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Welcome to
your Digital Edition of
Aerospace & Defense
Technology Microturbine Propulsion
for UAVs
August 2019
Preventing Ice Buildup
on Electric Aircraft
Peridynamic Modeling
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Overcome antenna crosstalk
issues with simulation.
Visualization of the electric field norm and 3D far field due to a transmitting
antenna. Antennas are intentionally large in this tutorial model.
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Intro Cov ToC + – A
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www.aerodefensetech.com August 2019
Microturbine Propulsion
for UAVs
Preventing Ice Buildup
on Electric Aircraft
Peridynamic Modeling
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PROVEN
PERFORMANCE
GORE, GORE-FLIGHT, the purple cable, Together, improving life and designs are trademarks
k off W.
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A i ©2019 W.
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The Big Thing in
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Aerospace & Defense Technology
Contents
FEATURES ________________________________________ 30 Thermal Conductivities of Some Polymers and Composites
32 Hands-on Cybersecurity Studies: Multi-Perspective Analysis of
Avionics the WannaCry Ransomware
4 How Miniaturized Distributed Modular Architecture Advances 33 Real-Time Heuristics and Metaheuristics for Static and
Avionics Design Dynamic Weapon Target Assignments
Aerospace Alloys 34 Hybrid Ultra-Low VOC and Non-HAP Rain Erosion Coatings
10 Peridynamic Modeling
Propulsion Systems
DEPARTMENTS ___________________________________
16 Microturbine Propulsion for UAVs
36 Application Briefs
Aerodynamics
52 New Products
18 Preventing Ice Buildup on Electric Aircraft
56 Advertisers Index
RF & Microwave Technology
22 Critical Communications Break Out of the Analog Mold
26 Pathfinder Radar ISR and SAR Systems: Tactical Eyes for the ON THE COVER ___________________________________
Warfighter Seventy years ago, military aviation moved from
reciprocating engines to vastly more reliable turbo
jets and turboprops. The same cannot be said for
UAVs. The industry has been slow to innovate and
TECH BRIEFS _____________________________________ develop turbine propulsion systems for small air-
craft because it is far more difficult to design and
28 Feasibility Study of Portable Water Desalination Systems for produce high performance small turbines than large
Water Contingencies at Remote Navy Installations ones. But that may be about to change. To learn
29 Nominal High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) more, read the feature article on page 16.
Waveforms (Photo by sibsky2016/Shutterstock.com)
• RTCA/DO-160
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How Miniaturized Distributed
Modular Architecture
Advances Avionics Design
M
ost of today’s collision- able, and expanded data transmission This trend is now moving into avion-
avoidance, in-flight-enter- speed and bandwidth. However, a cen- ics. Embedded computing and distrib-
tainment (IFE), air-to- tralized big box has some significant uted architecture are combining to
ground-communications, limitations, which inspired the develop- push IMA to the next level. Designers
and other avionics systems employ elec- ment of ARINC 800 series standards can now implement modular and dis-
tronics packaging based on the Aeronau- at the turn of this century. tributed avionics throughout the air-
tics Radio INC (ARINC) 600 standard. ARINC 800 standards respond to the craft using miniaturized electronics
Compared to the older ARINC 404 stan- general technological trend toward embed- packaging to perform navigation, com-
dard dating from the 1970s that defined ded computing on miniaturized printed cir- munications, the gathering of various
“black box” enclosures and racks within cuit boards (PCBs) deployed locally. This sensor information, and other intelli-
aircraft, ARINC 600 specified a Modular trend got started in other industries look- gent functions locally without being
Concept Unit (MCU) — the basic building ing for ways to reduce weight and size, wired back to a central microcomputer.
block module for avionics. An ARINC handle higher data loads due to the prolif- To this end, a family of new ARINC 800
600 metal enclosure can hold up to 12 eration of sensors, improve thermal man- standards was developed, which include:
MCUs, allowing a lot of computing power agement, and push intelligence closer to • ARINC 801 through 807 that advance
to be placed in a centralized “box.” By the point where control decisions are the use of fiber optics in avionics
making it possible to run numerous ap- made. For example, automotive designers systems;
plications over a real-time network, now employ a myriad of electronic control • ARINC 836 that defines modular,
ARINC 600 enabled “next generation” units (ECU) in highly engineered cars, and standardized rack-style enclosures,
integrated modular avionics (IMA). consumer product designers embed nu- cabling, connectors, and grounding
A centralized IMA approach offers merous intelligent controls in “connected” methods for aircraft cabins;
several advantages: reduced size and consumer appliances.
weight, easier maintenance with stan-
dardized cards that are easily replace-
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Avionics
New latching
accomplished by simply swapping out
mechanisms for TE’s modules.
MiniMRP enclosure
(courtesy of
TE Connectivity)
Robust Latches and Interconnects
Avionics designers often face tight
constraints with PCBs; design flexibility
is accounted for by using European Stan-
dard EN4165-mateable interconnects for
modular racks. With a fully-integrated
MiniMRP design, PCB connector mod-
ules and boxes can be securely latched
using techniques to protect against pull-
out and torsion. The preferred connec-
tor for MiniMRP modules is the classic
• ARINC 836A that updates the original Smaller, Lighter DEUTSCH DMC-M series aircraft con-
ARINC 836 standard to establish a ARINC 836A MiniMRP modules are nector. This design conforms to de-
mini modular rack principle (Mini - available in four compact size combina- manding avionics specifications, includ-
MRP) for avionics packaging. (Initially tions: single-width (42 mm/1.6 inches) or ing EN4165. The DMC-M family offers
aimed at commercial cabin systems, double-width (84 mm/3.3 inches), and many contact arrangements and insert
ARINC 836A MiniMRP is also finding single-height (112.3 mm/4.4 inches) or layouts in both multi-cavity and single-
use in military aerospace.) double-height (224.8 mm/8.8 inches) module configurations. Sizes include 8,
variations. Lightweight composite mater- 12, 16, 20, and 22 gauges. Contacts can
For the designer, ARINC 836A Mini- ials replace traditional heavy metal enclo- be crimped on copper wire, aluminum
MRP makes it possible to realize the full sures. Advanced composite formulations wire, or PCB mounting.
