Copyright © 2018 Waleed Elsafoury

•In the same year that GSM was commercially launched, ETSI
had already started the standardization work for the next-
generation

•The largest Japanese mobile telecommunications operator,

NTT DoCoMo, issued a tender for a WCDMA

•The UMTS Forum was created in 1996

•Later the most important companies in telecommunications

joined forces in the 3GPP program
• In the beginning it was decided to UMTS to be fully independent
on GSM
• In mid 1990 the point of view is changed about 3G
• GSM proved that it more successful than other network and
widely used in the world
• So it would be a risk that implement a fully incompatible UMTS

Release
Release 4
Phase
Phase 2+ 3
1/2
 ETSI Report 1996:
UMTS downward compatible

• Based on global GSM success & experience

• Common Core Network (for GSM & UMTS)
• based on GSM CN protocols
• re-use GSM Supplementary Services
• production experience of 2G equipment vendors

There’s must multi-mode or dual terminal

to assure handover between UMTS and GSM
 YES
Searching
UMTS

NO

Select
Searching
GSM
 UTRA
2 Mbit/s

EDGE:
473 kbit/s
max. Data rate

GPRS:
171 kbit/s
HSCSD:
115 kbit/s
GSM
Phase ½:

GSM Phase 2+
UL DL
FDMA
Duplex
transmission

Multiple
Access
FDD TDD

TDMA CDMA
 TDD:
UL / DL

Time t
UL separated by
duplex distance Time!
Time t

DL

UL DL
UL

DL
Frame
frequency f with n TS

FDD: UL / DL UL
separated by frequency f
Frequency!
• WCDMA

• Advanced TDMA

• Hybrid WCDMA/TDMA

• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

WCDMA system is 5 MHz carrier BW ??

It has all CDMA advantages + high rate

 Advanced
TDMA

30 KHz 200 KHz 1.6 MHz

No much changes than 2G

A radio frame is divided into 15 time slots,
and within each slot different channels are
CDMA multiplexed

Frame = 15 Ts = 10 msec
•OFDM is based on a principle of multicarrier modulation
FDD is More simple and cheap but we must use TDD??

• The spectrum allocated for IMT-2000 is asymmetric

• TDD is better with asymmetric data rates for the

uplink and downlink

•TDD is easier power measurements

• TDD is easier for upgrading

UL DL A
UL DL B
• WCDMA with FDD

• WCDMA / TDMA with TDD

3GPP select both FDD and TDD
• FDD
• 5 MHz BW
• 3.84 Mcps
• Paired
• WCDMA
• TDD
• 5 MHz BW
• 3.84 Mcps
• Unpaired
• WCDMA / TDMA
 • TDD Unpaired
• FDD paired
Freq.
MHz • SAT paired
2200
SAT - UL
2170

FDD - DL
2110
2025
TDD
2010
SAT - DL
1980

FDD – UL
1920 TDD
1900
Time
Egypt’s Mobile Spectrum Allocation Vodafone

GSM 900 Mobinil

Etisalat

MHz 880 890 902.5 915 925 935 947.5 960

UL DL
E-GSM E-GSM
Channels 1 62 63 124

GSM 1800
■ MHz 1710 1715 1751 1756 1761 1766 1785 1805 1810 1846 1851 1856 1861 1880

UL DL

UMTS
MHz 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980

UL
Channels 9612 9637 9662 9687 9712 9737 9762 9787 9812 9837 9862 9887

MHz 2110 2115 2120 2125 2130 2135 2140 2145 2150 2155 2160 2165 2170

DL
Channels 10562 10587 10612 10637 10662 10687 10712 10737 10762 10787 10812 10837
• Channelization codes

• Scrambling codes

• Synchronization codes
Channelization codes are used to separate channels from the same source.

• For DL this channelization means the separation of different users

• For UL the channelization means the separation of different applications

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 256
CC256,0
CC256,1
CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
CC256,2
CC2,0 = (1,1)

CC1,0 = (1) CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) •

••• • •••
CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) •

CC2,1 = (1,-1)
CC256,254
CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) CC256,255

Channelization Codes (CCn,m) = OVSF Codes

■ orthogonal Code Space

2 2

4 4 4 4

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
Channelization codes are used to separate channels from the same source.

Channelization codes can not be used to separate

users in uplink as users are not synchronized so
codes may not be orthogonal
Scrambling codes are used to separate different sources.

 For DL this means the separation of different BTS‘s

 For UL the scrambling means the separation of different UE

Here we prefer Gold codes as it has low cross

correlation so minimizing the possibility to miss a
gold code to another
■ Gold sequences constructed by the XOR of two m-sequences with the same
clocking
■ They can supply large number of code.
■ They have very good cross correlation properties
Scrambling codes are used to separate different sources.
• Used for cell search  Primary synchronization code is transmitted
• Two sub channels: P-SCH and S-SCH repeatedly in each time slot

• SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips  Secondary synchronization code specifies
of every time slot the scrambling code groups of the cell

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #14

Primary ac ac ac p
p p
SCH

Secondary ac si,14
ac s i,0 ac s i,1
SCH

256 chips
2560 chips
One 10 ms SCH radio frame
Scrambling slot number
Code Group #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14
Group 0 1 1 2 8 9 10 15 8 10 16 2 7 15 7 16
Group 1 1 1 5 16 7 3 14 16 3 10 5 12 14 12 10
Group 2 1 2 1 15 5 5 12 16 6 11 2 16 11 15 12
Group 3 1 2 3 1 8 6 5 2 5 8 4 4 6 3 7
Group 4 1 2 16 6 6 11 15 5 12 1 15 12 16 11 2
…
Group 61 9 10 13 10 11 15 15 9 16 12 14 13 16 14 11
Group 62 9 11 12 15 12 9 13 13 11 14 10 16 15 14 16
Group 63 9 12 10 15 13 14 9 14 15 11 11 13 12 16 10

Slot # ? Slot #? Slot #?

P-SCH acp acp acp  ……..
S-SCH 16 6 11
Group 2
Slot 7, 8, 9
256 chips
 UMTS
Channels

Physical Transport Logical

Channels Channels Channels

Traffic Control
Channels Channels