Solution-3683 Culture and Building Design 1st Assignment

Department of Home & Health Sciences
Block No. 06, Sector H-8,

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
Culture and Building Design (3683)

Assignment No. 01
Submitted to:
Omer Shujjat Bhatti
Block No: 6
Dept. of Home & Health Sciences,
Allama Iqbal Open University, Sector H-8,
ISLAMABAD, (0333-3191929)
Submitted by:
Muhammad Hammad Manzoor
3rd Semester, Roll No. BN-523998
M. Sc Sustainable Environmental Design
OGIL, # 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC)
Block – 08, Clifton, KARACHI
explorationist@gmail.com / (0332-527 2364)
Q. No. 1: How built environment can support the cultural activities. Explain the
role of natural surroundings. (15 Marks)
Answer)
In social science, the term built environment, or built world, refers to the human-made
surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from buildings to
parks. It has been defined as "the human-made space in which people live, work, and
recreate on a day-to-day basis." The "built environment encompasses places and spaces
created or modified by people including buildings, parks, and transportation systems." In
recent years public health research has expanded the definition of "built environment" to
include healthy food, community gardens, and mental health.
New attention and importance is being placed on the built environment and its significant
impacts on creating healthy places and healthy people. The “built environment”
encompasses places and spaces created or modified by people including buildings, parks,
and transportation systems. The built environment is structured by land use rules, as well
as by economics and design features.
Healthy people require healthy environments— neighborhoods, schools, childcare centers,

and workplaces. People need their environments to be structured in ways that help them
access healthy foods and easily incorporate physical activity into their daily routines.
Creating healthy environments cannot be done in isolation by any one organization or field.
It requires coordinated and comprehensive efforts by multiple organizations, leaders, fields,
and sectors.
BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND ROLE OF NATURAL SURROUNDINGS
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By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
Important characteristics of the built environment critical to supporting healthy behaviors

include:
• Walkable and bikable neighborhoods

• Public transit
• Parks, recreation facilities, and open spaces
• Healthy food environments
• Safety
Walkable and Bikable Neighborhoods

Specific features in the built environment influence whether people choose to walk or
bicycle for transportation, and these features can be effective tools for increasing daily
physical activity. Neighborhoods that have destinations that are well connected and in close
proximity to each other, a pedestrian- and bicycle friendly infrastructure, and accessibility to
public transit encourage and support walking and bicycling for children and their families.
People, especially children and those with limited mobility, are more likely to walk and
bicycle along streets that are inviting and safe. Some characteristics of safe and inviting
streets include sidewalks that are in good condition and have curb cuts, traffic that is
moving at a slow to moderate speed, and sidewalks and streets designed to engender a
feeling of separation from motor vehicles.
Amenities including trees, benches, and public art are also utilized by planners to
encourage foot traffic. Residents who live in communities with pedestrian and bicycle-
friendly infrastructure tend to be more physically active. In fact, residents in a highly
walkable neighborhood have been shown to engage in about 70 more minutes per week of
moderate and vigorous physical activity than residents in a low-walkability neighborhood.
Public Transit
Public transit is essential as it vastly extends the distance people can travel via foot or
bicycle. An environment that supports access to alternative modes of transportation instead
of primarily cars can help people maintain an active lifestyle.
Built environment features that place bus or train stops within walking distance of housing,
offices, retail, and open spaces make it more convenient for people who live or work in
these communities to travel on foot or by public transportation instead of by car.
Parks, Recreation Facilities, and Open Space
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Parks, recreation facilities (e.g., playgrounds, sports areas, and public pools), and open
space provide people with a place where they can engage in active play such as sports,
leisurely strolls, or bicycle rides along trails and greenways.
Outdoor play, particularly among children, is associated with higher levels of physical
activity. Playgrounds provide an outdoor environment where children can actively engage in
physical activity and participate in more informal, unstructured play experiences.
Places for physical activity are not distributed evenly among communities. There are also
differences in access to playgrounds and in the maintenance of playgrounds between low
income and high-income neighborhoods.
In many low income communities, public playgrounds may be few, but schools can play a
role in offering their playgrounds during out-of-school hours.
When parks are available, safety-related barriers to physical activity result in residents often
limiting their time in public spaces to reduce their risk of experiencing violent crime.
Healthy Food Environments

Increasing attention has been given to the links between the built environment and healthy
food choices.
Easy access to fresh and affordable food is a starting point to a healthful diet. While there is
limited research documenting the association between built environment features and
eating habits, data about this relationship are growing.
Safety
Both perceived and real safety issues hinder people’s ability to be active. There are three
categories of safety concern that emerge in built environment issues: unintentional injuries,
such as crashes and falls; environmental hazards; and crime and violence. People are
more reluctant to walk, bicycle, jog, or play in neighborhoods that feel less safe, which in
turn leads both to physical inactivity and to the decreased likelihood of obtaining healthy
foods at retail stores, if these destinations are more distant.
Safety intersects with the other four characteristics of the built environment: walkable and
bikable neighborhoods; public transit; parks, recreation facilities, and open spaces; and
healthy food environments.
A safe environment increases the likelihood of people bicycling and walking, making use of
public transit, accessing parks, and patronizing healthier eating venues.
Designing streets for pedestrian travel by raising medians and redesigning intersections
and sidewalks has been shown to directly reduce pedestrian risk by 28 percent. Indirect
safety improvements occur when the perception of safety increases, leading to more people
walking and bicycling.
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Environmental Hazards
The presence of toxins in the built environment can affect physical activity frequency by
affecting the quality of the air people breathe, the soil where children play and neighbors
garden, the water residents recreate in, and the building conditions in which people live,
work, learn, and play. For example, sprawling developments increase dependence on
automobiles, and this leads to more air pollution. Perhaps less obvious are the links
between foods and toxins—the soil in which food is grown; the increased siting of schools
on the outskirts of town, contiguous to agricultural spraying; and the impacts of these
decisions on the water supply.
Further, the long distances that food is transported also contribute to poor air quality. Fresh
produce is transported an average of 1,500 miles, primarily by diesel trucks, from where it is
grown to where it is delivered to major terminal markets.41 Rates of childhood asthma are
exacerbated by automobile and truck pollution, and this negatively impacts children’s ability
to engage in physical activity. Unfortunately, but not surprisingly, communities of color and
low-income communities are more likely to experience harmful exposures that lead to poor
health outcomes.
Crime and Violence

