A = 7.60 e = 0.

82

∆ (𝟏⁄𝒆)𝒇𝒖𝒔
A = 7.60 = 1.80
𝑺𝝅𝒇𝒖𝒔⁄𝑺
 Clean Airplane

Components

Part Cf FF Q Swet Cf FF Q Swet

Wing 0.00324 1.19983 1.0 210.79238 ft.2 0.81944

Fuselage 0.00252 1.32311 1.0 491.67000 ft.2 1.63934

Horizontal Tail 0.00362 1.17976 1.04 37.32102 ft.2 0.16576

Vertical Tail 0.00331 1.13869 1.04 39.42160 ft.2 0.15453

∑Cf FF Q Swet 2.77907

Miscellaneous

Landing Gear Component Drag Area-to-Frontal Frontal Area D/q

Area Ratio (Fig 12.5)

Main Gear Regular Wheel and Tire 0.25 2.3138 ft.2 0.57845

Stream Line Strut 0.05 2.5606 ft.2 0.12803

Nose Gear Regular Wheel and Tire 0.25 2.7453 ft.2 0.68633

Stream Line Strut 0.05 1.0970 ft.2 0.05485

∑Misc 1.73719

∑Cf FF Q Swet + ∑Misc 4.51626

Interference – Add 5% to f 0.22581

Roughness and Protuberances – Add 10% to f 0.45163

∑ (Cf FF Q Swet + ∑Misc) Total 5.19370

 Dirty Airplane

Components

Part Cf FF Q Swet Cf FF Q Swet

Wing 0.00324 1.19983 1.0 210.79238 ft.2 0.81944

Fuselage 0.00252 1.32311 1.0 491.67000ft.2 1.63934

Horizontal Tail 0.00362 1.17976 1.04 37.32102 ft.2 0.16576

Vertical Tail 0.00331 1.13869 1.04 39.42160 ft.2 0.15453

∑Cf FF Q Swet 2.77907

Miscellaneous

Landing Gear Component Drag Area-to-Frontal Frontal Area D/q

Area Ratio (Fig 12.5)

Main Gear Regular Wheel and Tire 0.25 2.3138 ft.2 0.57845

Stream Line Strut 0.05 2.5606 ft.2 0.12803

Nose Gear Regular Wheel and Tire 0.25 2.7453 ft.2 0.68633

Stream Line Strut 0.05 1.0970 ft.2 0.05485

1.73719

Deflection ∆CDo flap SRef ∆CDo flap SRef

Flaps 30 ֯ 0.02406 134.74 ft.2 3.24184

 ∑Misc 4.97903

∑Cf FF Q Swet + ∑Misc 7.75810

Interference – Add 5% to f 0.38791

Roughness and Protuberances – Add 10% to f 0.77581

∑(Cf FF Q Swet + ∑Misc)Total 8.92182

For Clean Airplane:

𝐶 2
CD = CDo + 𝜋𝐴𝑒
𝐿

∑(𝐂𝐟 𝐅𝐅 𝐐 𝐒𝐰𝐞𝐭 + ∑𝐌𝐢𝐬𝐜)𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥

Where: CDo = = 134.74 = 0.039
5.19370
𝐒𝐑𝐞𝐟 𝑓𝑡.2

Flaps Up

𝟏
∆( )𝒇𝒖𝒔
𝒆
= 1.80 (From Fig. 14.2)
𝑺𝝅𝒇𝒖𝒔 /𝒔

𝟏 𝑺𝝅𝒇𝒖𝒔
∆(𝒆)𝒇𝒖𝒔 = 1.80( )
𝑺

Where: 𝑺𝝅𝒇𝒖𝒔 = Frontal Area of Fuselage = 28.62 ft.2

Sref = 134.74 ft.2 (From Activity No. 2)

𝟏 28.62 ft.2
∆(𝒆)𝒇𝒖𝒔 = 1.80 ( 134.74 ft.2 )

𝟏
∆(𝒆)𝒇𝒖𝒔 = 0.38234

For e:
 𝟏 1
e= 𝟏 𝟏 = 1
+ ∆( )𝒇𝒖𝒔 + 0.38234
𝒆𝒘 𝒆 0.82
𝒇𝒖

e = 0.62428

For CD:

𝐶 2
CD = CDo + 𝜋𝐴𝑒
𝐿

C 2
= CDo + (π)(7.60)(0.62428)
L

CD = 0.039 + 0.067 CL2

For Dirty Airplane:

