National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,

Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Levengipuram, Near Kanyakumari

Tirunelveli 627114

International conference

on

Construction Materials and structures

ICCMS 2K18

Organized by

Department of Civil Engineering

On March 23, 2018

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
TABLE CONTENT

SI.NO TITLE NAME AURTHOR PAGE

NO
1 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ENERGY ABISHA A 4
SAVING BY LIGHT TRANSMITTING
CONCRETE
2 COST AND ENERGY OPTIMZATION OF AJITHA C 10
RESIDETIAL BUILDING BY USING
POLYSTYRENE AS AROOFING MATERIAL
3 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF BHARATHI S 15
RECYCLED BRICK AGGREGATE CONCRETE
4 SAFETY HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN BINU HARSHA RV 22
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
5 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CHRISTO SHAJINI C.B 28
CORROSION RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED SMILINE SHINY D
CONCRETE USING GREEN INHIBITORS
6 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED S.GANGA 35
CONCRETE BEAM USING MARBLE
POWDER PARTIAL REPLACEMENT AS
CEMENT
7 STUDY ON FOAM CONCRETE WALL J.JENEFA DEVA RUBINI 41
PANELS
8 ROAD DISTRESS DETECTION USING 2D KISHO SHAKINA K.S. 48
INFORMATION
9 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE BY MUKESH PRAVEEN.S 53
USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF COARSE
AGGREGATE
10 RETROFITTING OF GLASS FIBRE SARANYA GANDHI.R 57
REINFORCED CONRCRETE BEAM USING
GFRP LAMINATES BONDED WITH EPOXY
AND FASTENER STEEL RIVETS
11 AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SATHAAK A 62
HIGH STRENTH USING USING
M-SAND
12 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE BY B.SRINIVASAN 68
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF E.KARTHICK
COURSEAGGREGATE WITH RUBBER TYRE
13 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF SELF- S.U.SRIRAM 72
COMPACTING CONCRETE BY WASTE
FOUNDRY SAND
14 EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF S R SURENDER GILL 78
LIGHTWEIGHT COCONUT SHELL
CONCRETE BEAM COLUMN JOINT
15 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON G.AMIRTHA GOKUL 84
STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF LATEX TREATED
COIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
BEAM USING SUPER PLASTICIZERS
16 EXPRIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON B.CHELLA PRIYA 89
CONCRETE BY USING NANO ADMIXTURE
17 BEHAVIOUR OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS HAMEDULIRSHAD 98
WITH LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE AND
CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE IN DIFFERENT
LAYERSIMPROVING THEPROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE USING CARBON NANOTUBES

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
18 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON S.JENITTA JEYA RANI 108
SMART CONCRETE BY USING BRICK
POWDER AND FLYASH
19 STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED K.SRIPRIYADHARSHINI 113
CONCRETE
BEAMS USING GLASS FIBER REINFORCED
POLYMER COMPOSITES
20 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF M.V,SUBHA 120
HYBRID FIBER REINFORCED WITH WASTE
RUBBER TYRE CONCRETE
21 FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR ON SELF CURING M.SUSEETHA 125
CONCRETE WITH POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL
AND PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE
AGGREGATE BY LIGHT WEIGHT
AGGREGATE
22 EFFECT OF OPEN DUMPING MUNICIPAL S. P. RAJAVENI 136
SOLID WASTE ON SOIL AND R. IYAPPAN
GROUNDWATER QUALITY
23 PERFORMANCE OF INTERIOR BEAM SREELEKSHMI.S 146
COLUMN JOINT UNDER CYCLIC LOADING
24 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON RAMILA .A 177
FLYASH BASED SELF CURED CONCRETE
BY ADDING POLY ETHYLENE GLYCOL
(PEG) AND WOODEN POWDER

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 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ENERGY SAVING BY LIGHT
TRANSMITTING CONCRETE

Abisha A1, Jessy Mol I2

1
PG student, Civil Department, St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering, abishacivil@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Department, St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering,
jessymol@gmail.com

Abstract- Light transmitting concrete is also Keywords: Translucent concrete, Optical

known as translucent concrete. Translucent
concrete allows light to pass through it
because of the presence of optical fibers
within the opaque concrete wall. Light is
transmitted from one surface of the wall to
the other, because of the presence of optical
fiber stands along the width of the wall,
which allows light pass through it. The
principal objective of this project is to design
translucent concrete blocks with glass optical
fiber, and analyze their light transmittance.
The application of this concrete is used to
save energy. In this project 5% of fibers are
arranged along with cement mortar to
prepare the translucent concrete block. The
intensity of light is measured by using
luxmeter. Readings for the light intensity is
taken from luxmeter and comparison graph
is drawn for both conventional concrete
building and light transmitting concrete
building. Then energy analysis is done by
manual method. The result shows that
optical fibers can be easily combined with
concrete and thus provide a steady light
emitting ratio. In total usage of electricity,
30% electricity is used for lighting purpose so
it is necessary to utilize natural light for
illuminating interior of building. It is totally
eco-friendly environment because of its light
transmissive characteristics. Moreover the
light emitting concrete does not lose the
strength parameter when compared to
conventional concrete. The light transmitting
concrete saves energy by 30% also 40% of
electricity charge is reduced.
fiber, Luxmeter, Transmittance, Lumens.
I INTRODUCTION
Lighting represents approximately one-third of
electricity used incommercial buildings.Light Emitting
Concrete is a combination of fiber optics and concrete.
It can be produced as prefabricated building blocks and
panels. Due to the small size of the fibers, they blend
into concrete becoming a component of the material
like small pieces of aggregate. Because of their parallel
position of fiber, the light information on the brighter
side of a wall appears unchanged on the darker side.
The sharp display of shadows will fall on the opposing
side of the wall. Today we are living in a world where
energy expenditure and environmental problems have
escalated to global scale. In today’s developed world
our built environment takes energy to make the
materials that go into the buildings, energy to construct
them (Embodied energy) and energy to heat, cool &
light them (Operating energy).
1.1. Light transmitting concrete
Light transmitting concrete is a combination of
fiber optics and concrete. It can be produced as
prefabricated building blocks and panel. Due to the
small size of the fibers, they blend into concrete
becoming a component of the material like small pieces
of aggregates. Thousands of optical fibers form a matrix
and run parallel to each other between the two main
surfaces of each block.
1.2. Lux meter
Light transmission is carried out using the
instrument called “Lux meter or “light meter”. Digital
Lux meter is used for measuring the light passing
through the concrete. A lux meter works by using a
photo cell to capture light. The meter then converts this
light to an electric current, and measuring this current
allows the device to calculate the lux value of the light
it captured.

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 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
additional energy saving due to contribution to artificial
lighting. Luminance levels were calculated by the
software at every hourly time step, determining how
much the electric lighting can be reduced. The
difference between the two cases was then just solar
transmittance value. Translucent envelope permits to
save 10.7% of energy for interior lighting, while this
saving is reflected in the total energy reduction of
almost 4%.

Pradheepa and Krishna (2015) says that the

Fig 1.1 Luxmeter
1.3.Scope and Objective of the study
Gives us a basic idea of significance and benefits
of energy efficiency in Buildings.Provide understanding
of the methodology used to determine the energy
efficiency of buildings, the different opportunities for
improving the energy efficiency of buildings and the
potential savings. Helps us in understanding overview
of the different mechanisms for financing energy
efficiency measures. Provides us with a conceptualized
approach to setting out and implementing policies to
facilitate energy efficiency in buildings in their country.
To determine the light transmission by conventional
concrete and light transmission by light transmitting
concrete. To compare the amount of light transmission
between conventional and light transmitting concrete.
To estimate the cost of light energy required for
conventional concrete building and light transmitting
concrete building.
II LITERATURE REVIEW
Yue and Hui (2015) have prepared the, Light
transmitting sulfoaluminate cement-based material
(LTSCM). Optical and mechanical properties of
LTSCM were studied. Light transmitting performance
of LTSCM was tested by optical power method. Optical
power increased with increasing number of fiber and
with increasing diameter of fiber. LTCM was composed
of Portland cement mortar and glassy fibers. Parallel
fibers were arranged in mortar uniformly. Light
transmitting properties were measured by
spectrophotometer. The result showed that completed
LTCM had high light transmittance. The Gray level of
each optical fiber in CCD image can be plotted by
MATLAB software. Light transmittance of fiber is
significantly reduced due to water bath at 80 oC.
Federica and Franco (2017) have proposed
by innovative construction elements are increasingly
studied to improve the energy performance of new and
existing buildings, to satisfy global regulations and
societal needs. In this research is light passage
throughout the translucent envelope, permitting an
light transmitting concrete, known also as translucent
concrete, is literally the brightest concrete development
in recent years. Strands of optical fiber are cast by the
thousands into concrete to transmit light, either natural
or artificial, into all spaces surrounding the resulting
translucent panels. The main theme of this paper is use
of optical fibers in concrete, which is energy saving and
green technology. It is concluded that, on usage of 4%
of optical fibers with thickness 0.75mm the light
transmission increased when compared to others.
Irfan and Seoyong (2014) have proposed by
the day lighting is essential for improving indoor
environments and reducing electric lighting power
consumption in office buildings. Traditional, fiber-
based day lighting systems were implemented only on a
small scale. To this end, two efficient approaches are
presented. The first approach consists of a parabolic
trough and the second approach contains a linear
Fresnel lens. Sunlight is captured through the
Concentrator and distributed through the optical fibers.
Aashish and Khalil (2017) says that the
translucent concrete (TC) as a building envelope can
offset some lighting energy that is consumed within a
room in an office. It is constructed from concrete panels
which are functionalized by embedding optical fibers
during the manufacturing phase to transmit sunlight.
From preliminary results, a volumetric fiber ratio of 6%
used in the TC panel leads to savings in lighting energy
by around 50%. The utility of panels is enhanced if it
reduces the heating and cooling requirements of the
office room.
Annalisa et al., (2015) have explained this
paper investigates the potential reuse of coarse glass
wastes as insert in a high performance cement matrix to
produce translucent concrete panels for architectural
applications such as interior walls. The effects of the
addition of glass scraps on chemical and optical
properties of concrete were studied
Prashant and Moheet (2013) says that the
lighting is the highest consumer of electrical energy in
office buildings and it is one of the areas that offer
many opportunities for improving the energy efficiency
thereby reducing the energy consumption. This paper
presents control strategy for energy efficient office
lighting system design

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Laila and Mohamed (2017) have explained it
exist different direct solar harvesting systems for day
lighting. Those systems are still under investigation as Table 3.1 Properties of fiber
long as the goal is to get high uniform illumination deep
into the building at a lowest cost. Using Plastic Optical Diameter of fiber 2mm
Fibers (POFs) is one of the best solutions to make the
Light intensity 30 lux
system cost-effective. The working principal of this
technology has been presented. A series of test were Aspect ratio 100
performed using lux meter and an infrared thermometer
to investigate the characteristics of the system.

Geun et al., (2012) have explained that the

lighting is one of the largest energy users in artificially
lit buildings. In this context, day lighting strategies that
potentially reduce the needs of artificial lighting have
been highlighted. The results indicate that there are no
statistically significant relationships between external
luminance and lighting use patterns, but there is a clear
time of day effects.
Santiago et al., (2016) says that a method to
evaluate the risk of using daylight in museums and
cultural heritage exhibitions is presented along this
study. Although daylight is an ecological and
sustainable source of energy and sometimes also an
intrinsic part of the artwork, the use of Natural lighting
may cause damages in them due to the difficulty of
controlling its variability.
3.2. Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement is composed of
calcium silicate sand, aluminate sand, and alumina
ferrite. It is obtained by blending predetermined
proportions lime stone clay and other materials in small
quantities which is pulverized and heated at high
temperature – around 1500˚C to produce clinker. The
clinker is then ground with small
quantities of gypsum to produce a fine powder called
Ordinary Portland cement.
Table 3.2. Properties of cement
Type of cement OPC 43 Grade
Fineness 5%

III MATERIALS AND ITS Nominal consistency 28%

Initial setting time 30 minutes
PROPERTIES
Specific gravity 3.15

3.1. Optical fiber

An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber
made of glass or plastic, slightly thicker than a human
hair. It functions as a waveguide or light pipe, to
transmit light. Optical fibers typically in include a
transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding
material with a lower index of refraction. Light is kept
in the core by total internal reflection. The cable is
durable, UV protected plastic, so there is nothing to
break or burn out. Virtually maintenance free.
3.3. Fine aggregate
Aggregate which is passing through 4.75 IS
sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is
added to concrete to assist workability and to bring
uniformity in mixture. Usually the natural river sand is
used as fine aggregate. Important thing to be considered
is that the fine aggregate should be free from coagulated
lumps.
Table3.3 Properties of fine aggregate

Fineness modulus 3.283

Specific gravity 2.8

IV EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
4.1. Preparation of mould
In the process of making light transmitting
concrete, the first step involved is preparation of mould.
The mould required for the prototype can be made with
Fig2.1Optical fibre different material which can be of either tin or wood. In
the mould preparation, it is important to fix the basic

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
dimensions of mould. The standard minimum size of
the the cube according to IS 45 2000 is 15cm x 15cm x
15cm for concrete. The size of the mould 180cm x
240cm x 3cm.
V RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Illuminance calculation
The light transmittance of normal concrete
building and light transmitting concrete building is
measured by using lux meter. The readings are taken for
9.00am, 12.00pm, 3.00pm and 6.00pm. Totally 50 days
readings are taken. Then compare these two readings.

NORMAL CONCRETE
20
15
9.00 AM

LUX
10
12.00 PM
Fig 4.1 Prepared mould 5
3.00 PM
4.2. Casting 0

15/11/…
17/11/…
19/11/…
21/11/…
23/11/…

27/11/…
29/11/…
25/11/…
6.00 PM
The cement mortar is prepared 1:3 ratio. The
cement mortar is casted layer by layer. Initially the
cement mortar is filled by 1 cm thickness. Then the
fibers are arranged 2 cm interval. After the arrangement Fig 5.1 Illuminance for normal concrete
of fibers, the cement mortar is filled1cm thickness.
Another one layer is prepared for the same manner.

4.3. Arrangement of fibers

LIGHT TRANSMITTING CONCRETE
40
The fibers are cutting 30cm length. The
allowable aspect ratio of the fiber is 30 to 150. In this 30
project the aspect ratio of the fiber is 100. So the fibers 9.00 AM
LUX

are cutting 30cm length. Then the fibers are arranged 20

12.00 PM
2cm interval. After 28 days curing the panel is fixing at
10 3.00 PM
a particular room.
0 6.00 PM
15/ 17/ 19/ 21/ 23/ 25/ 27/ 29/
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

Fig 5.2 Illuminance for Light transmitting concrete

5.2. Lumens calculation

Lumen Φv = 0.09290304 x Ev x A

Where

 Φv = Lumens
Fig 4.2 Panel fixing at a room  Ev = Illuminance ( in Lux)

 A = Area (in ft^2)

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Lumens for normal concrete Illuminance comparision

200 between LED & LTC
200
150
150
9.00 AM
100 100
12.00 PM 50 LED
50 3.00 PM 0 LTC
0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46

Fig 5.3. Lumens for normal concrete

Fig 5.6. Illuminance for building

VI CONCLUSION
Lumens for light transmitting Light is transmitted from one surface of the
concrete wall to the other, because of the width of the wall,
400 which allows light to pass through. The result shows
that optical fibers can be easily combined with concrete
300 and thus provide a steady light emitting ratio. The
9.00 AM application of this concrete is used to save energy. In
200 this project the 30% of energy is saving by the use of
12.00 PM light transmitting concrete when compare to normal
100
3.00PM concrete. Also 40% of electricity charge is reduced. It is
0 totally eco-friendly environment because the natural
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 light is transmitted in the building.

Fig 5.4. Lumens for Light transmitting concrete
5.3. Model creation
Building model is created by using REVIT
software. Then the lumens and energy is calculated for
this model.
REFERENCE
1. Andrea Giovanni, Tiziana Poli, Michele Zinzi,
Stefano Cangiano, (2012) “Spectral light transmission
measure and radiance model validation of an
innovative transparent concrete panel for facades”,
journal of Energy Procedia vol 30, pp. 1184-1194.
2. Aashish Ahuja, Khalid M. Mosalam, (2017)
“Evaluating energy consumption saving from
translucent concrete building envelope”,journal of
Energy and Buildings vol 153, pp. 448–460.
3. Federica Rossa, Franco Cotana, (2017) “Cool
translucent natural envelope: thermal-optics
characteristics experimental assessment and thermal-
energy and day lighting analysis”, journal of Energy
Procedia vol 111, pp. 578-

4. Geun Young Yun, Hyoin Kim, Jeong Tai Kim,

(2012) “Effects of occupancy and lighting use patterns
on lighting energy consumption”, journal of Energy
and Buildings vol 46, pp. 152–158.
Fig
5.5. Building model 5. Irfan Ullah, Seoyong Shin, (2014) “Highly
concentrated optical fiber-based day lighting systems
for multi-floor office buildings”, journal of Energy and
building vol 72, pp. 246–261.

6. Laila Sedki, Mohamed Maaroufi, (2017)

“Design of parabolic solar day lighting systems based

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
on fiber optic wires: A new heat filtering device”, Gabriel Hern_andez Raboso a, Juan Antonio Herr_aez
journal of Solar Energy vol 152, pp. 434–441. b, Marta Azcutia c, _Angel García Botella, (2016)
“Advanced daylighting evaluation applied to cultural
7. Pradheepa, Dr .S . Krishna moorthi, “Light heritage buildings and museums: Application to the
Transmission of Transparent Concrete”, journal of cloister of Santa Maria El Paular, journal of Energy
Energy and Building Vol 3 Issue 4 April- 2015 3221 Procedia vol 85, pp. 1362-1370.
5687, (P) 3221 568X.
10. Yue Li, Hui Guo, (2015) “Preparation and
8. Prashant Kumar Sooria, Moheet Vishwasba, study of light transmitting properties of sulfo aluminate
(2013) “Lighting control strategy for energy efficient cement- based materials”, journal of Energy and
office lighting system design” journal of Energy and Building vol 83, pp. 185-195.
Building vol 66, pp. 329–337.

9. Santiago Mayorga Pinilla a, *, Daniel V_azquez

Moliní a, Antonio _Alvarez Fern_andez-Balbuena a,

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

COST AND ENERGY OPTIMZATION OF RESIDETIAL BUILDING BY USING

POLYSTYRENE AS AROOFING MATERIAL

Ajitha C R1, J JohilBerni Cruz2

1
PG student, Civil Department,St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering,ajithacrce16@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Department, St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering,
jbcruz.4@gmail.com

ABSTRACT- Human beings spent 90% of

their life in buildings. Generally reduction in
temperature in room leads to increase in
electricity consumption. In urban areas AC
fittings are very essential to withstand the hot
summer season. The thermal conductivity
mainly depends upon the factors such as
temperature and moisture content. The
temperature in buildingsmainly increasing
due to thefactors are solar rays, human body
temperature, construction materials. The
polystyrene can act as a thermal insulation
material. The provision of insulation
material can maintain the room temperature
in hot climatic conditions. This project deals
with the depletion of temperature in the
residential building by using polystyrene as a
roofing material. Moisture transfer and
accumulation within exterior walls have not
been able to effect on the cooling and heating
transmission load.The polystyrene used as a
insulation material in building.Variations
were noted by using Humidity thermometer
for each room. Then variations were
simulated by the green building studio
softwareand also manual methods. Finally, it
is concluded that the cost energy
consumption is decreased.
Keywords: polystyrene, green building
software, simulation, energy savings, cooling
load.
I. INTRODUCTION:
Building sector occurs more energy than any
other sectors.in urban areas. The residential building
occurs more energy in day time because of the high
temperature in the buildings. The building material is
one of the factors to get more thermal performance of
the buildings. The building material is also transmitting
heat from outside to inside the building. Most of the
heat transmissions were done by the roof. Thermal
insulation materials such as foam concrete,
polyurethane insulation panel, etc. are used as building
materials. This paper explores that the polystyrene as an
insulation material and is used for roofing material. In
day time, the heat transmission is more in roofs so that
provision of insulation material get reduces the heat
transmission in buildings. Now a day, the reduction of
temperature gets more important in buildings so the
electricity consumption in buildings is more. The 40%
of the electricity is used for the reduction of
temperature in buildings. The polystyrene can provide
in the middle or below the roof or above the roof are the
three possible insulation methods. Above these the
insulation panel can be placed on the roof.
1.1 Objective
1. To introduce the concept and
benefits of energy efficiency in
buildings.
2. To give overview of the
methodology used to determine
the energy efficiency of building.
3. To determine the energy
reduction in residential building
and also estimate the cost of
energy consuming.

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
II. METHODOLOGY:
The literature can be studied and from which the
method of this project is selected. The room
temperature can be noted before installing the insulation
panel. The temperature can be noted by using humidity
thermometer. After that the insulation panel has been
installed and the temperature can noted. The
temperature can be analyzed by software green building
studio and the manual calculation also calculated and
given the future preferences of the project also.
III. LITERATURE REVIEW
O. AltanDombayci, Mustafa Golcu, YasarPanca,
(2006) Total heating cost is evaluated together with the
present worth factor for the life time of n years. In this
paper, the thickness increases with decrease in annual
fuel and total cost. They are checking the fuel type as
coals, natural, gas, LPG, fuel oil. The materials used for
the construction of building consist of stones, concrete,
bricks, and reinforcement iron bars. The external walls
in Denizli generally have a composite structure called a
sandwiched wall consisting of 2cm inner plaster,two
pieces of 8.5cm horizontal hollow brick and 3cm
external plaster. In building with an increased insulation
thickness heat losses decrease. If the insulation –
thickness is increased, the heating load and fuel cost
decrease.
G. Barrios, G. Huelsz, J.Rojas, J.M.Ochoa, I.
Marincic (2012) Thermal insulation used in the
external walls of buildings reduces heating load, and
consequently reduces energy consumption. The
optimum insulation thickness depends mainly on the
thermal conductivity of insulation material cost of
energy; yearly heating transmission load is uninsulated
and insulated wall efficiency of heating system.to test
the evaluation parameters, numerical simulations of the
periodic heat transfer through five different roof
configurations have been carried out. Five groups of
parameters for the evaluation of the thermal
performance of envelope roofs in non-air conditioned
buildings have been analyzed, using numerical
simulations of the periodic heat transfer through five
different roof configuration.
G. Barrios, G.Huelsz, R. Rechtman, J.Rojas
(2011)In this paper three types of roofs are used. They
are high density concrete, aerated concrete, EPS with
concrete. For air conditioned room, the temperature of a
room is for EPSwith small layer of HDC is better than
the HDCroof. The E value for the three monolayered
and the three multilayered roof are compared. Then the
monolayered with EPS roof get better results. For non-
air conditioned room, for the AeC roof the difference
between the outdoor and indoor is 5˚C temperature for
nan air conditioned room the EPS in outside is better
than middle EPS.
Danielle DensleyTingley, Abigail Hathway, Buick
Davison (2015) A large proportion of existing buildings
require thermal efficiency improvements to the building
fabric.One method which can be utilized is external
wall insulation. It is important for designers to have a
goodunderstanding of the materials that they specify
and this includes the initial environmental impacts that
occur from extraction, processing and manufacture of
insulation. This paper quantifies and compares the
environmental impact of three insulation materials:
expanded polystyrene, phenolic foam and mineral wool
insulation. It was found that expanded polystyrene had
the lowest environmental impact in fourteen of the
sixteen impact categories examined.
D.M.K.W.Dissanayake, C. Jayasinghe,
M.T.R.Jayasinghe (2017)The building industry has
consumed a vast amount of natural resources and also
been responsible or significant energy usage. Novel
walling system has been considered in this study, which
uses 50% of recycled expanded polystyrene to produce
light weight foam concrete panels. And also a
comparative study of embodied energy of a single story
house constructed with above wall panels and
conventional materials like burnt clay bricks and
cement sand blocks. The wall panels are constructed by
using EPS. The thickness of the wall panel has 0.6m in
width and 2.4m in height, using 5mm thick cement fibre
boards on either side.
Shanshan Tong, Hua Li, Kishor T Zingre, Man Pun
Wan, (2014) The roof is most exposed to the over
headed solar radiation. The common passive roofing
technologies that contribute to cooling load reduction
include the cool paint the reduction in solar reflectivity
is 12% to 38%. Field experiment is carried out on a 12
storey residential building to validate the CFFT model.
Two naturally ventilated and side- by -side vacant units
located on top floor are selected for the experiment
study. The experiment lasted for three week in
February. After applying the cool paint, the solar
reflectivity of Ferro cement surface increases from 0.36
to 0.72, and the thermal emissivity slightly changes
from 0.87 to 0.84 according to the measurement.
T.Soubdhan, T. Feuillard, F.Bade, (2005) Material
used for the experiment is radiant barrier, polystyrene,
fibre glass cell. Four identical small scale test cells were
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
used: Reference cell – without any insulation, Radiant
barrier cell (CRB), Polystyrene cell, Fibre glass cell.
The three tests were conducted for the samples. They
are a) The roof having an absorptance estimated to be
α= 0.3. b) Absorptance as α = 0.9. c) Without any roof.
Sensors are used to measure the temperature of the
roofs. These consist of roof top temperature, insulation IV. MATERIAL COLLECTION:
temperature, and roof air space temperature, roof deck
temperature, inside air temperature, black globe 4.1 Polystyrene: The polystyrene has taken as
temperature and the five walls temperatures. The inside an insulation material and it has the
air temperature is measured with a sensor placed in an capacity to maintain the room
aluminum cylinder. This is to protect the sensor temperature. The thickness of the
welding from radiations. polystyrene is 50mm. he size of the
polystyrene is 1.06m x 0.45m.The
M.J. Sorgato, A.P.Melo, R.Lamberts (2016)
polystyrene has the property to resist the
The ventilation control operation reflects in the
heat of outside.
energy demand for cooling and heating. Among all
4.2 Coarse aggregate: The size of the
cases for the morning to night ventilation scenario, it is
aggregate is 12mm for the thin layer of
possible to observe that the energy consumption for
concrete. For increase the workability of
cooling varies from 83% to 86%. For heating it varies
concrete the aggregate is used. Shrinkage
from 14% to 17%. For the automated ventilation control
can be reduced by the size of the
scenario, the energy consumption for cooling varies
aggregate.
from 42% to 62%; and heating it varies from 40% to
4.3 Fine aggregate: The river sand is used for
58%. The energy consumption for cooling is higher
the project. The fine aggregate usage is
than heating. The period from June to October showed
more because of using the 12mm size
the highest heating energy consumption for heating.
aggregate.The size of the fine aggregate is
Subhash Mishra, Dr. J A Usmani, Sanjeev below 4.75mm.
Varshney2012) The energy saving is maximum at 4.4 Cement: The cement used for concreting
optimum insulation thickness. Insulation material is is 55grade cement.
placed in sandwiched type. In this paper three types of 4.5 Test room: There are two rooms are taken
sandwiched layers are tested, they are brick, concrete, for testing. The sizes of the rooms are
stone. While testing this energy saving by concrete with taken as 12 x 12ft.
insulation material is better than the others as noted the 4.6
insulation and electricity/fuel cost. Extruded V. METHOD OFINSTALLATION:
polystyrene (XPS) and expanded polystyrene (EPS) is
tested. The resistance in the thermal effect is for  Cement mortar is provided above the existing
concrete XPS -0.057 and EPS – O.O73. The insulation roof at the thickness of 10mm.
thickness is provided as between 5.2cm to 7.4cm.  Polystyrene is placed above the mortar. The
TayfunUygunog˘lu, SevcanÖzgüven , MetehanÇalıs, thickness of the polystyrene is 50mm and it is
(2016) In a properly designed and constructed building, placed with the spacing of 20mm.
insulating material contributes enormously to energy  So that, above concrete layer is placed at
savings for the heating and cooling of buildings (about 50mm thickness. The total layer of the
60%). On the other hand, there is always the possibility insulation panel is 200mm.
of fire in buildings. Insulation materials mostly used in
Turkey are expanded polystyrene foam (EPS), extruded
polystyrene (XPS) and rock-wool (RW). RW is the best
durable materials to fire, however it is expensive. EPS
and XPS start to soften at low temperatures (about 80
_C). This is not only financial losses but also a
contribution to CO2 and global warming. For the study,
tests conducted to determine combustion characteristics
of insulation boards with different plaster thicknesses of
2, 4, 6 and 8 mm.

12
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Figure 1 plastering on existing slab

11.00 am/
NORMAL

11.00am/I

9/12/2017
9/11/2017
10/10/2017
20/10/2017
30/10/2017

19/11/2017
29/11/2017

19/12/2017
NSULARTE
D

Figure5 comparison of data at 11.00am

Figure 2 placing of polystyrene

 After 7 days curing the temperature is noted.

The temperature is noted fromthe two rooms in
day time at the interval of 3 hours.

VI. DATA COLLECTION AND

ANALYSIS:
The temperature variations are noted by the humidity
thermometer for the two rooms. The readings were
taken at 8.00am, 11.00am, 2.00pm, 5.00pm. The
Figure6 comparison of data at 2.00pm
cooling load can be calculated by manual method after
that the analysis is done by the software. Comparison
between the normal and insulated room temperature is
calculated. The variation of the normal room VII. ENERGY AND COST
temperature and the insulated room temperature is ANALYSIS:
maximum 2.5%.
For energy analysis a building model can be created by
using rivet software. Then the energy can be calculated
for using fan for 24 hours in that building,and the
energy can be calculated. Then the energy can be
calculated by using airconditioner also. The cost of both
fan and airconditioner also calculated. The calculation
is done by manual method, the energy of the model
building is analyzed.

VIII. RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

This project concluded as the
Figure4 comparison data of 8.00 am
temperature is reduced by applying this
method. The energy calculations by manual
method, give the result as the energy reduction
by applying these buildings.The result of these
method is well effective in buildings, the
NORMAL energy consumption get reduced by this
INSULATED method. By applying this method in all
6/11/2017

3/12/2017
10/10/2017
19/10/2017
28/10/2017

15/11/2017
24/11/2017

12/12/2017
21/12/2017

direction, more energy can be saved nearly

25%. In urban areas the energy consumption is
more, so that the reduction temperature
method is most suitable for urban areas. The
cost of energy consumption is reduced by
Figure3 comparison data of 5.00pm applying this method.

13
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
REFERENCE
1. AltanDombayci.O, Mustafa Golcu,
YasarPanca, Optimization of insulation
thickness for external walls using different
energy sources Applied Energy,vol- 83 (2006)
921-928.
2. G. Barrios, G. Huelsz, J.Rojas, J.M.Ochoa, I.
Marincic, Envelope wall/roof thermal
performance parameter for non – air
conditioned buildings Energy and Buildings
vol – 50,(2012) 120-127.
3. Barrios, G.Huelsz, R. Rechtman, J.Rojas,
Wall /roof thermal performance differences
between air-conditioned and non-air-
conditioned rooms, Energy and Buildings,
Vol- 43 (2011), 219-223.
4. Danielle DensleyTingley, Abigail Hathway,
Buick Davison,An environmental impact
comparison of external wall insulation
types,Building and Environment vol-85 (2015)
182-189.
5. Dissanayake,D.M.K C. Jayasinghe,
M.T.R.Jayasinghe, A comparative embodied
energy analysis of a house with recycled
expanded polystyrene(EPS) based doam
concrete wall panels, Energy and Buildings
vol-135 (2017) 85 -94.
6. Hua Li, Kishor T Zingre, Man Pun Wan,
Thermal performance of concrete based roofs
in tropical climate,Shanshan Tong, Energy
and Buildings, vol -76.
7. T.Soubdhan, T. Feuillard, F.Bade,
Experimental evaluation of insulation material
roofing system under tropical climate, Solar
Energy, vol- 79 (2005) 311-320.
8. M.J. Sorgato, A.P.Melo, R.Lamberts, The
effect of window opening ventilation control on
residential building energy consumption,
Energy and Buildings, vol – 133, (2016) 1-13.
9. Subhash Mishra, Dr. J A Usmani,
SanjeevVarshney, Energy saving analysis in
building walls through thermal insulation
system, IJERA Vol.2,(2012) pg.128-135
10. TayfunUygunog˘lu, SevcanÖzgüven ,
MetehanÇalıs,Effect of plaster thickness on
performance of external thermal insulation
cladding systems (ETICS) in buildings,
Construction and Building Materials, vol- 122
(2016) 496–504.

14
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF RECYCLED BRICK AGGREGATE
CONCRETE
BHARATHI S
ME Structural Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering
Chunkankadai, K.K Dist
bharathisbab
@gmail.com
Abstract—Fast development in the recent
years indeed has increased the need of
coarse aggregate in the alarming rate.
Besides that, the growth of the
construction industry has also produced
lots of product mainly the waste materials.
By using recycled aggregates, weight of
concrete can also be reduced, which can
also solve problems related to self-weight
of concrete. The study is conducted to
investigate the flexural performance of
reinforced concrete beams made with
recycled brick aggregate. Furthermore, to
investigate the mechanical and physical
properties of brick waste concrete, and to
compare the flexural performance of brick
waste as full replacement and partial
replacement of coarse aggregate in
concrete with the conventional concrete
(control sample). In this study physical
properties of cement, sand and Recycled
brick aggregate like specific gravity, sieve
analysis, bulk density, bulking of sand,
water absorption, moisture content test,
finess of cement, cement consistency,
initial and final setting time of cement
were tested. Light weight recycled brick
Dr.M John Robert Prince
Department of Civil Engineering
St.Xavier’s Catholic College ofEngineering
Chunkankadai, K.K Dist
aggregate has different texture, size and
properties than normal aggregate. The
properties of concrete such as slump,
density, compressive strength are studied
by replacing the granite aggregate with
recycled brick aggregate. With the
advancement of the concrete technology
and to fulfill the durability requirement
M30 (28 days characteristic compressive
strength 30 MPa when tested on 150 mm
cube) and higher grade of concrete is
generally used in most of the construction
now a days, thus there is a complete shift
of trend to the use of stone aggregate
instead of brick aggregate in concrete.
Keywords—Recycled brick aggregate;
brick waste; granite aggregate;
compressive strength; concrete
I. INTRODUCTION
From the view point of sustainability,
reducing the consumption of non-renewable
resources is a key factor to sustainable natural
resources. Concrete is known for using a lot of
non-renewable natural resources and also has an
uprising demand in construction works all
around the world. It had been reported that
concrete industry is the largest consumer of
natural resources with a global concrete
consumption of two and a half tons per capita
per year. The major contributors to concrete
volume are the aggregates and the consumption
15
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

of aggregates is estimated at 13.12 billion tons A. Cement:

per year (Tarek Uddin Mohammed 2017).
First, Ordinary Portland cement confirming to IS
Generally, aggregates are produced by crushing
8112-1989 [43grade] is used for experimental work.
rocks after cutting from mountains or quarries
Laboratory test were conducted on cement to
and breaking river gravels or boulders. A
determine specific gravity, consistency, initial and
significant amount of natural resource can
final setting time and fineness.
be saved if demolished concrete is recycled in new
construction works. Reinforcements are included in B. Recycled Brick aggregate:
the mixture to achieve the desired physical properties The demolished brick concrete were collected
of the finished material. When these ingredients are from the local site and they are well seasoned. The
mixed together, they form a fluid mass that is easily seasoned brick aggregate is crushed manually. The
molded into shape. Over time, the cement forms a size of the recycled brick aggregate used is 12.5 mm
hard matrix which binds the rest of the ingredients to 20 mm. Light weight recycled brick aggregate has
together into a durable stone-like material with many different texture, size and properties than normal
uses Recycling of demolished concrete will also aggregate. So the aggregates are crushed edges will
provide other benefits, such as creation of be rough and spiky that leads to be bonding.
additional business opportunities, saving cost of
disposal, saving money for local government and C. Sand:
other purchaser, helping local government to meet Locally available good quality river sand
the goal of reducing disposal,etc. Also, crushed
was used. Laboratory test were conducted on
natural stone is considered as the coarse aggregate
for the concrete mix proportion method described
fine aggregate to determine the different
in ACI-318. But the unit weight of concrete made physical properties as IS 383 (Part 3)-1970.The
with crushed natural stone ranges from 2242 kg/m 3 test values of specific gravity, water absorption,
to 2434 kg/m3 whereas the unit weight of concrete and fineness modulus of fine aggregate are
made with brick coarse aggregate ranges from presented in Table 1.
1750 kg/m3 to 2082 kg/m3. Also, the surface
roughness and texture of brick coarse aggregate is
not similar to crushed natural stone aggregate. So
it becomes uncertain whether brick aggregate Table 1:Properties of fine aggregate
concrete and recycled brick aggregate concrete
will follow the design equations developed for the Properties Fine aggregate
crushed natural stone. Therefore, it is important to
find the suitability of the application of ACI-318
provisions for these aggregates. Although some
studies had been conducted to understand the Bulk specific gravity(SSD) 2.67
suitability of brick as coarse aggregate, few
literatures were found where the suitability of Water absorption 1.3
RCA originated from brick aggregate concrete was
discussed. Further investigations are still Fineness Modulus 3.25
necessary to understand if ACI-318 provisions can
be safely used for RC beams made with recycled
brick aggregates.
For conventional concrete, a natural
II.MATERIALS USED IN THE stone (calcareous), with a maximum size of 20
INVESTIGATION mm, was employed as coarse aggregate. The
volumetric replacement of stone aggregate with
brick aggregate considered in this study were

16
 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% while everything else
were left unchanged.
A superplasticizing admixture
(Naphthalene based superplasticizer) was
added to the mixing water used, to improve
workability of concrete.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of
Granite and Recycled Brick Aggregate
Figure.2 shows the particle size distribution of
GA &RBA together with the corresponding
grading limits set out in IS383-197010 for natural
aggregates of same size. The fineness modulii
were found to be 3.25, - and 2.9 for sand,
granite aggregate and recycled brick aggregate
respectively. Figure.1 indicates that the Sand
used in this investigation confirms with the
grading limits of Zone II.Figure.2 indicates that
both the aggregates used have grading values
within the limits for 20-mm single-sized
aggregates.

