Bureau of
Forest Products. While these projects have
had breakthroughs, the market machinery
did not adapt and invest in this technology
due to the high-risk front-end costs.[18]
In 1979, he constituted the Health
Sciences Center created by R.A. No. 5163
as an autonomous member within the
University of the Philippines System to
improve the internal organization and unity
of leadership within its units. (Executive
Order No. 519, s. 1979)[19]

In 1980, he created the National

Committee on Geological Sciences to
advise government and private entities on
matters concerning development in
geological sciences. (Executive Order No.
625, s. 1980)[20]
In 1982, he reorganized the National
Science Development Board and its
agencies into a National Science and
Technology Authority to provide central
direction and coordination of scientific and
technological research and development.
(Executive Order No. 784, s. 1982)[21] He
granted salary increases to the people with
teaching positions in the Philippine Science
High School due to their necessity in the
advancement of national science.
(Executive Order No. 810, s. 1982).[22] He
enacted a law on the completion of the
National Agriculture and Life Sciences
Research Complex at the University of the
Philippines at Los Baños. (Executive Order
No. 840, s. 1982)[23]

In 1986, he established the Mindanao and

Visayas campuses of the Philippine
Science High School to encourage careers
in science and technology and to be more
accessible to the talented students in the
Mindanao and Visayas areas. (Executive
Order No. 1090, s. 1986)[24]

Fifth Republic
Filipina food technologist Maria Y. Orosa (1893–1945)
is credited with inventing banana ketchup.[25][26]

In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's

presidency, the National Science and
Technology Authority was replaced by the
Department of Science and Technology,
giving science and technology a
representation in the cabinet. Under the
Medium Term Philippine Development Plan
for the years 1987-1992, science and
technology's role in economic recovery
and sustained economic growth was
highlighted. During Corazon Aquino's State
of the Nation Address in 1990, she said
that science and technology development
shall be one of the top three priorities of
the government towards an economic
recovery.[4]

On August 8, 1988, Corazon Aquino

created the Presidential Task Force for
Science and Technology which came up
with the first Science and Technology
Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP
was for the Philippines to achieve newly
industrialized country status by the year
2000.[4] The Congress did not put much
priority in handling bills related to science
and technology. The Senate Committee on
Science and Technology was one of the
committees that handles the least amount
of bills for deliberation.[4]

Former DOST Secretary Ceferin Follosco

reported that the budget allocation for
science and technology was increased to
1.054 billion pesos in 1989 from the
previous year's 464 million pesos.
However, due to the Asian financial crisis,
budget allocation for the years 1990 and
1991 were trimmed down to 920 and 854
million pesos respectively. Budget
allocation were increased to 1.7 billion
pesos in 1992.[4]

During her term, President Corazon Aquino

encouraged scientists and inventors to
bring the Philippines to its former position
as second to only Japan in the field of
science and technology. One of the goals
of her administration was to achieve the
status as being an industrialized country
by 2000. She urged that the private
research sector form a stronger bond
between public research to help jump-start
the progress in the area of Philippine
Research and Development.[27]
Ironically, it was during President Corazon
Aquino’s term and the reorganization of
Philippine bureaucracy that Executive
Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859,
also known as the “Philippine Inventors
Incentive Act.” This Philippine Inventors
Commission was under the Science
Development board. It gave assistance to
Filipino inventors through giving financial
aid, patent application assistance, legal
assistance, and to help inventors market
their products domestically and abroad.[28]
Despite the abolishment of the Philippine
Inventors Commission, her administration
gave rise to new avenues for the
government to aid the progress of Science
and Technology in the country.

R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary

Education Act of 1988 opened doors to
free education up to the secondary level,
implemented in the education system
together with this was the “Science for the
Masses Program” which aimed at
scientific and technological literacy among
Filipinos. The Aquino administration
recognized the importance of science and
technology in the development of the
Philippines into a newly industrialized
country. Funding for the science and
technology sector was tripled from 464
million in 1986 to 1.7 billion in 1992. The
Science and Technology Master Plan was
formulated which aimed at the
modernization of the production sector,
upgrading research activities, and
development of infrastructure for science
and technological purposes. A Research
and Development Plan was also
formulated to examine and determine
which areas of research needed attention
and must be given priority. The criteria for
identifying the program to be pursued
were, development of local materials,
probability of success, potential of product
in the export market, and the its strategic
nature. The grants for the research and
development programs was included in the
Omnibus Investment Law.[1]