potential of integrated modular and dis- — including base materials and fillers —
tributed avionics. The basic technical can be selected according to specific ap- Network Speed and Bandwidth
goal of ARINC 836A was to define stan- plication needs. Fillers range from carbon In distributed avionics, a large num-
dardized cabin-system-module form fibers to microsphere and nanotubes. ber of links are shorter than 83 meters
factors for weights ranging from a few Composites can be selectively plated to and are suitable for 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
ounces to a maximum of six pounds. add shielding, circuit elements, and other In these cases, Cat 6a copper cabling
The advantages of MiniMRP imple- features, such as embedded antennas. can be used for flight control, avionics,
mented in TE Connectivity (TE) tech- Sometimes considered an expensive, ex- and cabin-management systems. For
nologies include: otic solution, composite enclosures are links less than 60m, 26 AWG cables may
• Significantly reduced size with a 40% now more cost-effective thanks to ad- be used, resulting in smaller and lighter
smaller package and up to 60% weight vanced manufacturing techniques. harnesses. Cat 6a cable can be termi-
savings; nated with small, high-speed ARINC-
• Enhancing flexibility and simplifying Flexibility and Configuration compliant circular connectors.
configuration with a less costly com- With MiniMRP avionics, a big box in Two TE connector families are relevant:
mercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) selection the avionics bay can be replaced with • CeeLok FAS-T circular connectors use
approach; many small boxes distributed through- a true 100-ohm impedance design
• Securing modules and boards with ro- out the aircraft. Modules can be used that is compatible with Cat 6A cable.
bust latches and interconnects; singly or combined as needed for spe- The compact size 8 shell reduces SWaP
• Increasing network speed and band- cific functionality and external environ- (size, weight, and power) requirements.
width by supporting 10-Gigabit Ether- mental factors. MiniMRP packaging en- Crimp-snap contacts allow easy termi-
net over fiber optics and/or high- compasses connecting hardware, nation and field repairability. An inte-
speed copper, with a fiber optic including bus-structured modules,
backbone that can support 40G and interfaces, and power sup-
even 100G links. plies. Standardization allows
designers to take advantage
By using miniaturized, standardized of COTS components to
modules that can be mixed and lower costs and speed
matched within a high-speed network, up the design cycle.
designers enjoy far greater design flexi- Modules are de-
bility in avionics placement and cabling signed for quick and
than with centralized architectures. It's easy tool-less instal- TE’s new
worth examining how TE’s MiniMRP lation. Changes, main- lighter-weight MiniMRP
delivers these design advantages. tenance, and upgrades can be composite enclosure
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Avionics
gral backshell enables easy 360-degree shield termination. A ploy a proven AS39029 design for rugged environments. A
T-shaped contact pattern provides noise cancellation and patented shielding arrangement shields each pair through
decoupling to minimize crosstalk and increase signal in- the connector to provide improved impedance matching
tegrity. and also eliminates crosstalk. TE’s CeeLok FAS-X Connector
• CeeLok FAS-X circular connectors come in a small size 11 is qualified to a new Military Standard MIL-DTL-32546.
shell in a M38999 profile for one 10 Gb/s Ethernet channel To provide higher speeds over longer distances, MiniMRP
(size 25 shell for four channels). CeeLok FAS-X contacts em- accommodates fiber optic cabling. A multimode fiber can
transmit 10 Gigabit/sec up to 550 me-
ters. Optical fiber can also be used for
avionics backbones that can support
40G and even 100G links. Moreover,
compared to a Cat 6a counterpart, fiber
optic cable is 78 percent lighter. Optical
fibers also excel in noise immunity. They
neither emit nor receive electromagnetic
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Avionics
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Peridynamic Modeling
An Alternative Approach to Analyzing
Material Failure
A
critical technology challenge for structural material Madenci and Oterkus in 2013, and by Littlewood, Silling,
applications in the aerospace and defense industries Mitchell, Seleson, Bond, Parks, Turner, Burnett, Ostien, and
is to have a means for the reliable analysis of mate- Gunzburger in 2015. There are several important advantages
rial damage and failure. Experimental structural as- of the peridynamic method over the FEM. First, it uses dis-
sessments are typically expensive and often do not provide full placements rather than displacement derivatives in its formu-
information about coupled, multiscale damage processes. lation. Hence, the peridynamic equations are valid every-
Computer-aided analysis has established itself as a useful tool where, including discontinuities. Second, the peridynamic
for complementing experimental structural assessments. A method exploits a length scale variable, to be called horizon,
comparative summary of current computer-aided approaches that enables the use of the peridynamic equations at disparate
is presented in the accompanying table. scales. Third, the peridynamic method does not require an ex-
The Finite Element Method (FEM) has received wide- ternal criterion to model crack initiation and propagation since
spread acceptance in the computer-aided assessments of material failure is invoked through the direct material re-
the traditional macroscale materials and components. Ex- sponse. Fourth, it discards requirements on mesh size in dam-
tensions of classical FEM to model fracture and crack prop- age models.
