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Chemistry 112.3, Section 01

Spring Term, 2019

Prof. David Sanders

Office: Thorvaldson 153

Email : david.sanders@usask.ca

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Course website:
Course Material and Information: PAWS (look in “My Courses”)
[The course outline is posted now!]

Laboratories:
Start Thursday May 9th– check PAWS for more information

Textbook:
1. Chemistry, 5th Edition, T.A. Gilbert et al.
[In Bookstore Now – 1st year using this book]

2. Chemistry 112.3 Laboratory Manual, 2018/19 Edition.

Both are available through the Bookstore

NOTE: Also need Smartwork5 access to complete graded homework

assignments.

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All About Me

Dr. David Sanders

Professor of Chemistry
Associate Member of Biochemistry

Research :
Protein Crystallography
“Structural Biology”

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Contact Details (Read Syllabus !!!)

Office : Thorvaldson 153

Phone : 966-6788

E-mail : david.sanders@usask.ca
NOTE : Put CHEM112 in subject

OFFICE HOURS :
Daily 3:30-4:30

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Evaluation:
Laboratory 20%
Mid-term 20%
The mid-term exam will be held on Saturday October 20 from 10 am - noon

Assignments 10%
See the course outline for the full list of due dates

Final Exam 50%

Note: Sample mid-term and final exams will be posted on PAWS

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My Role :

1. Guide you through learning the material for the course

2. Present the material clearly, with plenty of examples

3. Answer questions as best I can, and to clear up any

misconceptions

4. Ask you questions to facilitate discussion

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Your Role :

1. Spend 21/2 hours paying attention (in lecture).

2. Participate !!

3. Read ahead.

4. Do problems to understand concepts.

5. Complete the lab portion as best you can.

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Calculator Policy: You should have a simple scientific calculator and know how to use it.
Students may use a basic scientific calculator (e.g. Texas Instruments TI-30X series, Hewlett-
Packard HP 10s or 30S) for all Chemistry 112 exams. Graphing or programmable calculators, or
calculators with communication capability, are not allowed. For example, HP 35s, Casio fx-50FH,
TI-83Plus calculators are not allowed. Ask your instructor if you are unsure whether your calculator
is acceptable.
Bring this calculator to all examinations, laboratories and tutorial sessions. Note that personal
digital assistants (i.e. Pocket PCs, iPads, etc), wireless devices (cell phones, smart phones,
iPhones, etc), and music players (MP3 players, iPods, etc.) will not be allowed during
examinations. Please note that you will only be permitted to use a non-programmable
calculator above during examinations. There will be no exceptions.
Email: All University of Saskatchewan students are supplied with a university email account and
are strongly encouraged to use the university account instead of Hotmail or Gmail (or other free
email service) for any university-related correspondence. See
http://www.usask.ca/its/guides/student_guide/ for more information about the services available to
you and how to get your email account set up.
Classroom Conduct: Learning chemistry will require your full attention. Therefore, we must
ensure that our lecture halls and laboratories maintain an atmosphere that is conducive to
learning. Disruptive activity (e.g. viewing videos, surfing the ‘net') is not permitted during lectures or
laboratory periods.
Ensure that your cell phone ringer is turned off before you enter the lecture hall or
laboratory.

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How to Pass the Course:
1. Attend class
- Be interested (or at least pretend)

2. READ !

3. Do Problem assignments – get them right or re-do !!

- Textbook questions
- On-line problems (1-2 hours to complete ???)

4. Get Help:
Options : Me
TAs
Friends

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HELP?
• E-mail will usually be answered within 24 hours.
• Please include “CHEM 112” in the subject line!
• Don’t forget to check the syllabus before emailing!

Help with the labs?

• TA and Lab Staff are there to help!

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Course Content, Text Sections and Learning Objectives hrs
Particles of Matter (Chapter 1: 1.1-1.9; 1.10 up to standard deviation; 1.11) Students will be able to understand the microscopic and particulate view 1
of matter, the nature of mixtures, states of matter and the scientific method. Students will be able to define, handle and apply units of measurement; carry out
calculations and unit conversions using dimensional analysis; use density, volume and temperature in calculations and unit conversions; and define, handle, and
apply significant figures in calculations. Note: students will be responsible for this material through independent study and review. Instructors may
emphasize challenging information, such as significant figures.

Atoms, Ions and Molecules (Chapter 2) Students will be able to understand the historical context and modern theory for the structure of atoms and 2
nature of isotopes; will be able to define and determine atomic number, atomic mass and isotope abundance; organize and identify elements in the Periodic
Table; understand trends in the formation of ionic and molecular compounds; name and write formula for molecular and ionic compounds; know classes of
simple organic molecules; know the origin of elements.