There were noticeable improvements

regarding science and technology as
stated in President Fidel Ramos' State of
the Nation Address. In his third SONA,
there was a significant increase in
personnel specializing in the science and
technology field. At 1998, the Philippines
was estimated to have around 3,000
competent scientists and engineers.
Adding to the increase of scientists would
be the result of the two newly built
Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas
and Mindanao which promotes further
development of young kids through
advance S&T curriculum.[29] The
government provided 3,500 scholarships
for students who were taking up
professions related to S&T. Schools were
becoming more modernized and updated
with the addition of high-tech equipment
for student improvement and teachers
were getting training programs to benefit
themselves and their students. Health care
services were promoted through local
programs such as "Doctors to the Barrio
Program." The health care programs were
innovative and effective as shown by the
change in life expectancy from 67.5 years
in 1992 to 69.1 years in 1995.[30]
Priority for S&T personnel increased when
Magna Carta for Science and Technology
Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was
established. The award was published in
order to give incentives and rewards for
people who have been influential in the
field of S&T. In the sixth SONA, education
was one of the primary story-lines wherein
programs such as National Program for
Gifted Filipino Children in Science and
Technology and enactment of a law
creating a nationwide system of high
schools specializing in the field of science
and engineering.[31]
Fidel V. Ramos believes that science and
technology was one of the means wherein
the Philippines could attain the status of
new industrialized country (NIC). During his
term, he was able to establish programs
that were significant to the field of S&T. In
1993, Science and Technology Agenda for
National Development (STAND) was
established. Among its priorities were: (1)
exporting winners identified by the DTI; (2)
domestic needs identified by the
President's Council for Countryside
Development; (3) support industries and
(4) coconut industry development.
Congress, during his term, was able to
enact laws that were significant for the
field. Among were: (1) Magna Carta for
Science and Technology Personnel
(Republic Act No. 8439); (2) Science and
Technology Scholarship Law of 1994
(Republic Act No. 7687) and (3) Inventors
and Inventions Incentives Act (Republic Act
No. 7459). The Intellectual Property Code
of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293)
was enacted during Ramos' term. The law
provides industrial property rights,
copyrights and related rights, and
technology transfer arrangements.[32]

In President Joseph Estrada's term, two

major legislations that he signed were
Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic
Act No. 8749[33]) which was designed to
protect and preserve the environment and
ensure the sustainable development of its
natural resources, and Electronic
Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No.
8792)[34] which outlaws computer hacking
and provides opportunities for new
businesses emerging from the Internet-
driven New Economy. Aside from these, in
his first State of the Nation Address,
President Estrada launched a full-scale
program based on cost-effective irrigation
technologies. He also announced that
Dole-outs are out, which meant basic
health care, basic nutrition, and useful
education for those who want, but cannot
afford it. Lastly, he said that they would
speed up the program to establish one
science high school in every province.[35] It
was in his second State of the Nation
Address that President Estrada announced
the passage of the Clean Air Act, and the
decision to pursue the 15-year
modernization program of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines.[36] His last State
of the Nation Address pushed for the
advancement of industries and schools
into the Internet age, as well as the
announcement of the passage of the e-
Commerce Act.[37]
In the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
administration, the science and technology
sector of the Philippines was dubbed as
the "golden age" of science and
technology by then secretary Estrella
Albastro [3]. Numerous laws and projects
that concerns both the environment and
science to push technology as a tool to
increase the country's economic level. This
is to help increase the productivity from
Science, Technology and Innovations (STI)
and help benefit the poor people.
Moreover, the term "Filipinnovation" was
the coined term used in helping the
Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia.
[4]
The STI was developed further by
strengthening the schools and education
system such as the Philippine Science
High School (PSHS), which focuses in
science, technology and mathematics in
their curriculum. This helps schools
produce get more involve in this sector.
Private sectors were also encouraged to
participate in developing the schools
through organizing events and
sponsorships. Future Filipino scientists
and innovators can be produced through
this system[4]

Helping the environment was one of the

focus in developing technology in the
Philippines. One of the more known laws
to be passed by her administration was
the R.A. 9367 or the "Biofuels" act. This act
promotes the development and usage of
biofuels throughout the country. This
potentially enables a cheaper alternative to
gasoline as a medium in producing energy.
Also, this benefits the environment since it
boasts a cleaner emission compared to
regular fuel. Yet, setbacks such as lack of
raw materials is holding the full
implementation of the laws since
importing the necessary materials are
imported more.[5] On one had, drought-free
rice was also highly encouraged to by used
during her term. This enables farmers to
produce rice despite the environmental
hazards that slows or stops the
production.[3]

In an effort to improve the efficiency of

both land and water, the government
imposes Republic Act 10601 which
improves the Agriculture and Fisheries
Sector through Mechanization (AFMech).
RA 10601 covers research, development,
and extension (RDE), promotion,
distribution, supply, assembling,
manufacturing, regulation, use, operation,
maintenance and project implementation
of agricultural and fisheries machinery and
equipment (Section 4).[38]
In 2014, President Aquino conferred four
new National Scientist for their
contribution in the Scientific field,[39]
Academicians Gavino C. Trono, Angel C.
Alcala, Ramon C. Barba, and Edgardo D.
Gomez was honored in their respective
fields. Trono's contribution helped a lot of
families in the coastal populations through
the extensives studies he made on
seaweed species. On the other hand,
Alcala served as the pioneer scientist and
advocate of coral reefs aside from his
contribution in the fields of systematics,
secology and herpetology. Barba's
contribution changes the seasonal supply
of fresh fruits to an all year round
availability of mangoes through his studies
on the induction of flowering of mango and
micropropagation of important crop
species. Lastly, Gomez steered the
national-scale assessment of damage
coral reefs which led a national
conservation.

Science and Technology

Fields
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Life Sciences
Life Sciences is a very broad field, it
encompasses numerous specializations. It
is commonly defined by sciences that
pertain to living organisms like
microorganisms, plants, animals, and
most importantly human beings. Some of
the well-known fields in the Life Sciences
are zoology, botany, biology, microbiology,
biotechnology, and biomedical
technologies.