agation were also developed. Recently, a peridynamic vir- Currently, the peridynamic method has received accept-
tual testing that unifies the mechanics of continuous media, ance in the research community with a steadily increasing
cracks, and discrete particles emerged as an enhancement number of peer-reviewed papers each year. However, a wide
to FEM modeling. adoption of peridynamic in industry is limited by some unfa-
Peridynamic was introduced by Steward Silling in 2000 at vorable factors such as a lack of integration with main-
Sandia National Laboratories and was further developed by stream FEM software, a relatively high computational cost,
agsandrew/Shutterstock.com
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MILITARY AND AEROSPACE
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Intro Cov ToC + – A
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Aerospace Alloys
Classical FEM FEM analysis has received widespread Intensive remeshing is typically required to
acceptance for traditional macro-scale material capture geometry of cracks and to determine the
systems direction of crack growth
Extended finite element XFEM enables the modeling of cracks Challenges persist in modeling of dynamic
method (XFEM) independent of the finite element mesh problems (e.g., crack initiation and growth)
Meshless and mesh-free Meshless and mesh-free methods can provide Meshless and mesh-free models are typically
methods accurate estimates in two-dimensional impractical for modeling three-dimensional
structures with cracks geometries
Peridynamic Peridynamic is a nonlocal theory based on direct Lack of integration with mainstream FEM
interactions between nodes (points) software
Material damage and crack initiation can be Scarcity of demonstration for engineering
modelled without external criteria breakthrough applications
A comparative summary of computer-aided approaches for structural assessment of materials. Peridynamic is moving ahead of the competition by offering
advanced features for modeling damage and crack initiation.
and a scarcity of demonstration for important engineering bond-based material models that are computationally inex-
applications. pensive and robust but account only for simple two-point
interactions with Poisson’s ratio of one quarter. The second
The Peridynamic Method category is ordinary state-based material models in which
The peridynamic methodology pursued in this study is a the pairwise force between any two material points depends
nonlocal theory based on interactions between material on the deformations of all material points within the neigh-
points. Here, points are connected by imaginary mechanical borhood of these two points. The third category represents
bonds and can interact with each other according to nonlocal non-ordinary state-based material models providing a way
forces. The peridynamic equation of deformation is given by to use material models developed for the FEM within a peri-
(Littlewood et at, 2016): dynamic framework.
ሬሬሬԦ െ ݔԦ ۄെܶ ቀݔԢ
ߩሺݔԦ, ݐሻݑሷ ሺݔԦ, ݐሻ = ቄܶ ሺݔԦ, ݐሻ ݔۃԢ ሬሬሬԦ, ݐቁ ݔۃԦ െ ݔԦԢۄቅ ܸ݀ݔԢ + ܾሬԦሺݔԦ, ݐሻ, (1) Different types of bonds can be included in a peridy-
namic damage model, which stretch arbitrarily in any di-
where T is the nonlocal force, x is a material point in the ref- rection and fail in different ways. Currently, the peridy-
erence configuration of a body B, u is the deformation, ρ is namics code MesoEqs, utilized in this study, supports two
the density field, and b is the prescribed external body force bond damage models: a critical stretch model and a fatigue
density. The integration in (1) is over a spherical neighbor- damage model. The critical stretch model uses a critical
hood in B centered at x. It can be demonstrated that Equa- stretch bond breaking criterion with critical stretch param-
tion (1) will recover the classical Cauchy momentum equa- eters determining when each individual bond is broken.
tion if the integral of nonlocal forces is replaced with the The critical stretch parameters can be calibrated using ex-
divergence of stress. perimentally measured energy release rates. The fatigue
Existing peridynamic material models can be classified damage model follows an approach by Silling and Askari,
into the following three categories. The first category is 2014, that does not require any pre-defined criterion in its
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Intro Cov ToC + – A
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Aerospace Alloys
Displacement (m)
is the fitting coefficient, m is the fitting
degree, and f is the frequency of rota-
tion per minute. The cyclic strain is re- 0.0
lated to the cyclic stress intensity factor
ΔK through the following expression:
(3)
-1.0x10-2
-2.0
(5)
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Intro Cov ToC + – A
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Aerospace Alloys
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Aerospace Alloys
Conclusions
The computer-aided engineering industry has been slow to
adopt the peridynamic method because of some unfavorable
factors, including a lack of integration with mainstream FEM
software, a relatively high computational cost, and a scarcity
of demonstration for engineering applications. Recent scien-
tific advances provide new opportunities to use the peridy-
namic method only in regions susceptible to material failure
while using the FEM approach elsewhere. www.swissautomation.com
www.swissautomation.com
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Microturbine Propulsion for UAVs
S
eventy years ago, military avia- gas turbine engine small enough to fit weight of these systems are major con-
tion moved from reciprocating into Group 3 (max gross take-off weight straints. A little over thirteen hundred
engines to vastly more reliable less than 1320 lbs) and Group 4 (MGTOW pounds really isn’t much.
turbo jets and turboprops. of more than 1320 lbs) the team at UAV
Shortly after, the commercial air trans- Turbines has achieved this engineering How It Works
port industry followed suit, enabling feat with the recent launch of its Monarch To achieve significant thrust, the
modern air transport. Today, virtually propulsion system. The Monarch turbo- heavy fuel (typically JP-8 or Jet A) burns
all large aircraft rely on turbine propul- prop was carefully designed to outper- in a very small space at similar tempera-
sion, yet small aircraft, both manned form conventional reciprocating engines tures as the larger engines. The internal
and unmanned, have not exploited the in several ways: distances, however, are much smaller, so
advantages of turbines for propulsion. • Monarch propulsion systems will pro- managing thermal gradients and the re-
While UAVs have become integral for vide more time in the air and less time sulting stress becomes more difficult.
both commercial and military aerial being serviced on the ground with up- The low air flows in these engines call for
missions, the continued use of recipro- wards of a 2,000 hour increase in op- the use of very small air passages and
cating engines has limited the UAV eration time between overhauls when very high-speed turbomachinery.