 Specific Gravity
The specific gravities of Sand, GA and RBA
were determined in accordance with IS 2386
(Part III)– 1963.The specific gravity of sand and
GA are used in the design calculations of
concrete mix. The specific gravities of both the
GA and RBA were shown.

The specific gravity of sand is 2.67. RBA

however, had a low specific gravity of 2.0
probably due to the low strength and density of
the parent brick from which it is produced. It
also reported low values of specific gravity for Figure.1. Grading Curve of Fine Aggregate
brick aggregate.




 Sieve Analysis of Aggregates

Sieve analysis was carried out on sand, granite

and recycled brick aggregate before using them
in concrete. The set of sieves used for the
analysis was in accordance with IS: 2386 (Part I)
– 19637for grading the aggregate.Figure.1
shows the particle size distribution of sand and

17
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Figure.2. Grading Curve of Coarse Aggregate the previous researchers who did the work on
(Granite and RBA) brick aggregate used SSD aggregate, but in real
project work it will be next to impossible to
prepare SSD aggregate. If the adjustment is
done for very dry aggregate adding extra water
for absorption at that case total quantity of
Table.2. Comparison of the Properties of water in the mix will be higher than the
Natural and Recycled Brick Aggregate calculated amount because during the process
of setting only 75 to 85% water will be absorbed
Bulk Water by the aggregate and remaining water in the
Specifi Finene
c ss mix will result increase of w/c ratio because
absorptio subsequently most of the pores will be sealed
Property Density n by the matrix and the water will remain within
modul
the cement grains. In consequence of this there
Gravity us (kg/m3) (%)
will be loss of strength. On the other hand if the
Granite water is mixed for absorption only for the
2.74 - 2420 0.25 setting period it will produce a concrete of
desired workability in the fresh state and in
some cases decrease of w/c ratio leading to
Aggregate
increased strength. A realistic value of three
minute’s water absorption was taken as
standard in this investigation as it was seen that
the rate of water absorption in first few minutes
is very high and then after the curve becomes
Recycled
very flat. Rate of water absorption of brick
2.0 2.9 1760 13.25
aggregate is shown in Fig. 3. Coarse aggregate
and fine aggregate used in the mix was partially
Brick dried and therefore in the calculation of mix
design necessary adjustment was made for fine
Aggregate
aggregate.

B. Mixing of Concrete and Workability Test

III. TEST PROGRAM FOR THE EXPERIMENT
A.Mix Design
The basic guideline for mix design of
concrete as per the Indian code IS: 10262-2009
was followed. According to the codal guideline
saturated and surface dry (SSD) aggregates are
used and in case of aggregate either moist or
dried adjustment is done accordingly. Most of
The 24 h water absorption capacity of the
brick aggregate was13.25 %, an in situ test of
the water absorption for three minutes were
checked and which was found to be 6.5% by
weight of the existing condition of the
aggregate, therefore necessary adjustment was
made for these quantity of water. In Fig. 3 rate
of water absorption of dry aggregate has been
presented. For preparing the mix first coarse

18
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
aggregate and 80% of the total water had been
placed in the mixer and rotated for two minutes
to allow the coarse aggregate to absorb water,
then fine aggregate, cement and remaining
quantity of water mixed with admixture were
fed in the mixer and rotated for two minutes
more and the mix concrete was discharged on a
metal tray. Slump test was conducted for
measuring the workability of the concrete.
C. Test for Strength of Concrete
For each mix 6(six) Nos of 150 mm cube
were prepared (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) as
per the mix design following the above
mentioned procedure for compressive strength
test,6 Nos of 150mm x300mm cylindrical were
prepared and 3(three) Nos prism of 100mm x
100 mm x 500 mm were prepared for flexure
test. All the samples were kept in the molds for
24 hours and thereafter those samples were
demolded and placed in the curing tank for 28
days in ambient temperature. All the samples
were taken out of the curing tank before
testing and wiping the surface necessary test
for uniaxial compressive strength was done in a
compression testing machine of 2000 kN
capacity. The flexural tests by two points
loading were done in a flexural testing machine
of 100 kN capacity.
Figure 3 . Rate of water absorption of
brick aggregate
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Compressive strength:
Compressive strength tests on cubes at 7 days and 14
days showed that the rate of development of strength
of brick aggregate concrete followed a similar pattern
to that for normal concrete. Concrete with normal
construction brick aggregate developed adequate
average compressive strength up to w/c ratio of 0.40
and characteristic strength of 30 N/mm2. For
concrete with recycled brick aggregates, the average
strengths observed were greater than those for the
corresponding normal concretes. The differences
were 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% at w/c ratios of 0.4
respectively. The variability of compressive strengths
for a given mix ratio .Values of compression
strengths are shown in Table 3.
Splitting tensile strength
Values of tensile splitting strength are given in
Table 4. Compared with natural gravel aggregate
concrete with similar w/c ratios, splitting tensile
strengths for recycled construction brick aggregate
has been calculated. The failure mechanism involved
tensile failure of the crushed brick aggregate but
bond failure between the mortar and aggregates for
gravel aggregate. These differences in strength and
failure mechanism can be clearly correlated with the
tensile strength of the aggregate materials were 0%,
50%, 75% and 100% at w/c ratios of 0.4 respectively.
Flexural strength
The values for the flexural strength (modulus of
rupture) are also given in Table 5.
Table 3. Compressive strength of concrete
Compressive strength Mpa
Mix
7days 14days 28days
0% 35 48 48
50% 20 24 29
75% 17 20 23
19
 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.


100% 15 18 22

● 3) Recycled brick aggregates present relatively

lower bulk density and higher water absorption
compared to natural aggregates.
● 5) Densities of crushed bricks concrete were found
to be lower (up to 17%) than those of natural
aggregates concrete.
Table 4. Split tensile strength of concrete 6) Water reducing and plasticizer admixtures are
conse- quently recommended in order to reduce
water content.

Splitting tensile strength Mpa 7) Generally, the process of water absorption of a

MIX recycled concrete is similar to that of natural
7days 14days 28days concrete and obeys to the same laws. The
absorption test results clearly confirm that the
0% 2.36 2.37 3.01
higher the decrease of recycled concrete strength,
50% 2.0 2.10 2.37 the higher its porosity is significant, especially
more its large capillaries are of significant
75% 1.54 1.56 1.58 diameter.

100% - 1.0 1.20 REFERENCES

1.Tarek Uddin Mohammed , Hare Krishna

Das , Aziz Hasan Mahmood , Md. Nafiur
Table 5. Flexural strength of concrete
Rahman , M.A. Awal, “Flexural
performance of RC beams made with
recycled brick aggregate”Construction
Flexural strength Mpa and Building Materials Volume - 134
Mix
7days 14days 28days (2017) 67–74

0% 8.05 7.0 8.4 2.M.Adamson, A.Razmjoo, A.Poursaee,

50% 6.3 5.6 5.74
“Durability of concrete incorporating crushed
brick as coarse aggregate”Construction and
75% 3.5 2.8 3.0 Building Materials Volume-94 (2015)426–
100% - - - 432

3. Antonio Eduardo Bezerra Cabral a, Valdir Schalch

CONCLUSIONS
1) The similar procedure of mixing GA concrete
can be adopted for the production of RBAC. Both the
aggregates shall be used in the SSD condition.
2) The relative density of RBA is less than that of
GA and hence it can be classified as lightweight
aggregate. The recycled brick aggregate concrete
produced with this RBA can be used where concrete
of low density is required.
b, Denise CarpenaCoitinho Dal Molin c, José Luis
Duarte Ribeiro c., “Mechanical properties modelling
of recycled aggregate concrete” Construction and
Building Materials Volume-24(2010) 421-430
4. Antonio Eduardo Bezerra Cabral a, Valdir
Schalch b, Denise CarpenaCoitinho Dal Molin c,
José Luis Duarte Ribeiro c., “Mechanical properties
modelling of recycled aggregate concrete”

20
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Construction and Building Materials Volume-

24(2010) 421-430 8 .FaridDebieb, Said Kenai, “The use of
coarse and fine crushed bricks as aggregate in
5.Syed Ishtiaq Ahmad, A.M.ASCE and Sushanta concrete” Construction and Building
Roy, “Creep Behavior and Its Prediction for Materials 22 (2008)886–893.
Normal Strength Concrete Made from Crushed
Clay Bricks as Coarse Aggregate”, Journal of
materials in civil engineering © ASCE / March
9. Mohamed R. Afify and Noha M. Soliman,
2012 DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-
“Improvement Properties of Recycle Concrete
5533.0000391.
using Clay Brick as a Coarse Aggregate
“,International Journal of Current Engineering
and Technology Vol.4, No.1 (February 2014).
6.TarekUddinMohammed,AzizHasanMahm
ood, “Effects of maximum aggregate size on
UPV of brick aggregate concrete”, 10. Mohammad Abdur Rashida, TanvirHossaina,
Ultrasonics69(2016)129–136 and M. ArifulIslamb, “Properties of higher
strength concrete made with crushed brick as
coarse aggregate”, Journal of Civil Engineering
(IEB), 37(1) (2009) 43-52
7. Md. Kobir Hossain, Mohammad Abdur Rashid,
and Md. Rezaul Karim, “Effect of Cement Content
and Size of Coarse Aggregate on the Strength of
Brick Aggregate Concrete” DUET Journal, Vol. 2,
Issue 2, June 2015.

21
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
SAFETY HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Binu Harsha RV1, John Paul F2
1
PG Student, Civil Department, St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering,
binuharsharv@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Department, St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering,
iamjohn.july3@gmail.com
Abstract- Construction industry is a deadly
working place. Accidents on building sites
are inevitable, but could be controlled to
prevent minor or serious-consequences on
the workers. Thus, control measures of
accidents to ensure safety of workers and
minimize the accidents on sites are essential.
Safety means the condition of being
protected from harm or other non-desirable
outcomes. This project explores Safety
Hazard Assessment in construction industry
by identifying the cause for accidents and
implementing safety solutions for preventing
the accident. For this purpose, initially
Literature survey is done and then
questionnaire regarding the factors affecting
safety in construction industry is also
prepared. Then Analysis is done by using
Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS) software and finally safety
suggestions are given to prevent the
accidents in the construction industry.
Key words- Safety, Hazards, Factors,
Statistical Package for Social Science
(SPSS), Reliability Analysis, Descriptive
Analysis, Inferential Analysis.
I. INTRODUCTION
Accidents as an unplanned and unexpected
occurrence, which upsets a planned sequence of work;
are resulting to loss of production, injury to personnel,
damage to plant and equipment and eventually
interrupting production flow. Control measures as an
act of limiting or making something to happen in a
particular way, stop something from spreading, going
out of hand or getting worse. Identify safety in
construction as the process or way of protecting the
health and life of those who build, operate, maintain
and demolish engineering works; and others affected
by those works. Construction industry a deadly
working place. Accidents are a mass phenomenon. The
state of security in the selected economy section is not
indicated by a single accident but by a set of accidents
that have occurred in a specified time interval.
Accidents on building sites are inevitable, but could be
controlled to prevent minor or serious-consequences on
the workers. Thus, control measures of accidents to
ensure safety of workers and minimize accident-related
waste on sites are essential. Hence, the ultimate aim of
this project is to minimize accident’s occurrence on
sites.
1.1 Objectives
The main objectives of this project are to identify
the risks and accidents in the construction projects, to
breakdown the risks into successive steps, to develop
solutions for eliminating accidents and to improve the
productivity of the project by avoiding the accidents in
the construction industry.
1.2 Construction Safety
Construction safety involves any safety procedure
that is related to the construction industry or
construction sites. Construction safety aims to ensure
that a construction site or the industry as a whole is not
the cause of immediate danger to the public around a
construction site, or the workers at a construction site,
as well as making sure that the finished product of
construction meets required safety standards. The
Procedure for Safety Measures includes Safety Plans,
22
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Safety Training &Meetings, Firstaid &Medical goals of PSPE. . Three typical types of construction
Arrangements and Management Policy. enterprises, namely the state-owned enterprise, private
II. METHODOLOGY enterprise and Sino-foreign joint venture, are selected
as samples to measure the level of safety. The research
In this project, I have prepared the questionnaire provides insights into cause–effect relationships among
according to the literature survey. I will distribute the safety performance factors and goals, which can
questionnaire to various companies and after some facilitate the improvement of high safety performance
days collect the questionnaire from the companies and in the construction industry.
analyse by using various methods and finally suggest a
safety measures to avoid accidents in the construction Bozena Hola, (2014) The construction
industry. industry is characterized by a high level of hazards to
the life and health of employees and by a high accident
III. LITERATURE SURVEY rate. Knowledge related to the accident process plays a
major role in work safety assessment and in accident
prevention. On the basis of the EUROSTAT accident
Abel Pinto, (2011) The construction industry
model a comprehensive general model of the
is plagued by occupational risky situations and poor
development of an accident situation has been
working conditions. Occupational risk assessment
developed. The model enables the different possible
(ORA) on workplace sites is the key step to achieve
configurations of the events occurring in accident
adequate safety levels, particularly to support decision-
processes in the construction industry to be traced and
making in safety programs. Most construction safety
the most probable scenario of the events to be
efforts are applied informally under the premise
determined.
thatallocating more resources to safety management
will improve safety on site. This paper presents a state-
Liu Hui, (2012) In order to better prevent fire
of-the-art on ORA traditional methods, for the
accidents of construction site, a index system of safety
construction industry, discussing their limitations and
assessment was established for fire hazard of
pointing advantages of using fuzzy sets approaches to
construction combined with related specifications site,
deal with ill-defined situations.
first level indexes of which were composed by fire
safety management, general floor plan, building fire,
Dong Zhao, (2015) The construction industry
thermal insulation material and temporary fire control
has adopted control measures of electrical hazards for
facility, the weight of the safety assessment indexes
decades, however construction workers are still
was determined by AHP, and five single factor and the
electrocuted in the workplace every year. The goal of
overall of index system of safety assessment for fire
this study is to assess the control measures of electrical
hazard of the construction site were evaluated
hazards using a perspective of hierarchy of controls
respectively by fuzzy mathematical methods, and the
(HOC). HOC counts control measures of five levels in
safety situation of each single factor in the system was
descending effectiveness, which are Elimination,
understudied, at the same time, the overall fire safety
Substitution, Engineering, Administration, and
conditions of the system was grasped.
Personal protective equipment. This study also finds
that effectiveness of controls is not statistically
Zhipeng Zhou, (2015) Persistent endeavors
different by construction type nor occupation.
have been made to promote construction safety, but
Proposing a solution, the authors suggest that
fatalities still plague the industry. A large number of
construction managers strictly stick to HOC rules by
construction safety studies with the variety of topics
giving priority to higher level of controls.
make it difficult for stakeholders to have an overview
of this field. Hence a systematic review of previous
Xianguo Wua, (2015) This paper presents a
studies is paramount for facilitating sharing useful
systematic Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based
researchfindings and accessing future trends in
approach for Prospective Safety Performance
construction safety research. Four main research
Evaluation (PSPE) on construction sites, with causal
findings including construction safety research
relationships and interactions between enablers and the
perspectives, construction safety research trends,

23
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
innovative technology applications in construction could identify was extensive by some groups and very
safety, and safety information flow, were gained. limited by others. In workshop two, “Managing
Finally, this review identified and discussed research Workplace Hazards”, the teams showed a range of
gaps and corresponding agenda which can serve as abilities to complete the task with one team unable to
guidance for future construction safety research. identify any strategies to control the list of emerging
hazards and one team of managers displaying limited
Sijie Zhang, (2015) The purpose of this skills. Given these results there is a need to provide
research is to investigate and prototype a new Building further training for all managers and employees in
Information Modeling (BIM) enabled approach for hazard identification and management.
activity-level construction site planning that can pro-
actively improve construction safety. The developed IV. QUESTIONNAIRE
method can support project stakeholders, such as
engineers, planners, construction managers, foremen 4.1 Factors
and site supervisors and workers with the identification
and visualization of the required or potentially The following are the factors to be considered
congested workspaces. Therefore, it improves the in the questionnaire survey.
foundation on how decisions are made related to
construction site safety as well as its potential impact 4.1.1 Job Site
on a productive and unobstructed work environment.
Kathryn Woodcock, (2014) Safety The factors to be considered for Job site are
inspection is a common element of safety management Availability of first aid kit in Accident prone area,
systems but has been subject to little scholarly Provision of poster and safety sign/warning, Provision
research. A survey extended to two additional safety of safety training to New Employees (Fresher’s),
inspection domains supported the central features of Conducting training to the employees for advanced
the task description including generalist assignment of equipment arrived on site, Regular safety meetings,
safety inspectors, high complexity, consecutive use of Maintaining safety record keeping in construction
checklists, risk-informed decision making, and lack of site&Implementation of immediate rescue operation
performance feedback. The model provides a for accidents.
framework for development of strategies to support
inspectors and to aid novice knowledge acquisition. 4.1.2 Construction area – Secured access

Elizabeth Bluff, (2015) This paper examines The following are the factors considered for
how contextualised knowledge about safety matters Construction Area are Availability of warning signs,
shaped the performance of machinery manufacturers Provision of hazard light, Provision of sufficient
for three substantive safety outcomes – hazard lighting&Beware of floor openings and ensure that
recognition, risk control and safety information. The they are fenced or covered.
paper makes conceptual contributions to explain the
construction of safety knowledge, drawing on
established theories of learning and decision making
and concludes with some strategic directions for 4.1.3 Site keeping and Sanitation
building capacity through practice-based programs
Site keeping and Sanitation consist of the
which structure opportunities to learn about safety
following factors are Working area are cleaned daily,
around authentic design and construction activities.
Keep passages clear all the time, Regular disposal of
Susanne Bahn, (2013) Managers assume that
waste, Sufficient lighting, Procedure to handle
their employees have sufficient knowledge and skills
hazardous waste&Adequate water supply.
to successfully identify not only obvious but also
emerging hazards. For this study, two workshops were 4.1.4 Personal Safety
conducted using an action research methodology. In
the first workshop, “Hazard Identification” it was The Factors for the Personal safety are Avoid
found that the range of workplace hazards the staff inhaling drugs while working, Pay attention to personal

24
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
hygiene, Provision of fall protection, Provision of electrical equipment&Avoid allowing the electric
Helmet or Hard hat, Respirators and Masks are cables to come into contact with water.
provided, Provision of goggles, Hand gloves, and
boots&Use of Safety belt. V. DATA COLLECTION

4.1.5 Falling objects After the preparation of Questionnaire, Data

The Factors considered for Falling objects are
Proper planning and supervision, Materials are loaded
according to the capacity of crane, Maintain a normal
speed in a lift while releasing from top to bottom,
Proper storage of materials on height, Safe method of
Erection&Adequate protectors to protect employees
from falling materials.
4.1.6 Falls
The Falls involves the following factors are Proper
planning and supervision, Awareness created among
the employees, Safeguards are provided for the
employees, Fence are provided at open areas,
Provision of steel scaffolding, Place and Fix the ladder
at appropriate angle, Provision of fixed stairs on both
stairs, Maintenance of fixed stairs in good
condition&Use of Safety net on scaffolds.
collection is done. The Data collection is the collection
of data and the process of gathering and measuring
information on targeted variables from different
companies which then enables one to answer relevant
questions and evaluate outcomes. The prepared
Questionnaire is distributed to the 10 different
companies for surveying. The collected data’s are
analysed by using Statistical Package Social Science
(SPSS) Software to get the safety suggestions in order
to prevent the accident in the construction industry.
VI. ANALYSIS
Analysis is used to examine methodically and in
detail, typically in order to explain and interpret
it.Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) is used
for analyzing the above Questionnaire.
6.1 Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)

4.1.7 Fire or Explosion SPSS Statistics is a software package used for

logical batched and non-batched statistical analysis.
The factors considered for Fire or Explosion
SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis
are Availability of Fire Extinguishing equipment, Fire
in social science.In addition to statistical analysis, data
Alarm are provided, Maintaining daily, weekly
management and data documentation are features of
inspection records, Skilled labours are used, Fire
the base software. This analysis includes,
prevention/ Extinguisher training accomplished
1. Descriptive Analysis
&Poster of “No Smoking” signs are provided.
2. Inferential Analysis
4.1.8 Heavy Equipment

Heavy Equipment consist of the following

factors are Procedure to handle Heavy Equipment,
Skilled labours are used to operate the Equipment,
Proper guidance while shifting the materials using
crane, Equipment are fixed at right place&Check the
dangerous part of the machine has been installed with
guard before operating the equipment.
4.1.9 Electrical
The following are the factors considered for
Electrical are Check the condition of Electrical cables,
Provision of proper extinguishers, Provision of posters
for electrical dangers, Regular maintenance of
6.1.1 Reliability Test in SPSS using Cronbach
Alpha
Cronbach Alpha is a reliability test conducted
within SPSS in order to measure the internal
consistency i.e. reliability of the measuring instrument
(Questionnaire). It is most commonly used when the
questionnaire is developed using multiple likert scale
statements and therefore to determine if the scale is
reliable or not. In Reliability Test, Cronbach Alpha
should be greater than 0.7.
6.1.2 Descriptive analysis

25
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
A descriptive statistic is a summary statistic S9 2.90 1.101 0.287 <0.01
that quantitatively describes or summarizesfeatures of
a collection of information, andanalyzing those
statistics. Descriptive statistics is distinguished from S9 Provision of Hazard light
inferential statistics, in thatdescriptive statistics aims to
summarize a sample, rather than use the data to learn The Output shows that the statement
about the population that the sample of data is thought (Provision of Hazard light) are given with less priority
to represent. Descriptive analysis analyze various in the organization. The safety suggestions are
questions such as Form the frequency and percentage provision of hazard light should be considered and
of age of organization, size and age of employees, Find implemented in the premises to avoid or prevent the
the mean & SD of all statements regarding the factors, accidents in the construction industry.
Find the mean & SD with regards to factors on safety.

6.1.3 Inferential Analysis VIII. CONCLUSION

Inferential analysis uses statistical tests to see
whether a pattern we observe is due to chance or due to
the program or intervention effects. In Inferential
analysis, T-test is used to analyse the collected data to
get the safety suggestions.
6.1.3.1 T-test
The T-test is one type of inferential statistics. It is
used to determine whether there is a significant
difference between the means of two groups. With all
inferential statistics, we assume the dependent variable
fits a normal distribution. When we assume a normal
distribution exists, we can identify the probability of a
particular outcome. We specify the level of probability
(alpha level, level of significance, p) we are willing to
accept before we collect data (p < .01 is a common
value that is used).After we collect data we calculate a
test statistic with a formula.We compare our test
statistic with a critical value found on a table to see if
our results fall within the acceptable level of
probability.
VII. SAFETY SUGGESTIONS
From the above T-test analysis, it is reported
that
Table 1. T-test Analysis Result
Statement Mean Standard t-value p-
deviation value
Globally, Occupational injuries are
disproportionate in the Construction industry. The
Industry has adopted corresponding control measures,
however the hazard still caused many deaths of
construction workers every year. In response, the
Number of factors are considered and prepared as a
questionnaire survey. Thus this questionnaire survey is
distributed to 10 premises with high reputation in the
field of construction management. After the data
collection, the data’s are analysed by using Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. The
above analysis shows that provision of hazard light
plays an important role for avoiding the construction
accidents. Finally it is concluded that, the provision of
hazard light should be considered in every premises to
prevent the accidents in the construction industry.
REFERENCES
[1] Abel Pinto, Isabel L. Nunes, Rita A. Ribeiro,
“Occupational risk assessment in construction
industry – Overview and reflection”, Vol. 49 616–624
(2011).
[2] Dong Zhao, Andrew P. McCoy, Brian M. Kleiner,
Tonya L. Smith-Jackson,“Control measures of
electrical hazards: An analysis of construction
Industry”, Vol. 77 143–151 (2015).
[3] Xianguo Wua, Qian Liu, Limao Zhang, Miroslaw
J. Skibniewski, Yanhong Wang,“Prospective safety
performance evaluation on construction sites”, Vol. 78
58–72 (2015).

26
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
[4] Bozena Hola, Mariusz Szostak, “Analysis of the
Development of Accident Situations in the
Construction Industry”, Vol. 91 429 – 434 (2014).
[5] Liu Hui, Wang Yongqing, Sun Shimei, Sun Baotie,
“Study on Safety Assessment of Fire Hazard for the
Construction Site”, Vol. 43 369 – 373 (2012).
[6] Zhipeng Zhou, Yang Miang Goh, Qiming Li,
“Overview and analysis of safety management studies
in the construction industry”, Vol. 72 337–350 (2015).
[7] Sijie Zhang, Jochen Teizer, Nipesh Pradhananga,
Charles M. Eastman, “Workforce location tracking to
model, visualize and analyze workspace requirements
in building information models for construction safety
planning”, Vol. 60 74–86 (2015).
[8] Kathryn Woodcock, “Model of safety inspection”,
Vol. 62 145–156 (2014).
[9] Elizabeth Bluff, “Safety in machinery design and
construction: Knowledge and performance”, Vol. 74
59–69 (2015).
[10] Susanne Bahn, “Workplace hazard identification
and management:The case of an underground mining
operation”, Vol. 57 129–137 (2013).

27
 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CORROSION RESISTANCE OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE USING GREEN INHIBITORS
Christo Shajini C.B
Department of civil Engineering
M.E Structural Engineering
St.Xavier,s catholic college of Engineering
Chunkankadai,, Nagercoil
Shajinichristo@gmail.com
Abstract - Corrosion is the deterioration of
material by chemical interaction with their
environment and this problem cannot be avoided
but it can be minimized by the use of corrosion
inhibitors. The green inhibitors are added as 0.5%,
1%, 1.5% and 2% by weight of cement directly into
the concrete while mixing. For this investigation
the green Corrosion inhibitors were extracted from
Azadirachta Indica (Neem) and Aloe-Vera.The
specimen was immersed in 3.5%Nacl solution to
induce the corrosion. Metakaolin is also a
corrosion resistance inhibitor used as a partial
replacement of cement. The corrosion resistance
properties of steel reinforcement was found by the
accelerated corrosion test and weight loss
measurement. Furthermore, the corrosion
potential of the steel bars in these specimens was
measured daily for a period of 90 d based on
ASTM C876 standard test method. The results
showed that concrete with green corrosion
inhibitors have high corrosion initiation time and
low corrosion rate compared to the conventional
concrete. The addition of given green inhibitors do
not significantly affect the hardened properties of
concrete.
Index Terms- Corrosion, inhibitors, Neem, Aloe-
Vera, metakaolin.
Smiline Shiny D
Department of Civil Engineering
St.Xavier,s catholic college of Engineering
Chunkankadai, Nagercoil.
I. INTRODUCTION
Metals and alloys are generally used as
fabrication or construction materials in engineering. If
the metal or alloy used are not properly maintained, they
deteriorate slowly by the action of atmospheric gases,
moisture and other chemicals prevented phenomenon of
deterioration or destruction of metals and alloys is known
as corrosion. This Use of some inhibitors, such as
chromates, has been banned because of toxicity and the
environmental hazards they create. Hence there is a strive
to make use of environmental friendly, nontoxic, extracts
of naturally occurring plant materials as corrosion
inhibitors The inhibitors which are made from the
naturally occurring plant extracts are commonly known
as green corrosion inhibitors. Extracts of plant materials
contain a wide variety of organic compounds. Most of
them contain heteroatoms such as P, N, S, O. These
atoms coordinate with the corroding metal atom through
their electrons. Hence protective films are formed on the
metal surface and hence corrosion is prevented.
Metakaolin (MK), a thermally activated amorphous
alumina-silicate material acquired by calcining kaolin
clay at the temperature range of 750–8500C. The
durability of reinforced concrete structures is provided by
both chemical and physical protection of the reinforcing
steel bar against corrosion. Reinforcing steel embedded
in good quality concrete normally displays good long
term durability due to the pore solution phase being
sufficiently alkaline to lead to passivation of the bar. But,
concrete is a porous composite material and thus
28
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
reinforcing bar protection resulting from the penetration Aggregate which is passing through 4.75 IS sieve is
of aggressive ions may not remain excellent long term. termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is added to
concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity in
mixture. Usually the natural river sand is used as fine
aggregate. Laboratory test were conducted on fine
2. Experimental program
aggregate to determine the different physical properties
2.1 Materials used as IS 383 (Part 3)-1970.

2.1.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade, commercially
available in the market was used for the present study Properties of fine aggregate
and it is having a specific gravity of 3.15 and normal
consistency 30% conforming to the requirements of IS: Sl.no Particulars Test result
12269-1987 specifications
1 Fineness modulus 3.28
 Type of cement - OPC 43
grade 2 Specific gravity 2.76
 Fineness -
3 Bulk density compacted 1.463kg/l
5%
 Nominal consistency - 30% 4 Bulk density loose 1.225kg/l
 Initial setting time - 30
minutes 5 Moisture content 1.45%
 Specific gravity - 3.15
6 Water absorption 1.17%

2.1.2 Metakaolin

Metakaolin is obtained by the calcinations of pure 2.1.4 Coarse aggregate

or refined Kaolinite clay at a temperature between 6500
C and 8500 C, followed by grinding to achieve a finesse
of 700-900 m2/kg. It is a high quality pozzolonic
material, which is blended with cement in order to
improve the durability of concrete. In this project 15%
cement is replaced by metakaolin.
The coarse aggregate of 20mm size was used for the
present study and it is having a specific gravity of 2.74.
The aggregates were tested as per IS: 2386-1963 (I, II,
III) specifications.

Properties of metakaolin:

 Specific gravity - 2.5

 Bulk density - 0.3 - 0.4g/cmᶾ
 Fineness - smaller than
the average cement particle
 Density -2.17 g/cmᶾ

2.1.3 Fine Aggregate

29
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
w
it Sl.no Particulars Test result
2.1.5 Extract h
Extracts of plant materials contain w 1 Fineness modulus 3.92
heteroatoms such as P, N, S, O. These atoms coordinate at
2 Specific gravity 2.74
with the corroding metal atom and protective films are er
formed on the metal surface and hence corrosion is to 3 Bulk density 512.7kg/m3
prevented. The PH value of extract is 6-7. The specific re compacted
gravity of extract is 2.70 m
o 4 Bulk density loose 452.6kg/m3
v
e 5 Moisture content 15%
2.1.6 Water u 6 Water absorption 1.63%
n
w 7 Impact test 17.9%
The water which if fit for drinking should be used a
for making concrete. The water should be clean and free nted materials and make it dry and then it in to
from harmful, impurities such as oil, alkali and acids etc. the powdered form.
2. Aloe Vera gel was prepared by cutting open the
Aloe leaves with a clean cutting material to
expose the gel content of the leaf.
3. The gel was then allowed to filter through a
clean white handkerchief in order to get the pure
liquid.
4. Then the juice from aloe vera and neam was
mixed with double distilled water
5. The juice thus obtained from neem and aleo
Vera was filtered using Whatman filter paper to
2.1.7 Green corrosion inhibitors remove the residue.
6. Then it is allowed to alternate heating and
cooling for one hour using autoclave.
Extracts of plant materials contain heteroatoms 2.3 Casting
such as P, N, S, O. These atoms coordinate with the
corroding metal atom and protective films are formed on M 30 grade concrete is used. Ordinary port land
the metal surface and hence corrosion is prevented. cement of 43 grade is used and river sand passing
Selecting the green corrosion inhibitors which locally through 4.75 mm sieves. Coarse aggregates of 20mm
available are neem and Aleo vera. size was used. Portable water was used for both mixing
and curing. Water cement ratio 0.45 and Mix ratio is
1:1.54:2.57:0.45. Six combinations of mixes were carried
2.2 PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT out such as conventional concrete, concrete with 15%
MK, concrete with 15% MK and 0.5% extract, concrete
with 15% MK and 1% extract, concrete with 15% MK
and 1.5% extract, concrete with 15% MK and 2%
1. The neem leaves were obtained from the plant extract.
in the neighbourhood and thoroughly washed

30
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
continuously and the current response is monitored with
respect to time.

2.4.3 weight loss test

2.4 Test methods

Steel rod is dipped in 10ml,20ml,30ml,40ml extract.
After 24 hr weight of steel rod can be measured. From
the weight loss obtained corrosion rate can be calculated
2.4.1 compression and split tensile test using the following formula.

Inhibition efficiency = 1-W/WO X100 %

The strength properties of the concrete are found by
the compressive strength and split tensile strength test.
The green corrosion inhibitors are added 0.5%, 1%, Where,
1.5%, 2% by weight of cement directly into the concrete
while mixing. Concrete cubes of W = Weight of steel rod
150mmX150mmX150mm are casted for finding the WO= Weight of rod after dipped in extract
compressive strength of concrete at 28 days. Concrete
cylinders of 300mm height and 150mm diameter are
casted for finding split tensile strength of the concrete at
28 days.

2.4.4 Durability test

2.4.2 Accelerated corrosion test

2.4.4.1 Chloride attack test

To assess the initiation time of corrosion under

accelerated test conditions, concrete cube of size
The specimen is dipped in Hcl solution to find
150X150 mm were cast with HYSD steel bar of 16mm
out acid attack.
diameter embedded centrally into it. The steel rods were
cleaned with pickling acid and degreased and then
embedded in such a way that a constant cover is
maintained all round and also the protruding rod was 3. Test result and discussion
insulated by PVC sleeve. After 28 days curing, all the
specimens are dried for 24 hours and immersed in the
saline media (3.5% Sodium chloride solution). The rebar
is connected to the positive terminal (anode) and the 3.1 compression strength
stainless steel plate is connected to the negative terminal
(cathode) of the power pack. The test specimens were
subjected to a constant voltage of 6 volts from D.C The Compressive Strength compared to control
power pack. The applied voltage is kept constant specimen with 15% Metakaolin , 15% MK and 0.5%

31
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
extract, concrete with 15% MK and 1% extract, concrete 1.5% extract
with 15% MK and 1.5% extract, concrete with 15% MK
and 2% extract. Compressive Strength results of Concrete 25.33 29.33 36.12
specimens presented in Table 3. The 15% replacement with 15%
MK mixture exhibited higher strengths. All the concrete MK and 2%
including the control achieved their target strength of extract
37.33MPa at 28 days. Fig.1 presents the relation between
Compressive Strength and MK and extract percentages at
7, 14 and 28 days. The highest for the MK15 and extract Table:3 compressive strength
0.5% mixtures achieving strength of 42.22MPa at
28days. This clearly shows the replacement level of 15%
3.2 split tensile test
MK and 1.5% extract was the optimum Compressive
Strength is concerned. But MK 15% MK and 2% extract
From the results Split Tensile Strength also exhibited
decreases its strength from MK 15% and 1.5% extract.
the highest strength at MK15 mixture. The Split Tensile
So MK 15% and 0.5% extract is the best proportion for
strength for MK 15% and 1.5% extract increases when
add in cement.
compared to control specimen. MK 15% and 0.5%
extract increases in higher strength, when compared to all
other mixes. But MK 15% and 2% extract decreases. So
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MK 15% and 0.5% extract is the best proportion for add
in cement. The split tensile strength and various mix
specimen 7 Days 14 Days 28Days concrete test values are presents in Table 4 and variation
2 2
(N/mm ) (N/mm 2
of split tensile strength shown in Fig.2
) (N/mm
)
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
specimen 7 Days 14 Days 28Days
2
Conventional 26.33 29.33 34.66 (N/mm ) (N/mm2 (N/mm2
mix ) )

Concrete 29.33 33.55 38.33 Conventional 2.12 1.98 1.83

with 15% mix
MK Concrete with 2.39 2.48 2.68
15% MK
Concrete 30.44 33.77 42.22
Concrete with 2.33 2.47 2.61
with 15%
15% MK and
MK and
0.5% extract
0.5% extract
Concrete with 2.2 2.39 2.51
Concrete 28.89 32.33 40 15% MK and
with 15% 1% extract
MK and 1% Concrete with 2.12 2.2 2.33
extract 15% MK and
1.5% extract
Concrete 27.22 30 38.33 Concrete with 2.19 2.12 2.2
with 15% 15% MK and
MK and 2% extract

32
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Inhibition efficiency
89.6
89.4
89.2
Table :4 split tensile strength 89
88.8
88.6
split tensile strength 88.4
3 88.2
10 20 30
2.5
2
1.5
1
figure:2 inhibition efficiency

0.5
0

7 14 28
4) conclusion
Fig:1 split tensile strength

The green corrosion inhibitors such as Azadirachta

3.3. Weight loss method
Indica Powder and Dehydrated Aloe- Vera Powder are
eco-friendly and locally available. The concrete with
% of inhibitor Inhibition efficiency
green corrosion inhibitors have high corrosion initiation
%
time and low corrosion rate compared to the
10ml 88.65
conventional concrete. The results of inhibitors showed
20ml 89.18 that Azadirachta Indica (Neem) and Aleo Vera has better
30ml 89.48 corrosion inhibition efficiency. As a result of the tests
performed for the purpose of determining the corrosion
resistance of concrete containing MK and extract at
Table:5 inhibition efficiency
various ratios, it was observed that the use of MK, as a
cement replacement up to 15% w/w, improved the
corrosion resistance Of concrete specimens, while there
was no positive effect when MK was added in higher
ratio.