In the Philippines, the various fields of the

Life Sciences is under the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST). This
government office is responsible for the
coordination and funding of different
researches by Filipino scientists and
inventors, which can potentially help the
progress of science and technology in the
Philippines. There are different agencies
under DOST which cater to specialized
fields, these are the Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA), Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS),
and the Philippine Council for Agriculture,
Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research
Development (PCAARRD). The Secretary of
Science and Technology is appointed by
the president of the Republic of the
Philippines, and this position has no fixed
term. The incumbent Secretary of Science
and Technology is Mario G. Montejo, a
professor of the University of the
Philippines Diliman, he was appointed by
President Benigno Aquino III on June 29,
2010.

Botany and Biology

Botany and biology are two of the highly

sought-after research topics in the
Philippines, given its rich biodiversity in
flora and fauna.
Eucheuma denticulatum is a species of red alga that
naturally exists in the country.

Several Filipino scientist have pioneered in

the field of biology. Eduardo Quisumbing, a
biologist who graduated MS in Botany at
the University of the Philippines Los Baños
in 1921, and Ph.D. in Plant Taxonomy,
Systematics and Morphology at the
University of Chicago in 1923. He
conducted research on taxonomic and
morphological papers deal with orchids[40]
and authored the book Medicinal Plants of
the Philippines.[41] The species of
Saccolabium quisumbingii was named
after him. Dioscoro L. Umali, is an
agriculturist that was dubbed as the Father
of Philippine Plant Breeding due to the
programs he conducted that are related to
rainfed and upland agriculture, social
forestry, and environmental
preservation.[42] Marine biologist helped
improve the knowledge on aquatic
resources like Angel Alcala, a biologist
who was recognized for his research on
amphibians and reptiles diversity and
marine biodiversity in the country and
served as consultant on marine and
aquatic projects under the United Nations
Environment Programme, World Bank,
Asian Development Bank and others,[43]
Gavino Trono, a biologist who was dubbed
as the Father of Kappaphycus farming for
his contributions to the study of tropical
marine phycology, focusing on seaweed
biodiversity, established the largest
phycological herbarium in the country –
the G.T. Velasquez Herbarium in the
University of the Philippines’ Marine
Science Institute, and authored a book that
was considered as the most authoritative
books in the country on the seaweed flora
titled Field guide and atlas of the seaweed
resources of the Philippines.[44]
Biotechnology

The Philippines Biofuel Act of 2006, RA

9376 mandates an increase of the
minimum 5% bioethanol blend (E5) in
gasoline to 10% ethanol blend (E10). In
2011, 600 million liters of gasoline was
consumed by car owners in the Philippines,
if the 10% bioethanol blend would be
followed, this would be equivalent to 1
million metric tons of sugar.

Ethanol is an alcohol produced from

fermenting carbohydrates in plants.
Bioethanol can be produced mainly from
three different kinds of raw materials,
namely simple sugars, starch, and
lignocellulosic biomass. Since the prices
of the raw materials are very volatile and
can easily change, lignocellulosic biomass
has been extensively studied due to its
cheap price and abundance in agricultural
countries like the Philippines. Some of the
top sources of lignocellulosic biomass are
forest residues, municipal solid wastes,
and agricultural wastes like sugarcane
baggase, nipa sap, rice straws, etc.[45]

Numerous studies have been done by

Filipino scientists on what raw material
should be used to achieve an efficient and
cost-effective bioethanol production.
Studies on nipa sap showed that
molasses is still more advantageous to
use, as for the same amount of bioethanol
produced, a greater amount of nipa sap
was needed compared to molasses.[46] A
study by Tan et al.reports on corn as being
viable for bioethanol production, and could
give a yield of around 0.37 Liters per
kilogram of corn used.[47] Other studies
showed that sugarcane juice produced
approximately 70 Liters per ton of sugar,
but using sugracane juice as the primary
feedstock for bioethanol production,
would be problematic, as this would mean
that it would be competing with the sugar
production in the country. These problems
have pushed Filipino scientists today, to
continue searching for alternatives to
sugarcane. One of the most promising
fields is the study of lignocellulosic
agricultural wastes, as they are abundant
and very cheap.

A study by Del Rosario in 1982 identified

sweet sorghum as a possible source of
ethanol, it is a very adaptive crop which
can withstand drought and grow in the
low-lands as well as in the high lands.[48] A
study by the International Crop Research
Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics
(ICRISAT) showed that the production
costs for sweet sorghum is higher than
sugarcane by 4.28%, but this is balanced
out by the grain yield of 1 ton per hectare.
In 2007, the University of Philippines-Los
Banos, together with the Bureau of
Agricultural Research (BAR) and ICRISAT
conducted studies on sweet sorghum as
feedstock for bioethanol production.

In 2013 the Bureau of Agricultural

Research (BAR) announced that the
country may start producing its first sweet
sorghum-based bioethanol. The Philippine
National Oil Co. -Alternative Fuels Corp
and the San Carlos Bioenergy Inc. are
discussing on creating a 1,000 hectare
sweet sorghum plantation solely for the
purpose of using the produce as feedstock
for bioethanol production.[49]

Engineering

Engineering is the field of science that

applies both science and math to solve
problems. It concerns the use of
technology in practical ways that can
advance the human condition. Some of the
fields of engineering include mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, civil
engineering, structural engineering, and
industrial engineering.[50]
In the Philippines, many organizations and
research institutes for engineering were
established, such as the National
Engineering Center and the Philippine
Institute of Civil Engineers.