market’s ability to reach its true growth compared to available Class 3 engines. The core rpm in the first system UAV
potential. The industry has been slow to • The Monarch system’s variable pitch Turbines is releasing for flight test is
innovate and develop turbine propul- propeller will enable UAVs to climb right around 100,000 rpm at cruise
sion systems for small aircraft because it faster and reach greater dash speeds, speed. UAV Turbines built even smaller
is far more difficult to design and pro- enabling greater performance and effi- experimental engines with rotor speeds
duce high performance small turbines ciency in both commercial and mili- of 200,000 rpm. Managing tolerances
than large ones. tary aircraft. and designing to process capabilities be-
Today’s engine market is riddled with • The reliability of Monarch systems comes critical. New engineering ap-
inefficiencies and hazards that jeopard- eliminates the need for extra engines proaches were essential to deal with the
ize the safety and reliability of UAVs. for a single aircraft. extreme internal thermal stresses and
Current engines powering drone deliv- • The flexibility to run efficiently on all tight tolerances.
ery are unreliable and run on highly types of heavy fuels, such as jet fuel, One solution to the thermal issue was
volatile and dangerous fuel, minimizing makes Monarch propulsion safer and to separate the hot section from the en-
the impact of a drone fleet and raising more convenient than engines run-
costs. A major percentage of vehicle ning on volatile aviation gasoline.
losses with their payloads are attributed • Monarch RP generates useful on-
Background image: aapsky/Shutterstock.com
to engine failure. Plus, with the need for board electrical power that is 2-3×
frequent overhauls, customers have to greater than what is produced by con-
purchase multiple engines for a single ventional engines.
vehicle so that, when one engine is In designing this system, the team at
being worked on, they can continue op- UAV Turbines had to overcome
erating with an alternate engine. This two key issues facing the UAV
severely limits the potential for the en- engine industry: designing a
tire industry. small, powerful engine that
was both reliable and ran on
Designing a Solution safer fuel. There are several fundamen- Artist’s illustration
After spending five years working to tal problems that had to be overcome, of a Monarch RP
design and manufacture a world-class starting with the fact that the size and microturbine engine.
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Intro Cov ToC + – A
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Propulsion Systems
gine’s bearing cavity by placing the turbine rotor at the end of The entire system must then be integrated into a flyable pack-
the shaft, cantilevered, so that the bearings are located in a age, a classic systems challenge.
cold section of the engine core. Overhung systems have been Today’s military and commercial organizations are urgently
used before but there are critical fits between the components in need of a more reliable and safer propulsion system for their
that have to provide intimate contact from zero cold to full UAVs. Reliable, lightweight, fuel efficient microturbine engines
speed hot - and all transients in between. The designers ended may be the answer to provide propulsion and power generation
up balancing on the limits of what can be made with what in small to medium-sized UAV propulsion systems.
will operate. This article was written by Kirk Warshaw, CEO, UAV
Another factor is that this is not just an engine, but a Turbines (Miami, FL). For more information, visit
propulsion system. To put that power to work, it’s neces- http://info.hotims.com/72996-502.
sary to step down from 100k core rpm to 6k rpm via an
extremely efficient, lightweight gearbox. This drives a
variable pitch propeller so that the power can be ef-
ficiently converted to thrust through each mission
stage, from take-off to landing. The engine itself
runs at essentially constant speed, so pilot throttle Impeller and turbine for a 197,000
RPM turbogenerator, one of
changes result in pitch changes to the propeller several 10 HP electrical
blades via a variable pitch mechanism as calculated generator prototypes
by the engine FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine built and operated
in the UAVT
Control). The propeller itself was designed with small development
pusher UAV installations in mind. The propeller was de- program.
signed with three blades to reduce noise from the propeller in-
teracting with the wing wakes, increase ground clearance, and
reduce the chance of ground strikes during takeoff or landing.
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Preventing Ice Buildup on
Electric Aircraft
F
uel economy is one of the biggest TBMG: Why can’t these methods be There is no hot air system for all-electric
challenges facing the aviation in- used on all-electric aircraft? aircraft, and a hot air system is not ben-
dustry. To overcome these chal- Abbasi: Actually, there are many rea- eficial for the protection of composite
lenges, researchers are working sons not to use these methods on all- structures because of the materials’ tem-
on next generation aviation systems. electric aircraft. With technology break- perature limitations.
Next generation aircraft will be either hy- throughs in the areas of aerodynamics,
brid power, or all-electric power, which materials, and power, next-generation TBMG: What is your approach to pre-
would help with fuel consumption. But aviation systems will use a large num- venting ice formation, and what is in-
electric aircraft present challenges in ber of composite materials, all electric novative about it?
other areas such as the prevention of ice engine technology, and the latest aero- Abbasi: We proposed a concept of
formation. Ice formation on aircraft can dynamic technologies. The reasons plasma icing control using Dielectric
degrade the aerodynamic performance conventional anti-icing methods can- Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma actu-
significantly by reducing lift while in- not be used in next generation aviation ators utilizing both aerodynamic and
creasing drag. Tech Briefs Media Group includes, for example, the fact that the thermal effects. Actually, plasma ac-
(TBMG) editor, Billy Hurley, interviewed application of natural laminar flow tuators were recently used for flow
researcher Afaq Ahmed Abbasi of North- technique requires extremely smooth control using their aerodynamic ef-
western Polytechnical University’s De- and precisely finished surfaces, while fect (induced wind). We have shown
partment of Fluid Mechanics to learn the current mechanical-based and hot- that the temperature effect (thermal
more about these challenges. air anti/de-icing techniques have sur- effect) can be used for icing control.
face gaps and steps which can provoke The idea is to achieve flow control
TBMG: What are the traditional laminar-turbulent transition not suit- and icing control using the
methods of preventing ice formation able for use on all-electric aircraft. same set of equipment,
on aircraft? Another example – the bleed hot air i.e. plasma actua-
Abbasi: There are numerous methods system is the method most used by jet tors. The actu-
used for ice prevention on an aircraft sur- aircraft to keep flight surfaces above the ators are
face. The methods can be classified into freezing temperature required for ice to
three main categories: liquid-based, such as accumulate. But this system will not be
weeping wings;mechanical-based, such as suitable for next-generation avia-
pneumatic boots;thermal-based, tion, which is advancing
such as hot-air and elec- towards all-electric
tro-thermal sys- and composite
tems. materials.
