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Class 12 Physics Alternating Currents – Get here the Notes for Class 12 Physics Alternating Currents. Candidates who are ambitious to qualify
the Class 12 with good score can check this article for Notes. This is possible only when you have the best CBSE Class 12 Physics study material
and a smart preparation plan. To assist you with that, we are here with notes. Hope these notes will helps you understand the important topics
and remember the key points for exam point of view. Below we provided the Notes of Class 12 Physics for topic Alternating Currents.
Class: 12th
Subject: Physics
Resource: Notes
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Transient Current
An electric current which vary for a small nite time, while growing from zero to maximum or decaying from maximum to zero, is called a
transient current.
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I = Io(1 – e -Rt / L)
where, Io = maximum current, L = self inductance of the inductor and R = resistance of the circuit.
Time constant of a L – R circuit is the time in which current in the circuit grows to 63.2% of the maximum value of current.
I = Ioe -Rt / L
Time constant of a L – R circuit is the time in which current decays to 36.8% of the maximum value of current.
q = qo(1 – e – t / RC)
The instantaneous charge on a capacitor in discharging at any instant of time t is given by q = qoe – t / RC
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Alternating Current
An electric current whose magnitude changes continuously with time and changes its direction periodically, is called an alternating current.
I = Io sin ωt
The variation of alternating current with time is shown in graph given below
Im = 2Io / π = 0.637 Io
Iv = Irms = Io / √2 = 0.707 Io
Reactance
The opposition o ered by an inductor or by a capacitor in the path of ow of alternating current is called reactance.
(i) Inductive Reactance (XL) Inductive reactance is the resistance o ered by an inductor.
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(ii) Capacitive Reactance (Xc) Capacitive reactance is the resistance o ered by an inductor
Capacitive reactance,
Xc = 1 / Cω = 1 / C2πf = T / C 2π
Impedance
The opposition o ered by an AC circuit containing more than one out of three components L, C and R, is called impedance (Z) of the circuit.
Power in an AC Circuit
The power is de ned as the rate at which work is being in the circuit.
= V / √2 i / √2 cos θ = Vi / √2 cos θ
where, cos θ = Resistance(R) / Impedance (Z) is called the power factor 0f AC circuit.
Here, we will discuss current and potential relations for di erent AC circuits.
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(b) Alternating current, I = Io sin ωt
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(iv) R – C Circuit
E = Eo sin ωt
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I = Eo / 2 sin (ωt – φ)
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tan φ = – 1 / ωC / R
V2 = V2R = V2C
(v) L – C Circuit
(vi) L – C – R Circuit
Resonance in AC Circuit
The condition in which current is maximum or impedance is minimum in an AC circuit, is called resonance.
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At resonance = XL = XC
At resonance, XL = XC
Wattless Current
Here the Irms cos φ contributes for power dissipation. Therefore, it is called wattless current.
AC Generator or Dynamo
(i) Armature It is rectangular coil of insulated copper wire having a large number of turns.
(ii) Field Magnets These are two pole pieces of a strong electromagnet.
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(iii) Slip Rings These are two hollow metallic rings.
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(iv) Brushes These are two exible metals or carbon rods, which remains slightly in contact with slip rings .
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9/5/2019 CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes : Alternating Currents – AglaSem Schools
DC Motor
Its working is based on the fact that when a current carrying coil is placed in uniform magnetic eld a torque acts on it.
τ = NBIA sin θ
E ciency of a motor,
Transformer
It is a device which can change a low voltage of high current into a high voltage of low current and vice-versa.
(i) Step-up Transformers It converts a low voltage of high current into a high voltage of low current.
In this transformer,
and IP > IS
(ii) Step-down Transformer It converts a high voltage of low current into a low voltage of high current.
In this transformer,
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NPCBSE
> NS,EP > ES and
ICSE IP < IS STATE BOARD
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Transformation ratio,
K = NS / NP = ES / EP = IP / IS
1. Iron loss
2. Copper loss
3. Flux loss
4. Hysteresis loss
5. Humming loss
Important Points
Transformer does not operate on direct current. It operates only on alternating voltages at input as well as at output.
Transformer, a device based on mutual induction converts magnetic energy into electrical energy.
A choke coil is a pure inductor. Average power consumed per cycle is zero in a choke coil.
An induction coil generates high voltages of the order of 1OS V from a battery.
Hope these notes helped you in your schools exam preparation. Candidates can also check out the Key Points, Important Questions &
Practice Papers for various Subjects for Class 12 in both Hindi and English language form the link below.
Class 12 Business
Class 12 Economics
Class 12 Sociology
Tags: CBSE 12 Notes CBSE Class Notes CBSE Notes Class 12 Notes Class 12th Free CBSE Notes Free Notes Physics Notes
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