REFERENCES

1. Abdulrahman Asipita Salawu, Mohammad Ismail,

Muhd Zaimi Abd Majid1, CheSobry Abdullah, Jahangir
Mirza, “Green Bambusa Arundinacea Leaves Extract as

33
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
a Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitor in Steel Reinforced 10. Qiu Li , Haining Geng , Yun Huang d, Zhonghe Shui,
Concrete” Journal of Cleaner Production. (2015)“Chloride resistance of concrete with metakaolin
addition and seawater mixing: A comparative study”
2. Akram A. Al–Asadi1, Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah1, Construction and Building Materials 101 (2015) 184–192
Narjes I. Khaled1, and Raad J.M Alkhafaja2, “Effect of
an Aloe Vera As a Natural Inhibitor on The Corrosion of
Mild Steel in 1 wt. % NaCl” International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology .

3. lisha, Prof.M.Rajalingam, Dr,Sunilaa George,

“corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete with green
corrosion inhibitors” International Journal of Engineering
Science Invention Research & Development; Vol. III,
Issue XI, May 2017

4. Qiu Li, Haining Geng, Yun Huang d, Zhonghe Shui,

(2015)“Chloride resistance of concrete with metakaolin
addition and seawater mixing: A comparative study”
Construction and Building Materials 101 (2015) 184–192

5. Og uzhan Keles_temur, Bahar Demirel “Effect of

metakaolin on the corrosion resistance of structural lightweight
concrete” Construction and Building Materials 81 (2015) 172–
178

6. Sanjay Kumar Sharma , Ackmez Mudhoo , Gargi Jain

& Essam Khamis “Corrosion inhibition of Neem
(Azadirachta indica) leaves extract as a green corrosion
inhibitor for Zinc in H2SO4” Green Chemistry Letters
and Reviews Vol. 2, No. 1.

7. Aji, Zadva y, Madu, “Hybridization of Plant Extracts

for Corrosion Prevention of Mild Steel” International
Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and
Technology Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2016, PP 119-
127

8. Badogiannis , Aggeli , Papadakis v , Tsivilis s,

“Evaluation of chloride-penetration resistance of
metakaolin concrete by means of a diffusion e Binding
model and of the k-value concept” Cement and Concrete
Composites 63 (2015).

9. Nabil M. Al-Akhras (2006), “Durability of metakaolin

concrete to sulfate attack” Cement and Concrete
Research 36 (2006) 1727–1734

34
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM USING MARBLE POWDER

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT AS CEMENT

S.GANGA Mr.M.Galesh,M.E
Department of civil Engineering
Assistant Professor
II year, ME(structural engineering)
Department of Civil Engineering
St. Xavier’s catholic college of engineering
St. Xavier’s catholic college of engineering
Chunkankadai-629 003
Chunkankadai-629 003
flexural capacity and reduced midspan deflection
Abstract - The objective of this project is to study the due to the addition of steel fibers were observeds
possibility use of marble powder as partial
replacement in cement in flexural behaviour of
fibre reinforced concrete beam. It has been
estimated that from the mining process of marble to I. INTRODUCTION
the finished product, about 50% of the mineral is
Marble powder (MP) represents more than 50% of in
turned to waste. Marble dust is a product of the
mineral turned waste . In developing countries where
marble processing and is produced as a result of
abundant agricultural and industrial wastes are
marble sawing and shaping. In this study marble
discharged, these wastes can be used as potential
powder is used as partial replacement for cement in
material in construction industry. In this study marble
fiber reinforced concrete beam. In this study
powder is used as partial replacement for cement in
physical properties of cement, sand and marble
fiber reinforced high strength concrete beam. The
powder like specific gravity, sieve analysis, bulk
objective of this project is to study the possibility use
density, bulking of sand, water absorption, moisture
of marble powder as cement in flexural behaviour of
content test, fineness of cement, cement consistency,
fibre reinforced concrete beam.In this study physical
initial and final setting time of cement were tested.
properties of cement, sand and marble powder like
Mechanical properties like aggregate impact value
specific gravity, sieve analysis, bulk density, bulking
abrasion value of fine aggregate were carried out.
of sand, water absorption, moisture content test,
Marble powder has different texture, size and
fineness of cement, cement consistency, initial and
properties than OPC. The marble powder passed
final setting time of cement were tested. Mechanical
through 4.74mm sieve and retained on 150micron
properties like aggregate impact value abrasion value
sieve was used for this study. Steel fibers of 1% by
of fine aggregate were carried out. Marble powder has
volume are added. Six full-scale steel fiber
different texture, size and properties than OPC. The
reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams of size 150mm X
marble powder passed through 4.74mm sieve and
200mm X 1500mm has to be casted and tested... The
retained on 150micron sieve were used for this study.
mechanical properties such as compressive strength, Steel fibers of 1% by volume is added. The
split tensile strength, flexural strength of concrete mechanical properties such as compressive
with 10%, 15%, 20%, marble powder is to be studied. strength,split tensile strength,flexural strength of
The ultimate load, mid- span deflections, steel concrete with 10%,15%,20%,marble powder is to be
reinforcement strains, crack width and crack studied.To study the flexural behaviour of concrete,
spacing were investigated. The enhanced ultimate beams of fiber reinforced marble powder beam of
size150mm X 200mm X 1500mm has to be cast

35
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Partially replacing cement with other materials 3 Bulk density 1.463kg/l
without compromising the properties of concrete is compacted
one of the effective ways to make concrete more
sustainable 4 Bulk density loose 1.225kg/l

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME 5 Moisture content 1.45%

2.1MATERIALS 6 Water absorption 1.17%

Concrete was made of ordinary Portland cement 43

grade, Fine aggregate (natural river sand), Coarse
2.1.4 coarse aggregate
aggregate, Water , marble powder
The coarse aggregate of 20mm size was used for the
present study and it is having a specific gravity of
2.74. The aggregates were tested as per IS: 2386-1963
2.1.1 CEMENT
(I, II, III) specifications.
2.1.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade, commercially
Sl.no Particulars Test result
available in the market was used for the present study
and it is having a specific gravity of 3.15 and normal 1 Fineness modulus 3.92
consistency 30% conforming to the requirements of
IS: 12269-1987 specifications 2 Specific gravity 2.74
 Type of cement OPC 43 grade
3 Bulk density 512.7kg/m3
 Fineness - 5%
compacted
 Nominal consistency - 30%
 Initial setting time - 30 4 Bulk density loose 452.6kg/m3
minutes
 Specific gravity - 3.15 5 Moisture content 15%
2.1.2 Fine Aggregate
Aggregate which is passing through 4.75 IS sieve
6 Water absorption 1.63%
is termed as fine aggregate. Fine aggregate is added to
7 Impact test 17.9%
concrete to assist workability and to bring uniformity
in mixture. Usually the natural river sand is used as
fine aggregate. Laboratory test were conducted on fine MARBLE POWDER
aggregate to determine the different physical
properties as IS 383 (Part 3)-1970. Marble Powder was collected from Royal Mrble
at Nagercoil.IT was white in colour and it was air
Properties of fine aggregate
dried and powder in formmarble powder reduce the
Sl.no Particulars Test result weight of the concrete. With proper mix design
concrete with marble powder will increase the
1 Fineness modulus 3.28 strength.The 90% particle size of marble powder range
between 150micron to 600 micron
2 Specific gravity 2.76

36
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Table-4 Test result on Marble strength giving cement gel. Portable water is used for
powder making mortar. The pH value of water lies between 6
and 8 that indicate the water is free from organic
Properties Results matters. Water is needed to chemically react with the

colour White cement (hyration) and to provide workability with the

concrete
Specific gravity 2.42
Fineness modulus 1.27 2.2 Experimental Investigation

2.2.1 TEST METHODS

Chemical composition of cement and marble
powder The compressive strength, tensile strength, and

Table 5 flexural strength of various concrete mixtures were

determined on 150×150mm cubes, 150×300mm
Chemical composition
cyclinders and 130x150x1500mm beam respectively
properties Cement % Marble powder %
2.2.2Casting
SiO2 21.92 1.12 M 25 grade concrete is used. Ordinary port land
Al2O3 3.30 0.73 cement of 43 grade is used and river sand passing

Fe2O3 1.20 0.05 through 4.75 mm sieves. Coarse aggregates of 20mm

size was used.Marble powder 150micron to 600
CaO 63 83.22
micron used. Portable water was used for both mixing
MgO 3.07 0.52
and curing. Water cement ratio 0.5 and Mix ratio is
SO3 2.10 0.56 1:2.00:2.75:0.5. five combinations of mixes were

K2O 0.27 0.09 carried out such as conventional concrete, concrete

with , concrete with 10%MP , concrete with 15%MP
Na2O 0.96 1.12
and, concrete with 20%MP
C3A 6.71 -
3) 2.2.3Test specimen
A conventional rotary concrete mixer machine
was used to mix the concrete. The dry coarse aggregate,
cement, and fine aggregates in proportion were mixed
WATER first for one minute before mixing the required water the
mixing is continued for three minutes after mixing the
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as
water to achieve uniformity. The concrete was then
it actively participates in the chemical reaction with
casted in six moulds, each having size of 1500 mm X
cement. The quantity and quality of water is required
150 mm X 130 mm. containing the reinforcement in the
to be watched into carefully so that it can form the
form of deflected alternatively as test beams. In addition

37
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
to test beams concrete was also casted in the standard Cement+MP 7days(N/mm) 14days(N/mm²) 28days
cube moulds for cube test.All beam specimen and cubes
casted were demoulded next day and immersed in water conventional 16 21 23.55
for curing up to28days.
10%MB 32 33 35

15%MP 45 40 43

20%MP 41 39 42

4) FIG 1
5) 2.2.4TEST PROCEDURE AND
MEASUREMENTS 50
The size of test beams is 1500mm Length, 130 40
mm Breadth and 150 mm depth. The effective span 30
20 7days(N/mm)
length is 1450 mm (between centre of supports).
10 14days(N/mm²)
Dimensions and loading details are shown in Fig-III. The 0
28days
beam was placed for testing in universal testing machine
having 1000 KN capacity. A constant load of 20 KN
(approximately about 10% of the capacity of the beam)
was applied to hold the specimen in position and to
simulate the load. A deflection meter with least count of
0.01 mm was installed exactly at the centre of the beam
FIG II
to measure the maximum deflection at the bottom. The
loading was given gradually at the top of the beam.
Loading and corresponding deflections were observed Table-7 Split tensile strength of the concrete
and recorded. The safe values among three specimens
had been taken for comparison.
Split tensile strength test on cyclinder at 7 days and
14,28days showed that the rate of development of
RESULT strength of marble powder used in concrete. Followed
a similar pattern to that for Normal concrete
Table-6 compressive strength of the concrete conventional concrete average compressive strength
mixtures and marble powder 23.55 Mpa for 0.5 W/C ratio.the use of marble powder
in concrete range 10-15% increases the compressive
Compressive strength test on cubes at 7 days and strength w/C ratio.the use of marble powder in
14,28days showed that the rate of development of concrete range 10-15% increases the compressive
strength of marble powder used in concrete. Followed strength 6.32 Mpa
a similar pattern to that for Narmal concrete
conventional concrete average compressive strength
23.55 Mpa for 0.5 W/C ratio.the use of marble powder
Cement+MP 7days 14days 28days
in concrete range 10-15% increases the compressive
strength

38
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
CON 3.81 3.95 4.20 cement has been found to be either comparable or less
than control mix. The concrete compressive strength
10%MP 4.95 5.42 5.84 increases with the increase of marble dust ratio as sand
replacement up to15.0% of cement by weight. Also,
15%MP 5.35 5.84 6.32 The use of marble dust as replacement is more
effective with lower w/c ratio. A significant
20%MP 5.25 5.65 6.00 improvement in concrete tensile strength is recorded
due to the use of marble powder as cement
replacement The use of marble dust up to 15.0% as
cement replacement positively affects the steel-
concrete bond strength

REFERENCES

8
6
7days
1.Ali A. Aliabdo, Abd Elmoaty, M. Abd Elmoaty ,
4
14days Esraa M. Auda “ Re-use of waste marble dust in the
2
28days production of cement and concrete’’Construction and
0
Building Materials ,50 (2014) 28–41

2 .Avraham N. Dancygier , Erez Berkover Cracking

localization and reduced ductility in fiber-reinforced
concrete

beams with low reinforcement ratios Engineering

Structures Volume 111, 15 March 2016, Pages 411-
424
FIG III

CONCLUSION
3. Alberto Meda , Fausto Minelli , iovanni A. Plizzari
,“Flexural behaviour of RC beams in fibre reinforced
The concrete with marble powder gives better strength concrete”,Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 2930–2937
and workability. The effect of replacement of cement
by Marble powder has been studied on design mix
concrete of grade M25. The compressive strength of
cement mortar increases by the use of marble dust as 4.Bahar Demirel “The effect of the using waste marble
cement replacement A reduction in the compressive
dust as fine sand on the mechanical properties of the
strength of marble dust modified mortar of 5.0% lower
than control specimen is reported at 20.0% marble concrete’’, International Journal of the Physical
powder as cement replacement. The compressive Sciences Vol. 5(9), pp. 1372-1380, 18 August, 2010
strength of concrete made with 20.0% marble dust as

39
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
slurry’’Construction and Building Materials 134
(2017) 471–488
5. Bensaid Boulekbache , Mostefa Hamrat , Mohamed
Chemrouk , Sofiane Amziane ‘Flexural behaviour of
steel fibre-reinforced concrete under cyclic loading’
9.Rahmat Madandoust , Malek Mohammad Ranjbar,
Construction and Building Materials ,126 (2016) 253–
Reza Ghavidel, S. Fatemeh Shahabi “Assessment of
262
factors influencing mechanical properties of steel fiber
reinforced self-compacting concrete’’ Materials &
Design 83 (2015) 284–294
6.Doo-Yeol Yoo , Tianfeng Yuan , Jun-Mo Yang ,
Young-Soo Yoon , ‘Feasibility of replacing minimum
shear reinforcement with steel fibers for sustainable
10.Halit Cenan Mertol , Eray Baran , Hussain Jibril
high-strength concrete beams’ Engineering Structures,
Bello “Flexural behavior of lightly and heavily
147 (2017) 207–222
reinforced steel fiber concrete beams’’, Construction
and Building Materials 98 (2015) 185–193

7. Ilker Bekir Topcu , Turhan Bilir, Tayfun

Uygunog˘lu “ Effect of waste marble dust content as
11.Valeria Corinaldesi , Giacomo Moriconi , Tarun R.
filler on properties of self-compacting
Naik“ Characterization of marble powder for its use in
concrete’’Construction and Building Materials 23
mortar and concrete’’, Construction and Building
(2009) 1947–1953
Materials 24 (2010) 113–117

8.ManpreetSingh,Anshuman Srivastava, Dipendu

12.R.S. Olivito , F.A. Zuccarello 1 “An experimental
Bhunia“An investigation on effect of partial
study on the tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced
replacement of cement by waste marble
concrete’’ ,Composites: Part B 41 (2010) 246–255.

40
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

STUDY ON FOAM CONCRETE WALL PANELS

J.JENEFA DEVA RUBINI 1

S.SELVA SAJITHA 2

1
PG Student, (ME Structural) 2 Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur.

Abstract— Growth of population leads to
development of constructing the residential
and commercial buildings. In India, Civil
engineers facing some of the new material to
make the process of construction in a easy
manner. Expanded Polystyrene Sheet is
consider as a building material has a less
weight, density and satisfies the required
strength as an insulation layer in wall panels
suggested by many of the researchers. This
type of wall panels leads to strong, durable
and faster construction. In the paper the
experimental and analytical investigation
carried out to make the lightweight wall panel
using EPS sheet. This type of wall panel used
to improve the existing wall system, sound
insulation, fire resistance, Elasticity etc. The
paper describes the performance of wall panel
under compression load for both panel with
EPS and conventional concrete of wall panel.
The finite element study predict the
reasonable value of ultimate load carrying
capacity is compared with the experimental
values. Finally, the load carrying capacity,
shortening, stress & strain values, load
deflection curve for the EPS wall panel is
compared with the conventional wall panel.
These finding shows the EPS wall panel is
used as a non load bearing wall.
Keywords—Structural Insulated Panel, EPS,
Shear Connectors, Load Carrying Capacity, Load
Deflection Curve.
II. INTRODUCTION
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) core
Panel system is a modern, efficient, safe and
economic construction system for the
construction of buildings. These panels can
be used both as load bearing as well as non-
load bearing elements. EPS core panel is a 3D
panel consisting of shear connectors
provided with the polystyrene insulation
core. Panel is placed in position and concrete
wythe on both the sides.
The EPS panels consist of a shear
connectors utilizing a truss concept for stress
transfer and stiffness. EPS panel includes
shear connectors with minimum
reinforcement and self-extinguishing
expanded polystyrene concrete,
manufactured in the factory and assembled

41
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

at the construction site, which gives the the Type I Portland cement as in IS: 1489 Part
(I):1991.
bearing capacity of the structure.

The strength of any concrete form B. Fine Aggregate :

wall system comes from the combination of
the concrete itself and the reinforcing steel
utilized, NOT the insulating forms. It is
important to remember that an engineer
should be used to design any insulated wall
system. There are a few important variables
to take into consideration when designing
EPS walls.
i. Height of wall
ii. Thickness of concrete wall (inside the
form)
iii. Size and placement of shear connectors
iv. Size, placement, and quality of windows
and doors
v. Slender wall buckling
Aggregate which is passed through 4.75
mm IS sieve and retained on 75 micron IS sieve is
termed as fine aggregate. It fills the voids in coarse
aggregate. Usually, the natural river sand is used as
fine aggregate. Ordinary river sand conforming IS
383-1970 is used in this project.
C. Coarse Aggregate :
Aggregate which passes through 75 mm
IS sieve and retained on 4.75 mm IS sieve are
known as coarse aggregate. Aggregates should be
properly screened and if necessary washed before
use. Coarse aggregates containing flat, elongated or
flaky pieces should be rejected. The grading of
coarse aggregates should be as per specifications of
IS 383-1970. In this project, 10 mm size of coarse
aggregate is used.

D. EPS & Shear Connectors :

Shear
S.No Property EPS
Connectors The size of the EPS sheet was taken as
1 Density, ρ 20 kg/m 3
7700 kg/m 3 1000 x 500 x 50 mm and 6 mm shear
Young's 0.8963 connectors. The properties of this materials
2 200 GPa
Modulus GPa are given below
Poisson's
3 0.2 0.3
Ratio, υ
The piercing polystyrene with shear TABLE 1.PROPERTIES OF EPS & SC
connectors at equal distance. It gives a
rigidity spatial structure, and simultaneously
prevents polystyrene core shifting.
V. MIX DESIGN
III. OBJECTIVE The concrete mix M25 is designed as per IS
10262:1982, IS 456:2000 for the
Experimental and Analytical conventional concrete. The mix design is finalized
investigation have been carried out to study as 1:2.1:2.
the compressive strength of wall panels with Materials Normal Inner core
& without EPS sheet. concrete concrete
Cement 25.88 kg 14.17 kg
IV. MATERIALS Fine 54.35 kg 29.76 kg
A. Cement : Aggregate
Coarse 51.76 kg 28.34 kg
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of Aggregate
‘DALMIA CEMENT’ brand was used during the
study. The OPC used of grade 53 complied with

42
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

VI. EXPERIMENTAL concrete damage plasticity model is used. Tie

INVESTIGATION
The experimental work carried out by casting 3
wall panels tested under the UDL has the size of
1000 x 500 x100 mm with light weight inner core
material has the dimension of 900 x 500 x 40 mm.
The wall casted with shear connectors of 6 mm
diameter to improve the composite action between
the EPS sheet & concrete and reducing the energy
loss. The mix ratio used to cast the wall panel is
1:2.1:2. The bottom layer of the concrete is laid
first and maintained to be in uniform size of 50 mm
as capping of concrete. The EPS sheet is placed
inside the mould and pour the concrete evenly in
both side of the wall panel. The specimen is cured
for 28 days and tested in loading frame.
constraint is used to create proper interaction
between the EPS sheet and concrete wythe.
Uniformly distributed load is applied in the top of
the wall as a nodal loads and the boundary
condition as a fixed ends. To get the best result,
various mesh size is tried & analyzed. The lowest
difference of ultimate load by using the certain
mesh size is finalized. The eight noded solid
element C3D8R is used for EPS, normal concrete
and two noded beam element as B31 for shear
connectors. In this process the visualization gives
the contour view of the wall panel behavior.
VIII.RESULTS
A. Maximum Principal Stress
Maximum principal stress theory
states that when the maximum principal
stress developed in a body exceeds the yield
strength of the material the failure will occur.

Figure 1 : Experimental setup of wall panel

The experimental setup is shown in figure 1.

The panel is whitewashed, mark the grid lines at 5
mm interval and placed vertically under the loading
frame. Four dial gauges are placed to measure the
deflection of the wall panel. Two dial gauges
placed at l/4 distance from top and bottom of the
panel, one at the mid of the panel to measure the
lateral displacement of the wall and one at the top
of the wall panel to note down the shortening of
wall. DEMEC gauge placed on the l/2 distance on
one face of the wall to measure the horizontal &
vertical strain.

VII.ANALYTICAL
INVESTIGATION
Analytical investigation is done by using FEA
Software of ABAQUS 6.12-3. The wall panel is
model as a 3-D solid extrusion and assembled as a
single specimen. The light weight wall panel
properties used in ABAQUS is tabulated in table 1.
To simulate the nonlinear behavior of lightweight

43
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

B. Load Deflection Curve

The load deflection curve plotted against load
and deflection of wall panel is shown in figure 5.
The figure clearly shows the experimental and
analytical results plotted to shoe the shortening of
the wall panel.

Figure 5 : Load Vs. Deflection Graph

C. Comparison of Failure Pattern

Under the comparison of experimental and
analytical results failure occurred at the top corner
sides of the wall panel as shown in figure 6. The
shear connectors used in the panel to avoid
debonding. Spalling of concrete happens nearer to
the top layer of the wall panel shows in figure 7.

Figure 2 : Plain panel Figure 3 : Wall

Panel without SC

Figure 4 : Wall Panel with SC

44
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Failure
Spalling of
Region
concrete

Figure 7 :

IX. CONCLUSION
The following results arrived from the
analytical and experimental investigation of wall
panels
 A slight variation in the results of wall
panel under uniform load from the
analytical and experimental tests. So,
Figure 6 : Failure pattern of wall panel with SC the reliability of material used as a
light weight concrete is proposed.
 The ultimate load obtained from
analytical and experimental
investigation is not matched precisely
due to the debonding occurs in the
wall. That has to be improved.
 This type of EPS sheet wall panels has
a main advantage of heat transfer,
sound insulation, less time
consumption & cost effective. It act
like a ductile material and have a low
cost when compare to the EPS beads
wall panel.

REFERENCES
1. Agustín Pérez-García, Arianna Guardiola
Víllora, Guillermo González Pérez (2014),
'Building’s eco-efficiency improvements based
on reinforced concrete multilayer structural
panels' Energy and Buildings 85, 1–11.

45
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

2. Benayoune.A., Samad. A.A.A., Ali. A.A., 'Effect of confinement on steel-concrete

Trikha. D.N. (2007), 'Response of pre-cast composite light-weight
reinforced composite sandwich panels to axial 14. load-bearing wall panels under compression'
loading' Construction and Building Materials Journal of Constructional Steel Research 81,
21, 677–685. 11–19.
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Jayasinghe. M.T.R. (2016), 'A comparative Tioh (2011), 'Thermal inertia of newspaper
embodied energy analysis of a house with sandwiched aerated lightweight concrete wall
recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) based panels: Experimental study' Energy and
foam concrete wall panels' Energy and Buildings 43, 2956–2960.
Buildings 135, 85–94.
4. Fabrizio Gara, Laura Ragni, Davide Roia,
Luigino Dezi (2012) 'Experimental tests and
numerical modelling of wall sandwich panels'
Engineering Structures 37, 193–204.
5. Fernando.P.L.N., Jayasinghe.M.T.R.,
Jayasinghe.C (February 2017), 'Structural
feasibility of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
based lightweight concrete sandwich wall
panels' Construction and Building Materials
139, 45–51.
6. Knappett. J.A., Reid.C, Kinmond.S.,
OReilly.K., 'Small-scale modelling of
reinforced concrete structural elements for use
in a geotechnical centrifuge' (2011) Journal of
Structural Engineering 137, 1263–1271.
7. Matthew J. Gombeda, Patrick Trasborg, Clay
J. Naito, Spencer E. Quiel (January 2017)
'Simplified model for partially-composite
precast concrete insulated wall panels
subjected to lateral loading' Engineering
Structures 138, 367–380.
8. Mugahed Amran.Y.H., Abang Ali. A.A.,
Raizal S.M. Rashid, Farzad Hejazi, Nor Azizi
Safiee (2016), 'Structural behavior of axially
loaded precast foamed concrete sandwich
panels' Construction and Building Materials
107, 307–320.
9. Mugahed Amran.Y.H., Nima Farzadnia,
Abang Ali. A.A. (2015), 'Properties and
applications of foamed concrete; a review'
Construction and Building Materials 101, 990–
1005.
10. Noridah Mohamad, 'The Structural Behaviour
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11. Concrete Sandwich Panel as a load bearing
wall' (Ph.D. thesis), University Teknologi
Malaysia, 2010.
12. Noridah Mohamad, Goh Wan Inn, Redzuan
Abdullah, Abdul Aziz Abdul Samad, Priyan
Mendis, Massoud Sofi (2016), 'Structural
performance of FCS wall subjected to axial
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185–198.
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Palani.G.S, Lakshmanan.N, Senthil.R (2013),

46
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

47
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
ROAD DISTRESS DETECTION USING 2D INFORMATION
Kisho Shakina K.S.
Department of Civil Engineering
Arunachala College of engineering for women
Kanyakumari, India.
Prof.Brightson.P
Department of Civil Engineering
Arunachala College of engineering for women
Kanyakumari, India
Abstract— Roads act as a medium for the
transportation. Hence roads are constantly
used by the persons. The thing that is
constantly used gets deteriorates easily and
cracks come on it. If these cracks are
detected by the human beings, then it will
take more time and if these cracks are
detected with the help of some software, then
it will take less time. So this paper contains
the information related to the techniques
that is used for detection of property of the
cracks on the road images. This property
identification of road crack is done in
MATLAB tool with the help of digital image
processing techniques. The identification of
cracks on pavement surfaces are important
for the good maintenance of roads and for
allowing a higher quality of transportation
services . This work proposes crack property
detection from a road pavement survey .
For this, algorithms are developed in
MATLAB.
Keywords- detection, road , digital image
processing, cracks
INTRODUCTION
Roads are the best route that connects two place
which helps the people of the world to reach their
destination. The use of roads also increased for
various purposes by the advancement in the
technology. Road is useful for all the people in the
world. The students and teachers use the roads for
going to schools, colleges, tuition centers and
universities. The evolution in the quality of
transportation services allows a higher quality for all
the inherent services. Road is a better access to jobs,
health, education and resources, reducing the poverty
of certain communities through a growth in life’s
quality. Due to this, the economic development of
countries is highly dependent on the quality of road
transportation services. Since roads are nowadays
crucial to our society for the good quality of
transportation services, road maintenance must be
assured . A bad maintenance policy would neglect the
service quality or even the access to some remote
areas.
These cracks are formed on road surface due to
environmental factors as well as by human factors.
The environmental factors include earthquake,
tsunamis, sun, cyclones, weather, etc and the human
factors include overweight of the things, bad quality
of the materials, etc. These cracks on the roads may
prove that it is very dangerous to the life of human
beings. The progress of the country depends on road
because roads are the most important way of the
communication.
The maintenance of road is very important
because road network plays an important role for the
people of the country. If the cracks are maintained at
regular interval then cracks will not come on the
roads. Thus the problem faced by the people of the
country due to cracks may be solved. Therefore they
can use the facilities of roads network for longer
period.
It is very difficult for human beings to access the
site and then detect cracks in the road. To remove this
48
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
difficulty computerized systems are developed to
detect the cracks in the roads. These systems take less
time and efforts to detect the cracks and their results
are very efficient and accurate.
The various systems are developed to detects the
crack and classify them as longitudinal, traverse and
alligator. These systems are developed by using the
following different techniques .
• The Artificial Neural Network technique is
used for the classification and Artificial Bee Colony
technique is the first technique for Crack detection.
• The classification is done by Dynamic
Thresholding and the Entropy is the next technique
for crack detection .
• The Digital Image Processing technique is
the next method for detecting the cracks on the roads.
• The Anisotropy measure is the next method
for detecting and classifying cracks on roads. It is
used to remove the shadows on the images of the
roads.
• The neural network is the next method for
detecting the cracks and Supervised Learning
Algorithm is used for crack classification .
• The Continuous Wavelet Transform is the
next method for detecting and classifying the cracks.
• The Beamlet Transform is the next method
for detecting the cracks on the roads.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is the scholar
papers which provide us information about the
particular topic. Hence, the following shows the
literature survey regarding crack detection and
classification.
Thus a fully integrated system is proposed for the
automatic detection and characterization of distresses
in road and flexible pavement surfaces and to detect
its severity. The main tasks involved are Collection
of images, Distress Detection and Classification
using Supervised training approach, Assignment of
crack’s severity levels to analyze the road
performance. Pattern recognition and extraction is the
process of dividing an image into meaningful
regions, such as objects of interest and background.
[1] Cracking, along with many other pavement
surface defects, all have unique and distinctive
characteristics in the 3rd dimension, which are all lost
in 2D images. Therefore, developing new technology
that can capture realistic pavement surface
characteristics in the digital domain at sufficiently
high resolution, or actual surface models of
pavements, is a necessary initial step. New
algorithms and software can be subsequently
developed on the surface models to produce
consistent, repeatable, and accurate pavement survey
data. The recently developed 3D prototype system by
the research team is demonstrated as being able to
capture 1-mm 3D pavement surface data under
adverse lighting conditions.[2]One major issue with
pure video based systems is their inability to
discriminate dark areas not caused by pavement
distress such as tire marks, oil spills, shadows, and
recent fillings. To overcome the limitation of the
conventional imaging based methods, a probabilistic
relaxation technique based on 3- dimensional (3D)
information is proposed in this report. The primary
goal of this technique is to integrate conventional
image processing techniques with stereovision
technology to obtain an accurate topological structure
of the road defects. In addition, a road scene often
contains other objects such as grass, trees, buildings
which should be separated from the pavement. [3]
In the first approach, after the pavement images
are captured by a digital camera, regions
corresponding to cracks are detected over the
acquired images by local segmentation and then
represented by a matrix of square tiles. Since the
crack pattern can be represented by the distribution
of the crack tiles, standard deviations of both vertical
and horizontal histograms are calculated to map the
cracks onto a 2D feature space, where four crack
types can be identified as: longitudinal cracks,
transversal cracks, block cracks and alligator cracks.
This new technique provides a low-cost, near real
time distress analysis option. In the second approach
we explore the use of a more robust multi-resolution
scheme based on the beamlet transform. This method
uses a pavement distress image enhancement
algorithm to correct the non-uniform background
illumination by calculating the multiplicative factors
that eliminate the background lighting variations.[4]
Several methods to automatically detect road assets
49
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

and pavement conditions are proposed. In this paper,
we present an analysis of the current state of practice
of road asset monitoring, a discussion of the
limitations, and a qualitative evaluation of the
proposed automation methods found in the literature.
At this stage, inspectors are viewing and assessing
the severity of the defects. There are three levels of
severity: low, medium and high.[5] In general a
stereo vision refers to the ability to infer information
on the 3D structure and distance of a scene from a
series of images taken from different viewpoints. In
the herein presented design and methodology the two
cameras at fixed position and distance from the
observed surface are utilized together with a linear
scanning system. Both provide a mutually
complementary measurement data which after an
algorithmic preprocessing allows to perform proper
and precise projection to a 3D cloud of points. [6]
Stereovision is a computer vision technique
which has been widely used for industrial inspection
robotic vision 3-D microscopy and medical imaging.
Its basic principle is to form a 3-D structure of the
target object from images of the object taken from at
least two different positions. The 3-D physical
coordinate of the point on the object is obtained
by matching the corresponding points in the images.
Another reason to initialize this project is automation
[7] Field survey were conducted from three regions
in WA and two approached were used to evaluate and
analysis the pavement distress. First, the probabilistic
network Marov-Chain Process method was used to
predict the cost analysis for individual asphalt
concrete surfaced pavement distress. Second,
Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) was used to
predict pavement temperature for asphalt concrete
surface pavement. Meteorological data were
collected from Perth, Kalgoorlie, and Albany region
in WA, and data were used to develop and validation
of the model. [8]
The parameters of this policy must be well
specified to implement a satisfactory maintenance
management information system, capable of dealing
with several types of data such as pavement
condition, climate, traffic volumes and loads, along
with other topics. The pavement data is typically
obtained from a careful visual inspection. These
policies vary among the companies that apply them,
because there are multiple techniques and
technological equipments that can be used in order to
collect important data for an adequate structural and
functional quality evaluation. [9]
It is defined as the subjecting numerical
representations of objects to a series of operations in
order to obtain a desired result. It starts with one
image and produces a modified version of the same.
It is therefore a process that takes an image into
another. The principle advantage of Digital Image
Processing methods is its versatility, repeatability and
the preservation of original data precision. Some
times images obtained from satellites and
conventional and digital cameras lack in contrast and
brightness because of the limitations of imaging sub
systems and illumination conditions while capturing
image. It simply emphasizes certain specified image
characteristics. Enhancement algorithms are
generally interactive and application dependent.[10]
PROBLEM FORMULATION
The above system can detect the cracks and
classified the cracks as horizontal cracks, vertical
cracks and potholes. The systems do not calculate the
parameters associated with the cracks. But some
systems calculate the parameters related to their
performance.
The proposed system will detect the cracks as
well as calculate the parameters. The cracks are
detected with the help of Digital Image Processing
technique and parameters like length, width and
shape are calculated by using mathematical formulae.
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TOOLS USED
All the system that is used for crack detection is
made in MATLAB. It was designed by Cleve Moler
and developed by MathWorks in 1984. MATLAB
helps in creating user interface, plotting of the data
and functions, matrix manipulation, implementation
of the algorithms and interfacing with other

50
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
programming languages like C, C++, Java, and
Python. Using MATLAB, the data can be analysed
and algorithms are developed. The language, tools
and built-in math functions enable us to explore
multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than
with spread sheets .Some of the applications of
MATLAB are Signal Processing and
Communications, image and video processing.It is a
high performance language for technical computing
Moreover it is also used for data visualization,
algorithm development, numerical calculations and
data analysis, etc. The files in MATLAB are saved
with .m extension. It is compatible with Windows,
Linux and macOS operating systems. The main
advantages of MATLAB over other tools are:
• Programming skills are not required.
• Mathematical calculations become very easy
using MATLAB.
• Affordable cost.
• Data interpretation and analysis become
easy.
• Plotting of graphs become easy.
• Implementation and development of
algorithms become very easy.
CONCLUSION
Roads maintenance is very important for its
existence. Its maintenance is done when someone
know that there is cracks on the road. So crack
detection is very important. This paper includes the
various techniques that are used for detecting cracks.
It also includes the information regarding the tool
that is used for detecting the crack. A novel technique
for automatic road distress detection and analysis
uses image enhancement& segmentation for the
classification of potholes as well as cracks, severity
calculation. Automated survey of pavement distress
based on 2d and 3d laser images uses stereovision for
condition survey and the 3-d reconstruction,
automated distress analyzer for the measurement of
rutting and cracking distresses. Pavement distress
evaluation using 3d depth information from stereo
vision uses artificial neural network for the transverse
cracking. Transportation informatics: advanced
image processing techniques for automated pavement
distress evaluation uses image enhancement&
segmentation for the distress detection and
classification. Improving road asset condition
monitoring uses spatial data based methods for the
road defect detection, classification and repair. Semi-
automatic inspection tool of pavement condition from
three-dimensional profile scans uses laser crack
measurement system for the road deterioration type
and its quantity Road distress analysis using 2d and
3d information usesfeature mapping& neural
network, Reconstruction for the accurate pavement
distress analysis results in general cases. Distress
identification, cost analysis and pavement
temperature prediction for the long-term pavement
performance for western australia uses marov-chain
process, sdsm for the long-term pavement
performance. The Feature Mapping& Neural
Network, reconstruction gives accurate result.
Moreover, this system may be used in the vehicles
which help the driver to get information about width,
shape and length about the cracks.
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by my project guide
Prof.P.Brightson M.E working as assistant professor
in ACEW.
References
[1] Akhila Daniel , Preeja. V (2014) ‘A Novel
Technique for Automatic Road Distress
Detection and Analysis’, International Journal of
Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)Volume
101– No.10
[2] Guanqun Bao(2010) ‘Road distress analysis
using 2D and 3D information’ ,MIOH UTC
TS18p2 2010-Final
[3] Er. Harjit Kaur (2017) ‘Crack Detection and
Parameters Estimation on Road Images: Review’
, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Science Volume 8, No. 4
[4] James J. Lynch ( 2012) ‘Pavement Distress
Evaluation Using 3d Depth Information From
Stereo Vision’ , MIOH UTC TS43 2012-Final
51
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

[5] Dr. James Lynch, Dr. Utpal Dutta ,Dr. [11] Tomasz Garbowskia, Tomasz Gajewskia( 2017 )
Ezzatollah Salari ,Dr. Eddie Yein-Juin ‘Semi-automatic inspection tool of pavement
Chou(2010) ‘Transportation condition from three-dimensional profile scans’ ,
Informatics:Advanced Image Processing Procedia Engineering 172 310 – 318
Techniques Automated Pavement Distress
Evaluation’ ,MIOH UTC TS18p2 -Final
[12] P. Viola and M. Jones (2001) ‘Robust Real-
Time Object Detection’, In Proc. 2nd Int’l
[6] kelvin.c.p. wang (2011) ‘Automated Survey of Workshop on Statistical and Computational
Pavement Distress based on 2D and 3D Laser Theories of Vision – Modeling, Learning,
Images’, MBTC DOT 3023 Computing and Sampling, Vancouver, Canada .