Safety concerns go beyond fears of unintentional injuries and environmental hazards. It is
intuitive that fear of violence leads to people shopping closer to home, irrespective of what
is available to buy; driving more often instead of bicycling and walking; and being reluctant
to allow children to play outdoors, even in nearby parks. While it is not clear exactly to what
extent crime impacts physical activity, research shows that crime or fear of crime is
associated with lower physical activity levels, especially among women of color, young
people, and seniors.
While many parts of the built environment agenda are new territory to many health
professionals, safety is an area of a bit more familiarity. Public health professionals can
leverage their experience with injury prevention (e.g., traffic safety, car seats, and
seatbelts), environmental health, and violence prevention work, to help shape broader
discussions with other sectors around how the built environment can advance health.
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Q. No. 2: Explain role of media in cultural development. How cultural values can
be retained in a changing life style. Give examples. (15 Marks)
Answer)
Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies.
Some aspects of human behavior, social practices such as culture, expressive forms such
as art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies such as tool usage, cooking, shelter,
and clothing are said to be cultural universals, found in all human societies.
MEDIA AND CULTURE
Media and culture are interconnected; levels of understanding various cultures influence
media contents, meanwhile media platforms and contents impact cultural and day-to-day
practices. Culture encompasses norms, beliefs, behaviours, values, traditions, languages,
myths, ways of life, and so forth.
Through the media, groups can create and represent cultural identities. Media narratives
and discourses are created within different forms of texts and images that are complexly
related to the cultural perceptions and practices of both those who produce and consume
them. Encoding and decoding is involved in this process where encoding is done by
producers of the messages, while decoding is conducted by the audience. These social
phenomena are susceptible to struggle and change.
The media play an influential role in the day-to-day cultural practices of individuals including
their health-related decisions. The media not only help in providing knowledge about health,
but also support in empowering wellness.
Moreover, media screens have become essential elements in public and private daily-life
practices in societies and cultures. Abel A. Grijalva Verdugo and Rosario Olivia Izaguirre
Fierro discuss the effects of the Internet, social networking sites, and television on
university students and their interactions in such a complex media environment.
However, the media face severe challenges when communicating messages among
different cultures.
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The Internet and Everyday Culture
The culture of everyday life has become entwined with the Internet. The flourishing of online
dating offers a striking example of how the construction of significant relationships can draw
on the resources provided by the social media. In many Western societies online dating has
served as a provisional solution to the problems thrown up by a more individuated and
segmented social setting.
The stimulus for the cultivation of these online relations is the search for solutions to some
of the problems confronting life in the offline world. However, the growing popularity of
virtual encounters has had a significant impact on the way that men and women conduct
their everyday affairs. The intermeshing of the virtual with the “real” is part of the reality of
contemporary culture.
The influence of the Internet has been most significant in the way it has transformed the
lives of young people. Their digital bedroom symbolizes a childhood that is significantly
mediated through the social media, mobile phones and the Internet. Friendship interaction
and peer-topeer relations are increasingly conducted online or through text messaging.
Such interactions have had major cultural consequences. Texting and online
communications have influenced the evolution of language.
They have thrown up new rituals and symbols and have had an important impact on
people’s identity—the young in particular. Mediated exchanges often shape and reinforce
people’s status and identity. Consequently what happens to people through their online
interactions really matters to the way that people perceive themselves offline.
As with the case of political mobilization, the digitalization of childhood can be interpreted
as a response to a pre-existing need for new technologies of interaction. The digital
bedroom emerged as the outcome of the growing tendency to relocate children’s activities
from the outdoor to the indoor. Risk-averse attitudes which verge on paranoia emerged as
one the defining features of contemporary child-rearing culture.
Apprehensions about children’s health and safety, particularly regarding sex predators have
led to new limits imposed on children’s freedom to explore the outdoors. This confinement
of children indoors has been associated with the growth of a phenomenon frequently
described as the bedroom culture. So the main driver of this process was not digital
technology and the social media, but the prior development of an indoor childhood culture.
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Through the Internet the segmentation of social experience is refracted and given greater
momentum through its powerful technological dynamic. This amplification and
intensification of social trends constitutes the immediate impact of the Internet on the
everyday culture. If the experience of printing serves as a precedent, it is likely that digital
technology will not simply intensify prevailing cultural trends but also provide resources for
reinterpreting its meaning.
HOW DOES CULTURE INFLUENCE OUR LIVES
"Humans had acquired the ability to learn from others, and to copy, imitate and improve
upon their actions. This meant that elements of culture themselves— ideas, languages,
beliefs, songs, art, technologies— could act like genes, capable of being transmitted to
others and reproduced. But unlike genes, these elements of culture could jump directly from
one mind to another, shortcutting the normal genetic routes of transmission. And so our
cultures came to define a second great system of inheritance, able to transmit knowledge
down the generations."
Examples from: Wired for Culture

"To understand your culture, you need to pay close attention to its quiet, sometimes hidden,
manifestations, such as the side conversations in the hallways, the informal consultations
behind closed doors, and the incisive guidance that people get when they ask one another
for advice."
Reasons Why Traditions Are So Important

Traditions represent a critical piece of our culture. They help form the structure and
foundation of our families and our society. They remind us that we are part of a history that
defines our past, shapes who we are today and who we are likely to become. Once we
ignore the meaning of our traditions, we’re in danger of damaging the underpinning of our
identity.
 Tradition contributes a sense of comfort and belonging. It brings families together

