INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL

STEEL DESIGN
 SPECIFICATIONS
a. American Institute of Steel Construction(AISC) –
this specification provides for the design of
structural steel buildings and their connections.
b. American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials(AASHTO) – this
specifications covers the design of highway
bridges and related structures.
c. American Railway Engineering and Maintenance
of Way Association(AREMA)- it covers the design
of railway bridges and related structures.
d. American Iron and Steel Institute(AISI)- this
specifications deals with cold-formed steel
 STRUCTURAL STEEL
STEEL – an alloy primarily iron and carbon, with
fewer impurities and less carbon than cast iron.
 ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
• High strength
• Uniformity
• Elasticity
• Permanence
• Ductility
• Toughness
• Additions to existing structures
 DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
• Corrosion
• Fireproofing costs
• Susceptibility to buckling
• Fatigue
• Brittle fracture
 APPLICABILITY OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
Structural steel has many applications across a
wide range of industries namely, construction,
manufacturing, transport, mining, shipbuilding,
energy, and packaging. It is the most preferred
metal by architects, designers, engineers,
contractors, and fabricators. It is highly durable,
corrosion resistant, tensile and affordable.
TYPICAL STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM FOR A MILD OR LOW
CARBON STRUCTURAL STEEL
Proportional limit – the highest point on the linear
portion of the stress-strain diagram or the largest
stress for which Hooke’s law applies.
Elastic limit – the largest stress that a material can
withstand w/out being permanently deformed.
Yield stress – the stress at which there is a
significant increase in the elongation, or strain,
without a corresponding increase in stress
Elastic strain – the strain that occurs before the
yield stress
Plastic strain – the strain that occurs after the yield
stress, with no increase in stress
Strain hardening – the range that follows the
plastic strain in which additional stress is necessary
to produce additional strain
 PRODUCTION OF STEEL
1. HOT ROLLING – it takes place in a mill, molten
steel is taken from the furnace and poured into
a continuous casting system where the steel
solidifies but is never allowed to cool
completely. The hot steel passes through a
series of rollers that squeeze the material into
the desired shape cross-sectional shape. Rolling
the steel while it is still hot allows it to be
deformed with no resulting loss in ductility.
 STRUCTURAL STEELS CAN BE GROUPED AS:
1. Plain carbon steel – Mostly iron and carbon,
with less than 1% carbon (Fy= 220-290 MPA)
2. High strength low ally steel(HSLA) – these steel
are higher in strength than the plain carbon
steels and also have some special quality, such
as resistance to corrosion. (Fy= 480-840 MPA)
3. Low alloy steel – Iron and carbon plus other
components. The additional components are
primarily for increasing strength, which is
accomplished at the expense of a reduction in
ductility. (Fy= 480-690 MPA)
 STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPE

Rolled-steel shapes
 STRUCTURAL SHAPES
STEEL SHAPE DESIGNATION
W27 x 114 W section approx. 27 in. deep, weighing
114lb/ft
S12 x 35 S section 12 in. deep, weighing 35 lb/ft
HP12 x 74 A bearing pile section approx. 12 in.
deep, weighing 74 lb/ft
M8 x 6.5 Miscellaneous section 8 in. deep,
weighing 6.5 lb/ft
C10 x 30 Channel 10 in. deep, weighing 30 lb/ft
 STRUCTURAL SHAPES
STEEL SHAPE DESIGNATION
MC18 x 58 Miscellaneous channel 18 in deep,
weighing 58 lb/ft, 10 in wide, with a 5/8
in. wall thickness
HSS14 x 10 x 5/8 Rectangular hollow structural steel 14
in deep, 10 in. wide, with a 5/8 in wall
thickness
L6 x 6 x ½ An equal leg angle, each leg being 6 in.
long and ½ in. thick
WT18 x 151 is a tee obtained by splitting a W36 x
302
• BARS – have circular, square or rectangular cross-
sections. If the width of the rectangular shape is
8 inches or less, it is classified as bar.
• PLATE – If the width of the rectangular shape is
more than 8 inches, it is classified as a plate.
2. COLD FORMING- these are made by bending
thin sheets of carbon or low-alloy steels into almost
desired cross section without heating. It may be
used for light members in roofs, floors and walls.
 Cold-formed Steel Shapes

Cold formed shapes

AVAILABLE STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPE IN
THE PHILIPPINES SHAPES
 THE WORK OF THE STRUCTURAL DESIGNER
Structural designer arranges and proportions
structures and their parts so that they will
satisfactorily support the loads to which they may
feasibly be subjected. He/ She is involved with the
general layout of structures; studies of the possible
structural forms that can be used; consideration of
loading conditions; analysis of stresses; deflections;
designs of parts and the preparation of design
drawings.
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE STRUCTURAL
DESIGNER
The structural designer must learn to arrange and
proportion the parts of structures so that they can
be practically erected and will have sufficient
strength and reasonable economy.
• Safety
• Cost
• Costructability
 FAILURE OF STRUCTURE
• Details of connection (twisting moments)
• Deflections (insufficient bearing or anchorage)
• Erection problems (inadequate attention to
deflections, fatigue of members, bracing against
swaying, vibrations and the possibility of buckling
of compression members)
• Foundation settlement (cause unsightly cracks
and depreciation of the structure)