The National Engineering Center (NEC)

was first established on January 27, 1978
as the research arm of the University of
the Philippines College of Engineering. It
absorbed the UP Industrial Research
Service Center, the National Hydraulic
Research Center, the Training Center for
Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry, the
Transport Training Center, and the Building
Research Service.[51]
The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
(PICE) was the result of the merging of
two separate civil engineer organizations,
the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers
(PSCE) and the Philippine Association of
Civil Engineers (PACE), on December 11,
1973. It was given accreditation by the
Professional Regulation Commission on
August 13, 1975 as the only official
recognized organization of civil engineers
in the Philippines.[52] It was established to
advance the knowledge and research and
to maintain high ethical standards of civil
engineering.[53]
The University of the Philippines also
established the National Center for
Transportation Studies (NCTS) to
contribute to scholarly research and
training in the field of transportation. They
advocate sustainable transport, integrated
transport system, road safety, and
institutional development.[54] They release
advisories and feature studies by both
undergraduate and graduate students on
transportation. For example, the NCTS
website links to downloads of Emer T.
Quezon's research into the effects of
flyover construction on traffic flow in
Nagtahan and R. Magsaysay Boulevard
intersection in 1994,[55] as well as the
research of Franklyn T. Amistad and Jose
Regin F. Regidor, Dr. Eng. researched into
ways to improve traffic management and
congestion in Vigan without sacrificing its
legacy as a World Heritage Site.[56]

Ricardo G. Sigua is a professor who

contributed to engineering research in the
Philippines. Sigua, a professor at the
Institute of Civil Engineering in the
University of the Philippines, Diliman, wrote
a book called The Fundamentals of Traffic
Engineering due to the scarcity of
textbooks on the traffic engineering
relevant to the Philippine context. His book
covers topics such as traffic management
and regulations, traffic flow, traffic studies,
intersection design and control, geometric
design of highways, road safety, traffic
accident analysis, travel demand
forecasting, the origin-destination table
(OD Matrix), and the intelligent
transportation system.[57]

Electronic products accounted for 40% of

the Philippines' export revenue in April
2013, according to the Semiconductor and
Electronics Industry in the Philippines, Inc.,
which groups 250 Filipino and foreign
companies, including Intel. The share of
high-tech products among exports
declined between 2008 and 2013 from
US$26.9 billion to US$19.7 billion.[58]

Agriculture and Aquaculture

Agriculture is the field in science wherein it

concerns with the different techniques of
land cultivation, crop and livestock raising,
or otherwise, farming.[59] The Department
of Agriculture (Philippines) (DA) is a
government agency responsible for the
development of the Philippine's agriculture
by generating policies, investments, and
support services which are significant in
the local and export-oriented trade.[60] In
the Philippine Development Plan (PDP),
Chapter 4: Competitive and Sustainable
Agriculture and Fisheries Sector, both
agriculture and fisheries sector provides
the needs and raw materials for the
market and surplus labor to the industry
and service sectors. The focus for
improvement would be to generate more
opportunities of employments and
increased income for the farmers which
would encourage participation from them.
Development of the agricultural sector is
critical in maintaining an affordable price
for food especially for the poor which,
then, could be translated to inclusive
growth and poverty reduction.[60] Proceso
J. Alcala is a former district representative
and the recently appointed DA secretary by
President Benigno Aquino III in 2010. He is
considered the 'Father of Organic
Agriculture' because of his work in the
Organic Agricultural Act of 2010 (RA
10068).[61]

Developments regarding the research and

technology of Philippine agriculture are
currently in the works. Most of the
researches are inclined in solving the
problem of increasing hunger in the
country by creating a more efficient and
cheaper process of yielding produce. The
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
is an international research consortium,
including the Philippines, which serves to
improve the rice production and quality
through biotechnology and research. One
of their ongoing research involves
changing the normal C3 carbon fixation
mechanism of rice into a supercharged
photosynthetic mechanism, C4 carbon
fixation. Converting rice from a C3 plant
into a C4 plant would be beneficial
because the latter can efficiently produce
more yield than the former in a given and
limited amount of resources (land, water,
and fertilizer) which bodes well to the
Philippines' situation.[62] IRRI have made
calculations which shows that converting
rice into a C4 plant would increase the
yield at around 30-50%, demonstrating a
double water-use efficiency, and providing
more at less fertilizer usage.[62] Other rice
varieties have been developed to increase
efficiency without sacrificing the quality
too much. PSB Rc26H (Magat), PSB
Rc72H (Mestizo), and PSB Rc76H (Panay)
are some of the rice hybrids developed but
only Mestizo is currently available for
planting. The texture and taste quality of
Mestizo is comparable to the normal grain,
IR64.[63]

Overall records and statistics about

Philippine agricultural growth is provided
by the CountrySTAT Philippines. In 2014,
gross domestic product (GDP) increased
by 6.13%. The gross value added (GVA) in
agriculture and fishing went up by 1.60%
and this accounted for 10% of the GDP
increase. There was an increase in the
production of livestock rated at 1.01%.
Gross outputs of the following livestock
showed an increase at different rates: hog,
cattle, carabao, goat, chicken, duck, and
other products such as chicken eggs and
dairy. There was an increase in the prices
of different produce such as crops, fruits,
and livestock and a decrease in the prices
of vegetables. Food and other non-
alcoholic beverage had an increase of
6.68%. Earnings from exports increased by
5.78% and top earners were from coconut
oil and banana. Expenditures for imports
increased by 19.86% and the highest
spending were from wheat and milk
products. The labor force totaled to 40.05
million and 11.21 million were employed in
the agriculture sector which was around
30% of the national employment.