and enables people to reconnect with friends.
 Tradition reinforces values such as freedom, faith, integrity, a good education,
personal responsibility, a strong work ethic, and the value of being selfless.
 Tradition provides a forum to showcase role models and celebrate the things that
really matter in life.
 Tradition offers a chance to say “thank you” for the contribution that someone has
made.
 Tradition enables us to showcase the principles of our Founding Fathers, celebrate
diversity, and unite as a country.
 Tradition serves as an avenue for creating lasting memories for our families and
friends.
 Tradition offers an excellent context for meaningful pause and reflection.
As leaders, role models, and parents, we must strive to utilize every opportunity available to
us to reinforce the values and beliefs that we hold dear. The alternative to action is taking
these values for granted.
The result is that our beliefs will get so diluted, over time, that our way of life will become
foreign to us. It’s like good health. You may take it for granted until you lose it. If we
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disregard our values, we’ll open our eyes one day and won’t be able to recognize “our
world” anymore. The values that support the backbone of our country, our family, and our
faith will have drifted for so long that the fabric of our society will be torn.
Culture must be kept strong rooted in facts and figures through history, action and
lifestyles.
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Q. No. 3: How Industrialization impact the culture of any society? Give examples
of technological advancements and its impact on cultural values in Pakistan.
(15 Marks)
Answer)
INDUSTRIALIZATION IMPACT THE CULTURE OF ANY SOCIETY:
Prior to the industrial revolution, farmers had large families such that there would be more
hands to do the necessary work. As farm tools were invented farmers could produce just as
much with fewer hands, thus families became smaller. When factories and mines became
prevalent, children were often used to perform routine tasks; education and child health and
safety were secondary considerations, as they had often been on the farms. The one room
local school was not well supported by it’s population, because labor was simply seen as
more important in life’s routines.
As factories developed ways of making goods more cheaply, they became profitable, and
distribution networks developed such that the factory served an area wider than the local
community. Factory made items were produced by methods that made the products
uniform, and often of higher quality than had been true of similar “homemade” items.
Some factories were specialized such that they made only a portion of a finished product,
or they made parts that were used in the production of items from several other factories.
Thus, when complex items began to be produced, more factories simply serviced other
factories; ie, seats for automobiles, electric motors for refrigerators, special materials for
couches, glass, screws, nails, steel beams, cement, bricks, standardized lumber, plows and
harvesters for tractor companies, generators, etc, etc.
After such factories had taken advantage of available labor for generations, labor unions
were formed to speak for the disadvantaged working man. First considerations of safety
and health were promoted - this was especially a consideration in the mines. Then wages
became a point of contention. Then such things as what constituted a “work week”,
overtime, and production schedules were discussed.
As farmers became more and more productive, fewer were needed, so laborers moved to
the cities and sold their services to factories and businesses. Cities grew, transportation
and communication and distribution grew, industries and businesses grew, and the
populations grew.
Factories also attracted large numbers of workers, many of whom moved from rural areas
to areas of more highly concentrated population. Therefore the Industrial Revolution
resulted in increased urbanization. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain occurred
during a time which overlaps with that of the Agricultural Revolution in that country, with its
advances in the way in which food is produced. With the Agricultural Revolution, there were
new methods of agricultural production. This new situation in agriculture resulted in some
members of society losing their earlier role producing agricultural products, and many of
these people moved to more urban areas, which had factories where they could find work.
The Industrial Revolution resulted in greater production of goods, higher living standards,
healthier populations, and modern civilization.
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IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON OUR SOCIETY
Society today is constantly dictated and changed by the latest and greatest technology that
is available. Technology and human life have become one and cannot be separated.
Society has a cyclical co-dependence on technology. We use technology; depend on
technology in our daily life and our needs and demands for technology keep on rising.
Humans use technology to travel, to communicate, to learn, to do business and to live in
comfort.
Technology has changed our society. There’s no denying it that 20 years ago everything
was different - the way we communicated and how we went about business. Our society
has witnessed a revolution. Technology has not only improved our society but has also
made our lives easier. In this article we take a bird’s eye view of some of the major changes
that appeared in our society and how it brought changes in our behaviors as a nation.
Not long ago, there was only landline telephone and even that was not available to
everyone. Having landline telephone connection was considered snobbery. Then cell phone
was introduced and in very short span of time it dramatically changed our lives and
impacted on our day-to-day matters. In recent timers, our communication has been made
quick and efficient. Communication is used for a number of purposes. People use
technology to communicate with each other. Electronic media like radio, television, internet,
and social media have improved the way we exchange ideas which can ultimately develop
our societies.
Technology is positively impacting our transportation system. In recent times, we have

witnessed that we can call a cab at our doorstep. Even we have e-ticking system in our city
buses. Technology has also improved education and learning process. Many schools have
started integrating educational technologies in their schools with a great aim of improving
the way students learn. Technologies like smart whiteboards, computers, mobile phones,
ipads, projectors and internet are being used in classrooms to boost students’ moral to
learn. Visual education is becoming more popular and it has proved to be the best method
of learning in many subjects like mathematics, physics, biology, geography, economics and
much more. The business community has invested money in various educational
technologies which can be used by both teachers and their students. Because of
technology the era of online education has started in Pakistan.
The pervasive use of mobile devices, the Internet and social media has changed the way
we live, work and communicate. Social networking uses have increased manifolds. There is
indeed a great diversity of social networking sites by countries and cultures. Even
uneducated people know how to use social media like facebook. Nowadays, we also stay
connected with old friends online.
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Because of technology we have also revolutionized our medical fields too. Our hospitals are
more equipped with modern technologies and keep pace with the needs of today’s patients.
We have latest lab testing processes and complex surgeries like kidney transplant and
open heart surgeries are taking place in our hospitals and saving precious lives.
So far, these are some of the major areas which witnessed changes because of technology.
Realizing the importance of technology in coming time our government established
Information Technology university years back. Considering the impact of technology on our
society and the ongoing technology developments, we would certainly have a promising
future for our coming generations.
HOW TECHNOLOGY IS CHANGING THE CULTURE OF PAKISTAN
Technology rules our lives in a significant manner. It has changed our society and culture.
We all use technology is different ways and we depend on technology in our daily life
and our needs and demands for technology keep on rising. If we turn the clock back 20
years ago, everything was different - the way we communicated and how we went
about business.
Here is a bird’s eye view of some of the major technological changes that appeared
in our society:
• Cell phones (smartphones) have taken the place of a landline telephone.

• Technology is used in different means of communication that include
radio, television, internet, and social media.
• Technology brings great advantages to our transportation system. We can call a
cab at our doorstep through using the services of Uber & Careem. Even we have
also e-ticketing system in our city buses.
• Many schools have started integrating educational technologies in their schools.
Technologies like smart whiteboards, computers, mobile phones, ipads,
projectors, and internet are being used in classrooms. Visual education is
becoming more popular. Because of technology the era of online education has
started in Pakistan.
• The use of internet and social media on our smartphones greatly changed the way
we live, work and communicate.
• The uneducated people of our society can get knowledge and know-how about
using social media platforms like Facebook since they have got smartphones.
• Technology has also revolutionized our medical fields. Hospitals are more
equipped with modern technologies like using latest lab testing
processes/diagnosis through advanced machines and complex surgeries like
kidney transplant and open heart surgeries are taking place in our hospitals.
Considering the impact of technology on Pakistani society and the ongoing technology
developments, we would certainly have a promising future for our coming generations.
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GLOBALISATION AND PAKISTANI CULTURE