Stoichiometry (Chapter 3) Students will be able to define and use molar quantities and use them in chemical reactions; write and balance chemical 3
reactions; calculate stoichiometric relationships between reactants and products; determine empirical formula from experimental data and understand the
relationship between empirical formula and molecular formula; calculate reactant and product quantities, yields and identify limiting reagents,

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 Why study Chemistry ?
1. Water/soil testing 2. Atmospheric science 3. Climate change

1. Materials science 1. Human and Vet. Medicine

2. Solar energy conversion 2. Agriculture
3. Information technology Environmental 3. Pharmaceuticals
Science

Physics Biology
Chemistry

Geology Engineering
1. Mining 1. Manufacturing
2. Mineral recovery 2. Power plants
3. Oil and gas industry 3. Metallurgy

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Facts and Truth
We’ve entered the era of “post-truth” in society

The prevalence of social media and the unchecked ability to state

anything as “truth” is causing an uprise of weird and dangerous
“alternative facts”

President Trump’s Lie Counter = 10,111

It is important to be able to distinguish what is actually true

(factual) as opposed to opinion

Opinions can be wrong !!

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Science and understanding the world
Methods of “knowing” – how we come to understand the world
and everything in it

1) Methods of tenacity – something is true because it is

considered true since time immemorial.
“We’ve always done it that way”

2) Methods of authority – true because an authority says so.

“Because I say so !”

3) Methods of intuition – because it is logical.

: requires no empirical evidence

4) Methods of science
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Science Method - history
Ibn al-Haytham (965-1040 AD) : Book of Optics

The Renaissance
Roger Bacon (1214-1294)
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Galileo (1564-1642)

16th-17th centuries : The Scientific Revolution

Royal Society (1660-now)

:experimental evidence always supersedes
theoretical evidence

Karl Popper (1902-1994): “Falsifiability” of a hypothesis

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The Scientific Method
a test of a
hypothesis a tentative explanation of a
or theory single or small number of
natural phenomena

a general explanation
of natural phenomena
the careful noting
and recording of a generally observed
natural phenomena natural phenomenon

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1.8 Six SI Base Units

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Prefixes for SI Units

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Derived Units
Definition : Combinations of the base quantities of length, mass,
time, temperature, etc…

Examples : length  meters 

velocity 
time  seconds 
volume  length x length x length meters3 
[ 1 mL = 1 cm3 ]
[ 1 L = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3 ≠ 1 m3 (= 1000 L) ]

mass  g 
density 
volume  m3 
mass of component
% composition  x100% [%]
total mass 21
1.10 Scientific Measurements

How can we tell how reliable a number is that is reported ?

Since we have sources of errors, how can we show this

reliability when talking about scientific measurements ?

By reporting numbers with decimal places, number of units

etc. we can convey the reliability

= Significant figures

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1.10 Significant Figures

All measurements contain

uncertainty.
Depends on instruments used to
make measurement
A digit that must be estimated
is called uncertain (last
recorded digit).

± 0.01 g
± 0.0001 g

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Exact numbers

These are numbers that have no uncertainty

1. Counting of discrete objects

2. Defined quantities

3. Integral parts of equations

radius = diameter/2

Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures

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Significant Figures: the rules!

1. All nonzero digits are significant

2. Interior zeroes (between two non-zero digits) are

significant

3. Leading zeroes (to the left of the first non-zero digit)

are not significant.

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 Sig. Figs: cont.
4. Trailing zeroes (located at the end of the number):

 Trailing zeroes after a decimal point are always

significant

 Trailing zeroes before a decimal point (and after a

non-zero number) are always significant

 Trailing zeroes before an implied decimal point are

ambiguous – avoid by using scientific notation.
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Practice: Counting Sig. Figs.

How many significant figures are in the following numbers?

 0.04550 g
The leading zeros are not significant, but the trailing zero is significant.
(4 sig. figs.)
 100 lb
Without a decimal point, these trailing zeros are not significant. (1 sig.
fig.) (or indeterminate)
 101.05 mL
All nonzero integers, plus the captured zeros (5 sig. figs.)
 350.0 g
The presence of the decimal point makes the trailing zeros significant.
(4 sig. figs.)

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Carrying Significant Figures in Calculations

When multiplying or dividing measurements, the result

has the same number of significant figures as the
measurement with the fewest number of significant figures

When adding or subtracting measurements, the result has

the same number of decimal places as the measurement
with the fewest number of decimal places

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Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations
(cont. 1)
 Multiplication/Division:
Number of sig. figs. in the result = Number in the
least precise measurement used in the calculation

6.38  2.0  12.76

 13 (2 sig. figs.)

16.84
 6.6299
2.54
 6.63 (3 sig. figs.)
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Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations
(cont.)2)
Addition/Subtraction:
Number of significant figures in the result depends on
the number of decimal places in the least accurate
measurement.
6.8  11.934  18.734
 18.7 (3 sig. figs.)