Metal Industry

This industry deals with the creation and

innovation of metallic and steel products.
The metal/steel industry have shown
remarkable technological dynamism over
the centuries and with the growing product
innovation, there have been a great
significance on the steels' economic and
political influence.[64] The Philippines have
become part of the growing revolution of
the industry. The Metal Industry Research
and Development Center (MIRDC) is a
government agency under the Department
of Science and Technology that supports
the local metals and engineering industry
through support services enhancing the
industry's competitive advantage. The
agency's mission would consist of
providing both public and private sectors
with professional management and
technical expertise, quality control,
research and development, technology
transfer, and business advisory
services.[65]

MIRDC have been cooperating with

different organizations to create
technology for various improvements and
purposes. The Automated Guideway
Transit (AGT) System and the Road Train
were unveiled to the public during the
annual Lantern Parade in the University of
the Philippines Diliman. It was a
collaboration between UP Diliman and
MIRDC for the purpose of faster travel time
for students in UP and the public. It had
two stations, one located along C.P. Garcia
and the other one is along the University
Avenue.[66] The Hand Tractor was from the
works of both MIRDC and Center for
Postharvest Development and
Mechanization (PhilMech). The concept of
the equipment is a transplanter-attached
hand tractor and harvester-attached hand
tractor wherein rice transplanting and
harvesting implements are readily
available from the tractor. Farmers would
benefit from this because of the reduced
cost and more utilization of hand
tractor.[67]

Statistics of recent steel and steel-related

industry developments were published by
the Census of Philippine Business and
Industry (CPBI) of the National Statistics
Office (NSO) with 2001 as the reference
year. The industry totaled to 1,895
establishment which is 29.6% of the
manufacturing firms. Of all the
establishments, 403 or 21.3% of the steel
industries were from intermediate steel
sector and 1,246 were from manufacturing
industries. The steel industry was able to
contribute 369,985 worker to the
manufacturing sector. Total compensation
paid by the steel industry reached to P47.9
billion which was about 41.2% of the total
salaries and employers' contributions
SSS/GSIS. The total expenses made by the
industry was valued at P692.6 billion which
accounted for 48.8% of the costs made by
the manufacturing establishments. The
total output of the industry was estimated
at P832 billion which accounted for 46.3%
of the manufacturing output valued at
P1,795.8 billion.[68]

Food and Nutrition

Food science or nutritional science is the

field of science studying the nature of
foods and the natural changes in them
resulting from handling and processing.[69]
It is the science concerned with food and
nourishment and the role of nutrients in
health. In the Philippines, food and
nutrition research investigates the ideal
diet for Filipinos to solve the problem of
malnutrition and the current state of
nutrition.

The Food and Nutrition Research Institute

(FNRI) is the principal research arm of the
Philippine government in food and
nutrition. It was first created in 1947 as the
Institute of Nutrition to serve as a clearing-
house of data and information regarding
nutrition.[70] In 1949, it was authorized to
conduct research in the applied science of
food, as well.[71] The FNRI was
reorganized in Executive Order No. 128, s.
1987 to redefine its mandate to research
food and nutrition in order to research and
identify solutions to malnutrition problems,
develop programs, projects, and policies to
address malnutrition, and disseminate
these findings.[72] In accordance with
these functions, the Food Composition
Laboratory was established. Now known
as the Food Analytical Service Laboratory
(FASL), it is the pioneering laboratory
researching into the food and nutrient
composition of Philippine foods. Their
services include chemical testing,
microbiological testing, physico-chemical
testing, and research and consultancy
services.[73] FNRI also develops simple
recipes for small scale and household use,
especially for the consumption by infants
and children. They provide the nutritional
information, properties and even market
potential.[74]

Aside from the FNRI, Philippine scientists

have been researching into food science.
Patricia T. Arroyo, Ph.D., an assistant
professor and chairman of the Department
of Fisheries Technology of the University
of the Philippines, Diliman wrote The
Science of Philippine Foods as a reference
for students of food chemistry and food
technology to be used instead of foreign
books. This book is a compilation of
scattered literature about Philippine foods
and contains information about the
structure, composition, methods in
preparation, standards of quality,
preservation, and experiments about
various food such as eggs, rice, red meat,
poultry, fish, fruits, vegetables, fats, oils,
milk, milk products, wheat, flour, and
sugar.[75]

Maria Ligaya T. Braganza, Ed.D, the Dean

of the School of Food Science and
Technology at the Philippine Women's
University conducts applied researches on
food and product development.[76] One of
her studies investigates the use of banana
flour as a wheat flour extender in pan de
sal and doughnuts.[77]

Ame P. Garong, a museum researcher at

the National Museum of the Philippines,
published Ancient Filipino Diet:
Reconstructing Diet from Human Remains
Excavated in the Philippines based on her
doctoral dissertation. Using isotope
analysis, she reconstructed the diet from
the archaeological human remains from
different burial sites in the Philippines.
Based on the bone, hair, muscle samples
and plant and animal tissues, Garong
traced the diet of ancient Filipinos.
Filipinos in the pre-colonial and early
colonial past ate mostly aquatic resources
(such as marine fish, freshwater shellfish,
and coral reef resources). Some samples
showed that the ancient Filipinos practiced
prolonged breast feeding.[78]