Globalization is deeply related with various issues including “the spatial reorganization of
production, the interpenetration of industries across borders, the spread of financial market,
the diffusion of identical consumer goods to distant countries, massive transfer of
population within South as well as from South and East to the West, resultant conflicts
between immigrant and established communities in formerly tight-knit neighborhoods and
an emerging world-wide preference for democracy.” (Mittelman, 1996; 2)
Culture is shared beliefs, values, traditions and behaviour patterns of group. It is a vehicle
for social cohesion and stability because it promotes mutual understanding. It brings peace
and harmony in society. It teaches us to rely on local resources and local people rather than
outside resources. It can lead any country toward development.
Pakistan is an Islamic state who is predominantly Muslim. Its culture is basically based on
the Islamic beliefs, values, ideologies and traditions. In Pakistan there are almost 4 percent
non-Muslims (minorities) who have freedom to practice their religious and cultural practices.
Pakistan is influenced by various cultures of subcontinent. It is different from other cultures
of Islamic countries.
Coke Studio is a Pakistani music television series. It brings different artist on one platform.
These artists belong to different regions of Pakistan. It is a source of creating harmony and
peace among different cultures. Through Coke Studio Pakistani music is accessible to
international audience. Drama and film industry represents and reflects societal thoughts
and demands. They show us where the society is going. It can depict the culture in terms of
values, norms, dress code, food, traditions and ideology of all kinds. We can now easily see
foreign TV shows in our country.
The print media in Pakistan is also publishing global news and matters of international
concern. The increase in the number of English newspaper and their circulation depicts that
Pakistan has undergone a change as a result of globalisation.
The fast food industry, originally conceived in Southern California during the 1940s, not only
altered the eating habits of Americans, but also those in many other countries around the
world, including Asian countries. In Pakistan first fast food centre was opened in 1997. Now
fast food centres are found on the corners of every street, off the side of main highways,
airports, malls, schools, gas stations, local shopping centres, and even in hospitals.
The spread of English as international language and emergence of internet as a fast
communication channel are mutually enforcing trends in an age of globalisation. In
Pakistan, the demand of learning English and the consequent opening of thousands of
‘English medium schools’ indicates a change in the needs of people to adopt English as a
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second official language. The last few decades have seen a growth in the role of the
English language around the world as the lingua franca of economic, scientific, and political
exchange.
Family is one of the basic and crucial social institutions. Other four institutions of the society
are education, politics, economics and religion. Whenever change comes in one institution
it normally impacts other institutions and their roles.
The following changes can be observed as a result of globalisation:
• One, the influence of clans and kin groups are decreasing.
• Second, expanding rights for women (e.g. education and economic independence).
• Third, we are moving from joint family system to nuclear family system.
• Four, decline in birthrates due to women working in different job markets.
• The last one is increasing room for adults’ rights. Now youngsters have a right to select
their mates within family and out of family.
In Pakistan family system are moving from joint family system to nuclear family system. Our
cultures teach us collectivism but after globalisation our culture is becoming individualistic.
Clans and kin groups’ influences are decreasing. Basically, globalisation is changing our
traditional gender roles.
Pakistan’s most common dress is shalwar kameez. Women carry dupatta with it. But the
globalisation has made possible for us to access dresses of different cultures through
internet. We can see their fashions and we can buy their dresses through online shopping.
We can even adopt their dressing styles.
Globalisation impacts all nations. It has different impact on different culture. The impact
basically depends on that country’s socio-economic and political condition. The Muslim
society of Pakistan took great influence from Hindu and British cultures after long and
intimate association. This influence is prominent from the language, music, entertainment,
food and family structure.
Basically, ours is a hybrid culture. Global culture has impacted us on individual, society and
nation levels. It also affects our daily life routine.
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Q. No. 4: Explain the “Controversy between Heritage Preservation and

Modernization” What strategies can be evolved to overcome the controversies?
(15 Marks)
Answer)
BETWEEN PRESERVATION AND MODERNIZATION: THE PROBLEMS OF CONTEMPORARY

URBAN HERITAGE
The conflict between conservation and modernisation is deeply rooted in the

history of urban development. A linear interpretation of time brought by the
philosophical basis of positivism (Pacho 2005), made conservation a stronghold of
resistance to modernization in the 19 th century, renewing the relationship of Western
societies with their past (Berman 1981; Riegl 2007).
In a situation where this past was disappearing from the urban landscape, the culture of
modernity used the pre-existing city in a re- morseless way, in the spheres of science,
morality and art defined by Weber (Harrington 2000). Both in a visible and in a hidden
dimension, modernization took hold: Hauss- mann’s interventions in the city of Paris are
clear examples of the extent of these two dimensions, comprising avenues and
metro tunnels; street lights and sewer infra- structures.
This is double sided manifestation of modernization has determined city building ever
since, implicitly leaving its ‘hidden’ side to the engineering disciplines, and
the ‘visible’ side to the realm of architecture and urban planning (Fogue Herreros
2015).
As a side effect of this division and for much of the 20th century, the architectural
contribution to the heritage debate was limited to this visible realm. It developed as an
erudite discussion conducted by experts clearly adhering to an orthodox, object centered
approach to heritage. Topics in this discussion included the moral implications of
modernistic or academic composition, contrast and analogy, or the consequences of the
eruption of the signs of modernity in historic city centers (Athens Charter 1931).
This is object–centered approach characterizes the history of modern heritage

conservation theory, which led finally to the promulgation of the Venice Charter as an
outcome of the Second International Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic
Buildings in 1964 (ICOMOS 1964).
The Venice Charter epitomizes the greatest advancements in this field, and its principles
are still respected among heritage practitioners. But it undeniably fell short to define
intervention principles that could apply to urban environments, leaving this task as an
open question for the contemporary age of massive global urbanization.
The conflict between the preservation of urban heritage and the accelerating urban
development is a global challenge with a great number of regional varieties. It has been
present in Europe for centuries, where the long history of heritage/monument protection
confronted not only the effects of modernization and urbanization, but also those of
devastating wars. It is very much in the centre of interest in the Americas in the last
decades, where re-urbanizing tendencies, which can be summarized as “return to the
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center”, resulted in the urban rehabilitation of several cities and towns. In Asia, where the
significance of the built heritage is different to that of in Europe and where the acceleration
and the volume of the urban growth is unprecedented, this conflict seemed to be of minor
importance until the last few years. Nowadays, however, Asian urban heritage gains
ground. Through the globalization of urban heritage, this originally European concept gets
more and more distanced from its sources and its related notions such as renovation,
reconstruction and monument protection are revised.
The dilemma of contemporary urban heritage
The difficulties of conceptualization of current urban heritage stem from the fact that
contemporary heritage integrates the previous regimes of cultural heritage. In
consequence, it is bequeathed with a series of inconsistencies, which are conceptually
contradictory, but coexist in current practices. Though these contradictions are interrelated
and complex, three of them can be identified to give a first draft for a conceptualization of
contemporary urban heritage:
Current urban heritage is presented as a unity of cultural and natural heritage. These
categories were distinct in the first cultural heritage and officially united in the second one
by the establishment of the World Heritage convention and list. The built and the natural
settings of the city demands new terminology of preservation, since the ‘monument’ (i.e.
individual building), the ‘site’ (i.e. the historical area), the zoning (i.e. determining and
differentiating areas according to their historic/al/ significance), the town- or cityscape (i.e.
the three-dimensional preservation of the built city) are not sufficient to integrate the natural
setting. The notion of ‘urban landscape’ is the recent attempt to link the built and the natural
and to put the city to an ecological scale. For example, the former gold-rush city of Ballarat
in Australia is a proud Historic Urban Landscape pilot by planning its future on the basis of a
holistic approach regarding its tangible and natural heritage in unity. This recent evolution
can be made easily intelligible for Social Sciences and Humanities due to current post-
humanist approaches and to the viewpoints expressed in the material and spatial turns.
The fusion of cultural and natural Heritages would entail the theoretical clarification of the
two principles of World Heritage:
Authenticity and Integrity. Authenticity’s original relevance is undermined by the arrival of