[7] K.M.M. Rao (2011) ‘Overview Of Image
Processing’ ,International Journal of Engineering
and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 4
[8] Pedro Rosa,(2010) ‘Automatic Pavement Crack
Detection And Classification System’ Instituto
de Telecomunicaces - Instituto Superior Técnico
Av. Rovisto Pais1, Lisbon, Portugal
[9] Sharad.S.Adlinge, Prof.A.K.Gupta(2011) ‘
Pavement Deterioration and its Causes’IOSR
Journal of Mechanical & Civil Engineering
(IOSR-JMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684, PP: 09-15
[13] Wang, K.C.P (2013) ‘Transportation Research
Circular: Automated Imaging Technologies for
Pavement Distress Survey’, Committee A2B06,
Transportation Research Board, National
Research Council.
[14] Wang, K.C.P. and X. Li (1999) ‘Use of Digital
Camera for Pavement Surface Distress Survey’,
Transportation Research Record 1675,
Transportation Research Board, National
Research Council, Washington, D.C., , pp. 91–
97.

[10] Stefania C. Radopoulou a, Ioannis

Brilakis(2016) ‘Improving road asset condition
monitoring’,Transportation Research Procedia
14 3004 – 3012

52
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE BY USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF
COARSE AGGREGATE
MUKESH PRAVEEN.S2,NIRANJAN.N2,
RAMYA ANCELIN M.E.1
UG Students,B.E Civil Engineering2, Assistant professor1.
Dr. SivanthiAditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur.
Abstract- The utilization of waste materials
in concrete production is very much helpful
to reach the goal of the sustainable
construction. Therefore, this study intends
to use ceramic tile and marble aggregate in
concrete production. The paper reports on
the performance of two different mixes
20% and 30% for each tile and marble
waste having 20mm maximum size as
coarse aggregate. Ordinary Portland
cement 53 grade and coarse sand were
used to produce standard concrete cubes,
cylinders and prisms. Compressive strength
tests, split tensile test and flexural test were
carried out on concrete at various stages.
Test results indicates that M20 mix is
effective on compressive strength. But
beyond that, strength started decreasing
gradually with increase in proportion of
tile aggregate in concrete and strength
started increasing gradually with increase
in proportion of marble in concrete.
Keywords-M20 Concrete, Waste ceramic
tiles, Waste marble stone, OPC-53 grade.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most popular building material in
the world. Itis a mixture of cement, sand and stone
ballast and water, which when placed in forms and
allowed to cure, becomes hard like stone. Cement is
called the“binding material”. To make good concrete
now variety of innovative materials such as fibers,
admixtures and construction chemicals, pozzolonas
and different concrete making techniques are adopted
in present day construction.
In India, 48 million tons solid waste is produced
annually, out of which 14.5 million tons waste is
produced from the construction waste sector.Out of
which only 3% waste is utilized for construction
purposes Due to the development in construction
field the use of natural aggregates is increasing
tremendously and at the same time, the production of
solid wastes from the demolitions of construction is
also quite high. Because of that reason the reuse of
demolished constructional wastes like ceramic tile
and marble came into that part. It reduces the solid
waste generation and also reduces the scarcity of
natural aggregates for making concrete.The ceramic
tile waste and marble waste is not only occurring
from the demolition of the structure but also from the
manufacturing unit and during construction. The
various strength parameters such as compressive
strength, split tensile and flexural strength of concrete
were tested and the test results were compared.
II.MATERIALS USED
Cement –The cement used was ordinary Portland
cement 53 (OPC 53). The cement is a binder
substance used in construction that sets and harden
and can bind other materials together. Cement is a
powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay.
Cement is mixed with water to form a mortar or
mixed with sand, aggregates and water to form
concrete.Ordinary Portland Cement (53 grade)
confirming to IS : 12269-1987 is used and different
tests are conducted to know the quality of cement.
The physical properties are given in table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Properties of cement
Specific Gravity 3.39
Fineness 1.8%
Initial setting time 35 mins
Final setting time 330 mins
Normal consistency 31.25%
Fine aggregate: Natural river sand is used as fine
aggregate. The properties of sand were determined by
conducting test as per IS 383-1970. The aggregate is
passed through 4.75 mm and retained on 75 µ. Fine
aggregate is added in concrete to assist workability
and to bring uniformity in mixture. The properties are
shown in Table 2.2
53
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Table 2.2Properties of fine aggregate Marble Stone Aggregate: Marble is a

metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized
Specific gravity 2.44 carbonate minerals, generally calcite or dolomite. It
Fineness modulus 2.41 plays an important role in construction, most
commonly used as flooring material. The waste
Water absorption 1.5%
marble pieces of nominal size of 20 mm were used.
Moisture content 0.25% The physical properties are given in table 2.5.
Table 2.5 Properties of Marble stone
aggregate
Coarse Aggregate: Crushed stones obtained
from local quarries were used as coarse aggregate.
Specific gravity 2.62
The maximum size of coarse aggregate used was 20
mm. The properties of aggregate were determined by Fineness modulus 2.87
conducting test as per IS 383-1970. The properties Water absorption 1.5%
are shown in Table 2.3

Table 2.3Properties of Coarse aggregate

Specific Gravity 2.71

Fineness modulus 3.46
Water absorption 2.5%

Ceramic Tile Aggregate: Ceramic tiles are

made up of sand, natural products and clay and once
it has beenmoulded into shape they are then fired in a
kiln. They can either be glazed or unglazed. Ceramic
tiles have a much longer life in comparison to other
materials that are used to cover floors and walls Figure-2 Marble aggregate
.They give better resistance to water.The properties
are shown in Table 2.4 Water: Water is an important ingredient in the
concrete mass, as it actively participants in the
Table 2.4Properties of ceramic tiles chemical reaction with cement. It is essential for
chemical reaction with cement compounds. Portable
Specific gravity 2.44 water free from impurities and salt used for casting
and curing the concrete block as per IS 456:2000
Fineness modulus 2.71
Water absorption 6.5% III. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The various specimens of cube, cylinder and
prism are casted for M20 grade of concrete with
different mix proportions. Waste ceramic tiles and
waste marble stones are used as partial replacements
for coarse aggregate in different mixes separately.
Table 3.1 Mix proportion of materials
Mix Ceme FA CA Tile Marbl
nt % % % e
% %
CC 100 100 100 - -
Mix A 100 100 80 20 -
Mix B 100 100 70 30 -
Mix C 100 100 80 - 20
Fig.1-Ceramic tile pieces
Mix D 100 100 70 - 30
*FA-Fine aggregate, *CA-Coarse aggregate

54
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

The concrete is designed as per IS 10262:1982 and

IS456:2000 is used for conventional concrete. The
30
Mix ratio for concrete is as given below in table 3.1
25
Table 3.1Mix Proportion 20
7 day strength
15
Ceme Fine Coarse Water 10
nt aggregat aggregate cemen 28 day
5 strength
e t ratio
0
Ratio 1 1.37 2.86 0.45 cc Mix Mix Mix Mix
A B C D
Quantity 413.33 567.86 1181.45 1.86
(kg/m3)
Split tensile strength test:
Tensile strength is an important property of concrete
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULT because concrete structures are highly vulnerable to
tensile cracking. Splitting tensile strength test on
Fresh concrete test:
concrete is a method to determine the tensile strength
Slump cone test: of concrete. For each concrete mix, split tensile
Slump test is used to determine the workability of strength is determined on cylindrical specimens of
fresh concrete. The slump test indicates the behavior 150mm diameter and 300 mm height. The results are
of a compacted concrete cone under the action of tabulated in table 4.3.
gravitational forces.
Table 4.1 Table 4.3
Slump values Overall results of split-tensile strength
Specimen Slump value in mm Specimen 28 days strength test
Conventional 85 (N/mm2)
Mix A 93 Conventional 1.58
Mix B 96 Mix A 1.52
Mix C 92 Mix B 1.65
Mix D 95 Mix C 1.75
Mix D 1.93
Hardened concrete test:
Compressive strength test: 2
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or 1.8
structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size. 1.6
For each concrete mix, the compression strength is 1.4 28 day split
determined on cube specimens of size 150 x 150 x 1.2 tensile
150 mm. The results are tabulated in table 4.2. 1 strength
cc
Mix A
Mix B
Mix C
Mix D

Table 4.2
Overall results of compressive strength

Specimen 7 days 28 days Flexural test strength:

strength strength
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) Flexural strength is the ability of a beam or slab to
Conventional 15.63 26.92 resist failure in bending. It is measured by loading
Mix A 15.28 25.80 unreinforced concrete beams with dimension of 100 x
Mix B 15.84 27.22 100 x 500 mm. It is expressed as Modulus of Rupture
Mix C 16.40 27.80 in N/mm2.Its value is about 12 to 20 percent of
Mix D 16.24 28.20 compressive strength.The results are tabulated in
table 4.4.

55
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Table 4.4 1)ASTM (2008) ASTM C642-97: Standard test

Overall results of flexural strength method for density, absorption and voids in hardened
concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken,
Specimen 28 days flexural PA, USA.
strength test (N/mm2)
Conventional 7.86 2)Chotaliya.P, Kuldip B. Makwana “Waste marble
Mix A 7.98 chips as coarse aggregate”,IJEDR Volume-4, issue-
3(2016)
Mix B 7.54
Mix C 8.24 3)Hebhoub.H, Aoun .H “Use of waste marble
Mix D 8.46 aggregates in concrete”, September 2010.

4)IS 456:2000 code of practice for reinforced cement

concrete
9
5) IS 383:1970 (reaffirmed 2002), Specification for
8.5 coarse and fine aggregates from Natural sources for
concrete (second Revision.
8 28 days
flexural 6)Khaloo.AR. “Crushed tile coarse aggregate
7.5 strength concrete”. Cement and Concrete Aggregate, No. 2,
7 17(1995), pp 119-25.
cc Mix Mix Mix Mix
A B C D 7) Sekar.M “Partial replacemnt of coarse aggregate
by waste ceramic tile in concrete” IJRASET vol-5,
issue-3 , March-2017

CONCLUSIONS: 8)Senthamarai.R.M. ,DevadasManoharan.P,

In this projectM20 grade concrete is adopted for “Concrete with ceramic waste aggregate, Cement
the investigation, Based on the experimental Concrete composition” 27(2005) ,pp 910-913.
investigation the following conclusion were drawn,
 Fineness modulus of cement, fine aggregate 9)Topcu.B and Canbaz. “Utilization of crushed tile
coarse aggregate, Tile, Marble are 1.8, as aggregate in concrete”. Iranian Journal of science
2.41,3.46,2.71 and 2.87 respectively. & technology, Transaction B, Engineering, Vol. 31,
No. B5, pp561-565.
 Specific gravity of cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate, Tile and Marble values are
3.39, 2.44, 2.71, 2.44 and 2.62 respectively.
 The compressive strength of hardened concrete
for different mixes were compared, 20%
replacement of tile shows higher compressive
strength than cc, whereas 30% tile reduces than
cc. But in case of marble 20% and 30% the
strength increases gradually than cc.
 Similarly , 30% of marble shows higher tensile
strength than cc whereas in tile 20% shows
slightly higher strength than cc.
 Similarly , 30% of marble shows higher flexural
strength than cc whereas in tile 20% shows
slightly higher strength than cc.

REFERENCES:

56
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

RETROFITTING OF GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONRCRETE BEAM USING GFRP LAMINATES

BONDED WITH EPOXY AND FASTENER STEEL RIVETS

SARANYA GANDHI.R1,RAMYA ANCELIN.R2

1
PG Student, ME Structural Engineering, Dr.Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering, Tiruchendur.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. Sivanthi Aditanar College of Engineering,
Tiruchendur.

Abstract—The behavior of glass fiber
reinforced concrete beam strengthened
using glass fiber reinforced polymer
(GFRP) laminate is presented in this
paper. The experimental investigations
are carried out in M25 grade of concrete
with the addition of 1.5% glass fibers. In
this study three control beams and three
glass fiber reinforced concrete beams
were casted. The beams are designed
and casted for 1m length. Each beam was
initially loaded to form the initial
crack.The beams are then retrofitted
using GFRP laminates. For the bonding of
the laminates with the RC beams epoxy
adhesive Epoxy Resin LY 556 and
Hardener HY 951 and rivets are used.
Each one of the conventional and the
glass fiber beam is retrofitted using the
laminate which is bonded using epoxy,
similarly using rivets and using both
epoxy and rivets. The effective use of
GFRP laminates in strengthening of RC
beams is studied by measuring the load
carrying capacity and by observing
deflection of the beam.
Keywords— Glass fiber, GFRP
laminate,Epoxy Resin Ly 556 Hardener HY
951, Rivets
INTRODUCTION
The maintenance, rehabilitation and
upgrading of structural members, is perhaps
one of the most crucial problems in civil
engineering applications. Moreover, a large
number of structures constructed in the past
using the older design codes in different parts
of the world are structurally unsafe according
to the new design codes. Since replacement
of such deficient elements of structures incurs
a huge amount of public money and time,
strengthening has become the acceptable way
of improving their load carrying capacity and
extending their service lives. Infrastructure
decay caused by premature deterioration of
buildings and structures has led to the
investigation of several processes for
repairing or strengthening purposes. One of
the challenges in strengthening of concrete
structures is selection of a strengthening
method that will enhance the strength and
serviceability of the structure while
addressing limitations such as constructability,
building operations and budget.Typical
strengthening techniques such as section
enlargement, externally bonded
reinforcement, post-tensioning, and
supplemental supports may be used to
achieve improved strength and
serviceability.Only a few years ago, the
construction market started to use FRP for
structural reinforcement, generally in
combination with other construction
materials such as wood, steel, and concrete.
FRPs exhibit several improved properties,

57
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
such as high strength-weight ratio, high
stiffness-weight ratio, flexibility in design,
non-corrosiveness, high fatigue strength, and
ease of application. Because the FRP materials
are non-corrosive, non-magnetic, and
resistant to various types of chemicals, they
are increasingly being used for external
reinforcement of existing concrete structures.
From the past studies conducted it has been
shown that externally bonded glass fiber-
reinforced polymers (GFRP) can be used to
enhance the flexural, shear and torsional
capacity of RC beams. Due to the flexible
nature and ease of handling and application,
combined with high tensile strength-weight
ratio and stiffness, the flexible glass fiber
sheets are found to be highly effective for
strengthening of RC beams. The use of fiber
reinforced polymers (FRPs)for the
rehabilitation of existing concrete structures
has grown very rapidly over the last few
years.Among many options, this
reinforcement may be in the form of
preformed laminates or flexible sheets. The
laminates are stiff plates or shells that come
pre-cured and are installed by bonding them
to the concrete surface with a thermosetting
resin. The sheets are either dry or pre-
impregnated with resin (known as pre-preg)
and cured after installation onto the concrete
surface.
MATERIALS
Experimental Investigations have been
carried out on the specimens to ascertain the
workability and strength related properties in
order to check the quality of concrete.
Cement:
Cement is defined as the building material
made by grinding calcined limestone and clay to a
fine powder, which can be mixed with water and
poured to set as a solid mass or used as an
ingredient in making mortar or concrete. In this
project, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 53 grade
was used.
Fine Aggregate:
The aggregate fraction from size 4.75 mm to
150 µ is termed as fine aggregate. The graded fine
aggregate is represented by its zone. In this project,
river sand belongs to zone – II conforming IS 383-
1970 was used.
Coarse Aggregate:
The aggregate fraction from size 80 mm to 4.75
mm is termed as coarse aggregate. In this project,
crushed granular aggregate of 20 mm was used.
Glass Fiber:
Glass fiberis a material consisting of numerous
extremely fine fibers of glass.Glass fiber has
roughly comparable mechanical properties to other
fibers such as polymers and significantly less brittle
when used in composites.The glass fibers usedare
E-glass fibers typically have a Young modulus of
elasticity 70 GPa, specific gravity 2.68 and length
12mm.
Epoxy Resin:
Epoxy resin is one type of adhesive which is
used to stick fiber to concrete surface.It has
two components, component A as resin and
component B as hardener which has to be
mixed thoroughly in the ratio 10:1 by weight
MIX DESIGN
The concrete mix M25 is designed as per
IS10262:1982, IS 456:2000 for the
conventional concrete. Mix design is given below
in table I.
TABLE I. MIX PROPORTIONS
Fine Coarse
Cement Aggregate Aggregate W/C
1 1.79 3.28 0.45
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The experimental work consists of casting of 3
nos. of control beam and 3 nos. of glass fiber
RC beam. RC beams having grade of M25 and
cross sectional dimensions 150mm×250mm
and 1000mm. 2-10mm Ø bottom
reinforcement and 2-8mm Ø top with 6mm Ø
vertical stirrups @ 150mm c/c was provided.
The beams are initially loaded up to the
formation of initial crack. The beams are then
strengthened using GFRP laminate. The
laminate is bonded using epoxy, rivets and
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

using both epoxy and rivets. The flexural test Adhesive : Epoxy Resin LY 556
is carried out to study the flexural behavior of
strengthened Beams. The fig. shows the beam Hardener HY 951
detailing of RC Beam.

. The adhesive has two components, resin and

hardener which have to be mixed thoroughly
in the ratio 10:1 by weight.

Fig: 1 Reinforcement details of RC beam

INITIAL LOADING OF BEAM

The most commonly used load arrangement for
testing of beams will consist of two-point loading.
The specimen was placed over the 2 steel rollers
leaving 50mm from the ends of the beam. The Fig:2 GFRP Laminate
remaining 900 was divided into 3 equal parts of
300mm. Loading was done by hydraulic jack. One
dial gauge was placed at the center to measure the
maximum deflection at mid span. BONDING USING RIVETS
TABLE II. INITIAL CRACK LOAD

Size of laminate : 150X 1000 mm

Initial Deflection Initial Load Deflection Thikness : 2 mm

Load (kN) (mm) (kN) (mm)
(Control (Glass Fibre Dia of rivets : 6mm
beam) reinforced
beam)

80 1.91 85 1.53
65 1.87 75 1.42
70 1.74 90 1.72

VI.STRENGTHENING OF BEAMS

Fig:3 Positioning of rivets

BONDING USING EPOXY
BONDING USING EPOXY AND RIVETS

Strengthening material : Glass Fiber Laminate

The bonding of the laminate using
Size of laminate : 150 X 1000 mm epoxy and resin comprises the combined

Thickness : 2 mm

59
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

procedure followed in bonding using epoxy

and rivets.

ULTIMATE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

BONDED USING EPOXY REFERENCES
TABLE III. ULTIMATE CRACK LOAD 1. Alaa Morsy, El Tony Mahmoud, “Bonding
techniques for flexural strengthening of RC
Beam Ultimate Load Deflection beams using CFRP Laminates”, Ain Shams
(kN) (mm) Engineering Journal : (2013)
CC 1 155 4.83 2. Amitha.N.R, Vrindha.T, “Retrofitting of
Reinforced Concrete Beams using Carbon Fiber
GFRC 1 170 5.37 Composite Laminate and Glass Fiber
Composite Laminate”, Journal of Materials in
CONCLUSION Civil Engineering, ASCE. 334-342 : (2013)
3. Avinash.G, Ibrahim Quadri.S, Mehmood
 The preliminary investigations were done Quadri.S, “Strength aspects of Glass fiber
for basic ingredients of concrete and from Reinforced Concrete”, Int. Journal of
the material property results mix Engineering Research and Applications
proportions arrived for controlled ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013,
concrete of M25 grade as per the IS Code pp.1914-1918.
specifications. 4. Catherine Mohanji Gera, Jose Franklin.J,
 It is found that the workability of the “Retrofitting of RC Beam using Glass Fiber
concrete decreases with the addition of Reinforced Polymer Composite”, International
Journal of Emerging Engineering Research and
the Glass fibers.
Technology Volume 2, Issue 3, June 2014, PP
 The initial crack of the conventional RC 119-125
beam appeared at 80kN, 65kN, 70kN with 5. Ehsan Ahmed, Habibur Rahman Sobuz,
deflection of 1.91mm, 1.87mm, and Norsuzailina Mohmaed Sultan, “Flexural
1.74mm respectively. Performance of CFRP strengthened RC beams
 The initial crack of the Glass fiber with different degrees of strengthening
reinforced concrete beam appeared at schemes”, International Journal of the Physical
85kN, 75kN, and 80kN with deflection Sciences Vol. 6(9), pp. 2229-2238, 4 May,
2011.
1.53mm, 1.42mm, and 1.91mm
6. Grace.N.F, Sayed.G.A, Soliman.A.K, Saleh.K.R,
respectively. “Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Beams
 From the experimental results, it was using Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates”,
observed that the initial load carrying International Journal of Engineering Research
capacity of the Glass fiber reinforced & Science (IJOER) ISSN: 2395-6992, Vol-2,
concrete is high when compared to the Issue-5 May- 2016 (1999)
conventional RC beam. 7. IS 10262: 2009 “Indian Standard Code of
 The strengthened glass fiber beam using Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix
Design”, Bureau of Indian standards, New
epoxy shows ultimate load of 170kN with
Delhi.
5.21mm deflection. 8. IS: 383-1970 “Specifications for Coarse and
Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for
FUTURE WORK Concrete”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
9. IS 456: 2000 “Indian Standard Code of Plain
and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice”,
Further investigations include the Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
strengthening of the beam using the 10. Methuku Vaishnavi, Ketepalli Sravani, “A
Review on Strengthening of Reinforced
laminates and determination of the ultimate
Concrete Beams using Glass Fiber Reinforced
load carrying capacity of the strengthened Polymer Composites”, Volume : 3, Issue : 7,
beams. July 2013, ISSN - 2249-555
11. Morsy.A.M, Helmi.K.M, “A Comparative Study
for Shear Strengthening Techniques of
Reinforced Concrete Beams using FRP”, ACI
Structural Journal, V98, No.3, May-June 2001.
12. Sai kiran.T, Srinivasa Rao.K, “Comparison of
Compressive and Flexural strength of Glass

60
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

fiber Reinforced Concrete with Conventional

Concrete”, International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume
11, Number 6 (2016) pp. 4304-4308.
13. Yogesh S.Lanjewar, Rayadu.S.V, “Compressive
strength behavior of Glass fiber Reinforced
Concrete”, International Journal of Research in
Advent Technology (E-ISSN: 2321-9637) :
(2015)

61
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
AN EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE USING M-SAND
Sathaak A
M.E Structural Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering
Chunkankadai, Nagercoil-629003
sathaaka@gmail.com
com
Abstract: Due to rapid development in
urban area, use of high strength concrete
in the construction industry is increasing
rapidly. Mineral admixtures such as
Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag
(GGBS), Silica fume are become
unavoidable in high strength concrete
because of their effects in hardened
concrete properties. Replacing the
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by
mineral admixtures is retaining the natural
resources for future generation. In present
scenario, replacement of river sand with
manufactured sand is almost mandatory
due to scarcity of the river sand. Super
plasticizers are used to improve the
workability of concrete at low water-cement
ratio and increase the compressive strength
by reducing it. In urban infrastructure
development, the high strength concrete is
mandatory to reduce the size of structural
member, and to increase the utility space to
carry heavier load. In this study M80 grade
concrete mix was designed with
replacement of OPC by different types of
mineral admixtures using river sand and
Frank Stephen S
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
St.Xavier’s Catholic College Engineering
Chunkankadai, Nagercoil-629003
sfrankstephen@gmail.
manufactured sand along with
Polycarboxylate Ether (PCE) based super
plasticizer. The Compressive strength,
flexural strength and split tensile strength
at various curing periods such as 28 days.
Keywords: Self compacting concrete, Silica
fume, Alccofine , manufactured sand,
Ceraplast 300.
1. Introduction
Concrete is a widely used construction
material for various types of structures due to its
structural stability and strength. All the materials
required for producing such huge quantities of
concrete come from the earth’s crust. Thus it
depletes its resources every year creating
ecological strain. On the other hand human
activities on the earth produce solid waste in
considerable quantities including industrial
wastes. Amongst the solid waste the major ones
are fly ash, GGBS, silica fume and demolished
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

construction materials. These solid wastes can A. 1.1 Importance of Study

be used as a mineral admixture which is used in Since concrete uses more than 35 percent
the production of High Performance and High of fine aggregate the requirement for fine
strength concrete. aggregate is huge because of increase in
construction activities throughout the world.
Experimental investigations done by states
River sand was used as fine aggregate in many
that the spectacular increase in compressive
parts of the world and thus the requirement for it
strength is directly related to a number of recent
is more. But continuous quarrying of river sand
technological developments, in particular the
from river bed has led to many environmental
discovery of the extraordinary dispersing action
problems. To solve the above problem an
of super plasticizer with which flowing concrete
alternate to river sand is very much the need of
can be made with about the same mixing water
the day. Manufactured sand which is a processed
that is actually required to hydrate all the cement
product of fine aggregate form various rock
particles are even less. The reduction in
sources is the most suitable and economically
water/cement ratio results in a hydrated cement
viable option. Although the practice of using
paste with a microstructure so dense and strong
manufactured has been there for quite a while it
that coarse aggregates can become the
is only used in the lower grades of concrete. To
concrete’s weakest constituent. Silica fume, a
use manufactured sand in high grade concrete
highly reactive pozzolana, considerably
such as M80 and compare with the river sand in
enhances the paste/ aggregate interface and
strength and durability parameters will be
minimizes de bonding. Lastly, the use of
helpful in understanding the usage of
supplementary cementations materials such as
Manufactured sand in high strength high
fly ash and especially slag helps solve slump
performance concrete.
loss problems which become critical at low w/c
ratios.

River sand has become almost extinct in 2.MATERIALS USED IN THE

the urban areas and as thus we have started using
manufactured sand in all most all our concreting
activities. However the use of manufactured
sand in a high strength concrete is still not
gained any confidence. Research done by
investigate the effect of M-Sand in structural
concrete by replacing river sand and
development high performance concrete and
also compare the differences in properties of
concrete containing river sand and M-sand.
High strength concrete helps in building
tall structures, important monuments, reduces
the structural thickness and increase the carpet
area. High strength concrete is more durable and
hence it can be used for marine structures,
nuclear reactor buildings and many such
important Structures.
INVESTIGATION
 Cement
First, Ordinary Portland cement confirming to
IS 8112-1989 [43grade] is used for experimental
work. Laboratory test were conducted on cement to
determine specific gravity, consistency, initial and
final setting time and fineness.
 Sand
Locally available good quality river sand
was used. Laboratory test were conducted on
fine aggregate to determine the different
physical properties as IS 383 (Part 3)-1970.The
test values of specific gravity, water absorption,
and fineness modulus of fine aggregate are
presented in Table 1.
Table 1:Properties of fine aggregate

63
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

absorption for three minutes were checked and

which was found to be 6.5% by weight of the
Properties Fine aggregate existing condition of the aggregate, therefore
specific gravity 2.47 necessary adjustment was made for these
Water absorption 1.1 quantity of water. rate of water absorption of dry
aggregate has been presented. For preparing the
Fineness Modulus 2.51
mix first coarse aggregate and 80% of the total
water had been placed in the mixer and rotated
For conventional concrete, a natural stone for two minutes to allow the coarse aggregate to
(calcareous), with a maximum size of 12.5 mm, was absorb water, then fine aggregate, cement and
employed as coarse aggregate
remaining quantity of water mixed with
A super plasticizing admixture admixture were fed in the mixer and rotated for
(Naphthalene based super plasticizer) was added two minutes more and the mix concrete was
to the mixing water used, to improve workability discharged on a metal tray. Slump test was
of concrete. conducted for measuring the workability of the
concrete.

 Specific Gravity
The specific gravities of Sand, GA and 4. Results and Discussions
RBA were determined in accordance with IS
2386 (Part III)– 1963.The specific gravity of The results of strength tests results using
sand and GA are used in the design calculations both the fine aggregates M.sand are given below
of concrete mix. The specific gravities of both in the following sections.
the GA and RBA were show

The specific gravity of sand is 2.47. It also

reported values of specific gravity for aggregate. 4.1 Compressive Strength

Compressive strength is by far the most

3. TEST PROGRAM FOR THE
EXPERIMENT
 Mix Design
The mix design was carried by absolute
volume method. First three mixes were with
manufactured sand (M.sand). In both the fine
aggregate each mix was made with a 10%
substitution of mineral admixture Silica fume
and Alccofine respectively. The water binder
used in all the mixes used in the study is 0.3.
important property checked for the concrete and
even more important in high strength concrete.
The compressive strength was carried out as per
IS 1199: 1959 Figure shows the compressive
strength testing in progress. The tests were
conducted on 3rd, 7th, 28th and 56thdays and
the test results are tabulated in the Table.1
Table 2. Compressive strength of concrete

 Mixing of Concrete and Age in Mix1 Mix2 Mix2

Workability Test Days
The 24 h water absorption capacity of the
aggregate was 1%. an in situ test of the water

64
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

7 65.45 67.2 68.4 The flexural strength usually varies

between 8-10% of compressive strength in
14 74.6 78.5 80.5 normal strength concrete. But in high strength
concrete the flexural strength will be
28 85.4 86.33 89.6
comparatively less. The average flexural
strength was about 6.23 percent of compressive
strength at 28 days. The flexural strength was
more in manufactured sand concrete than river
sand concrete in all the mixes different two
mineral admixtures (Silica fume , Alccofine).

Figure 1. Compressive strength testing

Table 3. Flexural strength of concrete

It is evident from the Table 2, that the
compressive strength has been achieved well
above the target strength of 88.25 N/mm2. The
Age in
strength of the concrete depends upon water Days Unit Mix1 Mix2 Mix3
cement ratio and porosity. Since the water
cement ratio used was very less (0.3) and also by
the use of finer mineral admixtures the 7 N/mm2 65.45 67.2 68.4
compressive strength was very high in the tests.
The compressive strength was more in
manufactured sand concrete than river sand 14 N/mm2 74.6 78.5 80.5
concrete in all the mixes with two mineral
admixture (Silica fume, Alccofine). Also the rate
28 N/mm2 85.4 86.33 89.6
of gain in strength with continuous curing was
found to be more in M.sand concrete of the one
mineral admixture gave the maximum
compressive strength in manufactured sand as 4.3 Split Tensile Strength
well as river sand.
The split tensile strength was tested on
150mm diameter × 300 mm length cylinders.
The tests were conducted on 28th days and the
4.2 Flexural Strength test results are tabulated in the Table 4.

65
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Table 4. Split tensile strength of concrete
Age in Days Unit Mix1 Mix2
28 N/mm2 4.8 5.27
The split tensile strength usually varies
between 8-10 % of compressive strength in
normal strength concrete. But in high strength
concrete the split tensile strength will be
comparatively less. The average split tensile
strength was about 4.77 percent of compressive
strength at 28 days. Also the split tensile
strength was marginally less than the flexural
strength at the same age. The split tensile
strength was found to be slightly higher in
manufactured sand concrete than river sand
concrete in all the mixes with different mineral
admixtures (Silica fume, Alccofine ) Alccofine
gave the maximum split tensile strength among
the mineral admixtures. The split tensile strength
was found to be more by 15% at the end of 28
days strength.
5. Conclusions
 Manufactured sand combination
has achieved higher than the ordinary sand
strength at age of 28days and other strength
parameters such as split tensile and flexural
strength also slightly increased in this
combination comparatively.
 Among the mineral admixtures
used in concrete, concrete with Silica Fume gave
slightly higher the values in all the strength
properties. It was 5%and 10% more than other
mineral admixtures in compressive, flexural and
split tensile strength respectively.
 The usage of M.sand for high
strength high performance concrete provides
stronger and durable concrete structures which
will be economical as well as environment
friendly by preserving natural resources such as
river sand.
 Drying Shrinkage was
marginally higher in M.sand, however later age
behaviour in this aspect needs to be studied
further.
 Water reducing and plasticizer
admixtures are conse- quently recommended in
order to reduce water content.
6. References
1. Adams Joe M. et al “Experimental
Investigation on The Effect of M-Sand In High
Performance Concrete” American Journal of
Engineering Research (2013)
2. Balamurugan. C et al “Use of Quarry
Dust to Replace Sand in Concret – an
Experimental Study” International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publication,
(December2013)
3. Mr. Bhaveshkumar et al “An
Experiemntal Study of Using Manufactures
Sand in Concrete”, International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering, Science &
Management.
4. Harshiata R. Raut, at al “Effect of
Artificial Sand on Compressive Strength and
Workability of Concrete” International Journal
of Engineering Research Volume No.5
5. KrisnaRao .S et al “Investigating the
effect of M-Sand on abrasion resistance of
Roller compacted Concrete containing CGBS”
Construction and Building Materials.
6. Li Beixing, Wang Jiliang, zhouMingkai et
al “Effect of Limestone fines contecnt in
manufactured sand on durability of flow – and
high strength concretes” Construction and
Building Materials 23 (2009)
66
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
7. Manjunatha M et al “Durability studies on
Concrete by Replacing Natural Sand with M-
Sand – A Review” International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering
8. Nimitha et al “Effect of Manufactures Sand
on Durability Properties of Concrete” American
Journal of Engineering Research(2013)
9. NimithaVijayaraghavan and A S Wayal et
al “Effects of Manufactured Sand on
Compressive Strength and workability of
Concrete” International Journal of structural and
Civil engineering Research 2013.
10. Praveen Kumar . K et al “An Experimental
Investigation on Strength and Durability of HSC
using Manufactures Sand” International Journal
of Innovative Research in Science Engineering
and Technology(2017)
11. Priyanka A. Jadhava et al “An
Experimental Investigation On I Hi, Properties
Of Concrete Containing Manufactured Sand”
International Journal of Advanced Engineering
Technology
12. Priyanka A. Jadhav, DilipK.Kulkarni et al
“Effect of replacement of natural sand by
manufactures sand on the properties of cement
mortar” International Journal of Civil and
Structural Engineering, Volume 3, No 3, 2013.
13. Sanjay Mundra et al “Crushed rock sand
– an economic and ecological alternative o
natural sand to optimize concrete mix”
Department of civil engineering
14. Sagura et al “Experimental Study on
Mechanical Properties of M-Sand Concrete by
different Curing Methods”
15. Shanmugavadivu P.M. et al “Durability
Properties of Concrete with natural sand and
Manufactures sand” International Conference on
Science and Engineering.
16. Sheng- Dong HE et al “Experimental
Study on Compressive Strength of Manufactures
Sand Concrete” International Conferences on
Material Sceince and Application
17. V. Umamaheswaranl, C. Sudha, P. T.
Ravichandran and P.R. KannanRajkuamr et al “
Use of M Sand in High Strength and High
Performance Concrete” Indian Journal of
Science and Technology(2015) Volume 8(28)
67
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
COURSEAGGREGATE WITH RUBBER TYRE
Mr.A.SundaraRajan
(Asst Prof and Guidance of project)
ABSTRACT
The discarding of waste tyres is serious concern all
over the world as it causes environmental problems.
Our main aim was to utilize the waste tyre rubber
chips in concrete as a partial replacement instead of
coarse aggregate. The use of waste tyrerubber chips
in concrete makes it economical and moreover it
becomes environmental friendly. The strength of
concrete with partial replacement of wastetyre
rubber chips at various percentages had been
investigated. Compression and split tensile tests
were
carried out for three different percentages of rubber
chips say, 10,20,30 % at 7 days curing period. The
tests results indicate that as the percentage of
rubber chips increases, lesser will be the strength of
the concrete. But in case of 4% replacement of
waste tyre rubber chips in concrete it shows the
maximum strength compared to the other
percentagereplacement that is 10%.
Key words: Waste tyre rubber chips, Compressive
and split tensile strength, 7 Days curing.
INTRODUCTION
Disposal of waste tyre rubber is one of the major
concerns for all over the world. With the increase of
automobiles in India from past few years the demand
of tyres has gone up very high. As we know light
weight concrete is widely used on various
architectural works. In India more than 33 million
vehicles use roads from 2007 to 2010, about 80
B.SRINIVASAN, E.KARTHICK,
IV Year Civil Department,
Dr.SivanthiAditanar College of
Engineering,
Tiruchendur.
million tyres have hit the roads - these include two,
three, four and six wheelers. A typical tyre contains
24-28% of carbon black, 40-48% of natural rubber
and 24-36% of synthetic rubber including styrene
butadiene rubbers (SBR) and butyl rubber (BR),
which all are ingredient used for tyre manufacturing.
Worldwide more than 981 million tires are thrown
away each and every year and evenless than 7% are
recycled, 11% are burned for fuel, and 5% are
exported. The remaining 77% are sent to landfills,
stockpiled, or Int. J. Chem. Sci.: 14(S1), 2016387
illegally dumped. That's almost 765 million old tires
are wasted every year across the world.
Investigations carried out so far reveal that waste tyre
rubber chips in concrete is specially suggested for
concrete structures located in areas of severe
earthquake risk and also for applications submitted to
severe forceful actions like railways sleepers. This
material can also be used for non-load bearing
purposes such as noise diminution barriers
1. Over 5 billion tons of toxic solid waste materials
are produced in US every year. Out of which more
than 273 million scrap tyres (around 3.6 million tons)
are produced every year. In accumulation to this,
about 3 billion tires are stockpiled
2. The retained automobile tires create fire and
health problems. As a solution to the problem of
scrap tire disposal, an investigational study was
conducted to examine the prospective of using tire
chips and crumb rubber as an aggregate in Portland
cement concrete
68
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

3. It is assumed that cement acting as a binder Experimental work

mixedwith crumb rubber make concrete blocks more 1.Casting of control specimen
flexible and thus, provides smoothness to the surface. Cubes specimens of size 150 X 150 X 150 mm and
At the same time it also provides sufficient strength cylinder specimens of diameter 150 mm & height
or minimum required strength to the concrete 300 mm (as per IS 10086:1982) are used. Mix
4. The recycle prospective of tire chips as coarse proportion for the control specimen was cast as per
aggregates in pavement concrete by investigating the the ration given below.
effects of low and high-volume tire chips on fresh Table 1.1: Mix proportion
and hardened concrete properties indicated that tire Cement Water F.aggregate C.Aggregate
chips can be used replacement of coarse aggregate in
concrete pavement mixtures
5. The use of scrap tyre rubber in the preparation of
2.Casting of rubber concrete
concrete has been thought as an alternative disposal
The casting of rubber concrete contains waste tyre
of such waste to protect the environment.
rubber chips of 10 mm with partial replacement of
coarse aggregate at various percentages like 4%, 8%
EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS & 12%. The mix
Cement:Cement graded confirming to IS 1489 (Part identification is given in the Table 2.
1): 1991. In this experimental analysis 53 grade of
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is used for all 3.Strength test
Mixes. Table 3.1 Identification of mix
Fine aggregate: As per IS 383:1970 zone III, the
fine aggregate had been collected. Specific gravity Specimen Mix
for the sample is 2.61. ID
Coarse aggregate: As per IS 383:1970 the nominal P1 Control Specimen
size of coarse aggregate used for pavers is 10-12 mm P2 P1+10% of replacement (Chips)
size. Specific gravity for the sample is 2.71.
P3 P2+20% of replacement (Chips)
Rubber chips: The scrap tyre are collected and cut
P4 P3+30% of replacement (Chips)
into small pieces. The rubber chips are sieved
through 12 mm and retained in 10 mm for the
3.2 Compressive strength test
replacement of coarse aggregate as shown in Fig. 1.
The compressive test as shown in Fig. 4.1 was carried
out as per IS: 516-1959. The compressive load results
of the control specimen and the rubber replaced
concrete was calculated for 7 days and given in Table
4.1. It had been observed that the P2 shows the
highest compressive strength among the replaced
specimens compared with P3 & P4. The compressive
strength of P1 is moderately lower than control
specimen.