∑(𝐂𝐟 𝐅𝐅 𝐐 𝐒𝐰𝐞𝐭 + ∑𝐌𝐢𝐬𝐜)𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥

CDo = = 134.74
7.75810
𝐒𝐑𝐞𝐟 𝑓𝑡.2

CDo = 0.058

Flaps Down

𝟏
e= 𝟏 𝟏
+ ∆( )𝒇𝒖𝒔
𝒆𝒘 𝒆
𝒇𝒅

Where: 𝒆𝑾𝒇𝒅 = ewfu (1 + Kf)

Kf = Correction Factor (0.13 – 0.15 at 𝜹 = 30֯)

= 0.82 (1 + 0.14)

𝒆𝑾𝒇𝒅 = 0.9348
For e:

𝟏
e= 𝟏
+0.38234
𝟎.𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟖

e = 0.68866

For CD:

𝐶 2
CD = CDo + 𝜋𝐴𝑒
𝐿

C 2
= CDo + (π)(7.60)(0.68866)
L

CD = 0.058 + 0.061 CL2

For Wings:

Laminar: Cf = 1.328/√𝑹

𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟓
Turbulent: Cf = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐.𝟓𝟖 (𝟏)𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝟏𝟎 𝑹)

Solving for Reynold’s Number:

R = 𝛒 𝑽 𝓵 ⁄µ

Where: 𝛒 = 0.002377 slug/ ft.3

 22
V = Cruising Speed = 140 mph x 15 = 205.33 ft. /s.

𝓵 = 4.26 ft. (M.A.C. From Activity No. 2)

µ = 3.737 x 10-7 slugs/ s.ft. (Sea Level)

(0.002377𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠⁄𝑓𝑡.3 )(205.33 ft./s.)(4.26 ft.)

R= 3.737 x 10−7 slugs/ s.ft.

R =3,793,531.71 (The lower Reynold’s Number should be used in the equations)

Rcutoff = 38.21(𝓵/k) 1.053

Where: 𝓵 = 4.26 ft. (M.A.C. From Activity No. 2)

k = 3.33 x 10-5 ft. (Skin Roughness value from Table 12.4)

Rcutoff = 38.21(4.26 𝑓𝑡./3.33 x 10-5 ft.) 1.053

Rcutoff = 9,116,152.21

For Laminar:

Cf = 1.328/√3,793,531.71

Cf = 0.00068

For Turbulent:
 0.455
Cf = (log 2.58 (1)0.65
10 (3,793,531.71))

Cf = 0.00352

Cf = 10% Laminar + 90% Turbulent

= (.10) (0.00068) + (.90) (0.00352)

Cf = 0.00324

For F.F.:

𝟎.𝟔 𝒕 𝒕
F.F. = [𝟏 + ( ) + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝒄)𝟒 ] [𝟏. 𝟑𝟒(𝑴)𝟎.𝟏𝟖 (𝒄𝒐𝒔Ʌ𝑚 )𝟎.𝟐𝟖 ]
(𝒙⁄𝒄)𝒎 𝒄

1.28 𝑓𝑡.
Where: (𝒙⁄𝒄)𝒎 = 4.26 = 0.3005
𝑓𝑡.

M = 0.15

t/c = 0.12

Ʌ𝒎 = 3֯ = Wing Sweep

0.6
F.F. = [1 + (0.12) + 100 (0.12)4 ] [1.34(0.15)0.18 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3֯)0.28 ]
(0.3005)𝑚

F.F. = 1.19983

For Q:

Q = 1.0 (Filletted Wing)

For Swet:
If t/c > 0.05

𝒕
Swet = Sexposed [𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐(𝒄)]

Where: Sexposed = 103.36 ft.2 (Area of Exposed Wings)

t/c = 0.12

Swet = 103.36 ft.2 [1.977 + 0.52(0.12)]

Swet = 210.79238ft.2
For Fuselage:
𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟓
Turbulent: Cf = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐.𝟓𝟖 (𝟏)𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝟏𝟎 𝑹)

Solving for Reynold’s Number:

R = 𝛒 𝑽 𝓵 ⁄µ

Where: 𝛒 = 0.002377 slug/ ft.3

22
V = Cruising Speed = 140 mph x 15 = 205.33 ft. /s.

𝓵 = 34.97 ft. (LFus From Activity No. 2)

µ = 3.737 x 10-7 slugs/ s.ft. (Sea Level)

(0.002377 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠⁄𝑓𝑡.3 )(205.33 ft./s.)(34.97 ft.)