By Truba7113/Shutterstock.com
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Aerodynamics
Exposed
d electrode
l t
Plasma
a glow
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For Critical Systems
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Aerodynamics
AC-SDBD discharge has a limited tem- craft as a full electric-based icing control actuator characterization in still air at
perature increase due to its stable self- technique. atmospheric pressure (PIV and surface
limiting character in atmospheric pres- Over the past year, we have been temperature measurements) and wind
sure, so it will protect the composite working to explore the mechanism of tunnel experiments (surface tempera-
structures during anti-/de-icing. Lastly, plasma icing control through experi- ture measurements and high-speed
it can be easily settled on all-electric air- mental research. Through the plasma camera records), we found that the
performance of plasma icing control
is directly related to the design of the
15m/s -20°C
plasma actuators, based on the cou-
pled aerodynamic and thermal effects.
Such novel findings provide an im-
portant basis for system optimization
of plasma icing control.
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Aerodynamics
Semiconductor, MEMS
and R&D Fab Tools
have an obvious thermal effect. We can utilize this thermal
effect for icing control.
It all started with a simple but historic experiment; an ice NLD-570EXa for Deep
cube taken out of the refrigerator was placed in the dis- Oxide Etching
charge area of the plasma actuator. We were surprised to
see the ice cube melted into water within a few seconds, • Stable process and excellent
without causing any short circuit. This ice cube test was repeatability
our first inspiration to use these actuators for icing control. • High selectivity
After that, we used a cylindrical model, and placed the • Smooth side walls
model in an icing wind tunnel. In photos taken in the icing
wind tunnel, it can clearly be seen that when the actuator
Made in USA
is on, ice is prevented/removed from the surface.
NE-550EXa Magnetically
TBMG: How did you test this out, and what did the tests
determine? Enhanced ICP Plasma Etcher
Abbasi: We carried out icing tests in the university’s icing • Optimized process for LED,
wind tunnel. It provides an icing environment felt by an air- RF Device, SiC, Noble Metal,
craft at a specific altitude. We could vary different icing pa-
III-V Materials, and Ferro-Electric
rameters and wind speeds in the wind tunnel to see how our
model would behave for specific conditions/ environment. Materials
Three different types of actuators were designed to gener- • ULVAC patented STAR electrode
ate the induced air flow in different directions to the in- prevents re-deposition
Made in USA
coming flow. Two sets of plasma actuators were placed on
the same surface of the airfoil, and the anti-icing effects of
the plasma were observed by comparing each set. One set ENVIRO-1Xa for MEMS
of actuators was turned on, while the other one was on Release and Difficult Strip
during both quiescent air and wind tunnel tests. The actu- Applications
ators were characterized using two parameters: Particle-
Image-Velocimetry (2D-PIV) and the surface temperature • Dry plasma, low temperature,
distribution measurements. The plasma icing control over polymeric sacrificial layer removal
the airfoil was studied in the icing wind tunnel, discussed, system
and conclusions were drawn based on experimental results
• Removes thick and difficult
in the quiescent air and wind tunnel. The tests determined
that these actuators can be efficiently used for de-icing. Made in USA
photoresists
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RF & Microwave Technology
Critical
Communications
Break Out
of the
Analog
Mold
Military and public safety communications increase digital and data capabilities without sacrificing
reliability or interoperability.
O
nce firmly rooted in its ana- gies, ranging from digital public safety duction of equipment that is interoper-
log origins, critical commu- standards and modulation formats, to able, compatible, and spectrally effi-
nications is now steadily technologies like wireless local area net- cient. P25 has two phases that are non-
evolving to provide en- working (WLAN) and Long Term Evolu- compatible but Phase 2 radios and
hanced situational awareness. The latest tion (LTE). networks can revert to Phase 1 opera-
public safety and military communica- tion if needed. Both phases use a 12.5-
tions (MilCom) radios are more versatile Public Safety Standards kHz channel bandwidth but employ dif-
and reliable, supporting ad-hoc net- In the public safety arena, this trend ferent channel access methods. Phase 1
works to improve or enable connectiv- is evident as land mobile radio (LMR) leverages frequency division multiple
ity. With higher-data-rate capabilities, evolves to digital standards. Examples access, while Phase 2 relies on two-slot
critical communications solutions can include the Association of Public Safety time division multiple access (TDMA).
send and receive high-resolution im- Communications Officials (APCO) Proj- TETRA is the European version of a
ages, videos, and other types of data-in- ect 25 (P25), Terrestrial Trunked Radio digital trunked mobile radio standard.
tensive content. At the same time, they (TETRA), and Digital Mobile Radio For traditional professional mobile
provide higher-quality voice communi- (DMR). APCO P25, which originated in radio user organizations, it offers a scal-
cations while maintaining security. To the U.S., allows public safety and other able architecture that can provide local-
ensure communications and interoper- LMR systems, such as those used by util- area through wide-area coverage. TETRA
ability, they still can support analog ities, to move to two-way digital com- features high-level voice encryption and
communications as a failsafe. These munications. Beyond the integration of rapid call setup for group calls over a
myriad capabilities are possible through voice and data, the standards compris- wide area. With direct-mode operation,
the ongoing adoption of new technolo- ing APCO P25 aim to enable the pro- it permits back-to-back radio communi-
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Replaces 3 or more wet tantalum Superior capacitance Less weight and Rugged stainless steel case Glass-to-metal seal prevents
capacitors in parallel or series retention at -55ºC requires less space withstands up to 80g’s dry-out for exceptionally long life
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Intro Cov ToC + – A
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RF & Microwave Technology
digital data. The systems use signal pro- specifically for LTE, with the goal of
cessing algorithms to help minimize providing large-scale coverage and su-
distortion and provide intelligent audio perior propagation to penetrate struc-
capable of adjusting volume in response tures. FirstNet public safety radios,
to the noise level in the environment. which are LTE-time division duplexing
(TDD) capable, are an example of LTE
LTE and WLAN Adoption Rises implementation.