37.657  2.1  35.557

 35.6 ( 3 sig. figs.)
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Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations
(cont. 3)

Calculations that involve multiple steps:

To determine the number of significant figures, we must first
perform individual operations to determine the number of
significant figures at each step.
1.23 g  0.567 g
3
 1.924975 g/cm 3

0.34442 cm
The first step involves performing the subtraction in the
numerator.
1.23 g  0.567g  0.663 g
 0.66 g
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Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations
(cont. 4)cont. 4)
With only two significant figures in the numerator there
can only be two significant figures in the final answer.

1.23 g  0.567 g
3
 1.924975 g/cm 3

0.34442 cm
 1.9 g/cm 3

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Types of Error in Measurements

Error Type Definition

Inherent error. For example, poor

Systematic instrument calibration.
Can be identified and eliminated !

Random Limitations in the skill of experimenter

Accuracy - How close your experimental measurements are to

the correct answer.

Precision - Refers to the degree of reproducibility of a

measured quantity.
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 Calculations for Precision and Accuracy

Mean ( X )
An average calculated by summing a set or related
values and dividing the sum by the number of values
in the set
 i  xi 
x
n
 i  xi  Represents the sum of all the individual xi values
n Represents the number of values

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Calculations for Precision and Accuracy
(cont. 1)
Standard deviation(s)
A measure of the amount of variation, or dispersion, in a set of
related values

s

 i xi  x 2

n 1


 i xi  x 
2
Represents the sum of all the individual numbers
minus the average squared
n Represents the number of values
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 1.11 Temperature
• Measure of the average amount of kinetic energy (higher T =
greater average kinetic energy)

• Celsius Scale, ºC
used in most countries

• Kelvin Scale, K
absolute scale (no –ve numbers)
0 K = absolute zero (temperature at
which molecular motion “stops”)
Converting temperatures:
• The Kelvin and Celsius scales can
be converted using:

K = ºC + 273.15 36
Practice: Temperature Conversions

The lowest temperature measured on the Earth is –128.6F,

recorded at Vostok, Antarctica, in July 1983. What is this
temperature in C and in Kelvin?

Collect and Organize:

We are given the temperature in F and asked to convert it to C
and Kelvin.

Temperature = −128.6 F
C = 5/9 (F – 32) K = C + 273.15

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Practice: Temperature Conversions (cont. 1)

The lowest temperature measured on the Earth is –128.6F,

recorded at Vostok, Antarctica, in July 1983. What is this
temperature in C and in Kelvin?

Analyze (set up the different equations)

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C  (128.6F - 32)
9
5
K  (128.6F - 32)  273.15
9

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Practice: Temperature Conversions (cont. 2)

The lowest temperature measured on the Earth is –128.6F,

recorded at Vostok, Antarctica, in July 1983. What is this
temperature in C and in Kelvin?

Solve (do the calculations)

5
C  (128.6F - 32)  -89.2C
9
5
K  (128.6F - 32)  273.15  183.9K
9

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Practice: Temperature Conversions (cont. 3)

The lowest temperature measured on the Earth is –128.6F,

recorded at Vostok, Antarctica, in July 1983. What is this
temperature in C and in Kelvin?

Think About It (The smell test)

Since the Celsius scale has smaller degrees than the Fahrenheit
scale, a value that is less negative on the Celsius scale seems
reasonable. Adding 273.15 to this produces a positive value on
the Kelvin scale, which is reasonable since you cannot have a
value less than absolute zero on the Kelvin scale.

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Solving Chemical Problems
Sort the information from the problem Collect and Organize
• Identify the given quantity and unit, the quantity and unit you want
to find, any relationships implied in the problem

Design a strategy to solve the problem Analyze

• Sometimes may want to work backwards
• Each step involves a conversion factor or equation

Apply the steps in the concept plan Solve

• Check that units cancel properly
• Multiply terms across the top and divide by each bottom term

Check the answer Think About It

• Double check the set-up to ensure the unit at the end is the one you
wished to find
• Check to see that the size of the number is reasonable
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 Problem Solving (cont.)

Arrange conversion factors to cancel units until desired units

obtained

May string conversion factors

So we do not need to know every relationship, as long as we can
find something else the given and desired units are related to

desired unit
given unit ´ = desired unit
given unit

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Example :

A 747 airplane is fueled with 173,231 L of jet fuel. If the density

of the fuel is 0.768 g/cm3, what is the mass of the fuel in kg?

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 Example 2

You are a doctor treating a patient for cancer using the

chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)

The effective dose (amount needed to fight cancer) for 5-FU is

25.00 mg/kg of patient. The lethal dose (amount that will kill a
person) is 30.00 mg/kg.

A) If the patient weighs 155.2 lbs and 5-FU is a solution at 4.5

mg/mL – what is the volume that should be given to the patient
? (1 lb = 0.45359 kg)

B) Your resident got the conversion wrong for weight (used

kilometers to miles (1 km = 0.62137 miles) – what happened to
the patient ? 44