R= 3.737 x 10−7 slugs/ s.ft.

R = 31,140,799.04 (The lower Reynold’s Number should be used in the equations)

Rcutoff = 38.21(𝓵/k) 1.053

Where: 𝓵 = 34.97 ft. (LFus From Activity No. 2)

k = 3.33 x 10-5 ft. (Skin Roughness value from Table 12.4)

Rcutoff = 38.21(34.97 𝑓𝑡./3.33 x 10-5 ft.) 1.053

Rcutoff = 83,667,108.58

For Turbulent:

𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟓
Cf = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐.𝟓𝟖 (𝟏)𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝟏𝟎 (31,140,799.04))

Cf = 0.00252

For F.F.:

𝟔𝟎 𝒇
F.F. = (1 + +𝟒𝟎𝟎)
𝒇𝟑

𝓵 𝓵
f=𝒅=
√𝟒⁄𝝅𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙

Where: 𝓵 = 34.97 ft. (Lfus From Activity No. 2)

𝑨𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 28.62 ft.2

34.97 ft.
f=
√4⁄𝜋(28.62𝑓𝑡.2 )
f = 5.79303
60 𝟓.𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟎𝟑
F.F. = (1 + 𝟓.𝟕𝟗𝟑𝟎𝟑3 + )
400

F.F. = 1.32311

For Q:

Q = 1.0(Negligible Interference Factor)

For Swet:

Swet: 491.67000 ft.2 (Fuselage Wetted Area From Activity No. 4)

For Horizontal Tail:

Laminar: Cf = 1.328/√𝑹

𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟓
Turbulent: Cf = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐.𝟓𝟖 (𝟏)𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝟏𝟎 𝑹)

Solving for Reynold’s Number:

R = 𝛒 𝑽 𝓵 ⁄µ

Where: 𝛒 = 0.002377 slug/ ft.3

22
V = Cruising Speed = 140 mph x 15 = 205.33 ft. /s.

𝓵 = 2.31 ft. (M.A.C. of Horizontal Tail From Activity No. 2)

 µ = 3.737 x 10-7 slugs/ s.ft. (Sea Level)

(0.002377𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠⁄𝑓𝑡.3 )(205.33 ft./s.)(2.31 ft.)

R= 3.737 x 10−7 slugs/ s.ft.

R = 2,057,055.93 (The lower Reynold’s Number should be used in the equations)

Rcutoff = 38.21(𝓵/k) 1.053

Where: 𝓵 = 2.31 ft. (M.A.C. of Horizontal Tail From Activity No. 2)

k = 3.33 x 10-5 ft. (Skin Roughness value from Table 12.4)

Rcutoff = 38.21(2.31 𝑓𝑡./3.33 x 10-5 ft.) 1.053

Rcutoff = 4,785,492.88

For Laminar:

Cf = 1.328/√2,057,055.93

Cf = 0.00093

For Turbulent:

0.455
Cf = (log 2.58 (1)0.65
10 (2,057,055.93))
Cf = 0.00392

Cf = 10% Laminar + 90% Turbulent

= (.10) (0.00093) + (.90) (0.00392)

Cf = 0.00362

For F.F.:

𝟎.𝟔 𝒕 𝒕
F.F. = [𝟏 + ( ) + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝒄)𝟒 ] [𝟏. 𝟑𝟒(𝑴)𝟎.𝟏𝟖 (𝒄𝒐𝒔Ʌ𝑚 )𝟎.𝟐𝟖 ]
(𝒙⁄𝒄)𝒎 𝒄

0.70 𝑓𝑡.
Where: (𝒙⁄𝒄)𝒎 = 2.31 𝑓𝑡. = 0.3030

M = 0.15

t/c = 0.12

Ʌ𝒎 = 19 ֯ (Sweep Angle From Activity No. 4)

0.6
F.F. = [1 + (0.12) + 100 (0.12)4 ] [1.34(0.15)0.18 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 19֯)0.28 ]
(0.3030)𝑚

F.F. = 1.17976

For Q:

Q = 1.04 (For Conventional Tail)

For Swet:

If t/c > 0.05

𝒕
Swet = Sexposed [𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐(𝒄)]

Where: Sexposed = 18.3 ft.2 (Area of Exposed Horizontal Tail)

t/c = 0.12

Swet = 18.3 ft.2 [1.977 + 0.52(0.12)]