Leveraging the research and develop- Unlike LTE, WLAN technology of-
ment done in the commercial world is a fers easy deployment with fewer infra-
pragmatic approach to enable multi-for- structure demands. As a result, ad-hoc
mat radios for critical communications military and public safety networks
quickly. The LTE architecture, which is worldwide already leverage WLAN
all Internet Protocol, offers both low la- technology. “Ad hoc” refers to the fact
tency and high resilience. These fea- that they do not use an existing wire-
tures pave the way for interoperability less infrastructure. Nodes forward data
in both voice and data applications; to each other based on aspects like
however, LTE’s lower 1 W transmit connectivity and the employed rout-
power translates into higher-density ing algorithm. These networks do not
radio sites. rely on a central node and can be
The Third Generation Partnership formed rapidly, which makes them at-
Project (3GPP) sets global standards for tractive for emergency scenarios and
cation that is independent of the net- LTE and other cellular telecommunica- military conflict zones.
work. Trunked-mode operation can also tions. To support MilCom and public In the U.S., for example, the FCC has
be employed so that TETRA mobile ra- safety radios, 3GPP Release 12 focused allocated 50 MHz of spectrum in the
dios operate with TETRA network infra- on mission-critical applications. Release 4.9-GHz band for fixed and mobile pub-
structure. Key to TETRA is its use of 13 added support for mission-critical lic safety services. At such frequencies,
TDMA to maximize spectral efficiency push-to-talk and a range of features to this spectrum will likely be used for
with the allocation of four user chan- support emergency users such as first re- short-range communications. Broad-
nels on a single radio carrier with 25- sponders. Release 14 introduced mis- band applications supported in the U.S.
kHz spacing between those carriers. sion-critical data and video features into band include mesh networks, hotspots,
TETRA continues to evolve with the the standard, along with additional per- ad-hoc mobile networks, voice over IP,
development of new standards includ- formance features. The U.S. has allo- video surveillance, and backhaul. These
ing TETRA Release 2, which features cated spectrum in the 700-MHz band capabilities enable fast and easy data
TETRA Enhanced Data Service (TEDS).
TEDS enables wideband, high-speed
data communications services. It uti-
lizes different RF channel bandwidths
(25, 50, 100, and 150 kHz) and data
rates for flexible use of professional mo-
bile radio-frequency bands.
Another open standard, DMR, pro-
vides voice, data, and related services.
Considered more of a business-critical
than mission-critical solution, DMR
leverages two-slot TDMA technology to
add control features and double the ca-
pacity of an existing 12.5-kHz channel.
The system enables two calls on the
same channel independently, providing
twice the system channel capacity as a
standard two-way analog radio system.
In the future, it will satisfy requirements
for 6.25 kHz to meet U.S. Federal Com-
munications Commission (FCC) certifi-
cation rules demanding such operation.
DMR systems promise audio quality im-
provements by converting voice data to
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RF & Microwave Technology
sharing of potentially critical informa- keying (QPSK) are complex modulation cations systems must meet require-
tion in large video, image, and other file formats built upon these basic digital ments for performance, interoperability,
formats. modulation formats. QAM and QPSK and security.
provide more efficient bandwidth usage Radio manufacturers must test these
Leveraging Digital Modulation and security for voice communication versatile radios for compliance with
Formats on the battlefield. Digitizing long-dis- industry standards, such as LTE and
Key to these communications ap- tance analog signals provides clearer, WLAN, in addition to frequency
proaches is their use of modulation to more accurate, and more secure military checks that ensure correct radio oper-
move from analog to digital formats. communications. Advances leveraged ation and frequency precision. Among
Modulation enables multiline commu- from complex modulation technology other performance indicators tested
nications by changing the carrier wave’s have enabled many recent advances in are power output and receive signal
characteristics to those of a different tactical communications. strength, which ultimately defines the
wave, referred to as the modulating sig- Public safety and military agencies range, audio clarity, volume, and
nal. Digital signal processing – which will take an increasingly diverse ap- more in the field. Complete testing of
converts analog information into digi- proach to update their radio communi- radio and network parameters and
tal data by altering the carrier-wave cations systems, adding WLAN, LTE, leveraging trusted critical communi-
characteristics such as phase, ampli- and other technologies to augment ca- cations solutions is key to securing
tude, or frequency – is at the heart of pabilities and increase data sharing. Key the world, whether the scene is a local
digital modulation. to these systems is interoperability with accident or a military zone.
The three basic forms of digital mod- both older and newer systems, allowing This article was written by Nancy
ulation are amplitude shift keying, fre- different units to communicate as Friedrich, Industry Solutions Marketing,
quency shift keying, and phase shift needed. While infrastructure varies Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, CA. For
keying. Quadrature amplitude modula- from smaller ad-hoc networks to more more information, visit http://info.
tion (QAM) and quadrature phase shift complex rollouts, all critical communi- hotims.com/72996-504.