intangible cultural heritage and Integrity is becoming a major reference without being
endowed with the appropriate conceptualization as in the case of the notion of visual
integrity. Which is widely used in the evaluation of urban heritage, but never truly defined.
From the viewpoint of urban heritage conservation and urban planning, the re-formulation of
the two notions raises questions about the feasibility of the management and development
of concerned urban territories solely on the basis of tangible heritage and that of the built
environment, however sophisticated and comprehensive its definition might be.
Though the post-war reconstruction of the historic centre Warsaw was totally unauthentic
from the point of view of monument protection, it was recognized as a World Heritage site
because of its unique historical situation. More recently, the partially destroyed earthen
architecture of the Timbuktu World Heritage site was also reconstructed identically.
16
Once the Syrian war is over, Aleppo and other demolished sites will be most probably
reconstructed in a non-authentic way too. Historical significance tends to overwrite the
traditions of urban monument protection even in international standard-giving institutions,
when the monuments are inhabited.
The theoretical dilemmas of current heritage are reflected also in the notions of tangible
and intangible cultural heritage, which are the result of the splitting of the original concept
of cultural heritage.
The conceptual novelty represented by the intangible heritage is one of the most significant
markers of the third regime. Urban planning is confronted with participatory principles and
practice in expanding urban heritage territories, in which the growing awareness of urban
heritage might hinder corporate investments.
Intangible urban heritage could be regarded as an opportunity of the popular appropriation

of the heritage discourse as a new means to express local identity.
Thus, the one-time administrative language of heritage conservation is used by a larger

group of social actors.
CONCEPTUAL ENDEAVORS
The globalization of urban heritage preservation is proved by the fact that beyond the
UNESCO-initiated universal concepts of Historic Urban Landscape and Visual Integrity,
several local endeavors –such as Community-led Urban Strategies in Historic
Cities and Integrated Urban Cultural Heritage Management (European
Union), Comprehensive Urban Development (Havana), Living Urban Heritage (Hoi An,
Vietnam), Sustainable City (Delhi) can be identified to conceptualize current urban heritage
in order to bridge the preservation and development and the offer a holistic definition to the
urban phenomenon.
Though these concepts offer different solutions to the dilemma of contemporary urban
heritage, they share the same approach characterized by the arrangement of formerly
detached elements of urban heritage into a spatial and temporal continuity. In this
17
continuity, historical distance and Authenticity can be easily replaced by newly constructed
significance.
What’s a heritage building?
Heritage building does not have an unequivocal definition. It has several components,
which co-exist to varying degrees.
These include:
• Cultural and Historic
• Intrinsic and in use values
• Symbolic
• The relationship between the building and location.
•
A building may have little heritage value as a property but have value because a
momentous event transpired there. Heritage buildings fulfill important demands for cultural
experiences and leisure, and create benefits for tourism. Heritage buildings also have
other positive economic impacts, such as generating higher rental and occupancy levels.
Let’s be clear about what we mean

Many words – preservation, renovation, restoration and conservation – are used when
talking about heritage. What do they mean? And what conditions and responsibilities do
they engender?
Renovation means “to make new again”. In buildings subjected to numerous interventions,
the question is: to which period do we renovate? Outcomes depend on available
documentation of original construction methods, materials and layouts.
Preservation aims to halt deterioration and ensure no further changes occur. It places
requirements on materials and methods, as final appearance is no longer the most
important factor. Rather, the aim is to retain as much of the building fabric as possible.
Reversible repairs: all repairs or additions must be reversible and removable. The work
should not affect the condition of the original material now and in the future.
Preserving buildings means the building dictates choices on how it is treated; this does not
involve artistic choices or material experimentation. In this understanding of the term,
18
interventions that change performance with regard to water and energy use may be limited.
It also excludes changes that alter the building fabric or appearance.
It is important to understand these definitions and that the lines between definitions change
with the circumstances and buildings involved.
Inherent sustainability in heritage buildings

Heritage buildings tend to be inherently environmentally sustainable, with high levels of
embodied energy.
Buildings from pre-industrial periods are likely to contain more natural, low-energy, less
chemical-based material. However, they predate concerns about energy and water use, so
this may be high. Opportunities do exist to optimize water and energy use in heritage
buildings.
Many older buildings were designed and built to work with local climate. The traditional
Queenslander house is a good example, with a design that allows air flow below the
building to keep it cooler. In other areas, high thermal mass kept buildings cool in summer
and warm in winter.
Preservation reduces landfill waste, demolition energy use and new construction. Adaptive
re-use concepts, renovations for less energy use, maintenance and type of use also affect
heritage building sustainability.
Applying circular economy principles to renovations can improve sustainability. Combining

energy and material use, quality and adaptability, sustainability can be discussed and the
integral sustainability of heritage buildings measured.
So how has policy evolved to manage all this?

In 1877, William Morris established the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
(SPAB). Although responding to conservation issues of 19th-century England, the principles
remain a philosophical foundation for protecting buildings of all styles and times.
19
The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), established in 1964 as a

global NGO linked to UNESCO, shares the best practices globally. The United
Nations defined sustainable development in 1987, articulating growing concerns with the
economic, social and environmental impacts of development.
ICOMOS promotes conservation, protection, use and enhancement of cultural heritage

sites. ICOMOS closely engages with sustainable development, hosting scientific events and
issuing policy documents to highlight the role of heritage. Resources comprise best practice
guidance and advice is available internationally and nationally.
ICOMOS influences practices in Australia through statutes, ethical statements and

principles and a procedural handbook. In Australia, heritage protection began in the 1930s
with lists of buildings that evolved to registers documenting heritage attributes.
The various state heritage offices and councils in Australia are involved in strategic
projects contributing to sustainable development. These include cultural landscapes, wind
turbines and heritage. Policy frameworks and strategic plans for heritage and sustainable
development enable the Australian Heritage Council, state heritage bodies and
stakeholders to work towards sustainable development.
However, development applications to alter or repair local buildings are considered at local
government level. In some areas expert knowledge and resources regarding heritage,
conservation philosophy and sustainability may be limited. The good news is there is
Australian guidance on striking a balance between heritage and sustainable development.
It’s not easy being green

Heritage and sustainable development are intimately linked. Understanding heritage helps
us better comprehend cultural and social systems. It is vital to understand the philosophical
definitions of terms.
Sustainability is an important tool for heritage preservation. Another consideration is time,

which includes the fact that changing, evolving uses add to heritage.
Many buildings we see as heritage have changed greatly over time. For instance, the Tower
of London has in its 900-year history been a castle, home, museum, prison and tourist
attraction.
20
If we are to maintain social and economic use, sometimes we need to accept change. In
these cases, reversibility of repairs is an effective approach.
To sum up: it’s complex. Buildings are unique and need to be assessed on various levels:
• What is the heritage value?