Health

One aspect of healthcare is the diagnosis,

treatment and prevention of diseases; the
other pertains to provisions for medical
care for people in the community. In the
Philippines, healthcare is under the
Department of Health (DOH). This
government office is responsible for
organizing public healthcare and making
sure that all Filipino citizens have access
to quality health services. This office is
also responsible for supervising and
funding researches pertaining to new
medicines and medical devices. The DOH
has different bureaus, all of which have
different areas of specialization, these are
the Bureau of Health Devices and
Technology, Bureau of Health Facilities
and Services, Bureau of International
Health Cooperation, Bureau of Local
Health Development, Bureau of Quarantine
and International Health Surveillance, and
Food and Drug Administration. The DOH
has a budget of Php 87.6 billion for the
year 2015. The Secretary of Health is
nominated by the President of the Republic
of the Philippines, the incumbent Secretary
of Health is Janette Garin; she was
appointed last February 17, 2015.

The DOH has recently implemented the

Philippines eHealth Strategic Framework
and Plan (2013-2017) . This focuses on
the application of Information and
Communications Technologies for
healthcare. It draws up a long-term
strategic plan for the development and
implementation of eHealth services in the
Philippines. It looks into realizing a
national electronic public-health
information systems, if this is reached, it
can greatly improve the surveillance and
response to health emergencies, it can
also impact researches of epidemiological
nature, greatly speeding up the process as
sampling would be very convenient
already. Another program recently started
by the DOH is the Universal Health Care
high Impact Five (UHC-Hi-5), which
focuses on the regional operations and its
convergence in high priority poverty
program areas. Its goal is for tangible
outputs within a 15-month period of its
implementation.

Anti-cancer research
Soybean is a very sought-after crop, as its
by products are used to generate
bioethanol, and most importantly it is
linked with cancer research. During the
past decade, soybean has been
extensively studied due to its 43-amino
acid polypeptide called Lunasin. The anti-
cancer properties of Lunasin was first
discovered by Dr Alfredo Galvez and Dr.
Benito de Lumen, both Filipino doctors,
when they were enhancing the nutritional
properties of soy protein. Dr. Galvez
observed mitotic disruptive properties of
Lunasin in mammalian cancer cells, he
saw that it prevented normal cells from
turning into cancerous cells. This
eventually lead to more research about its
anti-cancer properties. In 2005, Dr. de
Lumen conducted an experiment on
Lunasin using skin cancer mouse models,
he discovered that Lunasin internalizes in
mammals within minutes of exogenous
application, it eventually ends up in the
nucleus wherein it inhibits the acetylation
of core histones. Dr de Lumen observed
that in spite of Lunasin’s anti-cancer
properties, it does not inhibit the growth of
normal mammalian cell lines.[79]

A very recent study on Lunasin showed

that at certain doses, it reduced non-small
cell lung cancer tumor volume by 63%, it
also showed a capability of inhibiting non-
small cell lung cancer cells by suppressing
the cell-cycle dependent phosphorylation
of the retinoblastoma protein.[80] More
studies of Lunasin also showed that it
possesses antioxidative, anti-
inflammatory, and a cholesterol regulating
role; all of which makes it a very good
potential source of dietary
supplements.[81] All of these researches
would have not been at the level of where
it is now, if not for the Filipino doctors who
first discovered Lunasin.

Social sciences
Encarnacion Alzona, the first Filipina to get a Doctor of
Philosophy.

Notable Filipino scientist have been

contributors in the field of social science in
the country. Raul V. Fabella was an
academic, economist and scientist that
graduated in Seminario Mayor-Recoletos
(Bachelor of Philosophy; 1970); the
University of the Philippines School of
Economics (Master of Arts; 1975); and
Yale University (Doctor of Philosophy;
1982). He had written articles in both
theoretical and applied fields: political
economy and rent-seeking; the theory of
teams; regulation; international
economics; and mathematical economics
and was associated with the concepts of
"Olson ratio",[82] in rent-seeking, egalitarian
Nash bargaining solutions[83] and debt-
adjusted real effective exchange
rate.[84][85][86] Teodoro Agoncillo, a 20th-
century Filipino historian, and received the
national scientist award for his
contributions in the field of history. He
graduated from the University of the
Philippines (Bachelor of Philosophy; 1934)
and finished his Master of Arts degree in
the same university in 1935. He also wrote
books regarding the Philippine History like
History of the Filipino People.[87]
Encarnacion Alzona, a pioneering Filipino
historian, educator and suffragist became
the first filipina to obtain a Doctor of
Philosophy. She got her degree in history
and a master's degree from the University
of the Philippines and later obtained
another master's degree in history from
Radcliffe College in 1920, and a Ph.D. from
Columbia University in 1923. She was an
advocate of women suffrage in the
Philippines and authored the book The
Filipino Woman: Her Social, Economic and
Political Status (1565-1933).[88] that stated
a stable account for women despite their
lack in political and social rights.[89]

Forestry

Forestry is the field of science that

practice planting, managing and taking
care of trees. The governing body for the
Philippine forestry is the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR). This department started way back
in 1863, when the Spanish Royal Decree
established the Inspeccion General de
Montes. This was transformed into the
Department of Interior in 1901. Then when
the government reorganized, it became the
Department of Agriculture and Natural
Resources. During 1987, the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources was
formally established. Under this
department, the Forest Management
Bureau was the sector that focuses on
preserving the forest and the harvesting of
its resources.[90]

The Philippines have an actual forest cover

at 6.5 million hectares (ha) or 24% of the
total land area. A lot of Filipinos rely on
these resources for their survival. The
country's goal is to have a sustainable
forest-based industry that can contribute
to the socio-economic development and
support the disadvantaged sectors of
society. Several projects have been started
by the Forest Products Research and
Development and Institute (FPRDI) to
accomplish this goal. It starts with the
identification of the nation's tree species.
and subsequently developing the
products-based industry of wood and
lumber. The Institute also covers the
sustainable creation of furnishings using
wood, bamboo, rattan and vines.