Fig. 1: Waste tyre rubber chips

69
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Fig.3.2 Split tensile test in CTM

Fig. 3.1: Compression testing machine setup
Table 3.2 Compressive strength test Specimen ID Split tensile Test
N/mm2(28days)
Specimen Compressive Compressive Cc 2.42
ID Strength Strength
RB(10%) 1.87
N/mm2(14days) N/mm2(28days)
RB(20%) 1.45
Cc 20.6 25.6
RB(30%) 1.10
RB(10%) 13.3 17.5
RB(20%) 10.67 13.4
RB(30%) 3.42 6.8

Split tensile strength test

Flexural Strength Test

Specimen ID Flexural Strength

3.3 Split tensile strength test Test
N/mm2(28days)
The test was carried out in CTM as shown in Fig. 4.2 Cc 4.75
as per IS: 5816-1999. The Split RB(10%) 4.25
tensile strength had been calculated for 7days for the RB(20%) 2.75
control specimen as well as for the rubber replaced RB(30%) 1.5
concrete in Table 4.1. It had been observed that the
P2 shows the highest split tensile strength among the
replaced specimens compared with P3 & P4. The
split tensile strength of P1 is to some extent lower
than control specimen.

70
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Flexural Strength Test
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The test result indicates that the Compressive and
split tensile strength decreases with increase in
percentage of rubber chips. Among diverse mixes of
concrete P2 gives the highest strength for the
replacement of coarse aggregate in comparison with
control specimens. Slump value of the concrete
increases as increase in waste rubber chips of scrap
tyre i.e. workability increases with replacement. With
the percentage of rubber increases, weight of the
concrete decreases. So, light weight concrete can be
used in architectural use. Environmental pollution
can be controlled by the use of the scrap tyres.As
decomposition of scrap tyre is a major problem in a
developing nation like India.
CONCLUSION
•Rubber replacing concrete can be used in light
weight concrete as it decreases the density of the
concrete.
•Compressive strength of the concrete decreases as
increase in replacement of rubber chips.
•From the literature review and experimental studies
it is concluded that despite of decrease in strength of
concrete there is a very high demand of concrete so it
can be used as a partial replacement.
•In India there is a very few tyre recycle industries
despite of 36 tyre manufacturers. So, there is need to
increase in tyre recycle industry.
•Light weight rubber concrete can be used for the
architectural use.
REFERENCES
1.Jr. T. U. Ganiron, Waste Tire as an Asphalt
Cement Modifier for Road Pavement (2014).
2.T. R. Naik and R. Siddique, Properties of Concrete
Containing Scrap Tire Rubber, Feb. (2002).
3.N. N. Eldin and A. B. Senouci, Rubber- Tire
Particles as Concrete Aggregate (2015).
4.T.-C. Ling and H. Md. Nor, Granulated Waste
Tyres in Concrete Paving Block
Proceedings of the 6thAsia-Pacific Structural
Engineering and Construction Conference (APSEC
2006), 5-6 Sept. 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
(2006).
5.R. Lui, Recycled Tires as Coarse Aggregate in
Concrete Pavement Mixtures, Ph.D., P.
E. University of Colorado Denver Department of
Civil Engineering College of Engineering and
Applied Science, Denver (2013).
6.IS: 1489 (Part 1): Portland Pozzolana Cement
Specification (1991).
7.IS: 10086: Specification for Moulds for use in Test
of Cement and Concrete (1986).
8.IS: 516-1959, Method of Test for Strength of
Concrete. `
9.IS: 5816-1999, Method of Test for Splitting Tensile
Strength of Concrete.
10.IS 383:1970, Specific Gravity of Coarse
Aggregate and Fine Aggregate from Natural
Sources for Concrete.
71
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE BY
USING WASTE FOUNDRY SAND
S.U.SRIRAM
M.E Structural Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering
Chunkankadai, Nagercoil – 629 003
Abstract: In this thesis, an experimental
investigation on self-compacting concrete
by using Waste Foundry Sand is to be
done. The materials to be used for the
experiment are collected and the physical
properties tests are done. Self-Compacting
Concrete (SCC) is an innovative concrete
that does not require vibration for placing
and compaction. It is able to flow under its
own weight, completely filling formwork
and achieving full compaction, even in the
presence of congested reinforcement. In
this work, an attempt has been made to
make a comparative study on the fresh and
hardened state properties of M30 grades of
plain concrete mixes to self compacting
concrete with the replacement of River
sand by Waste Foundry Sand. This paper
presents an Experimental Investigation on
Strength aspects like Compressive,
Flexural and Split Tensile Strength of Self-
Compacting Concrete and Workability tests
(slump, L-box, and V-Funnel) are carried
out. The methodology adopted is that Waste
Dr. M. JOHN ROBERT PRINCE
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
St.Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering
Chunkankadai, Nagercoil – 629 003
Foundry Sand of 25%, 50%, 75%, and
100% has been used. Poly-carboxylic Ether
based super plasticizer is measured and
used as super plasticizer. Fly ash is used as
mineral admixture. This research outcome
is very beneficial and economical to the
Community.
Keywords — Self compacting concrete, Fly
Ash, River Sand, Waste Foundry Sand,
Cera Hyperplast XR-W40.
1. INTRODUCTION
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a concrete which
can be placed and compacted under its own weight
with little vibration. Self-compacting concrete is
cohesive enough to be handled without bleeding and
segregation. SCC was first developed in Japan in late
1980’s to be used mainly in congested reinforced
areas.
The increase of paste volume with emphasis to low
water powder ratio (w/p) in the presence of
compatible chemical admixtures further strengthens
the fluidity and helps in attaining homogeneity.
72
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Adequate homogeneity improves viscosity of the
mix, which in turn enhances the segregation
resistance. An optimum balance between fluidity and
viscosity is the key to achieve efficient self-
compacting characteristics of the concrete mix in
fresh state.
Poly-carboxylic ether based super plasticizer was
used with the brand name Cera Hyperplast XR 430.
Dosage of super plasticizer ranges from 1.2% to
1.8% of cementations material for different
proportions. The physical properties are given in
table 3.

1.1 PROPERTIES OF SELF- Table 3: Physical Properties of Chemical admixture

COMPACTING CONCRETE
S.No. Physical Properties Values
Fresh SCC should possess the following key 1. Color Dark brown
properties related to workability: 2. Specific gravity 1.21

1.1.1. Filling ability: This is the ability of SCC 2.4 Fine aggregates
to flow, spread and fill into spaces under its own
Natural fine aggregate available from locally
weight. Slump flow test, V-funnel test are conducted
available market is used. The physical properties are
to measure the filling ability of SCC.
tested in accordance to IS: 383 and are given in table
4.
1.1.2. Passing ability: This is the ability of SCC Table 4: Physical Properties of Fine
to flow through close spacing such as reinforcing aggregates
bars under its own weight without blocking. L-box
test is conducted to measure the passing ability.
S.No. Physical Properties Values
1.1.3. Resistance to segregation: The SCC 1. Fineness modulus 2.72
must meet the required levels of properties and its
2. Specific gravity 2.58
composition must remain uniform throughout the
process of transport and placing.
2.5 Foundry sand
Foundry sand obtained from the nearest foundry
2. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
industry is used. The physical properties are tested
and are given in table 5.
2.1 CEMENT
Ordinary Portland cement of grade 43 is used with Table 5: Physical Properties of Foundry sand
Confirmation to IS 8112- 19890.

S.No. Physical Properties Values

2.2 Fly ash
Fly ash is obtained from the Fly ash brick 1. Color Red.
manufacturing plant in Kanyakumari. The physical 2. Specific gravity 2.55
properties are given in table 2.
2.6 Coarse aggregate
Table 2: Physical Properties of Fly Ash
The coarse aggregate obtained from the locally
S.No. Physical Properties Values available crushing plant is used. The physical
1. Color Dark Grey properties are tested in accordance with IS: 383 and
is given in table 6.
2. Specific gravity 2.42 Table 6: Physical Properties of Coarse
aggregate
2.3 Chemical admixture

73
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

S.No. Physical Properties Values

1. Size 10-12.5 mm

2. Fineness modulus 6.14

3. Specific Gravity 2.62

Table 8: Mix Proportion of Various SCC’s

3. MIX PROPORTION

Mix design is defined as the process of selecting

suitable ingredients of concrete and determining the
relative proportions with the objective of producing
concrete of a fixed minimum strength and durability
as economically as possible. The mix composition is
chosen to satisfy all performance criteria for the
concrete in both fresh and hardened state.

However, to obtain the required properties of fresh

concrete in SCC, a higher proportion of ultrafine
materials and the incorporation of chemical
admixture are necessary. The components shall be
coordinated one by one so that segregation, bleeding
and sedimentation are prevented. A rational mix
design process should be used to reduce the number
or trail tests in laboratory.

The mix design of Control specimen and the Self Where,

Compacting concrete are as follows. 1. SCC1 – Self compacting concrete with
WFS (0 %), Fly ash (20 %) and super-plasticizer (1.1
Table 7: Mix Proportion %).
Type of Cement Sand Coarse Water 2. SCC1 – Self compacting concrete with
Mix aggregate WFS (25%), Fly ash (20 %) and super-plasticizer
(1.2 %).
Control 480 661 1074 192 3. SCC1 – Self compacting concrete with
WFS (50%), Fly ash (25 %)
Mix (1) (1.38) (2.24) (0.4)
and super-plasticizer (1.5%)
4. SCC1 – Self compacting concrete with
SCC 390 985.6 913.296 156
WFS (75%), Fly ash (30 %) and super-plasticizer
7
Mix (1) (2.34) (0.4) (1.8 %)
(2.52) 5. SCC1 – Self compacting concrete with
WFS (100%), Fly ash (30 %) and super-plasticizer
(2%)
Various mixes of Self compacting concrete
incorporating Waste foundry sand, Fly ash and Super
plasticizer are as follow

74
 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

4. EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION AND
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS.

The fresh and hardened state properties of SCC

have been found out. Tests such as Slump flow,
T50, L-Box and V-Funnel tests have been carried
out to find out the fresh properties and also to
check out the necessary criteria for SCC. The
results have been tabulated and are as follows.

Table 9: Results of Fresh Concrete

Figure 1: Compressive strength

4.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

This test is carried out by placing the cylinder
specimen horizontally between the loading surface
of compression testing machine and by applying
the load until failure along the vertical diameter.
Cylinders of size 150mm x 300mm have been
casted.

4.1 Compressive Strength

Compressive strength of concrete is defined as
capacity of a material or a structure to withstand
loads tending to reduce size, as opposed to tensile
strength, which withstands loads tending to
elongate.
Cubes of size 150mm x 150mm have been casted.
Compressive strength of cubes have been
determined by using compression testing machine
of 3000 KN.

Type of Mix Compressive strength

Figure 2: Split tensile strength

7 days 14 days 28 days 4.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH

In order to determine the flexural strength,
Control
Beams of size 130mm x 150mm having a length of
Mix 19.11 23.55 30.22
1500mm have been casted and about to test at 28
SCC1 21.55 26 32.67 days
SCC2 20.89 25.33 30.88
SCC3 28.44 32.22 39.33 4.3.1 DETAILS OF BEAM DESIGN
A total of 10 beams were casted. In the tensile
SCC4 18 21.77 28.67
zone, 2 no’s of 12mm ɸ are placed and in the
SCC5 11.55 14.44 22.67 compression zone, 2 no’s of 10mm ɸ are placed
with 2 legged stirrups of 6mm ɸ placed at 90mm
c/c spacing.
Loading frame with hydraulic jack with capacity of
50 ton has been used for testing. Two point loading

75
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

arrangement has to be done.

The test results are as follows and Graphs are

plotted in order to compare the results of 7, 14 and
28 days of strength.

Table 10: Results of Compressive strength of

hardened concrete.
Figure 4: Graph showing the Split tensile
strength of hardened concrete

5. CONCLUSION

 The use of foundry sand gives a

considerable result compared to the
conventional sand.
 From the results, it has been observed that
Figure 3: Graph showing the compressive the mix containing 50% foundry sand
strength of hardened concrete shows greater value.
 There has been a 30% increase in
Table 11: Results of Split Tensile strength of compressive strength when foundry sand
Hardened concrete is used up to 50% when compared to the
control mix.
 There has been a 20% increase in split
tensile strength when foundry sand is used
up to 50% when compared to the control
mix.
 Foundry sand when used up to 75%
shows a considerable value compared to
the control mix but when it has been
replaced totally it shows a major decline
in strength.

6. FUTURE WORK

 Beams which have been casted are about

to be tested in the upcoming days.
 The flexural behavior, deflection and
stiffness of different beams are to be
studied and compared.

REFERENCES

76
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

1. G. Ganesh Prabhu, Jung Hwan Hyun, “
Effects of foundry sand as fine aggregate
in concrete production- Construction and
Building Materials- 70(2014), pg no: 514-
521
2. P Yazhini, A Vennila, R
Venkatasubramani and V Sreevidhya,
“Experimental investigation on Self
compacted concrete with Foundry sand
and Tile Powder” -IJESE, Volume 09,
No.03, Pg no: 579-583
the properties of two grades of concrete”-
Construction and Building Material Pg no:
216-222
10. Pitroda, “Used Foundry Sand:
Opportunities for development of Eco-
Friendly low cost concrete- International
Journal of Advanced Engineering
Technology (Research Paper)

3. Aswathy, Mathews M. Paul, “Behavior

of Self Compacting Concrete by partial
replacement of Fine aggregate with Coal
Bottom Ash” -Volume 2, IJIRAE, ISSN:
2349-2163

4. Ramanathan, Baskar, “Performance of

Self-Compacting Concrete Containing
Different Mineral Admixtures” – IJIRAE,
Pg no: 465-472

5. Jayachandra, Sasha Kumar, “Strength

Behavior of Foundry Sand on Modified
High Strength Concrete”- ISSN: 2319-
1163, IJRET

6. Xerses N. Irani, Ramesh Patil,

“Utilization of foundry waste sand in the
preparation of concrete”- ISSN: 2320-
2334, IOSR-JMCE, Volume 12, Pg no:
30-36

7. Yogesh Aggarwal, Rafat Siddique,

“Microstructure and properties of concrete
using bottom ash and waste foundry sand
as a partial replacement of fine aggregate-
Construction and building”- Volume 54,
Pg no: 210-223

8. Umashankar, Shashi Kumar, “Flexural

Behavior of RC Beams using Foundry
sand as partial replacement of fine
aggregate”{-IJRET)

9. Rafat Siddique, Gurpreet Singh,

“Comparative investigation on the
influence of waste foundry sand as a
partial replacement of fine aggregates on

77
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF LIGHTWEIGHT COCONUT SHELL CONCRETE
BEAM COLUMN JOINT
S R Surender Gill
II year M.E (Structural Engineering)
Department of Civil Engineering
St. Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering
Chunkankadai 629 003
Abstract - The lightweight concrete
is widely used because of their reduced
dead load compared to normal weight
concrete. In recent years more emphasis is
made on the usage of agricultural waste
materials as lightweight materials in
construction practice. In Kanya Kumari
district, the coconut shell which is one of
the agricultural waste is abundant in
production. In the present study coconut
shell is used as coarse aggregate where the
entire aggregate is replaced by crushed
coconut shell aggregate of 12mm size
having a specific gravity of 1.20 and bulk
density of 512.7kg/m3. The objective of this
project is to study the behaviour of crushed
coconut shell concrete at beam column
joint and also to study their effect during
the replacement of cement by 10% silica
fume. About 25 journals were studied
during the literature survey and it is found
that the coconut shell is widely used in
Dr. J Jerlin Rejin M.E.,Ph.D
Associative Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
St. Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering
Chunkankadai 629 003
many projects but no study is made on the
behaviour of coconut shell lightweight
beam column joint. The physical properties
of cement, sand and coconut shell
aggregate like specific gravity, sieve
analysis, bulk density, bulking of sand,
water absorption, moisture content,
fineness of cement, cement consistency,
initial and final setting time of cement were
tested.
Index Terms – lightweight concrete
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a composite material
composed mainly of water, aggregates and
cement. The coarse aggregate usually comprises
about 66 to 76% of the total volume of concrete.
The usage of coarse aggregate may drastically
reduce the natural stone deposit and result in
ecological imbalance. Also, the density of these
concrete made by using these aggregates ranges
78
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

from 2240 to 2400 kg/mᶾ, thus increasing the

dead load of the structure. Hence there arises a
Sl.No Parameters Test Result
need to replace the natural aggregates by
alternative materials that reduce the density of 1 Fineness 7%
the concrete. Nowadays many artificial and
natural lightweight aggregates are replacing the 2 Nominal 23%

coarse aggregate for the production of consistency

lightweight aggregate concrete. 3 Initial setting 30
time minutes
Structural Lightweight concrete has density
less than 2000 kg/mᶾ (ASTM C330). For 4 Specific gravity 3.15
structural applications the concrete strength
should be greater than 17.0 N/mm² (ASTM 2.1Materials used
C330). While making a lightweight concrete the
main challenge is to choose the material that not 2.1.1Cement
only reduces its density but also maintains its
strength. Ordinary Portland Cement Grade 43 conforming
to Indian Standard IS12269:1987 is used as a
binder.

India is the third largest producer of

coconut in the world. Coconut shells are not
commonly used in construction industry but are
often dumped as agricultural wastes. This
coconut shell has the property similar to oil palm
shells (OPS). Coconut shells can be used as Table: 1 Cement Properties
substitute for conventional aggregates in
concrete production. Coconut shell concrete
fulfils the requirements for use as lightweight
aggregate. As per ASTM C330 the 28-days
compressive strength of lightweight concrete is
≥ 17 N/mm². OPS concrete can be used as road
pavements, kerbs, concrete drains and for
flooring of building (Mannan et al 2004).
Sl.No Parameters Test Result

II. METHODOLOGY
2 Bulk density 430kg/mᶾ
The ingredients of concrete i.e. cement, fine 3 Particle size 1µm
aggregate, coconut shells are tested before 4 Specific gravity 2.25
producing concrete. As per Indian standard
codes various test are conducted on ingredients
materials of the concrete.

79
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

2.1.2 Silica fume 2.1.5 Water

Silica fume is also known as micro Water is an important ingredient of concrete

silica. It is an ultra-fine material with spherical
particles less than 1 µm. In this project 10% of
cement is replaced by silica fume
Table: 2 Silica fume Properties
2.1.3 Fine Aggregate
as it actively participates in the chemical relation
with cement. The quantity and quality of water
is required to be watched into carefully so that it
can form the strength giving cement gel. The pH
value of water lies between 6 and 8 that indicate
the water is free from organic matters.

Aggregate which is passing through 4.75 IS

sieve is termed as fine aggregate. Natural river
sand is used as fine aggregate. Laboratory test
were conducted on fine aggregate to determine. 2.1.6 Super plasticizer

Ceraplast 300 is a high-grade super

Table: 3 Properties of Fine aggregate
Sl.No Particulars
1 Fineness modulus
2 Specific gravity
3 Bulk density
(compacted)
4 Bulk density (loose)
5 Moisture content
6 Water absorption
plasticizer based on Naphthalene, highly
recommended for increased workability and
high early and ultimate strengths of concrete. It
Test disperses cement particles more rapidly in the
result concrete mix by reducing the surface tension of
3.28 water and imparting repelling charges to the
ions in solution. This makes the concrete highly
2.76 workable and flow able even at lower water-
1.463kg/l cement ratios, resulting in increased strength.
2.1.4 Coconut shell concrete
1.225kg/l
1.45% The coarse aggregate used in this project is
1.17% coconut shell, an agricultural waste. The freshly
discarded shells were collected from the local oil
mills. The seasoned coconut shell is crushed
manually. The size of the coconut shell used is
2.36mm to 10mm. The surface texture of shell
was fairly smooth with concave and convex
faces. So the shells are crushed edges will be
rough and spiky that leads to be bonding.

Table: 4 Properties of coconut shell

Sl.No Particulars Test result

1 Fineness modulus 6.14

80
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

2 Specific gravity 1.20 comprised of two conventional concrete beams-

Bulk density
3
(compacted)
4 Bulk density (loose)
5 Moisture content
6 Water absorption
7 Impact test
8 Abrasion value
9 Flakiness index
10 Elongation index
512.7kg/m3 column joint, two coconut shell concrete beams-
column joint, coconut shell concrete with 10%
silica fume beams-column joint, and coconut
452.6kg/m3 shell with 100% replacement of fine aggregate
15% with M-Sand. The size of the beams-column
joint chosen was 150x150x1000mm for column
17.67%
and 150x150x600mm for beam. Two legged
7.67% stirrups with 8mm diameter were used as shear
1.52% reinforcements. The beams were tested under
single point loading.
91.6%
47.9%

III RESULT AND DISCUSSION

2.2 Experimental Investigation 3.1 Compressive strength

2.2.1 Mix Proportion for coconut shell Compressive strength is defined as the
capacity of the material to withstand axially
concrete
directed pushing forces.
The mix design for coconut shell concrete 3.2 Split Tensile Strength
cannot be calculated by using concrete mix
Splitting tensile strength test on concrete
design codes since the coconut shell concrete is
cylinder is a method of determining the tensile
an agricultural waste and the texture and the
strength of concrete. It is the resistance of a
properties of coconut shell is different from that
material to longitudinal stress, measured by the
of the conventional aggregates (Jerlin and
minimum amount of longitudinal stress required
Vincent (2013) and (Gunasekaran et al 2011)).
to rupture the material.
The mix proportion of the coconut shell concrete
is to be found out by using various trial and error 3.3 Testing of beam-column joint
methods. The mix proportion of 1:1.58:0.65 is Exterior Beam Column joints were tested in
adopted (Gunasekaran et al 2011). a loading frame with a hydraulic jack which is
operated using pressure gauge. The load was
2.2.2 Casting of cubes and cylinders
given in terms of pressure and the deflection is
M20 grade concrete is used for conventional measured using deflection meter.
concrete. Four combinations of mixes were carried
out such as conventional concrete, coconut shell
concrete, 10% silica fume and 100% replacement of
fine aggregate with M-Sand. 28 day testing of cubes
and cylinders were performed.

2.3 Details of Beam-Column Joint

A total of 8 beams-column joint were Table: 5 28th day compressive strength of cube
fabricated and tested in this study, Each set

81
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

30

Sl. Pressure Load Deflection Stiffness 20

Deflection
No. (kg/cm2) (KN) (mm) (KN/m) 10 Stiffness

1 5 7.7 0.67 11.49 0

0 20 40 60

2 10 15.4 2.67 5.77

Fig: 2 Graph representing load and deflection
3 15 23.1 5.2 4.44 for Coconut shell Beam column joint

4 20 30.8 14.05 2.19

IV CONCLUSION
5 25 38.5 20.97 1.84
The Exterior Beam column joint is
Sl.No. Mix Compressive studied experimentally in this project. The joints
Strength are tested in a loading frame and the load is
(N/mm2 ) applied using hydraulic jack.
1 Conventional 26.52 N/mm2
2 Coconut 26.67 N/mm2  The Exterior Beam column joint is
Shell studied experimentally in this project.
The joints are tested in a loading frame
Table: 6 28th day compressive strength of and the load is applied using hydraulic
Cylinder jack.
 While comparing the compressive
Sl.No. Mix Flexural strength of coconut shell concrete
Strength the strength has been increased by
(N/mm2 ) 0.5%
1 Conventional 2.31 N/mm2  While comparing the flexural
2 Coconut 2.4 N/mm2 strength of coconut shell concrete
Shell the strength has been increased by
3.75%.
Table: 7 Test result for conventional BC joint
REFERENCES
30

20 [1] Aditya Kumar Tiwary, Mani Mohan, (2015),

Deflection ‘Strengthening Of Exterior Beam Column
10
Stiffness Joint With Modified Reinforcement
0 Technique’ IOSR Journal of Mechanical and
0 20 40 60 Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN:
2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X.
Fig: 1 Graph representing load and deflection [2] Apeksha Kanojia, Sarvesh K. Jain, (2017),
’Performance of coconut shell as coarse
Table: 8 Test result for Coconut Shell BC joint

82
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
aggregate in concrete’, Construction and
Building Materials 140 150–156.
[3] Constantin E. Chalioris, Kosmas E. Bantilas
(2017) ‘Shear strength of reinforced concrete
beam-column joints with crossed inclined bars’
Engineering Structures 140 241–255.
[4] Dhamodhara Reddy B., Arass Jyothy B.,
Fawaz Shaik, (2013), ‘Experimental analysis
of the use of coconut shell as coarse
aggregate’, (IOSR-JMCE) e- ISSN: 2278-
1684, p- ISSN:2320-334X, Volume 10,
Issue 6 (Jan, 2014), PP 06-13.
[5] Gunasekaran K., Kumar P.S., Lakshmipathy
M., (2011), ‘Mechanical and bond properties
of coconut shell concrete’ Construction and
Building Materials 25 92-98.
[6] Gunasekaran K., Ramasubramani R.,
Annadurai R., Prakash Chandar S., (2014),
‘Study on reinforced light weight coconut
shell concrete beam behavior under torsion’,
Materials and Design 57 374-382.
[7] Jerlin Rejin J., Vincent P., (2013), ‘A study
on the performance of coconut shell
concrete with silica fume’ Journal of
Structural Engineering, Vol-39, No-6, pp
701-7.
[8] Kaung J. S. and Wong h. F., (2011)
‘Effectiveness of Horizontal Stirrups in Joint
Core for Exterior Beam-Column Joints with
Nonseismic Design’ Procedia Engineering
14 3301–3307.
[9] Kharoob O.F., Ghazy M.F., Yossef
N.M.,(2017), ‘Behavior of beam-high
performance fiber reinforced CFST column
joints’ Thin–Walled Structures 113 217–
227.
[10] Lee W.T., Chiou Y.J., Shih M.H.,
(2010), ‘Reinforced concrete beam–column
joint strengthened with carbon fiber
reinforced polymer’ Composite Structures
92 48–60.
[11] Md Rashedul Kabir, Shahria Alam M.,
Aly M. Said and Achraf Ayad, (2016),
‘Performance of Hybrid Reinforced
Concrete Beam Column Joint: A Critical
Review’ Fibers 4, 13.
[12] Mohamed Hasaballa and Ehab El-
Salakawy, (2015), ‘Shear Capacity of
Exterior Beam-Column Joints Reinforced
with GFRP Bars and Stirrups’ Composite
construction 04015047-1.
[13] Patil S. S., Manekari S. S. (2013),
‘Analysis of Reinforced Beam-Column Joint
Subjected to Monotonic Loading’
International Journal of Engineering and
Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2,
Issue 10.
[14] Paul J Granata, Azadeh Pravin, (2001),
‘An experimental study on kevlar
strengthening of beam-column connection’
Composite Structure 53 163-171.
[15] Rajaram P., Murugesan A and
Thirugnanam G.S., (2010), ‘Experimental
Study on behavior of Interior RC Beam
Column Joints Subjected to Cyclic Loading’
International journal of applied engineering
research, Dindigul Volume 1, no1.
[16] Rajesh Kumar Sharma and H K Sharma
‘High Performance Light Weight Aggregate
Fibrous Concrete Beam-Column Joints: A
State of Art Overview’ Journal of Structural
Engineering, Vol-39, No-6, February -
March 2013 pp 701-706.
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTH BEHAVIOR OF LATEX TREATED

COIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM USING SUPER PLASTICIZERS

𝐆. 𝐀𝐦𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡𝐚 𝐆𝐨𝐤𝐮𝐥𝟏, 𝐃𝐫. 𝐁. 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐤𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝟐

𝑃𝐺 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 , 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑂𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 2

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔1,2

Cape Institute Of Technology, Levengipuram-627 114, Tamil Nadu, India

Email.ID: amirthagokul.kkm@gmail.com

Abstract- Sustainability is a wide accepted
concept in modern construction scenario. Even
though the construction industry is
revolutionizing in a significant manner in terms
of both equipment and materials used, the cost
of construction has skyrocketed along with the
deteriorative impact on environment. This
resulted in the adoption of a more balanced
approach with the environment as its nerve
centre to create a better world to live in. This
has led to the adoption of a natural fibre like
Coconut for the strength enhancement in
concrete. Coir fibre have the highest toughness
amongst natural fibers. The experiment has
.
I.INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:
Concrete is one of the most widely and
commonly used building material in civil
engineering around the world. Concrete is strong
in compression, however, is a very brittle
material, and has low strain capacity in tension
and consequently low toughness. As a result,
cracks develop whenever loads give rise to
tensile stresses exceeding the tensile strength of
concrete. Adding fibres to concrete matrix has
been long recognized as a way to enhance the
energy absorption capacity and crack resistance
of the plane concrete.
The indiscriminate infrastructural
growth is leading to rapid environmental
degradation. Steel, cement, synthetic polymers
and metal alloys used for construction activities
carried out to investigate the behavioral study of
latex treated coconut fibre in concrete member.
The Coir fibre is treated using natural latex
before using in concrete, so that it is not be
affected by moisture content presented in
concrete. In this experimental study
7days,14days and 28 days of the compressive
strength is carried out using coconut fibre
length of 25mm with a different percentage as
0.4%, 0.8%,1.2% and 1.6% by weight of cement
and using super plasticizers.
Key words- Coir fibre, Latex rubber, NaOH,
Strength behavior, Water reducer
are energy intensive as well as cause
environmental pollution during their entire life
cycle. We have enough natural resources and we
must keep on researching on these natural
resources.
Development of natural fibre composite
has started to begin recently. Among the various
natural fibres sisal fibres, bamboo fibres, Coir
Fibres and jute fibres are of particular interest.
These composites have high impact strength
besides having moderate tensile and flexural
properties and it can be regarded as an
environment friendly material. Coconut Fibre is
extracted from the outer shell of coconut.
Coconut fibre is available in many countries
such as India, Indonesia, Srilanka, Malaysia, and
Thailand.
1.2 Coir fibre reinforced concrete (CFRC):

84
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Coconut fibre is extracted from the outer
shell of the coconut. There are two type of
coconut fibre brown fibre extracted from
matured coconut and white fibre from immature
coconut. Brown fibres are thick, strong and high
ductile strength but white fibre are smoother and
finer but also weaker. So in engineering brown
fibre are mostly used.
 Coir is the fibrous material found
between the hard, internal and outer coat
of a coconut
 The Single fibre cells are narrow and
hollow, with thick walls made of
cellulose. They are pale when immature,
but later become hardened and yellowed
as a layer of lignin is deposited on their
walls
 The coir fibre is relatively waterproof,
and is one of the few natural fibres
resistant to damage by saltwater,
Erosion control, 1cm diameter coconut
husk fibre having a tensile strength of
7.8 MPa.
 The coir fibre is elastic enough to twist
without breaking and it holds a curl as
though permanently waved.
1.3 Objectives of CFRC:
 To produce a sustainable “Green concrete
material “using natural fibre (coir) will
increase the ductile strength and reduce the
life cost of the structure. This project will
make others to increase the interest in
research natural fibre and increase the use of
naturally available materials
 To determine the influence of shape of
fibres on strength of concrete.
 To provide an alternative light weight
material.
 To evaluate the performance of coconut
fibres reinforced concrete in reducing
cracking
 To determine the improvement of flexural
strength in concrete after addition of coconut
fibres.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Investigations have been
carried out on the specimens to ascertain the
workability and strength related properties in
order to check the quality of concrete.
Materials Used
Cement: Cement is defined as the building material
made by grinding calcined limestone and clay to a
fine powder, which can be mixed with water and
poured to set as a solid mass or used as an ingredient
in making mortar or concrete. In this project,
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 53 grade was used.
Fine aggregate: The aggregate fraction from size
4.75 mm to 150 µ is termed as fine aggregate. The
graded fine aggregate is represented by its zone. In
this project, river sand belongs to zone – II
conforming IS 383-1970 was used.
Coarse aggregate: The aggregate fraction from size
80 mm to 4.75 mm is termed as coarse aggregate. In
this project, crushed granular aggregate of 20 mm
was used.
Coir fibre or coconut fibre: Coir or coconut fibre, is
a natural fibre extracted from the husk of coconut
Coir fibres are found between the hard, internal shell
and the outer coat of a coconut. The individual fibre
cells are narrow and hollow, with thick walls made
of cellulose. Each cell is about 1 mm (0.04 in) long
and 10 to 20 µm (0.0004 to 0.0008 in) in diameter.
Fibres are typically 10 to 30 centimetres (4 to 12 in)
long.
Properties of coir fibre:
The following properties of coir fibre is
tabulated given below that,
Table-1 Properties of Coir fibre
Properties Value
Color Brown
Fibre length 10-200 mm
Fibre diameter 0.2-0.35 mm
Bulk density 140-150 Kg/m3
Ultimate tensile strength 80-120 N/mm2
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Cement FA CA Water Chemical

kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 Lit/m3 admixture

476.8 728 987 160 5.7Kg/1m3

1 1.47 2.07 0.35 0.005 m3

Modulus of elasticity 18-25 N/mm2

Water absorption 30-40 %

III.MIX DESIGN
Preparation of coir fibre with Latex treatment:
The concrete mix M25 is designed as per
 Coconut fibres are soaked in sodium IS10262:1982, IS 456:2000 for the conventional
hydroxide solution for 48 hours. Fibre concrete. Mix design is given below in table I.
were taken out, repeatedly washed with Table-2 Actual Mix proportion for
water and dried in the air.
 Latex compound is prepared by mixing 𝐌𝟐𝟓 grade concrete (1m3)
70% of natural rubber latex and 20% of
sodium hydroxide solution and 10% of
IV. CASTING OF SPECIMEN AND TESTING
water.
 The latex compound and the resign For compressive test cube specimens of
solution were agitated to achieve 150x150x150mm, for split tensile test
homogenization. cylindrical specimens of 150mm diameter and
 Then the coconut fibre is dipped in the 300mm height specimen and for flexural
mixture about 30 minutes and dried. strength beam specimens 100x100x500mm were
casted. Then different percentage of coconut
Chemical Admixture: fibre is added to the concrete. First 0.4% of
In order to obtain the suitable 20mm coconut fibre is added with concrete and
workability, super plasticizer is used. In this
study, super plasticizer ( Complast SP 430) of
1.2%by weight of cemetitious material was
used.
b. Methodology
A concrete mix was designed to achieve
the minimum grade of M20 (by taking 1:1.5:3 as
nominal mix) as required by IS 456 – 2000. The
investigation was done by taking 3%, 5%, and 7
% (by the weight of cement) of coconut fibre in
the concrete mix. Coconut fibres were obtained
from local market. Minimum of two test
specimen were taken for each analysis. The
specimens are casted.
following tests were conducted on the respective
Then 0.8%, 1.2% and finally 1.6% of
specimens
20mm coconut is added with concrete for
1. Splitting Tensile Strength on cylinder
making specimens. After 24 hours the specimens
2. Flexural Strength on beam
are removed from the mould. For curing the
3. Compressive Strength on cube
specimens were kept in the water. Curing is
done in to 7days, 14days and 28days under
ambient condition. After curing Compressive

86
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Strength of Concrete Specimens is tested in the
7th, 14th and 28th days are determined using
compression testing machine.
Figure-2 Casting of specimen
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The result shows that the addition of
latex treated coir fibre increase the compressive
strength up to certain level. Addition of coir
fibre also arrest the micro cracks present in the
concrete. Strength properties like compressive
strength are shown in the following graph.
6.1 Compressive Test
The Figure 3. shows that the strength of
the specimen increases up to a level and then the
strength falls down. For 7 days the maximum
strength obtained is 17.43 N/mm2. For 14 days
23.28 N/mm2 and for 28 days 33.77 N/mm2 are
the maximum strengths obtained. This shows
that optimum percentage of coir fiber is 1.2 for
all.
Figure-3 Compressive Strength
6.2 Split Tensile Strength
The Figure 4. shows that the strength of
the specimen increases up to a level and then the
strength falls down. For 7 days the maximum
strength obtained is 1.2N/mm2 ,for 14 days 2.15
N/mm2 and for 28 days2.99 N/mm2 are the
maximum strengths obtained. This shows that
optimum percentage of coir fiber is 1.2 for all.
Figure-4 Split tensile strength test
6.3 Flexural strength test
Flexural strength tests were conducted on
standard beams of dimension 15cm x 15cm x 70cm.
Specimens each for plain concrete, coconut fibre
reinforced concrete were cast at varying percentages
of fibre (0.4%,0.8%,1.2% and 1.6%). For each case
the 28day strength values were obtained by loading
under a apparatus for flexural strength.
Figure-5 Flexural strength test
VI. CONCLUSION
Using coir fibre in civil construction reduces
environmental pollution factors and may also bring
several improvements in concrete characteristics.
Coir fibre used in cement improves the resistance of
concrete from sulphate attack. Compressive strength
is also improved up to certain percentage. Addition of
coir fibre also arrests the micro cracks present in the
concrete.
FUTURE SCOPE
1) The workability of the concrete with fibres
was found to be very less. Hence, it can be
improved to have a better slump value. Thus,
certain admixtures such as air entraining agents
and super plasticizers can be used so as to
improve the flow characteristics of concrete.
2) Hand mixing becomes very tedious and leads
to formation of a non homogeneous mix. Certain
chemicals can be added so as to replace hand
mixing by machine mixing.
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

REFERENCES

[1] H. S. Ramaswamy, S. Krishnamoorthy and B .M.