• What work is proposed?
• What are existing levels of sustainability?
• Can measures be incorporated that are reversible and do not damage original building
fabric?
•
Preserving heritage and sustainable development are both important goals. Conflicts
need to be identified, assessed, documented and managed to achieve an optimum
balance.
*****************************************************************************************************************
21
Q. No. 5: Describe significance of “Architectural Conservation”. Give two Global

and one local examples.
(10 Marks)
Answer)
What is Architectural Conservation?
Architectural conservation describes the process which material, historical and design
durability of mankind’s built architectural history is prolonged to last longer and to be able
to sustain difficult conditions or to be kept sustainable, in general.
There are many ways and forms as to how one could possibly conserve and attempt to
conserve architectural heritages such as
• Rehabilitation
• Restoration
• Reconstruction
• Preservation
Not all countries recognize all 4 and use them, some countries like Canada only recognize
preservation, rehabilitation, and restoration.
But before using all of these methods, why do we need to conserve? Architectural
heritages such as the Great Pyramids are required to be preserved due to the inescapable
side effects that natural disasters such as earthquakes or storms or even simply the change
in temperature causes. Not only does the environment effect such important historical
landmarks, but the three most prominent factors affecting them, including the environment,
are pollution and tourism.
Having the environment and pollution as two main factors of such happenings are no big
news, but how is tourism such a prominent factor? Well, even though tourism is beneficial
in both the economic, cultural and educational fields, it can be quite destructive to such
important landmarks. For example, the Egyptian tomb of Seti the 1st is currently off-limits to
the public due to the degeneration that has been caused by tourists. The pyramids in Giza
have also encountered problems due to the large numbers of tourists; more tourists mean
greater humidity and water presence, which can lead to erosion.
22
Architectural conservation is something that has been promoted for years and years and
every year it grows more and more important and more widely known amongst everyone in
whatever fields they may be in.
Conservation of historical buildings – The Omani–French museum
Oman, like many other developing countries, is a nation in transition. A mere four decades
ago, the country was a closed and listless society, basically isolated from the outside world.
The country was severely affected by the “brain drain”, as many young men were despaired
of the limited educational possibilities in the only three schools in the country. There was a
huge lack of services and infrastructure facilities. In 1970, the accession of his Majesty
Sultan Qaboos Bin Said marked the beginning of the modern era in Oman. While Oman is
continuing to meet the challenges of the current global knowledge economy, Oman does
not compromise cherished traditions and social values. It has been recognized that Oman’s
deep rooted history which stretches back more than 8000 years ago, is a source of national
pride, not obstruction to progress.
AIT Faransa, history and significance

Oman is situated on the Arabian Sea, between Yemen to the south west, Saudi Arabia to
the west and United Arab Emirates to the northwest. Oman is an ancient country,
geologically its history stretches back more than 8000 years, but the earliest mention of
Oman is thought to be in a cuneiform table of about 2300 BC., which reveals that there was
a flourishing copper mining and smelting industry
The Omani–French relationship began in the 17th century, as French ships carrying sugar
and spices from the Indian Ocean islands met Omani vessels at Mombassa, Kilwa and
Zanzibar. At the beginning of the 18th century, the shah of Persia tried to acquire French
military aid against Muscat. The kings of France preferred maintaining friendly relations with
the Imams of Oman.
Since 1794 Paris had tried to have a consulate in Muscat, but the first consul to take up a
residence at Muscat was Paul Ottavi in 1894, who played a major role in developing good
relations between France and Oman. Sultan Faysal bin Turki presented a house-which was
constructed between 1820 and 1840 to the order of Ghaliyah bint Salim-a member of the
Royal Family-to Paul Ottavi around 1894 as a consulate and a house, and that is why it was
called Bait Faransa, as there were thirteen French heads of missions at Bait Faransa from
1894 to 1920. In 1920, the last French consul-Yuounou-left the house. Then having been
long abandoned by the French, in 1948, the house was occupied by the British Bank of the
Middle East and later was transformed into governmental offices.
During his state visit to Paris in 1989, His Majesty Sultan Qaboos decided to dedicate Bait
Fransa to Omani–French relations. It was converted into a museum and jointly opened by
him and the President of France, François Mitterrand, in January 1992 [8]. “Bait Fransa
was the only building in the world to be wholly dedicated to friendship between France and
another country” mentioned Alain Gourmont, who served as France’s cultural attaché in
Muscat.
Bait Faransa is located in Old Muscat – the capital-between Al-Bab Al-Kabir and the site of
the Old Suq (Bazaar). The house is designed around a central courtyard, the walls
23
including the interior ones, as are of massive thickness, up to at least three feet. The first,
and only, floor was about twenty feet up and the roof another twenty feet above that. The
living rooms opened out on a wide balcony. Each room had a heavy wooden carved door-
as one of the Omani building details-set beneath a square carved wooden lintel. The tall
wooden arches of the veranda were a reminder of the Chehel Sutun in Isfahan
A photograph of Bait Faransa in 1907 (presented in the museum).
View from the first floor gallery opening to the courtyard – 1907 (presented in the museum).
The house represented the traditional Omani architecture with a range of influences from
the pre-Islamic, Islamic, Persian and Portuguese. The most profound effect in domestic
architecture belonged to the military architecture wrought in mud-brick. Some remarkable
features are crenellated courtyards walls and strong outer gates, that are all typical of old
and new Omani houses with decorative elements tending to take second place to solid
defendable structures.
Reflection on conservation process of Bait Faransa as the Omani–French museum