Natural disaster preparedness

The Philippines is one of the world’s most

vulnerable countries to natural disasters.
Every year, between six and nine tropical
cyclones make landfall, alongside other
extreme events such as floods and
landslides. In 2013, the Philippines had the
misfortune to lie in the path of Cyclone
Haiyan (known as Yolanda in the
Philippines), possibly the strongest
tropical cyclone ever to hit land, with winds
that were clocked at up to 380 kph.[91]

To address disaster risk, the Philippines

has been investing heavily in critical
infrastructure and enabling tools such as
Doppler radars, generating 3D disaster-
simulation models from Light Detection
and Ranging (LiDAR) technology and the
wide-scale installation of locally
developed sensors for accurate and timely
disaster information nationwide. In
parallel, it has been building local
capability to apply, replicate and produce
many of these technologies.[91]

Science, technology and

innovation policy
Strategic framework and
related legislation

Harmonized Agenda, 2002-2020

The Department of Science and

Technology is the key government
institution for science and technology, with
policy development being co-ordinated by
a series of sectorial councils. Within the
framework of the current National Science
and Technology Plan, 2002–2020 (NSTP),
the strategic focus is on building
technological self-reliance. The
Harmonized Agenda for Science and
Technology, 2002–2020 reflects this focus
in its approach to problem-solving related
to inclusive growth and disaster risk
reduction. The Harmonized Agenda was
presented to the President in August 2014.
Although science and technology are
guided by the NSTP, the Harmonized
Agenda attempts to provide more detail of
how the country can become
technologically self-reliant to sustain
science and technology beyond the
mandate of the administration in power at
the time of the Agenda's adoption.[58]

The Harmonized Agenda focuses on the

development of critical technologies such
as remote sensing, LiDAR processing,
testing and metrology facilities, advanced
climate change and weather modelling,
advanced manufacturing and high-
performance computing. Five centres of
excellence are being established or
upgraded by 2020 in biotechnology,
nanotechnology, genomics,
semiconductors and electronic design.
The five centres of excellence are all
government-funded:[58]

the Centre for Nanotechnology

Application in Agriculture, Forestry and
Industry (est. 2014) is based at the
University of the Philippines Los Baños;
the Biotech Pilot Plant (est. 2012 and
since upgraded) is housed at the
University of the Philippines Los Baños;
the Philippine Genome Centre (est.
2009) is hosted by the University of the
Philippines Diliman; it operates two core
facilities in DNA sequencing and
bioinformatics;
the Advanced Device and Materials
Testing Laboratory is located in the
Department of Science and
Technology’s compound in Bicutan in
Taguig City and has been operational
since 2013; it houses three laboratories
in surface analysis, thermal, chemical
and metallurgical analysis; n the
Electronic Product Development Centre
will also be located in the Department of
Science and Technology’s compound in
Bicutan in Taguig City; it will provide
state-of-the-art design, prototyping and
testing facilities for printed circuit
boards.[91]
The government policies outlined above
are seeking to create and fund
infrastructure to support the development
of ‘core technologies', in order to solve
pressing problems. This approach
reinforces the economic rationale for
government intervention in the science
system to address market failures and
make markets work within the purview of
good governance. A key challenge will be
to build sufficiently solid infrastructure to
sustain current efforts. One example of the
virtues of sustained support for research
is the International Rice Research Institute
based in the city of Los Baños.[58]
Legislative reform

The Technology Transfer Act (2010) is

expected to enhance innovation by
providing a framework and support system
for the ownership, management, use and
commercialization of intellectual property
arising from government-funded research
and development (R&D).[58]

To better address needs in terms of

human capital, the Fast- Tracked Science
and Technology Scholarship Act (2013)
expands the coverage of existing
scholarship programmes and strengthens
the teaching of science and mathematics
in secondary schools. The Philippine
National Health Research System Act
(2013), meanwhile, has formed a network
of national and regional research
consortia to boost domestic capacity.[58]

Trends in investment in R&D

Human investment in R&D

The Philippines trails its more dynamic

ASEAN peers for investment in both
education and research. The country
invested 0.3% of GDP in higher education
in 2009, one of the lowest ratios among
ASEAN countries. After stagnating for the
first half of the century, tertiary enrolment
leapt from 2.6 million to 3.2 million
between 2009 and 2013. The rise in PhD
graduates has been even more
spectacular, their number having doubled
over the same five-year period from 1 622
to 3 305, according to the UNESCO
Institute for Statistics. This may explain
the leap in the number of researchers in
just a few years. The Philippines counted
just 78 researchers (in full-time
equivalents) per million inhabitants in 2007
but the country's researcher density had
more than doubled to 188 researchers per
million inhabitants by 2013, according to
the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. This is
still well below the global average of 1,083
per million (2013).[58]