Swet = 37.32102ft.2
For Vertical Tail:

Laminar: Cf = 1.328/√𝑹

𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟓
Turbulent: Cf = (𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐.𝟓𝟖 (𝟏)𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝟏𝟎 𝑹)

Solving for Reynold’s Number:

R = 𝛒 𝑽 𝓵 ⁄µ

Where: 𝛒 = 0.002377 slug/ ft.3

22
V = Cruising Speed = 140 mph x 15 = 205.33 ft. /s.

𝓵 = 3.79 ft. (M.A.C. of Vertical Tail From Activity No. 2)

µ = 3.737 x 10-7 slugs/ s.ft. (Sea Level)

(0.002377𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠⁄𝑓𝑡.3 )(211.2 ft./s.)(3.79 ft.)

R= 3.737 x 10−7 slugs/ s.ft.

R = 3,374,996.52 (The lower Reynold’s Number should be used in the equations)

Rcutoff = 38.21(𝓵/k) 1.053

Where: 𝓵 = 3.79 ft. (M.A.C. of Vertical Tail From Activity No. 2)

k = 3.33 x 10-5 ft. (Skin Roughness value from Table 12.4)

Rcutoff = 38.21(3.79𝑓𝑡./3.33 x 10-5 ft.) 1.053

Rcutoff = 8,060,284.07

For Laminar:

Cf = 1.328/√3,374,996.52

Cf = 0.00072

For Turbulent:

0.455
Cf = (log 2.58 (1)0.65
10 (3,374,996.52))

Cf = 0.00360

Cf = 10% Laminar + 90% Turbulent

= (.10) (0.00072) + (.90) (0.00360)

Cf = 0.00331

For F.F.:
 𝟎.𝟔 𝒕 𝒕
F.F. = [𝟏 + ( ) + 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝒄)𝟒 ] [𝟏. 𝟑𝟒(𝑴)𝟎.𝟏𝟖 (𝒄𝒐𝒔Ʌ𝑚 )𝟎.𝟐𝟖 ]
(𝒙⁄𝒄)𝒎 𝒄

1.14 𝑓𝑡.
Where: (𝒙⁄𝒄)𝒎 = 3.79 𝑓𝑡. = 0.3008

M = 0.15

t/c = 0.12

Ʌ𝒎 = 34 ֯(Sweep Angle From Acvity No. 4)

0.6
F.F. = [1 + (0.12) + 100 (0.12)4 ] [1.34(0.15)0.18 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 34֯)0.28 ]
(0.3008)𝑚

F.F. = 1.13869

For Q:

Q = 1.04 (For Conventional Tail)

For Swet:

If t/c > 0.05

𝒕
Swet = Sexposed [𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟕 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐(𝒄)]

Where: Sexposed = 19.33 ft.2 (Area of Exposed Vertical Tail)

 t/c = 0.12

Swet = 19.33 ft.2 [1.977 + 0.52(0.12)]

Swet = 39.42160 ft.2

For Miscellaneous:
For Landing Gears:

Landing Gear Component Drag Area-to-Frontal Frontal Area D/q

Area Ratio (Fig 12.5)

Main Gear Regular Wheel and Tire 0.25 2.3138 ft.2 0.57845

Stream Line Strut 0.05 2.5606 ft.2 0.12803

Nose Gear Regular Wheel and Tire 0.25 2.7453 ft.2 0.68633

Stream Line Strut 0.05 1.0970 ft.2 0.05485

∑ D/q = 1.44766 x 1.2 = 1.73719

For Flaps:
𝑭𝒍𝒂𝒑 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏
∆𝑪𝑫𝒐 = 0.0023 𝑾𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝜹𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒑
𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒑

Where: Flap Span = 11.16 ft.

Wing Span = 32.00 ft.

𝜹𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒑 = 30֯ (Flap Deflection is about 20 to 40 deg.)

11.16 𝑓𝑡.
∆𝐂𝐃𝐨 = (0.0023) (32.00 𝑓𝑡.) 30 ֯
𝐟𝐥𝐚𝐩

∆𝑪𝑫𝒐 = 0.02406
𝒇𝒍𝒂𝒑

Conclusion:
 In this activity, the polar drag equation is determined as it represents aerodynamic data

that will be used in performance calculations. This equation will determine the designed

aircraft’s efficiency and output in the succeeding activities.