Responding to the aforementioned decision of his Majesty Sultan Qaboos, in 1989 to
transform Bait Faransa to the Omani French Museum, a committee headed by the Deputy
24
Prime Minister was selected to follow up the conservation process. The committee
members were; the Minister of Heritage and Culture, the French ambassador, the
consultant of the ministry of Heritage and Culture, the General Director of Culture at The
Ministry of Heritage and Culture, a representative of the Ministry of Finance, the Museum
Curator, and the Deputy Museum Curator. The General Authority of Projects & Maintenance
at the Royal Court (Diwan) took full responsibility and supervision of the pre-qualifying
process during 1989–1992. The committee has the decision of authenticity approach for the
conservation process. A local Omani company was commissioned of the restoration
process.
When the responsibility of maintenance and supervision of the museum was passed to the
Ministry of National Heritage and Culture, no documents were delivered. Which means that,
records are in an inaccessible location or under tight restriction, such that they are not
available. Therefore, the reflection on the conservation process will be according to the
available information and the predicted later consequences.
To assess the realization of the objectives and values; Full documentary and historical
context have been achieved through all the rooms of the museum. All rooms are dedicated
to document the bilateral historical relationships between Oman and France to support the
contemporary political relations and to ensure the continuity between past and future as
shown.
Ground floor plan.
First floor plan.
The continuity and identity are achieved through an authentically renovating process with
complete care of every minute detail of the building. These details were recorded in
25
photographs, diplomatic archives stored by the French Ministry of Foreign affairs, as well as
documents loaned by the descendants of two of the French consuls in Oman. These helped
to recreate the essential features of the museum as shown.
A view from the first floor gallery opening to the courtyard in both (1907, 2009) showing
care for every ancient detail.
Esthetical and architectural values achieved through the materials employed in this building
the paint specifications, the finishes and chosen techniques recalled with a degree of
certainty.
Heritage Management and Preservation in Pakistan

Before 1947, the entire area of South Asia was divided into six Archaeological Circles and
Pakistan inherited this organizational structure of the British period for the management of
the cultural heritage. Pakistan ’s West Pakistan Circle was the real successor to the British
Indian Frontier Circle and the East Pakistan Circle was a part of colonial Eastern
Circle. The Frontier Circle of Archaeological Survey was established at Peshawar asearly
as 1906 to look after the protected monuments in the former NWFP (now Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa) including Baluchistan.
Two other circles known as Northern Circles were established with their headquarters at (i)
Lahore to look after the Hindu and Buddhist monuments in the areas of west and East
Punjab, Delhi,U.P. Central India and Rajputana, and the second at (ii) Agra to manage the
Muslim and British monuments inthe above provinces. The two headquarters of the
erstwhile Frontier Circle were shifted to Lahore in 1928when the Muslim and British
monuments in former Punjab were also transferred to that Circle. In 1931, due to financial
stringency, the Circle dealing with the Hindu and Buddhist monuments at Lahore was
abolished and transferred to the former Frontier Circle. In 1946, the control of
the monuments located in the areas of former Sindh Province was also transferred to the
Frontier Circle.
With the establishment of Pakistan, this Circle was reorganized and re-named as
West Pakistan Circle and all the monuments located in West Pakistan were put under its
control. However, after the creation of Bangladesh in 1971, Pakistan was left with Western
Pakistan Circle only. The administrative set up was reorganized into the Northern Circle of
Archaeology andthe Southern Circle of Archaeology with headquarters respectively at
Lahore and Hyderabad. This division helped to bring about improvements in the functioning
of the Federal Archaeology Department especially in the conservation works which
otherwise were not possible to achieve within a single administrative unit ofWest
26
Pakistan. For greater efficiency, the Northern Circle of Archaeology was further subdivided
into four Sub-Regional Offices located at Multan, Taxila, Peshawar and Gilgit. One Sub-
Regional Office at Quetta was created in the Southern Circle of Archaeology with its
headquarter already established at Hyderabad. Despite all these changes, the main policy
decisions came from the Director General of Archaeology and Museums whose
headquarter office remained at Karachi until about 1998 when it moved to Islamabad.
Conservation of Historic Monuments in Lahore:

Lahore, cultural capital of Pakistan, is one of the most important centers of architecture
(Figure) particularly during the Mughal period (1626-1749). The monuments built in Lahore
present the culmination of local and Central Asian tradition resulting in a most powerful
independent style. A number of these monuments are facing a host of problems caused due
to human neglect, environmental degradation and other factors such as aging and natural
decay. In the last few years Department of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan undertook
a series of conservation efforts to save these monuments. This paper is divided into three
parts. The first part discusses the importance of authenticity in conservation followed by
case studies of three projects. The final part gives conclusions and recommendations.
Authenticity and Conservation

Authentic conservation needs research documentation and commitment for excellence.
Conservation without authenticity is meaningless. Authenticity has several facets and each
one of them has its role and meaning in conservation. In any conservation project there
may be three areas where one has to be very careful to look into the different aspects of
authenticity.
These aspects are to maintain, to preserve, and to safeguard authenticity. If these aspects
are taken care of then one can say the conservation action or process is authentic. Even
authenticity has different levels. In the first degree one gives full respect to authenticity and
undertakes minimum action. In such case the actions are restricted to preservation and
consolidation. This requires complete documentation to diminish the possibility of deviation
from the original concept of the monuments and its finishes.
The second degree is moderate authenticity. Restoration and rehabilitation fall in this
category. Although in restoration authentic information is required to undertake any job but
sometime historical materials and level of craftsmanship are not available to undertake
such jobs. In adaptive reuse sometimes changes are required to be carried out which may
change its original appearance. But in these actions it is important to undertake decisions
which safeguard originality and authenticity.
In the third degree there is a limited regard for authenticity. This is usually experienced in
reconstruction projects. In dealing with such sites sometimes materials are not authentic or
workmanship is not up to the mark. In most of the projects neither the materials are of the
same quality and nor the workmanship is of requisite standard. Therefore the overall
quality of work remains substandard. Another reason for such work is lack of commitment to
and supervision of the work.
Conservation projects draw our attention to the following aspects of authenticity in order to
preserve architectural values and they need serious efforts and commitment in the areas of
research, investigation, and site supervision.
27
SHISH MAHAL
Shah Burj (commonly known as Shish Mahal) located in the north western corner of Lahore
Fort. This project was initiated by fourth Mughal emperor Jahangir and completed during
the reign of his son Shah Jahan in 1631-32. The most important feature of this monument is
the mirror mosaic work (ayina kari) applied on the walls and ceilings of all interior spaces.
These convex glasses were fixed in guch (gypsum) plaster.
The ceiling comprised of a layer of gypsum plaster applied on wooden lattice structure
supported by wooden beams. The seepage of water from the roof and termite attack, the
beams got deteriorated; therefore, the ceiling started loosing its connection with the lattice
structure. There was enormous challenge before the conservators.
The Department of Archaeology undertook a conservation and restoration project with the
financial assistance of NORAD and UNESCO. After the expert advice it was decided that a
new grid of wooden beams may be constructed to transfer the load of ceiling to new
structural system. The original ceiling of guch left its contact with the wooden lattice
structure 1½ inch apart on each side.
The lattice structure was later repaired at places with bamboo strips. It was decided to lay
stainless steel wire mesh over the existing ceiling and then tie them up with wooden beams.
Once this is done then a layer of guch mortar was spread over the mesh so that old and
new layers become monolithic. The entire load was transferred to wooden beams placed
above the wooden grid.
Sections of Shish Mahal
28
It may be mentioned here that during the conservation operation, sheets of polystyrene
were placed under the ceiling to support the structure which was removed after the
completion of the task. It was found that this experiment was partially successful. At some
places the ceiling got fixed while at other places it fell down. Looking into the conservation
process, it was found that two factors were responsible for the partial failure of this process.
Firstly, there was not adequate pressure from the base and secondly the upper surface of
the guch plaster was not prepared adequately to make proper adhesion of new and old
plaster. At a result the two surfaces could not become monolithic. There was not adequate
supervision during the execution of work. A high level advisory committee was formed by
the UNESCO but none of them had any practical conservation experience. However
Pakistani specialists who had sufficient experience were not considered in the conservation
work.
*****************************************************************************************************************
29
Q. No. 6: Describe the role of UNESCO in conservation of cultural heritage. Give