Scientific output is modest, with Filipino

scientists producing just nine articles per
million inhabitants in 2014, according to
Thomson Reuters' Web of Science
(Science Citation Index Expanded). The
global average in 2014 was 176
publications per million.[91] Seven out of
ten Filipino researchers (70%) co-authored
papers with foreign scientists between
2008 and 2014; their preferred
collaborators were based in the USA,
Japan, Australia, China and the United
Kingdom, in descending order. [58]
Financial investment in R&D

The level of domestic investment in R&D

remains low by any standards: 0.11% of
GDP in 2007 and 0.14% of GDP in 2013,
according to the UNESCO Institute for
Statistics. It will be a challenge to bring
science to underpin innovation and
development, unless the level of
investment rises. Achieving this will include
leveraging foreign direct investment in
areas like electronics, in order to move
closer to the higher end of the scale for
value-added goods in the global value
chain.[58]
Institutions

An IRRI researcher studying rice DNA under ultraviolet

light.

International Research
Organizations

International Rice Research Institute

(IRRI)
 Irrigated Rice Research Consortium
(IRRC)
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development
Center (SEAFDEC)

National Government Research

Institutions, Bureaus and
Attached Agencies

Department of Science and Technology

(DOST)

Advanced Science and Technology

Institute (ASTI)
Food and Nutrition Research Institute
(FNRI)
 Forest Products Research Development
Institute (FPRDI)
Industrial Technology Development
Institute (ITDI)
Metal Industry Research and
Development Center (MIRDC)
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
(PNRI)
Philippine Textile Research Institute
(PTRI)

Department of Agriculture (DA)

Bureau of Agricultural Research

National Fisheries Research and
Development Institute
 Philippine Carabao Center
Philippine Center for Postharvest
Development and Mechanization
Philippine Rice Research Institute

Department of Energy (DOE)

Energy Research and Testing Laboratory

Department of Environmental and Natural

Resources (DENR)

Ecosystems Research and Development

Bureau
Environmental Research and Laboratory
Services Division, Environmental
Management Bureau
National Academic, Research
and Professional Societies

Basic Science

Crop Science Society of the Philippines

Transportation Science Society of the
Philippines
Philippine Physics Society
Samahang Pisika ng Pilipinas
Integrated Chemists of the Philippines
Kapisanang Kimika ng Pilipinas
Philippine Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology
Philippine Society for Cell Biology
 Mathematical Society of the Philippines
Computing Society of the Philippines
Geological Society of the Philippines
Ecological Society of the Philippines
Philippine Association of Entomologists
Philippine Horticultural Society
Philippine Association of Marine Science
Philippine Astronomical Society
Philippine Meteorological Society
Philippine Corrosion Society
Philippine Society for Developmental
Biology
Philippine Society for Microbiology

Applied Sciences
Philippine Society of Mechanical
Engineers
Philippine Institute of Chemical
Engineers
Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers
Geodetic Engineers of the Philippines
Society of Metallurgical Engineers of the
Philippines
Society of Naval Architects and Marine
Engineers
Philippine Society of Sanitary Engineers
Institute of Electronics Engineers of the
Philippines, Inc.
 Institute of Integrated Electrical
Engineers of the Philippines, Inc.
Society of Aerospace Engineers of the
Philippines
Philippine Society of Agricultural
Engineers
Philippine Society of Mining Engineers

Science Education in the

Philippines
High School Education

Philippine Science High School System

The Philippine Science High School (PSHS)

System is a specialized high school
program in the Philippines under the
Department of Science and Technology. It
offers scholarships to students that are
gifted in science and mathematics. High
school students are bound by law to major
in pure and applied science, mathematics
or engineering. PSHS have 12 regional
campuses in addition to the main campus.
PSHS follows the K-12 basic education
program of the government.[92]

Regional Science High School System

The Regional Science High School (RSHS)

System is a specialized high school
program in the Philippines under the
Department of Education. RSHS have
regional campuses and follows the K-12
basic education program of the
government.

Tertiary Education

Various universities offers science courses

that encompasses the different fields of
science.

The Universal Access to Quality Tertiary

Education Act of 2017 provides for free
tuition and exemption from other fees in
public universities and colleges for Filipino
students, as well as subsidies for those
enrolled in private higher education
institutions.

See also
Space program of the Philippines

Source
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References
Citations

1. "Briefer on the Order of National

Scientists" . Retrieved October 6,
2014.
2. Reyes, Francisco (1972). "Historical
Background of Science and
Technology in the Philippines". Science
& Technology in Philippine Society.
Manila: UST Publication.
3. Rodriguez, Socorro M. (1996). "The
Early Years of Philippine Science and
Technology". Philippine science and
technology : economic, political and
social events shaping their
development. Quezon City: Giraffe
Books. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-
9718967287.
4. Cariño, Virginia S. (1993). "Science and
Technology in the Philippines - Past to
Present". Philippine science and
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http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/the-
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"The Epic of Nation-Building."
http://www.gov.ph/1967/01/23/ferdin
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7. Ferdinand E. Marcos, Third State of the
Nation Address, January 22, 1968, "A
 Nation of Achievers."
http://www.gov.ph/1968/01/22/ferdin
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http://www.gov.ph/1969/01/27/ferdin
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Nation Address, January 26, 1970,
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http://www.gov.ph/1970/01/26/ferdin
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External links
Advanced Science and Technology
Institute website
 Department of Science and Technology
Philippines website
National Academy of Science and
Technology website
Philippine Social Science Council
website

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