Ahuja.,(1983) “Behaviour of Concrete reinforced
with jute, coir and bamboo fibres”, The International
Journal of cement composites and Lightweight
Concrete, 5, pp. 3-13.
[2] G.Ramakrishna,T.Sundararajan.,(2005) “Studies
on the durability of natural fibres and the effect of
corroded fibres on the strength of mortar”, Journal
of Cement and Concrete Composites,27, pp. 575-582.
[3] Huang Gu, . “Tensile behaviours of the coir fibre
and related composites after NaOH treatment”,
Materials and Design, Vol. 30, 2009, pp 3931-3934.
[4] V. G. Geethamma, K. Thomas Mathew, R.
Lakshminarayanan and Sabu Thomas.,(1998)
“Composite of short coir fibres and natural rubber
effect of chemical modification, loading and
orientation of fibre”,Polymer, .39, pp.6-7.
[5] V.G. Geethamma, G. Kalaprasad, Gabriel
Groeninckx, Sabu Thomas,(2005) “Dynamic
mechanical behavior of short coir fiber reinforced
natural rubber composites” Polymer ,36, pp. 1499-
1506
[6] Tara Sen, H. N. Jagannatha Reddy
(2011).,“Application of Sisal, Bamboo, Coir and Jute
Natural Composites in Structural Upgradation”, ”,
International Journal of Management and
Technology ,2, pp. 186-191.
[7] Mrs. Tara Sen and Dr. H. N. Jagannatha
Reddy,(2011) “Finite Element Simulation of
Retrofitting of RCC Beam Using Coir Fibre
Composite (Natural Fibre)”, International Journal of
Innovation, Management and Technology, 2 , pp.
175-279.
[8] ElieAwwad, MounirMabsout, Bilal Hamad and
HelmiKhatib,(2011) “Preliminary studies on the use
of Natural fibers in sustainable Concrete”, Lebanese
Science Journal, 12, pp. 109-117.

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

EXPRIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON CONCRETE BY USING

NANO ADMIXTURE

B.Chella priya1 (PG scholar), Mr.P. Sagaya Arokia Raj2 (Assistant Professor ) ,B.Thanukumari3(HOD)
Department of Civil Engineering
Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram
Anna University Chennai

chellapriyab@gmail.com1,sagayaraj710@gmail.com,thanukumari67@gmail.com3

ABSTRACT Concrete is most commonly chemical attack when compared to conventional

composed of construction material and it
consumes huge amount of cement . To reduce
cement content in concrete is use of nano-silica
and nano clay as a partial replacement of cement
in concrete. Nanotechnology is one of the most
promising areas of science. The use of nano
materials in concrete is new revolution. Nano
silica is presently used in concrete to modify the
strength properties of concrete. This project
deals with the study of strength of concrete by
using nano admixture (NA) such as nano silica
(NS) and nano clay (NC) in various combination.
The cement was replaced by nano silica
(3%,5%,8%,10%) and nano clay 3% for M-40
grade concrete. The compressive strength, split
tensile strength and flexural strength are studied
for normal cement concrete as well as concrete
containing nano admixture such as nano silica
and nano clay at various percentage are
evaluated at 7 and 28 days respectively . The
result show that the replacement of 3% of nano
clay and 8% of nano silica increase the strength
as compared to conventional concrete.
I. GENERAL
concrete. In the concrete, cement chemically
reacts with water and produces binding gel that
binds other component together and creates stone
type of material. The reaction process is called
'hydration' in which water is absorbed by the
cement. The coarse and fine aggregates act as
filler in the mass. Higher will be the cement
content greater will be the heat liberation leading
in distress to concrete. The high-grade cements
have been developed by changing the ratio of
mineralogical constituents of the cement
particularly by increasing the ratio of Tricalcium
Silicate (C3S) to Dicalcium Silicate (C2S) and
increasing the fineness of the cement. Actually,
these changes have resulted in high early strength
rather than high strength cement. The hydration
products from C3S and C2S are similar but
quantity of calcium hydroxide (lime) released is
higher in C3S as compared to C2S, so The high-
grade cement which has high C3S, releases
higher amount of surplus lime resulting in higher
porosity in the concrete mass. To overcome the
above problem minimum percentage of cement
replaced by industrial waste and low cost mineral
admixtures such as Fly ash, Meta kaolin, GGBS,
Fibers,nano clay and Nano-silica.

The concrete which consists of two or more

admixtures possess high durability, high strength, II. LITERATURE REVIEW:
high density, low permeability and resistance to
1.UTILIZATION OF NANO SILICA :
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
SAYED ABD EL-BAKY, SAMEH
YEHIA, IBRAHIM S. KHALIL “Influence Of
Nano Silica Addition On Properties Of Fresh
And Hardend Cement Mortar “(2013) Nano-
silica have been used as a cement addition by 1,
3, 5, 7 and 10 % by weight of cement content.
Finally 7 % of nano-silica is recorded as
optimum percentage to increase the compressive
and flexural strength.
YAGNESH PATEL , DR. INDRAJIT N
PATEL , MRS. JAGRUTI SHAH “ concrete is investigated. Based on test result
Experimental Investigation On Compressive
Strength And Durability Properties Of
geopolymer Concrete Incorporating With Nano
Silica”(2014) This paper presents that the effect
of addition of different proportion of Nano silica
in the low calcium fly ash based Geopolymer
concrete. The different percentage of Nano
silica(0% ,0.5%, 1%, 1.5%) is added for M 30
grade concrete. It is observed that compressive
strength increases with increase in percentage of
NS
FOROOD TORABIAN
ISFAHANI,ELENA REDAELLI, FEDERICA
LOLLINI,WEIWEN LI AND LUCA
BERTOLINI “Effects Of Nanosilica On
Compressive Strength And Durability Properties
Of Concrete With Different Water To Binder
Ratios”(2015) The effects of the addition of
different nanosilica dosages (0.5%, 1%, and
1.5% with respect to cement) and water/binder
ratios 0.65, 0.55, and 0.5 were investigated.The
results showed that compressive strength
significantly improved in case of water/binder =
0.65, while for water/binder = 0.5 no change was
found. S.B.GAGARE ,U.R.KAWADE
“Enhancing Properties Of Concrete By Using
Nano Silica As A Partial Replacement Of
Cement”(2016). In this study strength properties
such as compressive strength ,split tensile
strength are tested for M 40 grade of concrete
with the use of nano silica 1.5% , 3% , 4.5% , 6%
,7.5% and 10% of constant rate of fly ash as
apartial replacement of cement was studied. In
his studies states that addition of nano silica 3%
and 10% of fly ash gives the high compressive
strength as 54.12 N/mm2 and then decrease
gradually.
K.PRATHUSHA ,K.RAJA SEKHAR
“Strength Properties Of Concrete Containing
Nano Silica ,Metakaolin And Quarry Dust
(2016) In this paper cement is partially replaced
by 1%, 2%,3% of nano silica of weight. The
combined application of metakaolin and nano
silica on various properties of M 25grade
concrete prepared with the combination of 10%
metakaolin and 2% of nano silica posses
improved strength properties compared to the
controlled concrete.
2. UTILIZATION OF NANO CLAY
KINNARESH PATEL “ The Use Of
Nanoclay As A Constructional Material”
(2012) This paper evaluated that the use of a type
of nanomaterial i.e nanoclay in cement mortar .
The nano clay was replaced as 1%and 2% in
concrete . The compressive strength of concrete
is increased for 2% replacement of NC in
concrete
PROF.DR. SAYED ABD EL-BAKY , DR.
SAMEH YEHIA ,DR. ENAS A. KHATTAB
IBRAHIM ,S. KHALIL “Effect Of Nano-
Clay On The Mechanical Properties Of Fresh
And Hardened Cement Mortar Comparing
With Nano-Silica”(2013) The cement was
partially substituted by NC of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10%
by weight of cement. From the analysis it is
clear that 10% NC as replacement of the cement
content are the optimum percentage for
increasing compressive strength value.
HAKAMY A, SHAIKH, F.U.A., LOW I.M
“Characteristics Of Nanoclay And Calcined
Nanoclay Cement Nanomatrices By The
Combination Of Qxda And Tga Techniques”
(2015) The influence of nanoclay (NC) and
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

calcined nanoclay (CNC)on the mechanical and The fine aggregate fills the voids presenting
thermal properties of cement are studied. NC is coarse aggregate and minimizes shrinkage of
replaced in concrete as 1% , 2% and 3 % and concrete. The size of sand particles should be
the CNC is replaced in concrete as1%,2%and3%. between 75 micron to 4.75mm.
An optimum replacement of ordinary Portland
cement with 1 wt% CNC is observed through Table 2 property of fine aggregate
decreased the porosity and increased compressive
S.No Property Value
strength of cement nano matrices as 74.2 N/mm2
1 Specific gravity 2.6
Mohammad R. Irshidat, Mohammed H. 2 Fineness modulus 4.2
Al-Saleh, and Sura Sanad“ Effect Of Nanoclay 3 Water absorption 2%
On Expansive Potential Of Cement Mortar
Due To Alkali-Silica Reaction” (2015) Portland
cement was replaced by 0.5%, 1%, and 2% 3.COARSE AGGREGATE:
montmorillonite nanoclay. The experimental Coarse aggregate is another ingredient
results showed that the expansion of cement used for making of concrete .It increases
mortar due to ASR alkali-silica reaction can be crushing strength of the concrete mass. The
reduced by the addition of nanoclay. Two percent majorly used coarse aggregate are crushing
nanoclay was the only dosage in this study that stones, gravel, broken bricks etc.The major size
can mitigate the expansion. of coarse aggregate used for making of concrete
. is 20mm and 40mm.

III. MATERIAL USED:

1.ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT Table 3 property of coarse aggregate
The cement is a binding material. It conforming to IS:
456-2000-53 grade. It consists of grinding the raw S.NO property value
materials, mixing them intimately in certain 1 Specific gravity 2.6
proportion depending upon their purity and 2 Impact value 26.79%
composition and burning them in a kiln at a
3 Water absorption 9.88%
temperature of about 1300 – 1500 degree centigrade at
which temperature, the material Cinter and partially
fuses to form modular chapped clinker. The clinker is
4.NANO SILICA
cooled and ground to a fine powder with addition of 2
to 3% of gypsum the product formed by using this The advancement made by the study of
procedure Portland cement.
concrete at nano scale has proved that nano silica
Table 1 property of cement
is much better than silica fume used in
S.NO Property value conventional concrete. Nano silica possess more
1 Specific gravity 3.15 pozzolanic nature, it has the capability to react
2 Setting time with the free lime during the cement hydration
a)Initial setting time 30 min and forms additional C-S-H gel which gives
b)Final setting time 595 min strength, impermeability and durability to
concrete

Applications
2. FINE AGGREGATE:

Sands are commonly used as fine

aggregate sand may be either natural or artificial.  Contributing strength to the concrete
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

pozzolan of white color that is especially suitable

for use in architectural concrete.Table 5 property
 Filling the voids of nano clay

 Acceleration to the settings

S.No Characteristics Analysis
Result
 Cement matrix densification 1 Sio2 52.86%
2 CaO 0.28%
Table 4 property of nano silica 3 MgO 0.20%
4 Fe2O3 0.45%
5 Al2O3 44.10%
6 Loss on ignition 0.85%
S.NO Property Actual analysis
7 Na2O 0.25%
1 Nano solids 39.5 -41%
8 K2O 0.20%
2 PH 9-10
9 TiO2 0.36%
3 Specific gravity 1.29 -1.31
10 Whiteness 95.80%
4 Texture Milky white
11 Brightness 93.50%
Liquid
12 Retained on 500 Mesh 0.05
5 Dispersion Water
13 Bulk density (g/cm3) 0.5
14 Oil 64.00
absorption(ml/100gms)
15 Water absorption 66.80
5.NANO CLAY (ml/100gms)

IV. MIX DESIGN

The nanoclay used in this experiment
Table 6 Mix proportion
was Metakaolin. High-purity kaolinitic clays can
be calcined at relatively low temperature 600- WATER CEMENT F.A C.A
700o C to keep silica and alumina in amorphous 185.4 487.893 509.73 1218.17
state, then pulverized to particles smaller than 2
microns. The product is a highly reactive 0.38 1 1.04 2.5

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Table.8. compressive strength for the

cube with various replacement of NS
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Compressive strength test :

Amount
Table 7 compressive strength of the cube at 3%
replacement of NC of Crushing load Cumulative

Crushing load Replace

pecime
n Amount of Cumulative ment

replaceme sample (%) Compressive

nt Compressive
strength
(%) strength
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
28 28
7 days days 7 days days NS1 0 340 910 15.50 40.44

40.8 NS2 3 380 950 16.88 42.22

NC1 3 360 920 16.10 8
NS3 5 380 990 16.72 44
41.3
NC2 3 370 930 16.44 3 NS4 8 440 1100 19.55 48.88

41.3 NS5 10 390 1000 17.33 44.44

NC3 3 365 930 16.22 3

60

45 50
40
compressive strength

35 40
30
compressive strength

30
25 7 days
20 20
7 days 28 days
15
28 days 10
10
N/mm2
N/mm2

5 0
0 0 3 5 8 10
sample sample2 sample % of replacement of NS
1 3
3 % of replacement of nano clay

Fig.1.Graph showing compressive strength of Fig.2.Graph showing compressive strength of

the cube of 3% replacement of NC the cube with various replacement of Ns

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBE WITH 50

REPLACEMENT OF NANO SILICA AND 45
NANO CLAY
40

compressive strength N/mm2

Table.9. compressive strength for the 35
cube for the particular replacement of 30
NC and NS
25

Specime 20 7 days
n Amount of Crushing load Cumulative 15 28 days

Replacement 10
5
(%) Compressive
0
strength 3+3 3+5 3+8 3+10
,% of replacement of nano clay and
7 nano silica
NC NS 7 days 28 days days 28 days

NC3+NS3 3 3 390 990 17.16 40 Fig.3.Graph showing compressive

strength for the cube with the
NC3+NS5 3 5 370 930 16.53 41.33 replacement of NC and NS
NC3+NS From the table 9, shows that the
8 3 8 390 980 17.42 43.54 compressive strength of concrete
Increases with the replacement of 3%
NC3+NS1
of nanoclay and 8% of nano silica.
0 3 10 370 930 16.71 41.77

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 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Split Tensile Strength Test:

Table specimen NC NS Split tensile

10. split strength
tensile 7 days 28 day
strength C1 3 3 2.8 3.3
of C2 3 5 3.1 3.8
cylinder C3 3 8 3.5 4.2
with C4 3 10 3.2 3.9
replace
ment of Ns andNC

Fig 4 graph showing the tensile strength of concrete

with the replacement of NS andNC

From table 10, shows that the split tensile strength of

concrete increases with replacement of 3% of NC and 8% of
NS of strength 4.2 N/mm2 and then decreases .

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE :

Table.11 flexural strength of the beam

Sample NC NS Flexural strength

7 days 28 days
B1 0 0 4.3 5.5

B2 3 0 4.9 6.32

B3 3 8 5.5 7.42

B4 3 8 6.5 8.52

B5 3 10 7.2 8.1

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

9 NC and NS gives the flexural strength

8 of 24% more than the CB and the % of
7 replacement is 3 and 8 respectively.
Flexural strength N/mm2 6
5
4 VII REFERENCE :
7 days
3 28 days 1. Forood Torabian Isfahani , Elena
2 Redaelli, Federica Lollini , Weiwen
1 Li, And Luca Bertolini “Effects Of
0 Nanosilica On Compressive Strength
0+0 3+0 0+8 3+8 3+10 And Durability Properties Of
Concrete With Different Water To
% of replacement of nano Binder Ratios”(2015)
silica and nano clay 2. Hakamy A, Shaikh, F.U.A., Low I.M
“Characteristics Of Nanoclay And
Calcined Nanoclay Cement
Fig 5 Flexural strength of concrete with Nanomatrices By The Combination
Of Qxda And Tga Techniques”
replacement of NC and NS
(2015)
3. Kinnaresh Patel “ The Use Of
Nanoclay As A Constructional
From the table 11 shows that the Material” (2012)
increase of flexural strength with the 4. K.Prathusha,K.Raja Sekhar
“Strength Properties Of
replacement of 3% of NC and8% ofNS of
Concrete Containing Nano Silica
strength 8.52 N/mm2 and then gradually
,Metakaolin And Qyarry Dust
decreases.
(2016)

5. Mohammad R. Irshidat,
VI CONCLUSION : Mohammed H. Al-Saleh, And Sura
Sanad“ Effect Of Nanoclay On
From the experimental Expansive Potential Of Cement
Analysis it has been found that the Mortar Due To Alkali-Silica
conventional concrete of grade M40 has Reaction” (2015)
6. Prof.Dr. Sayed Abd El-Baky , Dr.
a compressive strength of 40.44
Sameh Yehia ,Dr. Enas A. Khattab
N/mm2. When we added
Ibrahim ,S. Khalil “Effect Of
Nano-Clay On The Mechanical
NC as admixture it has been observed
Properties Of Fresh And Hardened
that the compressive strength will
Cement Mortar Comparing With
become maximum at 3% of Nano-Silica”(2013)
replacement and the flexural strength of 7. R.Gopalakrishnan “Mechanical
beam is increased more than 7% than And Microstructure Studies On
the conventional beam. The Nano-Clay Admixtured Cement
compressive strength of the concrete Mortar” (2016)
reaches at maximum on 8% 8. Sayed Abd El-Baky, Sameh Yehia,
replacement of NS at an increment of Ibrahim S. Khalil In Nanocon
17% on flexural strength than the “Influence Of Nano Silica Addition
On Properties Of Fresh And
conventional beam. When the
Hardend Cement Mortar “(2013)
replacement is done by the mixing of

96
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

9. S.B.Gagare ,U.R.Kawade “Enhancing 14. Punmia B.C.,Building

Properties Of Concrete By Using construction,Laxmi publication
Nano
10. Silica As Apartial Replacement Of Shetty M S., Concrete Technology- Theory
and Practice, S.Chand Publishers.
Cement”(2016)
11. Yagnesh Patel , Dr. Indrajit N Patel ,
Mrs. Jagruti Shah“ Experimental
Investigation On Compressive
Strength And Durability Properties
Ofgeopolymer Concrete Incorporating
With Nano Silica”(2014)
12. IS: 456-2000, Code of practice for
plain and reinforced concrete.
13. IS: 10262-2009, Indian standard
Concrete mix proportioning –
guidelines

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

BEHAVIOUR OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS WITH LIGHT WEIGHT

CONCRETE AND CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE IN DIFFERENT LAYERS

𝐇𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐥𝐈𝐫𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐝 𝟏 ,N.Nagendran2 𝐃𝐫. 𝐁. 𝐓𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐮𝐤𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐢𝟑

𝑃𝐺 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 1 , Assistant professor2,Head of the department3

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔1,2,3

Cape Institute Of Technology, Levengipuram-627 114, Tamil Nadu, India

Email.ID: hamedulirshad@gmail.com1 rishi2nagendran@gmail.com2

Abstract:This project deals with conventional concrete. The strength

“Behaviour of flexural members with
light weight concrete and
conventional concrete in different
layers”. Concrete is one of the most
widely used construction material
which has cement, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate and water as
constituents. To reduce the self-
weight or dead load of the building or
prismatic dimensions, the light weight
concrete has been used. It is an
excellent alternative construction
material to the existing plain cement
concrete. LWCwas prepared by using
plastic aggregate as coarse aggregate
in concrete to reduce the density of
concrete.The conventional concrete
wasdesigned to have strength of M20.
M40 grade of concrete is being taken
to attain light weight concrete and the
mix design is carried out as per IS
10262-1982. The mix proportions are
arrived and the materials are taken by
weight. For making a mix for light
weight concrete, coarse aggregate was
fully replaced with plastic aggregate
by volume. It was found that density
was deceased upto 1650 kg/m3and the
strength was also decreased as 26
Mpa. Then to have the LWC in beam,
totally sevencross sections were taken
in this project, considering various
factors that affects the strength of
light weight concrete and
of all mixes is compared. The main
objective of this work is to find the
correct position to use LWC in
flexural members along with
conventional concrete and to reduce
the dead load of the structure.
I. INTRODUCTION
GENERAL:
Light weight concrete (LWC) is the
building materialused in the construction of
building using latest technology to reduce the
self-weight of the building. By reducing the
self-weight or dead load of the building or
prismatic dimensions, it can minimize the
destruction or casualties during the earthquake
or any environmental impact.The aim of this
project is to find an economical section of a
composite beam, where the LWC will also be
used in the beam along with conventional
concrete.
Here the compression zone will be
equal to the tension zone. By considering this,
the moment can be derived. While considering
these both zones, the concrete parameters are
considered at the compression zone and the
steel at the tension zone. Also we can observe
that the strain decreases towards center.

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 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Considering the above two parameters, there is
aquestion arising. Is the concrete with uniform
strength required throughout the c/s section of
a beam? We can achieve composite beams by
using LWC and CC.To avoid this confusion,
various cross sections are assumed in this
report for beams. Both the concrete with
normal density and low density will be used in
same cross section to get composite material.
The various cross sections of the beams to be
cast are as follows
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE GRADE
VARIATION IN TENSION AND
COMPRESSION ZONES OF RCC BEAMS
(2014)
B S Karthik et al says that Partial
beam is more efficient andeconomical than
normal RCC beam, this is considered as best
strengthening RCCbeam among all
process. As the depth of higher grade concrete
increases in compression zone, resistance
tofirst crack development also increases.
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR AND SIZE
EFFECT OF FULL SCALE
REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT
CONCRETE BEAM(2011)
Chung-Hao Wu et al says that the
curvature ductility of both types of concrete
beam decreased as the reinforcement ratio
increased. On the other hand, an increase of the
beam dimension lead to increases of the load
and deflection at the yielding strength and
ultimate strength, but reduced the ultimate
deflection ratio for both types of concrete
beams. A total of 6 flexure beams with various
reinforcement ratios (from 0.33% to 1.3%) and
6 size-effect beams with various dimensions
were fabricated and tested. The designed
compressive strength of concrete was 34 MPa.
SIZE EFFECT ON BIAXIAL FLEXURAL
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE (2012)
Jihwan Kim et al says that the size
effect trend of the biaxial tensile strength is
similar to that known for the uniaxial tensile
strengths. When the safety margin of a
concrete structure subjected to a biaxial stress
condition is estimated on the basis of standard
uniaxial tests, the different magnitudes and
characteristics of the size effect under biaxial
tension should be taken into account. In this
study, the safety margin of biaxial tensile
strength for biaxial flexure test decreased from
56 to 32% when the size increased from 48 to
75 mm.
EFFECT OF SPECIMEN SIZES ON
FLEXURAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
OF CONCRETE (2007)
the
J.K.Kim et al says that the effect of
specimen length and depth on ultimate strength
was apparent, but their effect on the ultimate
strain was negligible. Finally, more general
parameters for MSEL are suggested. for
specimenswith a length-to-depth ratio greater
than 3.0,length effect of flexural compressive
strengths isinsignificant.
EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT ON
THE FLEXURAL BONDING
PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE BEAM
WITH GFRP REINFORCING BAR
UNDER REPEATED LOADING (2015)
Minkwan Ju et al says that fatigue
stress weakened the adhesive capacity between
the concrete and the surface of the GFRP
reinforcing bar. A reduction factor for bond
stiffness for the FRP reinforcing bar, 𝑆𝑏frp, was
suggested experimentally. Using this factor for

99
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

the reduced capacity of bonding of FRP AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF

reinforcing bars, one can quantitatively check FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
the expected reduced bonding of the FRP REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM DUE
reinforcing bar under fatigue. The GFRP TO CORROSION (2014)
reinforcing bar was concluded to have Naga Chaitanya C et al says that
sufficient bond performance in a repeated flexural strength is a measure of the tensile
loading state, such as vehicular traffic; that is, strength of concrete, in other words it is a
it can be used in designing concrete flexural measure of a resistance against failure in
members. Each bond stress on the rib is bending. From the experimental investigation
released and bonding force is enhanced as the it is observed that the load carrying capacity of
bond length is increased. the beam is more for control beams, but
FLEXURAL TESTING OF HIGH Deflection is less for Control beams with
STRENGTH REINFORCEDCONCRETE respect to Corroded beams. It is concluded
BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH CFRP that, as the rate of corrosion increases above
SHEETS (2008) 5%, the Ductility property of beam specimen
S.H. Hashemi et al says thatthe goes on reducing.
energy ductility value is about two times REINFORCED HIGH-STRENGTH
higher than the displacement ductility values. CONCRETE BEAMS IN FLEXURE (2005)
Four-point bending flexural tests to complete M. A. Rashid et al says that At
failure on six concrete beams, strengthened service load, maximum crack width is not
with different layouts of CFRP sheets were significantly affected by the tensile
conducted. Three-dimensional non linear finite reinforcement ratio ρ for the range employed
element (FE) models were adopted by ANSYS in this study, but it increases as concrete
to examine the behavior of the test beams. strength is increased. stresses generated by
ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF RCC UNDER shrinkage of concrete and the creepassociated
FLEXURAL LOADING (2012) with it can significantly affect the cracking
S. K. Kulkarni et al says that two moment andservice load deflection of
important stiffness properties such as AE and reinforced HSC beams. Also, somedetailing
EI play important role in analysis of high rise requirements for compression reinforcement
RCC building idealized as plane frame. For need to bereassessed so as to utilize its full
M20 & M25 grades of concrete, 120mm is the strength potential and ensureadequate ductile
effective depth of section to be considered for response of the beam when HSC is involved.
calculation of modulus of elasticity. For no EFFECTS OF LIMITED INITIAL
crack depth in the section, modulus of CURING DURATIONS ON
elasticity increases with increase in percentage MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
of reinforcement for both the grades. Equation CONCRETE (2013)
for effective moment of inertia of the RC A. E. Abalaka et al says that water
section can be proposed. cured specimens had better mechanical
properties than uncured specimens.
Mechanical properties (compressive and split

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 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

tensile strength, sorptivity and coefficient of FINE AGGREGATE:

water absorption) of concrete cube specimens
Fine aggregate is the natural material
cured in water and ambient air (uncured) for 3,
that fills voids in between the coarse aggregate.
7, 14, 28 and 90 days were determined.
Fine aggregate should consist of natural sand
III. MIX DESIGN
or crushed stone sand. It should be hard,
Table 7.1 Mix Proportion durable and free from organic matter.

COARSE AGGREGATE:
Water Cement F.Aggregate C.Aggregate

191.5 383.16 1119.49 The term coarse aggregate is used to

3
716.22kg/m designate aggregate that is reasonable well
8 kg/m3 kg/m3
graded ranging in size of particles form 4.75
0.5 1 1.86 2.92
mm to 150 mm or any size or range of sizes
within such limits. The aggregate used must be
cleaned and rendered free from silt, clay and
IV. MATERIALS USED other impurities.

ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:

In the most general sense of the V. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION
world, cement is a binder, a substance which COMPRESSTION STRENGTH
sets and hardens independently, and can bind TEST RESULTS
other materials together. The volcanic ash and
Table 6.5 Compression Test results for M20
pulverized brick additives which were added to
grade specimens
the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder
were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, Specimen 7 Days 28 Days
2
and cement. no (N/mm ) (N/mm2)
Table3.1 Composition of OPC 1 18.37 25.67
Percentage
2 15.88 24.33
Ingredient (%) Range
Lime (CaO) 62 62-67 3 19.39 26.01

Silica (SiO2) 22 17-25 Average 17.88 25.33

Alumina (Al2O3) 5 3-8
CalciumSulphate
4 3-4
(CaSO4)
IronOxide(Fe2O3) 3 3-4
Magnesium(MgO) 2 0.1-3

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Table 6.7Compression Test results for M40

stress(N/mm2)
50Compressive grade specimens with 100% plastic
aggregate
7 Days 28 Days
Specimen no
0 (N/mm ) 2
(N/mm2)
7 Days 28 Days
No.of days 1 18.37 25.67

2 15.88 24.33

3 19.39 26.01
Fig6.1 Compression Test results for M20
Average 17.88 25.33
grade specimens
Table 6.6 Compression Test results for M40
grade specimens with 0% Plastic aggregate

stress(N/mm2)
Mix 7 Days 28 Days 40
Compressive

Specimen 1 38.2 48.6

20
Specimen 2 37.6 49.2
0
Specimen 3 38.6 49.8
7 DaysNo.of days
28 Days
Average 38.13 49.2

Fig6.3 CompCompression Test results for

M40 grade specimens with 100% plastic
50 aggregate
40 6.3 SPLIT TENSILE TEST RESULTS
30
Table 6.8Split tensile test results for M20
20
grade specimens
10
0 7 Days 28 Days
Specimen no
7 Days 28 Days (N/mm ) 2
(N/mm2)

Fig6.2 Compression Test results for M40 1 2.83 3.89

grade specimens with 0% plastic aggregate
2 2.84 3.71

3 2.70 3.83

Average 2.80 3.81

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Table 6.10Split tensile Test results for M40

grade specimens with 100% plastic
stress(N/mm2) aggregate
4
Split tensile

Specimen 7 Days 28 Days

2 no (N/mm2) (N/mm2)

0 1 2.57 3.7

7days 28days
2 2.64 3.73

No.of days
3 2.53 3.62

Average 2.58 3.68

Fig6.4Split tensile test results for M20 grade
specimens

Table 6.9 Split tensile Test results for M40

grade specimens with 0% plastic aggregate stress(N/mm2)
4
Split tensile

Mix 7 Days 28 Days

1 3.82 4.6 2

2 3.76 4.9 0
7days 28 Days
3 3.86 5.36
No.of days
Average 3.81 4.95

Fig6.6Split tensile Test results for M40

grade specimens with 100% plastic
6 aggregate
5
4
3
2
1
0
7 Days 28 Days
Fig6.5Split tensile Test results for M40
grade specimens with 0% plastic aggregate

103
 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

6.2.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

RESULTSTable 6.11 Flexural Test Results
100
for Beam Specimen with fully LWC
80

Load (KN)
Specimen First Ultimate Deflection at
Crack Load Ultimate 60 FIRST…
Details
load (kN) (kN) Load (mm) 40
20
S1 35 41 13.5
0
S2 30 37 12.8 S1 S2 S3
specimen no
S3 33 40 12.1
Fig 6.8 Comparison of First Crack Load
and Ultimate Load (Flexure)

Table 6.13 Flexural Test Results for Beam

100 Specimen with LWC placed (1/2) D
Load (KN)

80 from bottom
60 FIRS…
40
Specimen First Ultimate Deflection at
20
Crack Load Ultimate
0 Details load (kN) (kN) Load (mm)
S1 S2 no
specimen S3
S1 55 76 11.04
Fig 6.7 Comparison of First Crack Load
and Ultimate Load (Flexure)
S2 58 79 11.09

Table 6.12 Flexural Test Results for Beam

S3 56 77 10.95
Specimen with fully conventional concrete

Specime First Ultimat Deflection

n Crack e at
80
load Load Ultimate
Load (KN)

Details
(kN) (kN) Load
60
(mm) 40 FIR
20 S…
S1 65 80 10.03
0
S2 63 84 13.08 S1 Specimen
S2 no S3
S3 68 87 11.1
Fig 6.9 Comparison of First Crack Load
and Ultimate Load (Flexure)

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Table 6.14Flexural Test Results for Beam

Specimen with LWC place (1/2) D from top 80
Specimen First Ultimate Deflection

Load (KN)
60
Details Crack Load at
load (kN) Ultimate 40 FIRS…
(kN) Load
20
(mm)
0
S1 50 69 10.97 S1 S2 no
S3
Specimen
S2 53 68 10.96
Fig 6.11 Comparison of First Crack Load
S3 52 62 10.94 and Ultimate Load (Flexure)

Table 6.17 Flexural Test Results for Beam

Specimen with LWC placed (1/4) at the
middle
80
Load (KN)

60
40 FI… Specimen First Ultimate Deflection

20 U… Crack Load at Ultimate

Details
load (kN) (kN) Load (mm)
0
S1 Specimen
S2 S3no S1 55 67 11.5

Fig 6.10 Comparison of First Crack Load S2 58 69 11.9

and Ultimate Load (Flexure)
S3 52 63 12.0
Table 6.15 Flexural Test Results for Beam
Table 6.16 Flexural Test Results for Beam
Specimen with LWC placed(1/4) D from
Specimen with LWC placed (1/4)D from
Top
bottom
Specimen First Ultimate Deflection
Specimen First Ultimate Deflection
Crack Load at
Details Crack Load at
load (kN) Ultimate Details
load (kN) Ultimate
(kN) Load
(kN) Load
(mm)
(mm)
S1 58 71 11.2
S1 70 78 10.92
S2 57 74 15.7
S2 72 80 12.94
S3 51 71 11.5
S3 71 77 10.96

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 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

80 S7

Load (KN)
S6
75 FIR…
S5
70

mix
S4
65
S1
specimen
S2 no
S3 S3
S2
Fig 6.12 Comparison of First Crack Load
and Ultimate Load (Flexure) S1

0 50 100
Load
80
Load (KN)

60 ULTIMATE (KN)
40 FIR…
Fig 6.14 Comparison of First Crack Load
20
and Ultimate Load (Flexure)
0
Specimen
S1 S2 no
S3

Fig 6.13 Comparison of First Crack Load VI. CONCLUSION

and Ultimate Load (Flexure)
Replacement of fine aggregate with plastic
Table 6.18 Flexural test results for beam aggregate behaves as a light weight and low
specimen strength concrete.

First  The flexural members made of

Specimen Ultimate
Specimen Crack conventional concrete at top and plastic
Details Load (kN)
load (kN) aggregatelight weight concrete at the
S1 1/2 LWC 53 68 bottom got good strength and it seems
@ top equal to the strength of beam cast with
S2 1/2 LWC 58 79 fully conventional concrete with normal
@ bottom density.
S3 1/4 LWC
@ top 57 74  Thus the study of flexural behavior of R.C
S4 1/4LWC@ beams with plastic aggregate based
bottom 72 80 concrete and conventional concrete proved
S5 1/4 LWC to be success.
@ mid 58 69
S6 Fully CC 68 87
S7 FullyLWC 35 41

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
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Maghsoudi, Flexural Testing Of High
Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams
Strengthened With Cfrp Sheets,
September 25, 2008.
 7. S. K. Kulkarni, M. R. Shiyekar, B.
Wagh, Elastic Properties of RCC under
Flexural Loading, International Journal of

107
 IMPROVING THEPROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING CARBON NANOTUBES
M.Monigaji(PG scholar),Mr.S.Ravikumar(Assistant professor),
Dr.B.Thanukumari(HOD)
Department of Civil Engineering
Cape Institute of Technology,Levengipuram.
Anna University Chennai
monigaji2492@gmail.com,thanukumari67@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:Concrete is a mixture which is ll.MATERIALPROPERTIES:

weak in tension and strong in compression.
Past experimental programs have shown FINE AGGREGATE:
that Carbon nanotube can significantly
The fine aggregate used in this
improve the properties of concrete.
investigation is clean river sand passing
Therefore, the objective of this literature
through 4.75 mm sieve and conforming to
survey is to summarize the past experimental
grading zone II. The fine aggregates were
data on the properties of concrete with
tested as per Indian standard specifications
carbon nanotubes. As a solution Carbon
IS 383-1970.table 5.1.1 presents properties
nanotubes, which consists of multiple sheets
of fine aggregate and 4.2 presents the result
of graphite rolled to form a cylindrical
conducted on fine aggregate.
structure and stacked concentrically was
used. Due to strong Van de Waals forces & Table 2.1 properties of fine aggregate
electrostatic forces Carbon nanotubes tend
to aggregate. Thus, ultrasonic dispersion
techniques were adopted to disperse them
uniformly.

l. GENERAL

Concrete is a properly proportioned

mixture of water, cement, fine and coarse
aggregates that can be used as a construction
material to build various structures from
nuclear radiation shield to very basic
structures like houses as it can be poured
into any shape unlike most other materials.
Out of the above ingredients, cement plays a
major role chemically as well as physically
to show the properties of the concrete.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

COARSE AGGREGATE: WATER:

Locally available coarse aggregates The portable water available in the

having the maximum size of 10 to 20mm college campus has been used.
was used in this present work. The results of
various test conducted on coarse aggregate NANO CARBON TUBES:

Table 2.2 properties of coarse aggregate The material used for experimental
setup is cubes with the size of 70*70*70
mm made of mortar & mixed with 0.75%
S.no characteristics value
with respect to the weight of cement.
Portland pozzolana cement, Fine grain sand
1 Type crushed and distilled water are used. The nanotubes
used as nanofiller for cementious mixture
2 Specific gravity 2.76 are Industrial Grade Multi Walled Carbon
Nanotube MWCNT (90%) and their
properties given in Table 2.4
3 Fineness modulus 7.48
Table 2.4 Properties of MWNT
4 Size max 20mm size

Material Multi-walled CNT

CEMENT:
Length 0.5-5μm (Average)
The cement used in this study is 43
grade OPC manufactured by chettinad Diameter 12-15nm (Average)
cements. The basic properties of cement are
Layer 8-15
given in table 2.3
Purity >97%
Table 2.3tests on cement
Surface Area 231.85m 2 /g

Test particulars Result Obtained Tensile Strength

Normal consistency 32% 10-60 GPa

Initial setting time 40 min

Electrical Properties Conductivity - 106
Final setting time 420min Ω/M
Specific 3.15
gravity

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 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

The quantity of material used for 1

Water 135 135
cube of mortar is given in Table 2.
According to literature the quantity of
surfactant is equal to the MWCNT. In this Sand 600 600
work Sodium Lignosulphonates used as a
surfactant, it is cheap and easily available MWCNT - 2.25
material.