three examples including one in Pakistan that has demonstrated conservation and
preservation. Prepare 10 power point slides to present in the workshop.
(30 Marks)
Answer)
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
References & Researches Cited:
Q.1
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_environment
o https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270821127_The_Role_of_Culture_in_a_Sustainabl
e_Built_Environment
o https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK43713/
Q.2
o http://www.tezu.ernet.in/dmass/Students%20Corner/Abhijit%20Bora%20Course
%20Outline/MEdia%20impact%20on%20culture.pdf
o http://www.gmj.uottawa.ca/1402/v7i2_dakroury.pdf
o http://www.frankfuredi.com/article/how_the_internet_and_social_media_are_changin
g_culture1
o https://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/cimac/hirai.html
o https://www.quora.com/How-does-culture-influence-our-lives
o https://www.franksonnenbergonline.com/blog/7-reasons-why-traditions-are-so-
important/
Q.3
o http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/pluginfile.php/623601/mod_resource/content/1/a
218_reading_11-2.pdf
o https://blog.nus.edu.sg/audreyc/2014/02/24/how-does-industry-affect-culture/
o https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/how-did-industrialization-change-society-
peoples-574404
o https://www.quora.com/What-cultural-effects-did-the-Industrial-Revolution-have
o https://nation.com.pk/19-Dec-2016/impact-of-technology-on-our-society
o https://www.quora.com/How-is-technology-changing-the-culture-of-Pakistan
o https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277307264_Impact_of_Emerging_Technolo
gies_on_Human_Values
o https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/03/30/globalisation-and-pakistani-culture/
Q.4
o http://fellows.rfiea.fr/dossier/megalopoles-villes-musees-bidonvilles-la-ville-au-xxie-
siecle/article/between-preservation
o https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315835455_Built_Heritage_Conservation_
and_Contemporary_Urban_Development_The_Contribution_of_Architectural_Practi
ce_to_the_Challenges_of_Modernisation
o https://blog.nus.edu.sg/ariurban/2013/10/02/heritage-modernity/
o http://www.un.org/ga/Istanbul+5/74.pdf
o http://www.un.org/ga/Istanbul+5/74.pdf
o http://theconversation.com/heritage-building-preservation-vs-sustainability-conflict-
isnt-inevitable-83973
Q.5
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_conservation
o http://www.ierek.com/news/index.php/2017/06/24/architectural-2/
o https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1687404814000315
o https://www.academia.edu/8047898/Heritage_Management_and_Conservation_in_P
akistan_The_British_Legacy_and_Current_Perspective
o https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4201/6b41e9393e37c91a22c58c5a8e60ca27ceef.p
df
37
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Solution-3683 Culture and Building Design 1st Assignment

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Department of Home & Health Sciences

Block No. 06, Sector H-8,

Culture and Building Design (3683)

Healthy people require healthy environments— neighborhoods, schools, childcare centers,

BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND ROLE OF NATURAL SURROUNDINGS

Important characteristics of the built environment critical to supporting healthy behaviors

• Walkable and bikable neighborhoods

Walkable and Bikable Neighborhoods

Parks, Recreation Facilities, and Open Space

Healthy Food Environments

Crime and Violence

Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies.

MEDIA AND CULTURE

The Internet and Everyday Culture

HOW DOES CULTURE INFLUENCE OUR LIVES

Examples from: Wired for Culture

Reasons Why Traditions Are So Important

 Tradition contributes a sense of comfort and belonging. It brings families together

INDUSTRIALIZATION IMPACT THE CULTURE OF ANY SOCIETY:

IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON OUR SOCIETY

Technology is positively impacting our transportation system. In recent times, we have

HOW TECHNOLOGY IS CHANGING THE CULTURE OF PAKISTAN

• Cell phones (smartphones) have taken the place of a landline telephone.

GLOBALISATION AND PAKISTANI CULTURE

Q. No. 4: Explain the “Controversy between Heritage Preservation and

BETWEEN PRESERVATION AND MODERNIZATION: THE PROBLEMS OF CONTEMPORARY

The conflict between conservation and modernisation is deeply rooted in the

This is object–centered approach characterizes the history of modern heritage

The dilemma of contemporary urban heritage

Authenticity and Integrity. Authenticity’s original relevance is undermined by the arrival of

Intangible urban heritage could be regarded as an opportunity of the popular appropriation

Thus, the one-time administrative language of heritage conservation is used by a larger

Let’s be clear about what we mean

Inherent sustainability in heritage buildings

Applying circular economy principles to renovations can improve sustainability. Combining

So how has policy evolved to manage all this?

The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), established in 1964 as a

ICOMOS promotes conservation, protection, use and enhancement of cultural heritage

ICOMOS influences practices in Australia through statutes, ethical statements and

It’s not easy being green

Sustainability is an important tool for heritage preservation. Another consideration is time,

• What is the heritage value?

Q. No. 5: Describe significance of “Architectural Conservation”. Give two Global

Conservation of historical buildings – The Omani–French museum

AIT Faransa, history and significance

A photograph of Bait Faransa in 1907 (presented in the museum).

Reflection on conservation process of Bait Faransa as the Omani–French museum

Ground floor plan.

First floor plan.

Heritage Management and Preservation in Pakistan

Conservation of Historic Monuments in Lahore:

Authenticity and Conservation

Sections of Shish Mahal

Q. No. 6: Describe the role of UNESCO in conservation of cultural heritage. Give

References & Researches Cited:

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