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SINCE 1968
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RF & Microwave Technology
Pathfinder Radar ISR and SAR Systems: Tactical Eyes for the Warfighter
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RF & Microwave Technology
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Tech Briefs
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Tech Briefs
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Tech Briefs
E2A, is a continuation of E1. The sec- ergy from the detonation heating and idea that an electromagnetic current
ond part of E2, called E2B, is caused by ionizing the upper atmosphere. The heat- from a nuclear detonation is produced
high-energy neutrons interacting with ing causes the atmosphere to expand and due to the mostly-radial outward move-
the atmosphere. Historically, these begin rising buoyantly. The ionization, ment of recoil electrons from Compton
have been separated due to the differ- combined with the buoyant rise, attempts scattering. In Compton scattering, a
ent physics models used to predict to pull the ions across geomagnetic field gamma-ray from the nuclear detona-
HEMP in these different time regimes. lines, creating a “heave.” tion “collides” with an electron. This
The late-time component, E3, is also di- The physics of E1 and E2 are domi- interaction causes the gamma-ray to
vided into two subcomponents. The first nated by nuclear physics of the interac- transfer energy to the electron and
only appears from detonation altitudes tion of the radiation output of the ex- moves the electron in a different direc-
above about 250 km. It is called E3 “blast” ploding nuclear weapon with the tion. The outward-moving Compton
and is often labeled E3A. It is caused by atmosphere. E3 is dominated by the recoil electrons are also turned as they
the expanding debris from the detonation magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of en- cross the geomagnetic field lines. The
pushing against the earth’s geomagnetic ergetic plasmas interacting with the net motion of the electrons is the out-
field. The second subcomponent of E3 is earth’s geomagnetic field. ward motion (radial) from the detona-
called E3 “heave” and is often labeled The theory of high-altitude, fast elec- tion plus transverse components from
E3B. It is caused by x-ray and kinetic en- tromagnetic pulse signal starts from the turning in the geomagnetic field. As
Notional High-Altitude Electromagetic Pulse Time Scales they traverse through air, these elec-
E1 E2 E3 trons continue to interact with the air,
1.E+05
Early Time Intermediate Time Late Time depositing energy into the air or ioniz-
ing air molecules, creating conductiv-
1.E+04 ity. The amplitude and waveform shape
Prompt
Gammas of the electromagnetic pulse are there-
1.E+03 Scattered
fore the result of the competition be-
Electric Field Magnatude (v/m)
Gammas
1.E+02 tween the creation of the electrical cur-
1.E+02
Neutrons rent, which generates the elec-
tromagnetic fields, and the creation of
1.E+00 conductivity, which dampens electro-
magnetic fields.
1.E-01
This work was done by Jonathan Mor-
Blast Heave
1.E-02 row-Jones of Applied Research Associates
for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.
1.E-03
For more information, download the
1.E-04 Technical Support Package (free white
1.E-10 1.E-08 1.E-06 1.E-04 1.E-02 1.E-00 1.E+02 paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp
Time (s)
under the Test & Measurement cate-
Example timescales for high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP). gory. DTRA-0010
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Tech Briefs
CH3 CH3
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Tech Briefs
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Tech Briefs
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Tech Briefs
stage, but includes a second stage on how to allocate the weapons and The research report goes on to review
wherein a number of targets of various how many weapons to reserve to reen- the various formulations for both the
types are known only to a probability gage any leakers. SWTA and DWTA. The basic formula-
distribution. In this variant, the solu- The WTA has been solved to optimal- tions of each are examined and the trans-
tion to the DWTA informs the defense ity with exact algorithms. However, as formations that have been implemented
on how to allocate the weapons in the Lloyd & Witsenhausen (1986) showed are explored. Novel formulations that
first stage and how many to reserve for that the WTA is NP-Complete, the ma- have sought to model and solve the prob-
the second stage in order to minimize jority of solution techniques seek to lem in unique settings are reviewed, as
the probability of destruction. The find near optimal solutions in real-time, are the exact algorithms that have been
shoot-look-shoot variant also replicates or “fast enough to provide an engage- used to solve the SWTA and DWTA.
the SWTA, however it enables the de- ment solution before the oncoming tar- This work was done by Captain Alexander
fense to observe which targets may gets reached their goals”. These real- G. Kline for the Air Force Institute of Technology.
have survived the engagement (leakers) time solution techniques are products For more information, download the Tech-
and allows for a subsequent engage- of heuristic algorithms or are solved nical Support Package (free white paper)
ment opportunity. The solution to this using exact algorithms applied to trans- at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp under
variant similarly informs the defense formations of the formulation. the Research Lab category. AFRL-0273
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Tech Briefs
cyanates while meeting the perform- cavitation test method developed by sulted in several formulations that
ance metrics under MIL-PRF-32239A Luna. Other key metrics that were show excellent flexibility, adhesion,
and SAE AMS-C-83231A. tested include impact resistance, low and impact resistance and are compara-
The objective of Luna’s limited temperature flexibility, dry/wet adhe- ble to a commercial rain erosion coat-
scope program was to develop a rapid sion, elongation, and tensile strength. ing system. The program demonstrated
curing rain erosion coating that has Luna assessed top performing coatings that there is significant room to create
low VOC content and is non-HAPs for application time, coating buildup, GC-based environmentally-friendly
via the use of exempt solvent tech- and cure time prior to full rain erosion rain erosion systems and reduce risk as-
nologies. The goal was to develop a testing at the University of Dayton Re- sociated with hazardous materials dur-
rain erosion coating based on a search Institute per SAE AMS-C- ing coating application. Additional
unique glycidyl carbamate (GC) hy- 83231A requirements. work will be needed to optimize coat-
brid resin chemistry that offers This limited scope program was en- ings for rain erosion performance and
epoxy-type rapid reactivity and adhe- abled by the completion of several indi- move the technology from the develop-
sion combined with excellent ero- vidual tasks that culminated in the ment phase toward SAE AMS- C-
sion, flexibility, weathering, and demonstration of highly flexible GC 83231A qualification and full DoD
mechanical properties typical of poly- coating variants. The research team transition.