Table 2.5 Proportion of Mortar Cube With or Surfactant - 2.25

Without MWCNT

W/C ratio 0.45 0.45

Mortar Without With
proportion MWCNT MWCNT
(1:2) III. MIX PROPORTIONS:

Concrete mix design is a process by which

the proportions of various raw materials of
cement 300 300
concrete are determined
with an aim to achieve a certain minimum
Type 2-MWCNT added to water
strength and durability, as economically as
possible. The Indian standard method of mix
design is used for the design of concrete mix
of grade M40. A HPC mixture proportions
with a characteristic target mean strength of
40 MPa was designed without any mineral
admixtures. In arrived mixes, sand was
partially replaced by vermiculite, cement
was partially replaced by Carbon nano tubes
to induce high performance.

TABLE 3.1 MIX PROPORTION

Vl RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Cement fine Coarse Water NANO Type 1-MWCNT filled with copper, added
kg/m3 aggrega aggrega l/m3 CARBON as asmixture
tes tes TUBES(kg/
kg/m3 kg/m3 m3)

338.8 598.5 855.6 140 46

1 1.76 2.52 0.36 0.24

110
 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Fig.1 Type 2:percentage increase in strength values

Sl Amount of Average Compressive
.n nanotubes,% density,kg/ strength, MPa
70 o based on the m3
60
50 composition
40 mass
30
20
10
0
1 0 330 18

2 0.05 309 30.6

% increase in compressive strength
% increase in tensile strength

Type 3:TwistedMWCNT (0.022 wt.%) added to

water
compressive strength. In fact the
Specimen Term Compressive
compressive strength of the concrete with a
no strength, MPa
proportion of 0.045% of functionalized
MWCNT increases by 26.69%
1 UHPC 200
The split tensile strength increases with the
increase in MWCNT. In fact, the split
2 UHPC- 194 tensile strength increased by 66.3% for
MWCNTRC
0.045% of MWCNT.

3 UHPC* 212 With the increase in MWCNT, the rate of

increase of tensile strength is greater than
that of the rate of increase of the
4 UHPC- 217
MWCNTRC* compressive strength

REFERENCES
*-Heat treated after 24h of specimen casting
for a total of 48h at 650C 1. C.S. Suryawanshi (2007), “Structural
Significance Of High Performance
CONCLUSIONS Concrete”,The Indian Concrete
Based on the above experimental Journal ,Govt Of Maharastra.
investigations, the following conclusions 2. Dale P. Bentz and Paul E. Stutzman
can be drawn: (2010) “Internal Curing and
Microstructure High-Performance
From the results, it is understood that Mortars”,Building and Fire Research
increasing the proportions of functionalized Laboratory ,National Institute Of
MWCNT into concrete increases the

111
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Standards and Technology, Building And Fire Research

Gaithersburg Laboratory, National Institute Of
3. Daniel Cusson and Ted Hoogeveen Standards and Technology,
(2006), “Preventing Autogenous Gaithersburg.
Shrinkage Of High-Performance 7. Hoa Lam (2007),“Effects Of Internal
Concrete Structures By Internal Curing Methods On Restrained
Curing”,National Research Council Shrinkage and
Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Permeability”,University of Toronto,
4. George C. Hoff, D.eng., P.E (2009) Department Of civil & Environmental
“The Use Of Lightweight Fines For Engineering, Toronto.
the Internal Curing Of Concrete” 8. Kay Wille& Kenneth J.Loh,
Northeast “Nanoengineering Ultra-High-
5. GrigorijYakovlevet. al, “Cement Performance Concrete with
Based Foam Concrete Reinforced by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes”,
Carbon Nanotubes”. University of Michigan.
6. Haejin Kim and Dale Bentz March 9. Pavithra.Pet. al, “Effect of
(2009), “Internal Curing With Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes On
Crushed Returned Concrete Mechanical Properties of Concrete’,
Aggregates For High Performance SRM University, India.
Concrete” Chemical Engineer,

112
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON SMART CONCRETE BY USING BRICK

POWDER AND FLYASH

S.Jenitta jeya rani1 (PG scholar), Mr.P. Sagaya Arokia Raj2 (Assistant Professor ) ,B.Thanukumari3(HOD)
Department of Civil Engineering
Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram
Anna University Chennai

jenittasam1995@gmail.com1,sagayaraj710@gmail.com2, thanukumari67@gmail.com3

ABSTRACT Conventional concrete is good GENERAL

in compression and weak in tension. The
conventional concrete is easily gets cracked,
when subjected to environmental conditions.
To perform the biological repair of the self-
healing bacteria are added to the concrete.
The self-healing bacteria such as Bacillus
Subtilis are used in this research. They are
calcite forming bacteria, creates
precipitates in the cracks, when react with
water. The waste materials are also used in
this experiment to make the construction
economical. The replacement of cement with
fly ash and sand with brick powder is used
in concrete. M30 concrete and Fe415 steel
are used in this research. The replacements
of the materials of 0%, 15%, 30%, and
addition of the self-healing bacteria as an
admixture are going to be done in this
research. The specimens of these various
proportions are going to cast and compare
the results with the conventional concrete
are to be done. The aim of this research is to
make a crack proof concrete with economic
aspects. The use of waste material makes the
cost reduction and waste reduction. The
introduction of the self-healing bacteria in
this research gives biologically crack proof
concrete.
Concrete is the most widely used
construction material because of its high
compressive strength, relatively low cost
etc. Although these rebars restrict the crack
width, they are mostly not designed to
completely prevent crack formation. Cracks
endanger the durability of concrete
structures as aggressive liquids and gasses
may penetrate into the matrix along these
cracks and cause damage.Concrete is widely
used for making architectural structures,
foundations, brick/block walls, pavements,
bridges/overpasses, motorways/roads,
runways, parking structures, dams,
pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings, for gates,
fences and poles and even boats.The mix
design depends on the type of structure
being built how the concrete will be mixed
and delivered and how it will be placed to
form this structure.
LITERATURE REVIEW
“Fly ash concrete: A technical
analysis for compressive strength” Dr S L
Pati1, J N Kale, S Suman has given that fly
ash can besuccessfully used in the cement
concrete in minoramount as an additive. The
cement in concrete matrix is replaced from
5% to 25% by step in steps of 5%. It is
observed that replacement of cement in any

113
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
proportion lowers the compressive strength
of concrete as well as delays its hardening.
Considering the intangiblecost of disposal
problem of fly ash and hidden cost
ofenvironmental protection, the
methodology appearsto be indeed
successful. Fly ash is actually a solidwaste.
So, it is priceless.
“Fly Ash as a Partial Replacement
of Cement in Concrete and Durability
Study of Fly Ash in Acidic (H2so4)
Environment”T.G.S Kiran, M.K.M.V
Ratnam has examined the compressive
strengths of concrete (with 0%, 5%, 10%,
15% and 20%, weight replacement of
cement with FA) cured in Normal water for
28, 60 and 90 days have reached the target
mean strength. The compressive strengths of
concrete (with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%,
weight replacement of cement with FA)
cured in different concentrations of (1%,
3%, and 5%) Sulphuricacidsolution for 28,
60 and 90 days indicate that at 10%
replacement there is increase in strength and
beyond that the strengths decreased, but at
20% replacement FA strength less than to
normal concrete.
Fly-Ash as Admixture in
Manufacturing of Cement - A Case Study
of Malasian Journal of Science Volume 27
Issue 1 Alam, M. Jahir B., Awal, A.s.m.a.,
Alam, M. Jobair B., Rahman, M.m.,
Rahman, M.s., Banik, B.k., Islam, S., has
attempted to find out the sustainable use of
fly ash which was used as an admixture with
Shah Special Cement at 5%, 10% and 15%
proportion. Laboratory test for the different
parameters including the compressive
strength, workability, flexural strength,
splitting tensile strength of such mixtures
were carried out to determine the optimum
content.
“Assessing the scope of utilizing
waste from brick production for building
materials” Salman Siddique, Mohd.
Shadab Siddiqui, Shariq Masood
Khanhas reported that brick dust is the
potential viable material to be used as fine
aggregate to produce durable concrete. Its
use as fine aggregate in concrete will help in
alleviating the potential problem of
dwindling natural resources. Its use will also
help in protecting the environment
surroundings.
“Study of Strength and
Workability of Different Grades of
Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregate by Crushed
BrickPowder”Tiwari Darshita, Patel
Anoop. has studied the replacement of fine
aggregate by crushed brickpowder is found
to be very effective. The
optimumreplacement is found to be 20% at
which the strength ofconcrete at 3 days, 7
days & 28 days are higher than thoseof
concrete prepared without replacement of
sand. Even at 30% replacement of sand,
there is a marginal decrease in the achieved
strength at 3, 7 & 28 days.
“Smart Concrete – A New
Technology” Patil Gaurao S., Patil Nikhil
M., Dhange Ankush B.,Jadhav Swati B.,
Jaybhaye Archana L. has presented that
the microbial induced calcite precipitation
reaction may cause lower amount of
capillary pores and clogging of the pores,
which reduces chloride ion transport in
concrete. The use of bacterial cells has thus
become a viable solution not only to some
durability problems but also as an
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
environmentally responsible course of
action.
“Bacterial Concrete: New Era for
Construction Industry” Mayur Shantilal
Vekariya., Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda.,
has given that Microbial concrete
technology has proved to be better than
many conventional technologies because of
its eco- friendly nature, self-healing abilities
and increase in durability of various
building materials. Work of various
researchers has improved our understanding
on the possibilities and limitations of
biotechnological applications on building
materials.
“Self-healing material bacterial
concrete”Ravindranatha., N. Kannan.,
Likhit M. L., has proved that the microbe is
efficient in enhancing the properties of the
concrete by achieving a very high initial
strength increase and thus we can conclude
that the produced calcium carbonate has
filled some percentage of void volume
thereby making the texture more compact
and resistive to seepage. When bacterial
concrete is fully developed, it may become
yet another alternative method to replace
OPC and its hazardous effect on
environmental pollution. Hence can be used
for construction as it is resistant to corrosion
as well.
“Performance of standard grade
bacterial (bacillus subtilis) concrete”S.
Sunil Pratap Reddy., M.V. Seshagiri
Raob., P. Aparnac and Ch. Sasikalac.,
based on their experimental investigation
Bacillus subtilis can be produced from lab
which is proved to be a safe and cost
effective. The addition of bacillus subtilis
bacteria improves the hydrated structure of
cement mortar. The compressive strength of
cement mortar is maximum with the
addition of bacillussubtilis bacteria for a cell
concentration of 105 cells per ml of mixing
water.
“Microbial Concrete: A Multi-
Purpose Building Material-An Overview”
Vol-07, (2015), 1608-1619 Beena Kumari
has presented an overview on the uses of
microbial concrete. Various factors which
cause cracks in concrete as building material
have been discussed. Conventional remedies
and non-conventional remedies for concrete
crack remediation are discussed in detail.
Microbial concrete biologically build
limestone to heal cracks that appear on the
surface of concrete structures. The bacteria
group Bacillus, along with a calcium-based
nutrient (known as calcium lactate), nitrogen
and phosphorus, are added to the ingredients
of the concrete when it is being mixed.
CONCRETE INGREDIENTS
CEMENT
The Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) has classified OPC in three
different grades The classification is mainly
based on the compressive strength of
cement-sand mortar cubes of face area 50
cm2 composed of 1 part of cement to 3 parts
of standard sand by weight with a water-
cement ratio arrived at by a specified
procedure.The grades are(i) 33 grade (ii) 43
grade (iii) 53 grade.The grade number
indicates the minimum compressive strength
of cement sand mortar in N/mm2 at 28 days,
as tested by above mentioned procedure.
FINE AGGREGATE
Aggregate which is passing through
4.75 IS sieve is termed as fine aggregate.
River sand was used throughout the
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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
investigation as the fine aggregate
conforming to grading zone II as per IS
383(part 3):1970. The specific gravity of
fine aggregate should be within 2.7. The
optimum gradation of fine aggregate is
determined more by its effect on water
requirement that on physical packing.
Crushing, screening, and washing may be
used to process aggregates from either sand
and gravel deposits or stone quarries.
COARSE AGGREGATE
The coarse aggregate for the works should
be river gravel or crushed stone. Angular
shape aggregate of size is 20mm and below.
The aggregate which passes through 75mm
sieve and retain on 4.75mm are known as
coarse aggregate.It should be hard, strong,
dense, durable, clean, and free from clay or
loamy admixtures or quarry refuse or
vegetable matter. The pieces of aggregates
should be cubical, or rounded shaped and
should have granular or crystalline or
smooth (but not glossy) non-powdery
surfaces.
WATER
Water fit for drinking is also good
for making concrete. Potable clean drinking
water available in the college was used for
mixing of concrete and curing of the test
specimen. Water is required for hydration of
cement and moulding of concrete to the
desired shape. The relationship between
compressive strength and water cement ratio
is well established. Smaller the water
cement ratio, higher is the compressive
strength.
FLY ASH
Fly ash is the residue from the
combustion of pulverized coal collected by
mechanical or electrostatic separators from
the flue gases of thermal power plants. One
of the important characteristics of fly ash is
the spherical form of the particles. This
shape of particle improves the flow-ability
and reduces the water demand. Mineral filler
in asphalt two classes of fly ash are defined
by ASTMC618: Class F fly ash and Class C
fly ash.
BRICK POWDER
Brick Powder is the waste obtained
from burning of clay bricks in the form of
brick kilns. It possesses good pozzolanic
property.Brick bats crushed in coarse
powder form were used as a fine aggregate
for making concrete. The waste bricks as
obtained from garbage of a broken building
were collected and pulverized to get the
particle passing 4.75 mm sieve and retained
on 0.075 mm sieve to get the grading of fine
aggregate. 10, 20 and 30% brick powder is
used as replacement of sand in the
experiments.
MICRO-ORGANISMS
Bacillus subtilis, a model laboratory
bacterium is used for the crack repair in
concrete. Bacillus Subtilis, known also as
the hay bacillus or grass bacillus, found in
soil and gastrointestinal tract of humans.
116
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

RESULTS COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH VS % OF FLY

ASH ADDED
COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE 50

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
45
Table1:COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF 40
CONCRETE AFTER 7 DAYS CURING 35

IN N/mm2
30
25
7 days
20
15 28 days
10
5
0
0% 15% 30%
% OF FLY ASH ADDED

Figure 1 compressive strength vs % of fly ash

Table2:COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF added
CONCRETE
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF
AFTER 28 DAYS CURING CONCRETE

Table 3:TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

AFTER 7 DAYS CURING

117
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Table4:TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

AFTER 28 DAYS CURING

Figure3:Graph for load and deflection

LOAD Vs MODULUS OF RUPTURE :

Figure 2 TENSILE STRENGTH VS % OF FLY

ASH ADDED

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE:

Table 5:Flexural strength on concrete for 28

days curing
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Figure 4:load vs modulus of rupture 3) Henk M.Jonkers, Arjan Thijssen,

Gerard Muyzer, Oguzhan
CONCLUSIONS
copuroglu, ErikSchlangen, (2010),
From the test results observed, the ‘Application of bacteria as self-
following conclusion had been drawn: healing agent for thedevelopment of
sustainable concrete’, Ecological
 The optimum percentage of Engineering, Volume – 36,Issue –
lightweight aggregate for maximum 2, Pages 230-235.
strengths (compressive, split-tensile 4) Kim Van Tittileboom, Jianyum
and flexural strength) was found to Wang, Maria Araujo, Didier
be 25% for M30 grade of concrete. Snoeck, ElkeGruyaert, Brenda
Debbaut, Hannelore Derluyn,
 The flexural behaviour of self
Veerle Cnudde, EleniTsangouri,
healing concrete was same as the
Danny Van Hemelrijck, Nele De
conventional concrete.
Belie, (2016), ‘Comparison
 Self healing concrete is the answer ofdifferent approaches for self-
to many problems faced due to lack healing concrete in a large-scale lab
of proper healing. test’,Construction and building
 The strength of concrete is materials, Volume – 107, Pages 125
increases by replacing cement and – 137.
fine aggregate with fly ash and 5) Patil Gaurao S., Patil Nikhil M.,
brick powder respectively and Dhange Ankush B.,Jadhav Swati
adding self-healing bacteria as an B., Jaybhaye Archana L, “Smart
admixture. Concrete” – A New Technology
IJERGS, Vol-04,(2016) 488-491.
REFERENCES 6) Mayur Shantilal Vekariya, Prof.
1) Ali A Aliabdo, Abd-Elmoaty M. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, “Bacterial
Abd-Elmoaty, Hani H. Hassan, Concrete: New Era for Construction
(2014),‘Utilization of crushed clay Industry” IJETT, Vol-04, (2013)
brick in concrete industry’, 4128-4136.
AlexandriaEngineering Journal. 7) Dr. K.B.Parikh, G.T. Suthar, “A
2) Amudhavalli. N. K, Keerthana. K, Study of Microorganism (Bacteria)
Ranjani. A, (2015), ‘Experimental on Concrete Strength and
study onbacterial concrete’, Durability: A Critical Review”
International Journal of Scientific IJIET, Vol-06, (2016)594-599.
Engineering andApplied Science 8) Beena Kumari “Microbial
(IJSEAS) – Volume – 1, Issue - 8. Concrete: A Multi-Purpose
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Building Material-An Overview” 10) Peihao Li, Chongqi Liu, Wei Zhou,
Vol-07, (2015), 1608-1619. “Influence of Bacterial Carbonate
9) Koustubh A. Joshi, Madhav B. Precipitation on the Compressive
Kumthekar, Vishal P Ghodake Strength and Water Absorption of
“Bacillus Subtilis Bacteria Fly Ash Concrete” ICMRA,
Impregnation in Concrete for (2015)123-126.
Enhancement in Compressive
Strength” IRJET Vol- 03, (2016),
1229-1234.
 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

STRENGTHENING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAMS USING GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES

𝐊. 𝐒𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐲𝐚𝐝𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐢𝟏 𝐊. 𝐕𝐚𝐢𝐤𝐮𝐧𝐭𝐡𝟐

PG Student1 Assistant Professor 2

Department of Civil Engineering1,2

Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram-627 114, Tamil Nadu, INDIA

Email.ID- sripriyadharshini525@gmail.com

Abstract: Worldwide, a great deal of research is
currently being conducted concerning the use of
fiber reinforced plastic wraps, laminates and sheets
in the repair and strengthening of reinforced
concrete members. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
application is a very effective way to repair and
strengthen structures that have become structurally
weak over their life span. FRP repair systems
provide an economically viable alternative to
traditional repair systems and materials.
Experimental investigations on the flexural and
shear behavior of RC beams strengthened using
continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)
sheets are carried out. Externally reinforced
concrete beams with epoxy-bonded GFRP sheets
were tested to failure using a symmetrical two point
concentrated static loading system. Two sets of
beams were casted for this experimental test
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The maintenance, rehabilitation and
upgrading of structural members, is perhaps one of the
most crucial problems in civil engineering
applications. Moreover, a large number of structures
constructed in the past using the older design codes in
different parts of the world are structurally unsafe
according to the new design codes. Since replacement
of such deficient elements of structures incurs a huge
amount of public money and time, strengthening has
become the acceptable way of improving their load
program. In SET I three beams weak in flexure were
casted, out of which one is controlled beam and
other two beams were strengthened using
continuous glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)
sheets in flexure. In SET II three beams weak in
shear were casted, out of which one is the
controlled beam and other two beams were
strengthened using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear. The
strengthening of the beams is done with different
amount and configuration of GFRP sheets.
Experimental data on load, deflection and failure
modes of each of the beams were obtained. The
detail procedure and application of GFRP sheets
for strengthening of RC beams is also included. The
effect of number of GFRP layers and its orientation
on ultimate load carrying capacity and failure mode
of the beams are investigated.
carrying capacity and extending their service lives.
Infrastructure decay caused by premature
deterioration of buildings and structures has lead to
the investigation of several processes for repairing or
strengthening purposes. One of the challenges in
strengthening of concrete structures is selection of a
strengthening method that will enhance the strength
and serviceability of the structure while addressing
limitations such as constructability, building
operations, and budget. Structural strengthening may
be required due to many different situations.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
1.2 Strengthening Using FRB Composites
Only a few years ago, the construction market
started to use FRP for structural reinforcement,
generally in combination with other construction
materials such as wood, steel, and concrete. FRPs
exhibit several improved properties, such as high
strength-weight ratio, high stiffness-weight ratio,
flexibility in design, non-corrosiveness, high fatigue
strength, and ease of application. The use of FRP
sheets or plates bonded to concrete beams has been
studied by several researchers. Strengthening with
adhesive bonded fiber reinforced polymers has been
established as an effective method applicable to many
types of concrete structures such as columns, beams,
slabs, and walls. Because the FRP materials are non-
corrosive, non-magnetic, and resistant to various types
of chemicals, they are increasingly being used for
external reinforcement of existing concrete structures.
From the past studies conducted it has been shown
that externally bonded glass fiber-reinforced polymers
(GFRP) can be used to enhance the flexural, shear and
torsional capacity of RC beams. Due to the flexible
nature and ease of handling and application, combined
with high tensile strength-weight ratio and stiffness,
the flexible glass fiber sheets are found to be highly
effective for strengthening of RC beams.
1.3 Present Investigation
The purpose of this research is to investigate the
flexural and shear behavior of reinforced concrete
beams strengthened with varying configuration and
layers of GFRP sheets. More particularly, the effect of
the number of GFRP layers and its orientation on the
strength and ductility of beams are investigated. Two
sets of beams were fabricated and tested up to failure.
In SET I three beams weak in flexure were casted, out
of which one is controlled beam and other two beams
were strengthened using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in flexure. In SET
II three beams weak in shear were casted, out of
which one is the controlled beam and other two beams
were strengthened by using continuous glass fiber
reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheets in shear.
1.4 Objectives Of The Study
 To study the flexural behaviour of reinforced
concrete beams.
 To study the effect of GFRP strengthening
on ultimate load carrying capacity and failure
pattern of reinforced concrete beams.
 To study the shear behaviour of reinforced
concrete beams.
 To study the effect of GFRP strengthening
on the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete
beams.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Materials Used
Cement: Portland slag cement (PSC) - 43 grade
(Kornak Cement) was used for the investigation. It
was tested for its physical properties in accordance
with Indian Standard specifications.
Fine aggregate: The fine aggregate obtained from
river bed of Koel, clear from all sorts of organic
impurities was used in this experimental program. The
fine aggregate was passing through4.75 mm sieve and
had a specific gravity of 2.68. The grading zone of
fine aggregate was zone III as per Indian Standard
specifications.
Coarse aggregate: The coarse aggregates used were
of two grades, non-reactive and available in local
quarry. One grade contained aggregates passing
through 4.75 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm size
sieve. Another grade contained aggregates passing
through 10 mm sieve but retained on 20 mm sieve.
Water: Ordinary tap water used for concrete mix in all
mix.
Reinforcing steel: HYSD bars of 12 mm were used
as main reinforcement. 6 mm mild steel bars were
used for shear reinforcement.
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP):
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
 Flexural Strength Test

III.MIX DESIGN
Table-1 Mix Proportion for M35 concrete.

A concrete mix M35 is designed as per

IS10262-2000 for the conventional concrete. Mix

FINE COARSE
WATE CEMENT AGGREGA AGGREG
R TE ATE

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is a composite

the 191.6by combining
material made 446 Kg two or more
548 Kg
materials to1138.46
give a new combination
material Kg Kg

0.43 1 1.22 2.55

properties, which are dependent on the manufacturing
process and the properties of constituent materials.
Glass fibers are also available as thin sheets, called
mats.
A mat may be made of both long continuous
and short fibers (e.g., discontinuous fibers with a
typical length between 25 and 50 mm), randomly
arranged and kept together by a chemical bond. The
width of such mats is variable between 5 cm and 2 m,
their density being roughly 0.5 kg/m2.
design is given below in table 1
Fig-1 Material mixing
IV. CASTING OF SPECIMEN AND TESTING
For compressive test cube specimen of
150x150x150mm, for split tensile test cylindrical
specimen of 150mm diameter and 300mm height and
for flexural strength beam specimen 100x100x500mm
were casted.

Fibers, since they cannot transmit loads from

one to another, have limited use in engineering
applications. When they are embedded in a matrix
material, to form a composite, the matrix serves to
bind the fibers together, transfer loads to the fibers,
and damage due to handling. The matrix has a strong
Fig-2 Casting and testing of beam
influence on several mechanical properties of the
composite such as transverse modulus and strength,
shear properties, and properties in compression.
Commonly used matrix material is Epoxy resin. V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

B. Methodology A) Compressive Strength of cubes

The cube specimen is 150x150x150 mm size
The test carried out are
were cast . The maximum load at failure reading was
taken and the average compressive strength is
 Compressive Strength of cubes
calculated using the equation.
 Split Tensile Strength Test
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
% more than the controlled beam.
Fig-3 Compressive strength test

Compressive strength (N/mm2) P c = ( P / A )

B) Split Tensile Strength Test

The determination of tensile strength
concrete is necessary to determine the load at which
the concrete member may crack. The crack may be in
tension. The cylinder was placed in compression
testing machine such that the load was perpendicular
to the axis of the cylinder without shock and increase
at a rate of 1.5MPa per minute and the load at which
the cylinder split was noted and the tensile strength is
noted.
C) Flexural Strength Test
Flexural strength of a concrete is a measure
of its ability to resist bending. Prism of size 100mm
width with 100mm depth and length 500 mm were
tested. After 7 days and 28 days of curing of specimen
were taken and allowed to dry and tested. The flexural
strength of specimen is tested in universal testing
machine.
Fig-3 Load Deflection Curve for beam
REFERENCE
1. Kaushal Parikh and C.D.Modhera, "Application
of GFRP on preloaded retrofitted beam for
enhancement in flexural strength, International
Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering",
May-2012, pp 1070-80
2. Jiangfebg dong, Qingyuan wang, and Zhongwei
Guan, "Structural behavior of RC beams with
external flexural and flexural-shear strengthening
by FRP sheets", Composites Part B,2013,
pp 604-612
3. Rudy Djamaluddin, Mufti Amir Sultan, Rita
Irmawati and Hino Shinichi, "Bond
characteristics of GFRP sheets on strengthened
concrete beams duo to flexural loading",
International Journal of Engineering and
Technology, April-2015, Vol. 7, pp 110-114

4. Anumol Raju and Liji Anna Mathew, "Retrofitting

VI. CONCLUSION

In this experimental investigation the flexural

and shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams
strengthened by GFRP sheets are studied. Two sets of
reinforced concrete (RC) beams, in SET I three beams
weak in flexure and in SET II three beams weak in
shear were casted and tested. From the test results and
calculated strength values, the following conclusions
are drawn: Initial flexural cracks appear at a higher
load by strengthening the beam at soffit. The ultimate
load carrying capacity of the strengthen beam F2 is 33
of RC beams using FRP", International Journal
of Engineering Research and Technology,
January-2013, Vol. 2, pp 1-5
5. M.A.A.Saafan, "Shear strengthening of reinforced
concrete beams using GFRP wraps", Acta
Polytechnica, 2010, Vol. 46, pp24-32
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
6. E.Grande, M.Imbimbo and A.Rasulo, - An experimental study", Construction and
"Experimental response of RC beams Building Materials, 2010, Vol. 23, pp 856-864
strengthened in shear by FRP sheets", The Open
Civil Engineering Journal, 2013, pp 127-135 9. A.R.santhakumar , 'Concrete technology', fourth
edition 2000.
7. Tarek H.Almusallam, Yousef A.al-salloum, "Use
of glass FRP as external flexure reinforcement in
RC beams", 2015

8. M. C.Sunderraja, S. Rajamohan, "Strengthening

of RC beams in shear using GFRP inclined strips
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYBRID FIBER REINFORCED WITH
WASTE RUBBER TYRE CONCRETE

M.V.Subha(PG scholar), Mr.S.Ravikumar(Assistant professor ),Dr.B.Thanukumari(HOD)

Department of Civil Engineering
Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram
Anna University Chennai

subhamv995.89@gmail.com1,thanukumari67@gmail.com3

ABSTRACT :With the exponential growth in environmental problem. As such, there is a

number of automobiles in India during recent
years, the demand of tyres as original equipment
and as replacement has also increased. The
quantity of scrap tyres produced in India is not
exactly available but the increasing trend of use
of road transportation will definitely create a
problem of disposal in very near future. The total
number of registered buses, trucks,
cars/jeeps/taxis and two wheelers up to 1997 in
India were 0.5 million, 2.25 million, 4.7 million
and 26 million, respectively. An annual
cumulative growth rate of 8% is expected
(Automan, 1999, Statistical Yearbook, 2000).
Considering the average life of the tyres used in
these vehicles as 10 years after rethreading
twice, the total number of waste disposable tyres
will be in the order of 112 million per year. Some
of the current uses for used tyres in India include
tyre rethreading applications, tyre derived fuel
for making bricks, making belts for running
shafts and making gaskets. This consumes only a
fraction of the total tyres discarded every year.
The previous common practice of use as fuel is
now prohibited by the Indian Government as it
causes serious environmental degradation.
The major significance of this research work is to
ascertain the replacement of the natural stone
aggregate as good quality conventional natural
resources like sand, gravel, aggregates etc are
depleting very fast with the increase in
construction activities in the country and a ban
on new quarries are inevitable due to
growing search for alternative materials.
Keeping in view of the aforesaid reason, a
comprehensive experimental investigation was
carried out to study the properties of fresh
rubberized concrete which in turn provide a
useful guideline for its use in concrete.
.
VI. GENERAL
In recent decades, worldwide growth
of automobile industry and increasing use of car
as the main means of transport have
tremendously boosted tyre production. This has
generated massive stockpiles of used tyres. In the
early 1990s, extensive research projects were
carried out on how to use used tyres in different
applications. Scrap tyre is composed of
ingredients that are no degradable in nature at
ambient conditions. They usually produce
environmental mal-effects. One of the methods
for utilisation of these materials is their use in
concrete and other building products. From the
macro-economic perspective, the following
issues should be compared and evaluated when
considering the application of such materials in
the concrete:
1. Collection, processing and transport costs of
scrap tyres.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
2. Reduction in the environmental costs of land
filling and increase in landfill voids.
3. Saving in the virgin materials used to make
concrete, by substituting tyre rubber.
In this respect, many authorities in European
Union and North America have forbidden the
land filling of scrap tyres in the recent years.
Hence their reuse in the fabrication of other
products has been growing immensely. Rubber
Manufacturer’s Association estimates that about
300 million tyres were generated in the USA in
2005 and the total number of scrap tyres
consumed in end-use markets reached
approximately 260 million tyres. It also estimates
that about 190 million scrap tyres remained in
stockpile at the end of 2005 in the USA. Many
authors have reported the properties of concrete
with used tyre rubbers. Their results indicate that
the size, proportion, and surface texture of rubber
particles affect the strength of used tyre rubber
contained in concrete. Eldin and Senouci
conducted experiments to examine the strength
and toughness properties of rubberised concrete
mixtures. They used two types of tyre rubber,
with different tyre-rubber content. Their results
indicated approximately 85% reduction in
compressive strength, whereas the splitting
tensile strength reduced by about 50% when the
coarse aggregate was fully replaced by chipped
tyre rubber. A smaller reduction in compressive
strength (65%) was observed when sand was
fully replaced by fine crumb rubber. Concrete
containing rubber did not exhibit brittle failure
under compression or splitting tension and had
the ability to absorb a large amount of energy
under compressive and tensile loads. A more in-
depth analysis of their results indicates an
optimized mixture proportion is needed to
optimize the tire-rubber content in the mixture.
VII. LITERATURE REVIEW:
“Strength and durability studies of self
compacting rubberized concrete” by
N.Ganesan, Bharathi raj.J and A.P.
shashikala. They concluded that the strength and
durability characteristics of self compacting
rubberised concrete with and without the addition
of fibres was investigated. The reduction in
compressive strength due to the incorporation of
scrap rubber in SCC could be compensated to
some extent by the addition of steel fibres. All
the evaluated durability characteristics were
found to be within the limits prescribed by the
codes for normal concrete. However, when
compared to SCC, SCRC satisfies all the
durability requirements better than SCC, except
for the sorptivity index. The rubberised concrete
with fibres was seen to have the best resistance
against abrasion. The effect of fibres on the other
durability indices was not significant in the
rubberised concrete specimens.
These results suggest that Self Compacting
Rubberised Concrete may be a useful
cementitious composite with better durability
characteristics than conventional Self
Compacting Concrete.
“Properties of crumb Rubber concrete” by
Kamil E.Kaloush, George V. Way, Han zhu.
They concluded that the unit 946weight of the
CRC mix decreased approximately 6 pcf for
every 50 lbs of crumb rubber added. The
compressive strength decreased as the rubber
content increased. Part of the strength reduction
was contributed to the entrapped air, which
increased as the rubber content increased.
Investigative efforts showed that the strength
reduction could be substantially reduced by
adding a de-airing agent into the mixing truck
just prior to the placement of the concrete. The
high CRC rubber content mix (tennis court) had a
flexural strength almost 50% less than the control
mix. However, the CRC mix had more ductility
and comparable toughness values to the control
mix. As the rubber content increased, the tensile
strength decreased, but the strain at failure also
increased. Higher tensile strain at failure is
indicative of more energy absorbent mixes. The
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
coefficient of thermal expansion test results
indicated that the CRC mixes are more resistant
to thermal changes. In all failure tests, the CRC
specimens stayed intact (did not shatter)
indicating that the rubber particles may be
absorbing forces acting upon it. Such behavior
may be beneficial for a structure that requires
good impact resistance properties. Because of
the long term performance of these mixes are not
known in the field, especially for pavement
sections, the use of such mixes are recommended
in places where high strength of concrete is not
as important (e.g. sidewalks)
“Compressive strength of concrete utilizing
waste tire rubber” by El- Gammal, A; A.K, Abdel-
awad; y. El-sherbini, and A. shalaby. They
oncluded that Concrete casted using chipped rubber as
a full replacement to coarse aggregate shows a
significant reduction in the concrete strength
compared to the control specimen. However,
significant ductility was observed before failure of the
specimens. Concrete casted using chipped rubber as a
full replacement to coarse aggregate shows a
significant reduction in the density of concrete
compared to the control specimens. Concrete casted
using crumb rubber as a full replacement to sand
shows a significant reduction in the concrete strength
compared to the control specimen. However,
significant ductility was observed before failure of the
specimens. Concrete casted using crumb rubber as
a full replacement to sand shows a significant increase
in the concrete strength compared to the concrete
casted using chipped rubber as a replacement to
coarse aggregate. There was no significant increase in
the concrete compressive strength and the concrete
density when different percentage of crumb rubber, as
a replacement to sand, was used in the concrete mix.
It is recommended to test concrete with different
percentage of crumb rubber ranging between (10% up
to 25%) to study its effect on the concrete strength. It
is recommended to test concrete with different
percentage of crumb rubber with silica fume additive
to overcome the significant reduction in concrete
strength resulting from the replacement of sand by
crumb rubber. It is recommended to use rubcrete in
the production of curbs, roads, concrete blocks, and
non bearing concrete wall.
“An experimental study on compressive
strength of concrete containing crumb
rubber” by Mohammad Reza sohrabi &
Mohammad karbalaie. Addition of 2 and 3%
nano silica to rubber-containing specimens
results in the increase of 7- day and 28- day
compressive strength in comparison with those
which only contain crumb rubber. Addition of
rubber to concrete resulted in a more ductile
failure. This behavior indicates that these types
of concretes have higher strength and better
energy adsorption capability.
“Properties of concrete containing scrap tire
rubber- an overview” by Tarun R. Naik and
Rafat siddique. They concluded that the
Reduced compressive strength of concrete due to
the inclusion of rubber aggregates do limit its use
in some structural applications, but it has few
desirable characteristics such as lower density,
higher impact and toughness resistance,
enhanced ductility, and better sound insulation
etc. These properties can be advantageous to
some construction applications. It is also possible
to make relatively high-strength rubber concrete
using magnesium oxychloride cement, which
gives better bonding characteristics to rubber and
significantly improves the performance of
rubcrete. Moreover, adhesion between rubber
particles and other constituents materials can be
improved by giving pre-treating the rubber
aggregates.
“Discarded tyre rubber as concrete aggregate
a possible outlet for used tyres” by m.
Mavroulidou and j. figueiredo. They concluded
that the despite the observed lower values of the
mechanical properties of concrete there is a
potential large market for concrete products in
which inclusion of rubber aggregate would be
feasible. These can also include non primary
structural applications of medium to low strength
requirements, benefiting from other features of
this type of concrete. Even if rubber tyre
aggregate was used at relatively low percentages
in concrete, the amount of waste tyre rubber
could be greatly reduced due to the very large
market for concrete products worldwide.
Therefore the use of discarded tyre rubber
aggregates in concrete shows promise for
developing an additional route for used tyres.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

(bridging action) whereas, the non-metallic fibres

recron’ 3s (polyester) resulted in delaying the
“ Utilization of solid wastes (waste glass and formation of micro-cracks.
rubber particles) as aggregates in concrete”
by Yunping Xi, Yue Li, Zhaohui Xie, and Jae
S. Lee. In order to re-utilize solid wastes, such as
crushed mixed color glass, fly ash and rubber
particles from waste tires, extensive experimental
studies were performed for developing four
different types of new concretes, glascrete, VIII. MATERIAL USED:
ashcrete, rubber modified concrete, and sulfur 1.ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
rubber concrete. The experimental results show
that each of the concretes has some unique The cement is a binding material. It
properties, with potentials to be utilized in conforming to IS: 456-2000-53 grade. It consists
various applications. of grinding the raw materials, mixing them
intimately in certain proportion depending upon
their purity and composition and burning them in
a kiln at a temperature of about 1300 – 1500
“Performance of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced
degree centigrade at which temperature, the
Concrete Under Compression and Flexure”
material Cinter and partially fuses to form
by Dr.A.S.S.Sekar and D.Kesavan. they
modular chapped clinker. The clinker is cooled
concluded that Compressive Strength of hybrid
and ground to a fine powder with addition of 2 to
fibre reinforced concrete (HFRC) increases in
3% of gypsum the product formed by using this
each total fibre volume fraction 0.5% to 2%. but
procedure Portland cement.
in each total fibre volume fraction it gives good
results on 80%-20% combination of steelrecron’ Table 1 property of cement
3s fibre fraction. Flexural Strength of hybrid
fibre reinforced concrete (HFRC) increases in S.NO Property Value
each total fibre volume fraction 0.5% to 2%. but 1 Specific gravity 3.15
in each total fibre volume fraction it gives good 2 Setting time
results on 70%-30% combination of steel- a)Initial setting time 30 min
recron’3s fibre fraction. From the stress-strain b)Final setting time 595 min
curve shows Modulus of elasticity of concrete
(Ec) increases in each total fibre fraction it gives
good results at 70%-30% combination of steel- 2 FINE AGGREGATE:
recron’3s fibre fraction. From the stress-strain
Sands are commonly used as fine
curve results, it is evident that the ductility of
aggregate sand may be either natural or artificial.
fibre reinforced concrete depends primarily on
The fine aggregate fills the voids presenting
the fibres ability to bridge the cracks at high
coarse aggregate and minimizes shrinkage of
levels of strain. Thus, stiffer fibres would provide
concrete. The size of sand particles should be
better crack bridging; this makes the good
between 75 micron to 4.75mm.
performance of steel fibres with recron‘3s
polyester fibre. Deflection Ductility & Energy
Ductility increases in each total fibre fraction and
it gives good results at 80%-20% &70%-30% Table 2 property of fine aggregate
Combination of steelrecron’ 3s fibre fraction.
Addition of hybrid fibres generally Contributed S.No Property Value
towards the energy absorbing mechanism 1 Specific gravity 2.6
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

2 Fineness modulus 4.2 Length : 30mm

3 Water absorption 2%
Diameter : 0.5mm

Aspect ratio : 60
3.COARSE AGGREGATE:

Coarse aggregate is another ingredient

(ii) Commercially available Recron’3s Fibre
used for making of concrete .It increases
crushing strength of the concrete mass. The Recron 3s fibres is Polyester staple fibres having
majorly used coarse aggregate are crushing properties of
stones, gravel, broken bricks etc.The major size
of coarse aggregate used for making of concrete Length : 12mm
is 20mm and 40mm.
Diameter : 0.036mm
Table 3 property of coarse aggregate
Aspect ratio : 33
S.NO property value
1 Specific gravity 2.6
2 Impact value 26.79% Applications
3 Water absorption 9.88%
 Increase strain performance of concrete.