urethane systems. synthesized and formulated a variety of This work was done by Adam Goff of
Luna focused on coating chemistry resins and coatings intended to bolster Luna Innovations, Inc. for the DoD’s
and full formulation development fol- the toughness and impact resistance Strategic Environmental Research and De-
lowed by property validation per MIL- over prior GC coatings by optimizing velopment Program. For more informa-
PRF-32239A and SAE AMS-C-83231A, the resin chemistry, investigating new tion, download the Technical Support
including rain erosion testing. Variants curative packages, and carefully select- Package (free white paper) at
were initially screened for erosion per- ing additives for toughness and dura- www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp under
formance using a custom ultrasonic bility. To date, those efforts have re- the Materials category. SERDP-0002
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Application Briefs
Tiltrotor Aircraft
Bell Helicopter
Fort Worth, TX
817-280-2011
www.bellflight.com
D uring the thirty years since the V-22 Osprey first flew, the
tiltrotor aircraft, built by Bell Helicopter, a Textron Inc.
company, and Boeing, has fundamentally changed how the
U.S. Marine Corps and Air Force operate in combat and sup-
port humanitarian operations. So far, more than 375 V-22 air-
craft have accumulated more than 450,000 flight hours across
a spectrum of missions. The aircraft has proven to be so versa-
tile that the U.S. Navy now has plans to begin leveraging the
Osprey’s unique capabilities by using a new V-22 variant to runway to access areas that are unreachable with any other
deliver personnel and cargo to its aircraft carriers. aircraft. At twice the speed of a helicopter (493 km/h), the Os-
The V-22 has deployed to operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, prey can carry 24 combat troops, or up to 20,000 pounds
and Kuwait, and has been used to carry out humanitarian op- (9,072 kg) of internal cargo or 15,000 pounds (6,084 kg) of ex-
erations, including earthquake relief in Haiti and Japan and ternal cargo. Its cargo bay can accommodate nine litters with
hurricane response in the United States. Military leaders con- medical personnel and equipment.
tinue to find new uses for the V-22. The various missions it Major production locations are Philadelphia and Amarillo,
has performed to date include airborne command and con- with Rolls-Royce producing the aircraft’s two AE1107C en-
trol, airborne fleet logistics, combat search and rescue and gines in its Indianapolis facility. The V-22 industry team is not
special operations support, among others. only producing new aircraft, but it is also currently working
The V-22 Osprey’s unique tiltrotor design means the aircraft with the Marine Corps to reduce the number of aircraft con-
takes off and lands like a helicopter, but it flies as a propeller- figurations and simplify designs for readiness improvements
driven aircraft. These characteristics offer the tactical flexibil- for the active V-22 inventory.
ity to deploy with a smaller logistical footprint and without a For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/72996-460
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Application Briefs
•E
· XMC · •
· VPX · PMC · VME · PCIe · PXIe • CUSTO
TH M
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FIB R
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Application Briefs
Mine Roller
Rostec State Corporation
Moscow, Russia
+7 (495) 287-25-25
https://rostec.ru/en/
Land Combat Missile • The first scenario was made in LOBL mode (Lock On Before
Launch) on a vehicle moving at 70 km/h.
MBDA Incorporated • The second scenario successfully engaged a cave target in
Arlington, VA low trajectory and in LOBL mode.
703-387-7139 • The third scenario, using the Beyond Line Of Sight (BLOS)
www.mbdainc.com mode, was made using GPS coordinates transmitted by the
FELIN system (French Army Digitized Soldier System). Lock-
In early 2019, the DGA (French Procurement Agency) and on was achieved during flight against a tank not visible from
the French Army (STAT) organized a campaign to test the the launch position. The missile successfully struck the top
MMP land combat missile in extreme cold conditions. Per- of the tank.
formed on the Swedish state firing range at Vidsel, located The campaign confirmed the robustness of the equipment
near the Arctic Circle with temperatures between -15°C and when it is used in extreme conditions such as negative tem-
-30°C, the cold weather campaign of the MMP was deter- peratures. It also confirmed the system’s ease of use and
mined to be a complete success. good ergonomics, including compatibility with cold weather
Three firing scenarios, representative of the operational uses infantry equipment, for example, in highly demanding con-
of the MMP at long range, were successfully completed. In ditions for both the missile system and the user. The cam-
each case the missile successfully hit its target, confirming in paign was designed to complement the technical and opera-
particular the smooth operation of the system’s image pro- tional evaluation of the system that was conducted by the
cessing algorithms under typical winter and subpolar condi- French army and the DGA beginning with the start of deliv-
tions (snowy background). eries at the end of 2017. The system has already been tested
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Application Briefs
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Company Description
software development tools and offers strong DSP software
support.
Pentek, an ISO 9001:2015 certified company, has been
Pentek’s Talon® high-speed real-time recording systems are
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line, delivers easy-to-
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ging software tool sets. This helps customers through the
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Target Markets
Model 6001 Model 2589 3.6 GS/sec Ultra Wideband RF/IF Extreme 1/2 ATR Recorder
8-Channel A/D & D/A with QuickPac storage drive
Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC
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Company Description
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Broadcom High Reliability
Hermetic Optocouplers
For Space, Defense and Harsh Environments
Copyright © 2018 Broadcom. All Rights Reserved. Broadcom, the pulse logo, and Connecting everything are among the trademarks of Broadcom. The term
“Broadcom” refers to Broadcom Inc. and/or its subsidiaries. 052118
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Overcome antenna crosstalk
issues with simulation.
Visualization of the electric field norm and 3D far field due to a transmitting
antenna. Antennas are intentionally large in this tutorial model.
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