 Increase modulus of elasticity used in bridges

4. TYRE CHIPS
,tunnel linings,industrial

Tyre chips was made by cutting the scrap truck  flooring,machine foundation.
tyres into sizes of 12mm and 16mm and used by
mixing them in proportion of 2:3. The cutting of
tyre was done by hand by labour with chisels &
cutters. The maximum and minimum size of VI MIX DESIGN
chips was 16mm and 12mm respectively. The
Table 6 Mix proportion
specific gravity and water absorption was as
determined in the laboratory was 0.97 and 0.42% WATER CEMENT F.A C.A
respectively
214.24 563.79 553.68 999.87

0.38 1 0.98 1.81

Hybrid fibres

i) Commercially available Dramix Hooked End

Steel Fibre having properties
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Table.1.Compressive strength of rubberized

concrete and Hybrid fiber rubberized
concrete

Mix Compressive
type Strength
Type of Mix (w/c = 0.38) (MPa)

60
Normal Concrete M1 30 35
40
Normal concrete M2
35 46
+1.5%Fiber 20
Rubberised concrete (10% M3
28 33
replacement) 0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
Rubcrete (10%) + 1.5% M4
32 38 7 Day 28 Day
Fiber

Rubberised concrete (20% M5

25 29
replacement)

Rubcrete (20%) + 1.5% M6 FIG.1.Variation of compression test result

28 34
Fiber

Rubberised concrete (30% M7

19 23
replacement)

Rubcrete (30%) + 1.5% M8

24 29
Fiber
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

50
45
40
35
30
25 40
20 35
15 30
10 25
5 20
0 15
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 10
28th DAY 5
0
10% 20% 30%

FIG.2.Comparison of 28th day compression

test RUBCRETE 1.5% HFRC

Fig.3.28th day compression

result
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10% 20% 30%
RUBCRETE 1.5% HFRC

Fig.4. 7th day compression result

National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

with HF the compressive strength

50 almost equal to the normal concrete,
and for 20% the compressive
40 strength reduced 8-10% to the
normal concrete and 30% the
30 compressive strength reduced 15-
20% to the normal concrete Adding
20 the 1.5% of hybrid fiber of 80-20
like steel fiber 6.76kg/m3 and glass
fibre1.70kg/ m3 for 10% CR with
10
HF the compressive strength almost
equal to the normal concrete, and
0 for 20% the compressive strength
NC 1.5% FRC
10% RUBBER20% 30% reduced 8-10% to the normal
concrete and 30% the compressive
NC & FRC RC HFRC
strength reduced 15-20% to the
normal concrete

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH AND

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF
CONCRETE :
Fig.5.comparison of RC&HFRC to
NC&FRC Table.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGH
RESULT
The effect of replacing the percentage of
waste tire rubber instead of the coarse aggregate Type of Mix (w/c = Mix Split tensile
on the concrete compressive strength test results 0.38) type Strength
on follows. (MPa)
Normal Concrete M1 2.46
 It could be seen from the figure that
Normal concrete M2
the compressive strength was 3.25
+1.5%Fiber
increased significantly by
Rubberised concrete M3
comparing to normal concrete with 1.85
(10% replacement)
hybrid fiber along 16% on 7 days
Rubcrete (10%) + M4
and 31% on 28 day 2.66
1.5% Fiber
 Replacement of 10%, 20% & 30% Rubberised concrete M5
1.56
of waste rubber tire instead of (20% replacement)
coarse aggregate the compressive Rubcrete (20%) + M6
2.26
strength reduced nearly 6% , 16% & 1.5% Fiber
35%. Rubberised concrete M7
1.33
(30% replacement)
 Adding the 1.5% of hybrid fiber of Rubcrete (30%) + M8
80-20 like steel fiber 6.76kg/m3 and 2.07
1.5% Fiber
glass fibre1.70kg/ m3 for 10% CR
 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

 It shows M2 fiber reinforced concrete mix

shows the higher split tensile strength and with
the rubcrete concrete M4 mix with 10% tire
aggregate shows the higher split tensile
strength
 Compare to normal concrete M1 to FRC
concrete M2 the split tensile strength increased
4 by 32%
3  In 10% of waste rubber tire aggregate
concrete M3 split tensile strength reduced to
2 25% then adding the hybrid fiber of steel and
1 glass as 80-20 of 1.5% that is the mix of M4
the split tensile strength increased 45%around.
0
There is no more over changes happened in the
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
comparison of M1 and M4. So the reduction
strength is increased by using of hybrid fiber.
Fig.6.Split tensile strength of various
 Compare to M1 concrete M5 STS reduced to
grades
40%then compare to M5 to M6 its STS
increased to 45%.

 By the result between the M1 and M7
the split tensile strength reduced to 46%then
3 adding 1.5% HF the STS increased in the
range of 50%
2.5
2
FLEXURAL STRENGTH RESULT
1.5
1 Table no:3.Flexural strength result
0.5
Split tensile
0 Mix
Strength
10% 20% 30% Type of Mix (w/c = type
(MPa)
0.38)
RC 1.5%HFRC Normal Concrete M1 4.25
Normal concrete M2
5.01
+1.5%Fiber
Fig.7.comparision of RC&HFRC.
Rubberised concrete M3
3.15
(10% replacement)
Rubcrete (10%) + 1.5% M4
3.95
 Cylinders (100diax200mm) were cast to Fiber
determine split tensile strength. The split Rubberised concrete M5
tensile strength at the age of 28days for various 2.66
(20% replacement)
mixes varies from 1.33 to 3.25 MPa. Rubcrete (20%) + 1.5% M6 3.07
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Fiber  Prisms were cast to determine flexural strength.

Rubberised concrete M7 The flexural strength at the age of 28days for
2.18
(30% replacement) various mixes varies from 5.01 to 2.18 MPa.
Rubcrete (30%) + 1.5% M8  It was observed that for mix M2 with 1.5%
2.69
Fiber hybrid fibre shows higher flexural strength, the
maximum 28 days strength of 5.01 MPa.
 The M2 strength is about 17.88 % more at 28
days of curing compared to the control concrete
mix.
6
5  Flexural strength development was reduced by
adding the 10%, 20% and 30% of waste rubber
4
tire respectively 25.88 %, 37.41 %& 48.70 % to
3 the control concrete mix and the reduction of
2 flexure strength is to be increased by adding the
hybrid fiber of 1,5% by, 25.40%, 15.41%, 23.39
1
0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8  The Max. Flexural strength is obtained for M4
with 1.5% of hybrid fiber with 10% of waste
Fig.7.Flexural Strength of various rubber tire aggregate is 3.95 MPa.
mixes
6 VI REFERENCE :
5
4  Biel, T.D. and H. Lee, 1994. 'Use of recycled
3 tire rubbers in concrete.
2 Proceedings of ASCE 3rd Material Engineering
1 Conference Infrastructure
0  Eldin, N.N. and A.B. Senouci, 1993. 'Rubber-
NC 1.5% FRC
10% RUBBER20% 30% tire particles as concrete aggregate.' J. Mater.
NC & FRC Civil. Eng. ASCE, 5: 478-496.
RC  Hernandez-olivares, F., G. Barluenga,
HFRC M. Bollati and B. Witoszek, 2002.
'Statics and dynamic behaviuour of
Fig.8.comparision of RC&HFRC to recycled tyre rubber-filled concrete.'
NC&FRC Cem. Concr. Res., 32: 1587-1596.
 IS: 10262 – 1982, Indian Standard
Recommended Guidelines for Concrete
Mix Design. Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi
 IS: 12269 – 1987, Indian Standard
Specification for 53 Grade Ordinary
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Portland Cement, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi
 IS: 1199 – 1969 (2004), Indian Standard
Methods of Sampling and Analysis of
Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
 IS: 383 – 1970. Indian Standard
Specification for Coarse and Fine
Aggregate from Natural Sources for
Concrete.
 Khatib, Z.K. and F.M. Bayomy, 1999.
'Rubberized Portland cement concrete.'
J. Mater. Civil. Eng. ASCE, 11: 206-
213.
 Khaloo, Ali R., Dehestani, M. and
Rahmatabadi, P. (2008) “Mechanical
properties of concrete containing a high
volume of tire–rubber particles” Waste
Management 28; 2472–2482
 New Materials and Methods of Repair,'
San Diego, CA pp: 351-358.
 Schimizze, R., J. Nelson, S.
Amirkhanian and J. Murden, 1994. 'Use
of waste rubber in light-duty concrete
pavements.' Proceedings of ASCE 3rd
Material Engineering Conference
Infrastructure: New Material and
Methods of Repair, San Diego, CA pp:
367-374.
 Serge, N. and I. Joekes, 2000. 'Use of
tire rubber particles as addition to
cement paste.' Cem. Concr. Res., 30:
1421-1425.
 Segre, N., Joekes, I., 2000. 'Use of tire
rubber particles as addition to cement
paste.' Cement and Concrete Research
30 (9), 1421–1425
 Siddique, R., Naik, T.R., 2004.
'Properties of concrete containing scrap-
tire rubber an overview.' Waste
management 24, 563–569.
 Siddique, R., Khatib, J., Kaur, I., 2008.
'Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A
review.' Waste Management 28, 1835–
1852.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR ON SELF CURING CONCRETE WITH POLYETHYLENE

GLYCOL AND PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE BY LIGHT
WEIGHT AGGREGATE
M.Suseetha1 (PG scholar), Mr.P. Sagaya Arokia Raj2 (Assistant Professor ) ,B.Thanukumari3(HOD)
Department of Civil Engineering
Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram
Anna University Chennai.

suseemanoharan1994@gmail.com1,sagayaraj710@gmail.com2,thanukumari67@gmail.com3

Abstract: Self-curing concrete is one of the
special concretes in mitigating insufficient
curing due to human negligence paucity of
water in arid areas, inaccessibility of
structures in difficult terrains and in areas
where the presence of fluorides in water will
badly affect the characteristic of
concrete.The aim of the investigation is to
evaluate the use of water-soluble
polyethylene glycol as self-curing agent with
partial replacement of conventional fine
aggregate with light weight fine aggregate
and to optimize the quantity of poly ethylene
glycol. Flexural Behaviour of Self-curing
concrete of M30 grade is caste by replacing
optimum % of natural fine aggregate with
lightweight fine aggregate & optimum % of
Polyethylene Glycol by weight of
cement.Optimum % of light weight fine
aggregate will found out by the replacement
of 0% to5% in the step of 10% replacement
with natural fine aggregate. From the
optimum %of light weight aggregate
replacement, Optimum % of polyethylene
glycol -400 will found out by varying the
percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1%,1.5% and 2%
by weight of cement for M30 grade of
concrete.In this study, compressive strength,
split tensile strength, modulus of rupture
and flexural behaviour of self-curing
concrete with varying quantity of
polyethylene glycol is evaluated and
compared with the conventional concrete
specimen.
GENERAL
Curing is the maintaining of a
satisfactory moisture content and
temperature in concrete during its early
stages so that desired properties (of
concrete) may develop. Curing is essential
in the production of concrete that will have
the desired properties. The strength and
durability of concrete will be fully
developed only if it is cured. No action to
this end is required, however, when ambient
conditions of moisture, humidity, and
temperature are sufficiently favorable to
curing. Otherwise, specified curing
measures shall start as soon as required.To
achieve good curing, excessive evaporation
of water from a freshly cast concrete surface
should be prevented. Failure to do this will
lead to the degree of cement hydration being
lowered and the concrete developing
unsatisfactory properties. Curing can be
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
performed in a number of ways to ensure
that an adequate amount of water is
available for cement hydration to occur.
However, it is not always possible to cure
concrete without the need for applying
external curing methods. Most paving
mixtures contain adequate mixing water to
hydrate the cement if the moisture is not
allowed to evaporate. It should be possible
to develop an oil, polymer, or other
compound that would rise to the finished
concrete surface and effectively seal the
surface against evaporation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Norbert Delatte. et al (2007),
investigated bridge deck cracking. In their
work, they discussed about two methods of
internal curing. Internal curing enhanced the
early as well as the ultimate strength of the
concrete. Compressive strengths increased
by up to 20% when fine LWA was used.
Concrete mixtures that did not have the
lightweight fine aggregate cracked in less
time.
Haejin Kim. et al (2008), discussed
about the internal curing in high performance
concrete. High performance concrete (HPC)
required a low water-to-cementitious materials
mass ratio (w/cm).Test results showed a
significant reduction in net autogenous
shrinkage (79% and 70% reduction of the
control at the ages of 1 day and 56 days,
respectively) found with the CCA/LWAS blended
mixture, while the compressive strength
reduction was negligible (6% and 0% reduction
of the control at the ages of 28 days and 56
days, respectively).
Ryan Henkensiefken. et al (2009),
determined that internal curing improves
concrete performance throughout its life.
Prominent examples of field applications
included a railway transit yard in Texas,
Texas state highway, and bridge decks in
Ohio and New York.The increased
hydration and improved ITZ microstructure
provided by internal curing increase strength
while concurrently decreasing transport and
degradation.
Samuel Green. et al (2009),
investigated shear strength and bond
strength of pumice concrete, as well as the
application of saturated fine pumice
aggregate as an internal curing media for
high performance concrete.Shear strength
and bond strength of pumice concrete were
investigated, as well as the application of
saturated fine pumice aggregate as an
internal curing media for both high
performance concrete and ready-mixed full
scale thin concrete slabs with a low water-
cementitious materials ratio.
Joann Browning. et al (2011),
evaluated that the lightweight aggregate as
internal curing agent limited concrete
shrinkage. The effectiveness of prewetted,
vacuum-saturated (PVS) lightweight
aggregate (LWA) as an internal curing agent
to reduce concrete shrinkage was evaluated
for curing periods of 7 and 14 days. Normal
weight aggregate was replaced by LWA at
volume replacement levels ranging from 8.9
to 13.8%. Some mixtures contained a partial
replacement of Portland cement with slag
cement while maintaining the paste content
at approximately 24.1% of concrete volume.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Barrett, T. J. et al (2011), discussed
about reducing the risk of cracking in high
volume fly ash concrete by using internal
curing. In High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA)
Concrete, fine lightweight aggregate (rotary
kiln expanded shale) was used as an internal
curing agent and high-range water-reducing
admixture added at variable dosage by mass
of cement and reported some results of an
ongoing Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA) project dealing with the use of
HVFA in transportation structures.
Geetha, M. (2011), did a
comparitive study of strength and durability
properties of polymeric materials as self-
curing agents. Strength and durability
properties were compared in different grades
of concrete when added with polymeric
materials without any external curing for the
concrete in this study. The grades of
concrete used were M20, M30, and M40.
Igor De La Varga. et al (2012),
investigated the application of internal
curing for mixtures containing high volumes
of fly ash and focused on testing performed
on mixtures that would be consistent with
the mortar portion of a concrete bridge deck
mixture for many state departments of
transportation. In this work, a relatively
large percentage of cement (40%, 60%, or
80% by volume) was replaced with Class C
fly ash. To overcome potential
complications that the low w/cm may cause
in terms of self-desiccation, internal curing
(IC) with prewetted lightweight aggregate
was used to reduce shrinkage and increase
hydration.
Dale P Bentz. (2012), investigated
about the internal curing of high-
performance blended cement mortars.
Internal curing of 3 different high-
performance blended cement mortars was
evaluated with respect to measured
autogenous deformation and compressive
strength developmentIn addition to
providing a substantial reduction in
autogenous shrinkage at early ages, internal
curing also provided a significant increase in
long-term (28 days and beyond)
compressive strength in the three mortars
that was investigated in this study.
Jagannadha Kumar, M. V. et al
(2012), investigated about the strength
characteristics of self-curing concrete.
Shrinkage reducing admixture polyethylene
glycol (PEG 400) was used as an internal
curing agent by varying the percentage of
PEG-400 for M20 and M40 mixes. It was
found that PEG-400 could help in self
curing by giving strength on par with
conventional curing. It was also found that
1% of PEG 400 by weight of cement was
optimum for M20, while 0.5% was optimum
for M40 grade concretes for achieving
maximum strength without compromising
workability.
MATERIALS USED
Cement:
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has
classified OPC in three different grades. The
classification is mainly based on the
compressive strength of cement-sand mortar
cubes of face area 50 cm2 composed of 1
part of cement to 3 parts of standard sand by
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

weight with a water-cement ratio arrived at Coarse Aggregate:

by a specified procedure. The grades are (i)
33 grade (ii) 43 grade (iii) 53 grade. The coarse aggregate for the works
should be river gravel or crushed stone.
Angular shape aggregate of size is 20 mm
and below. The aggregate which passes
through 75 mm sieve and retain on 4.75 mm
are known as coarse aggregate.

Table 1: Properties of Cement Table 3 : Properties of Coarse Aggregate

S. No. Description Test Results
S. No. Description Test Results
1 Fineness 2% 1 Fineness Modulus 3.46
2 Consistency 31.25% Nominal Size of
3 Initial setting time 36 minutes 2 20 mm
Coarse Aggregate
4 Final setting time 390 minutes
3 Specific Gravity 2.695
5 Specific gravity 3.15
4 Water Absorption 0.25%
Fine Aggregate:
5 Bulk Density 1613 kg/m3
Aggregate which passed through 4.75 mm
Water:
IS Sieve and retained on 75 micron (0.075
mm) IS Sieve is termed as fine aggregate. The water should be fit for mixing.
Fine aggregate is added to concrete to assist The water should not have high
workability and to bring uniformity in concentrations of sodium and potassium and
mixture. there is a danger of alkali-aggregate
reaction. Natural waters that are slightly
Table 2: Properties of Fine Aggregate
acidic are harmless, but water containing
organic acids may adversely affect the
S. No. Description Test Results
hardening of concrete.
1 Fineness Modulus 3.18
Lightweight Fine Aggregate:
Sand Conforming
2 II Lightweight fine aggregate used in this
Zone
project was a natural lightweight aggregate,
3 Specific Gravity 2.624
which was obtained from a sandstone quarry
4 Moisture Content 2.40% from Wayanad.

5 Water Absorption 0.80% Table 4 : Properties of Lightweight Fine

Aggregate
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Test weights. One common feature of PEG

S. No. Description
Results appears to be the water-soluble.
1 Fineness Modulus 2.93

2 Sand conforming zone III Table 5 : Specifications of Polyethylene

Glycol-400
3 Bulk Density 934 kg/m3
Polyethylene Glycol-400
4 Water Absorption 12.25%
Molecular weight 400 gm/mol
Polyethylene Glycol:
Appearance Clear liquid
Polyethylene glycol is a condensation
polymers of ethylene oxide and water with Moisture 0.2% max
the general formula H (OCH2CH2)nOH,
where n is the average number of repeating pH 5–7
oxyethylene groups typically from 4 to
about 180. The abbreviation (PEG) is Specific gravity 1.12 - 1.13
termed in combination with a numeric suffix
which indicates the average molecular
RESULT
Table 6: Test Results for M30 Concrete
with Replacement of Fine

Figure1:Variation of Slump Value for M30

Concrete with Replacement of Fine Aggregate
with Lightweight Aggregate from 10% to
50%

Compressive Strength:

Slump Value:
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Figure 2:Variation of Compressive Strength

at 7 and 28 days for M30 Concrete with Figure 4:Variation of Modulus of Rupture at
Replacement of Fine Aggregate with 28 days for M30 Concrete with Replacement
Lightweight Aggregate from 10% to 50% of Fine Aggregate with Lightweight Aggregate
from 10% to 50%

SPLIT-TENSILE STRENGTH
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL

Table 7: Test Results for M30 Concrete with

25% LWA and Variation of Polyethylene
Glycol 400 from 0% to 2%

Figure 3:Variation of Split-Tensile Strength at

28 days for M30 Concrete with Replacement
of Fine Aggregate with Lightweight Aggregate
from 10% to 50%

Modulus of Rupture:

Slump Value:
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Figure 5: Variation of Slump Value for M30

Figure 7: Variation of Split-Tensile Strength
Concrete with 25% LWA and Variation of
at 28 days for M30 Concrete with 25% LWA
Polyethylene Glycol 400 from 0% to 2%
and Variation of Polyethylene Glycol 400
from 0% to 2%

Compressive Strength:

Modulus of Rupture:

Figure 6: Variation of Compressive Strength

at 7 and 28 days for M30 Concrete with 25%
LWA and Variation of Polyethylene Glycol
400 from 0% to 2%

Split-Tensile Strength: Figure 8: Variation of Modulus of Rupture at

28 days for M30 Concrete with 25% LWA
and Variation of Polyethylene Glycol 400
from 0% to 2%

FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR

Table 10: Load Vs Deflection Readings

for M30 Concrete RCC Beam
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

S. No Load (kN) Deflection (mm)

1 0 0

2 10 0.37

3 20 0.75

4 30 0.98

5 40 1.33

6 50 1.56
Figure 9: Load Vs Deflection Curve for M30
7 60 1.88 Concrete with 25% LWA and 1% PEG-400
RCC Beam
8 70 3.47

9 80 5.56

10 90 7.78

11 100 9.57
Table 8: Load Vs Deflection Readings for M30
12 110 11.19
Concrete with 25% LWA and 1% PEG-400 RCC
13 120 12.68 Beam
Deflection
14 125 13.88 S. No Load (kN)
(mm)
1 0 0
2 10 0.14
3 20 0.34
4 30 0.53
5 40 0.78
6 50 1.03
7 60 1.36
8 70 1.78
9 80 3.27
10 90 5.43
11 100 7.48
12 110 9.47
Load Vs Deflection Curve for M30 Concrete 13 120 10.98
RCC Beam
14 125 12.25
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
REFERENCES
Figure 10: Comparison Chart of Load Vs
Deflection Curve for M30 Concrete and M30
Concrete with 25% LWA and 1% PEG-400
RCC Beams
CONCLUSION
From the test results observed, the
following conclusion had been drawn:
 The optimum percentage of lightweight
aggregate for maximum strengths
(compressive, split-tensile and modulus
of rupture) was found to be 25% for M30
grade of concrete.
 As the percentage of lightweight
aggregate increased, the slump value
decreased.
 The optimum dosage of PEG400 with
25% lightweight aggregate for maximum
strengths (compressive, tensile and
modulus of rupture) was found to be 1%
for M30 grade of concrete.
 As percentage of PEG400 increased,
slump increased for M30 grade of
concrete.
 The flexural behaviour of self curing
concrete was same as the conventional
concrete.

Self curing concrete is the answer to
many problems faced due to lack of
proper curing.
1. Barrett T. J., De La Varga I., Schlitter J.
and Weiss W. J. (2011), ‘Reducing the
risk of cracking in high volume fly ash
concrete by using internal curing’,
Construction and Building Materials,
World of Coal Ash Conference.
2. Dale P. Bentz (2007), ‘Internal curing of
high-performance blended cement
mortars’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 104,
No. 4, pp. 408-415.
3. Geetha M. (2006), ‘Comparitive study of
strength and durability properties of
polymeric materials as self curing
agents’, International Journal of
Engineering Science and Technology, Vol.
133, pp. 766-771.
4. Haejin Kim and Dale Bentz (2008),
‘Internal curing with crushed returned
concrete aggregates for high
performance concrete’, NRMCA Concrete
Technology Forum: Focus on Sustainable
Development.
5. Igor De La Varga, Javier Castro, Dale
Bentz and Jason Weiss (2012),
‘Application of internal curing for
mixtures containing high volumes of fly
ash,’ Cement and Concrete Composites,
Vol. 34, pp. 1001-1008.
6. IS 10262: 2009 ‘Indian standard code of
recommended guidelines for concrete
mix design’, Bureau of Indian standards,
New Delhi.
7. IS: 383-1970 ‘Specifications for coarse
and fine aggregates from natural sources
for concrete’, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

8. IS 456: 2000 ‘Indian standard code of Cured Concretes’, Light Weight New
plain and reinforced concrete code of Zealand Construction.
practice’, Bureau of Indian standards,
New Delhi.
9. Jagannadha Kumar, M. V., Srikanth, M.
and Jagannadha Rao, K. (2012), ‘Strength
characteristics of self-curing concrete’,
IJRET, Vol. 1, pp. 51-57.
10. Joann Browning, David Darwin, Diane
Reynolds and Benjamin Pendergrass
(2011), ‘Lightweight aggregate as
internal curing agent to limit concrete
shrinkage’, ACI Materials Journal, Vol.
108, No. 6, pp. 637-644.
11. Norbert Delatte, Eric Mack, and John
Cleary (2007), ‘Evaluation of high
absorptive materials to improve internal
curing of low permeability concrete’,
FHWA/OH.
12. Ryan Henkensiefken, Javier Castro,
Haejin Kim, Dale Bentz, and Jason Weiss
(2009), ‘Internal curing improves
concrete performance throughout its
life’, Concrete Infocus.
13. Samuel Green, Nicholas Brooke and Len
Mcsaveney (2008), ‘Pumice Aggregates
for Structural Lightweight and Internally
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Effect of Open dumping Municipal Solid Waste on Soil and Groundwater Quality

S. P. Rajaveni and R. Iyappan

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, V V College of Engineering,
Tisaiyanvilai – 627657
Email: rajaveni@vvcoe.org and iyappan@vvcoe.org
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Abstract
Solid waste dumping places always pose
severe environmental problems on soil, air, surface
water and groundwater. Municipal Solid Waste
Management has become one of the major
problems. If municipal Solid Waste are not disposed
and managed, it creates air, soil and water
pollution. Health and safety issues also arise from
open dumping of solid waste. This study focus on
degradation of soil and groundwater quality causes
health issue due to solid waste disposal and possible
management methods. In order to study the soil
condition around the dumping site, it is needed to
collect surface soil samples from the open waste
dumping area and away from dumping yard. These
samples were examined and found variation in the
soil composition. On the other hand, groundwater
samples were collected from the nearby bore wells
and open wells. These samples were analyzed the
quality and compare with standards. Soil and
groundwater quality is exceed the allowable limit, it
is necessary to implement solid waste managment
method such as sanitary landfill, incineration,
recovery and recycling, composting and pyrolysis.
Key words: Land fill, solid waste, leachate and solid
waste management
INTRODUCTION
Landfills have been identified as one of the
major threats to groundwater resources (Fatta
et al., 1999; USEPA, 1984;). Waste placed in
landfills or open dumps are subjected to either
groundwater underflow or infiltration from
precipitation. The dumped solid wastes
gradually release its initial interstitial water
and some of its decomposition by-products get
into water moving through the waste deposit.
Such liquid containing innumerable organic
and inorganic compounds is called leachate.
This leachate accumulates at the bottom of the
landfill and percolates through the soil.
Landfill leachate is a heterogeneous
mixture consisting of refractory organic
compounds, inorganic contaminants, heavy
metals, humic, fulvic acids and high
nitrogen concentrations (Wiszniowski et al.
2007). Studies have reported that leachate
percolation contaminates nearby
groundwater resources (Mor et al. 2006,
Pande et al. 2015, Singh et al. 2016).
Leachates high load of organic matter, high
nitrogen content and mass flux of
transported contaminants impact plants
heavily and can enter the food chain
through vegetation around the site (Weng et
al. 2011). The assessment of the potential
impact of leachate should be determined to
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
avoid and prevent both severe and continual
toxicity.
This study focus on degradation of soil and
groundwater quality causes health issue due to
solid waste disposal and possible management
methods. In order to study the soil condition
around the dumping site, it is needed to collect
surface soil samples from the open waste dumping
area and away from dumping yard. These samples
were examined and found variation in the soil
composition. On the other hand, groundwater
samples were collected from the nearby bore wells
and open wells. These samples were analyzed the
quality and compare with standards. Soil and
groundwater quality is exceed the allowable limit, it
is necessary to implement solid waste managment
method such as sanitary landfill, incineration,
recovery and recycling, composting and pyrolysis
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The soil samples have to collect from the
landfill (dumpsite) at the depths 10, 20, and 30
cm, respectively per sampling point were
collected at four different locations at a distance
of 10 m from one another. Soil auger is used to
collect soil samples at different depth. They
were air dried, sieved using a 2 mm mesh, and
stored in sampling bags for analysis. The
following constituents were analysed in the soil
samples taken from the landfill site, the pH,
organic content, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium,
calcium, magnesium, cyanide, copper, lead,
silver and mercury. The soil porosity and other
constituents such as N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, Cn, and
metals such as Cu, Pb, Ag, and Hg were
determined in the laboratory using standard
procedures by AOAC (2000). The values were
compared with the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations values.
The groundwater samples have to collect
from the bore wells and dug wells located within
the distance of 50, 80, and 100 m radially away
from the centre of the landfill were used as the
sampling points for groundwater quality testing
groundwater samples were collected in sterilised
polyethy-lene bottles, stored at the temperature
of 4°C and analysed. The analyses covered
physical, chemical, and bacteriological
parameters of the water samples from each
borehole. The qualitative analyses were carried
out at the laboratories. The physical parameters
tested included: odour, taste, colour, turbidity
and temperature. Chemical parameters analysed
were pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids,
total hardness, total iron, nitrate, nitrite,
chloride, calcium and heavy metals such as
copper, zinc, and lead. All the physio-chemical
parameters are analysed by using standard
methods for the examination of water (APHA
2005).
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION concentrations of metal ions in solution. High

organic matter discovered around the waste
Soil
dump favours increased moisture content, water
Physical and chemical properties of soil at holding capacity, and permeability (Ibitoye
the landfill site are analysed in the laboratory. Then 2001). The frequent addition of easily
the soil classification is carried out to understand decomposable organic residues caused the
the soil type. Soil type are plotted in the USDA synthesis of complex organic compounds that
textural class triangle. Sand content decreases bind soil particles into structural units called
farther away from the dump site indicating the aggregates. These aggregates helped in
reduction in organic matter with the increasing maintaining a loose, open and granular
distance away from the site. The moisture content condition. Water is then able to enter and
within the refuse and dump (centre) was higher as percolate downward through the soil with
this was associated with the increased activity of pollutants (Ibitoye 2001; Shepherd et al. 2002).
organisms and high organic matter (Zhang et al. The organic carbon values decreased with the
2007). Water holding capacity mean values ranged increase of the distance away from the centre of
from 38 to 54%. It decreased with the increase of the dump. The increase of the values of organic
the distance away from the refuse dump. Water carbon within the waste dump may be the result
holding capacity was high as a result of high organic of the waste burning on the landfill
matter within the dump and clay content
distribution. Porosity is determined all the locations
and depths. The mean porosity values decreased Physio-Chemical Parameters on health
with the increase of the distance from the refuse
The presence of chemicals in groundwater
dump. The observed colours of the soil samples
and drinking water is an important factor in
were dark. It was noticed that the soil within the
determining the risk posed by landfills sites.
dump area was darker which was the result of the
However, it does not tell us the effect, if any, the
organic matter decomposition.
consumption of contaminated water has on
pH decreased slightly with the increasing human health. There are studies of negative
distance from the refuse dump. This could be health implications of drinking contaminated
the result of a high exchangeable bases content water resulting in reduced capacity and/or life
around the refuse dump. The major effects of expectancy (Twadddle, 1996).Open dumps
soil acidification on plants included the generate various environmental and health
reduction in nutrients supply, increased hazards. The decomposition of materials
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

produces methane, which can cause fire and Turbidity is the ability of light to pass
explosions and produce strong leachate, which through water is directly proportional to the
pollute surface and groundwater (Oyelola et al., volume of suspended particles within the water
2009). body. The higher the volume of suspended
particles, the cloudier the water becomes.
Dissolved Oxygen is a measure of the
Turbidity is measured using an electronic
amount of oxygen in water. Oxygen is measured in
turbidity meter. The results are reported in
its dissolved form as dissolved oxygen. If more
Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) or by
oxygen is consumed than is produced, dissolved
filtering a water sample and comparing the
oxygen levels decline and some sensitive animals
filter’s colour (how light or dark it is) to a
may move away, weaken (U.S. EPA, 2012). One of
standard turbidity chart. APHA specifies drinking
the adverse effects of pollution of a water body is a
water turbidity shall not exceed 0.5 NTUs, but
decrease in dissolved oxygen. Decrease in dissolved
WHO specifies 5 NTUs (mg/l). Thus, turbidity
oxygen is a positive indicator of water pollution. The
conditions may increase the possibility for
primary reason for depletion of DO is the
waterborne disease. Electrical Conductivity
proliferation of oxygen-demanding aerobic bacteria.
indicates the presence of ion within the water,
The quality of water or wastewater is commonly
usually due to saline water. It is more-or-less a
expressed by an estimate of dissolved oxygen.
function of the concentration of dissolved ions.
Chloride is found in many chemical and other
The electrical conductivity of water estimates
substances in the body. It is an important part of
the total amount of solids dissolved in water-
the salt found in many foods and used in cooking.
TDS. The electrical conductivity of the water
Too much chloride from salted foods can increase
depends on the water temperature; the higher
blood pressure, even in young children (Calabrese &
the temperature, the higher the electrical
Tuthill, 1985) and cause a buildup of fluid in people
conductivity would be. If the conductivity of a
with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, or kidney
stream suddenly increases, it indicates that
disease (www.health.nytimes.com). Although
there is a source of dissolved ions in the vicinity.
excessive intake of drinking-water containing
Conductivity measurements can be used as a
sodium chloride at concentrations above 2.5 g/litre
quick way to locate potential water quality
has been reported to produce hypertension, this
problems. The electrical conductivity of water
effect is believed to be related to the sodium ion
increases by 2-3% for an increase of 1 degree
concentration.
Celsius of water temperature.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

pH is the concentration of hydrogen ion in
the water. The pH value of water denotes the
reciprocal of log of hydrogen ion concentration,
and is determined with the aid of
potentiometer or pH meter. The water will be
acidic if its pH is less than 7, and will be alkaline
if its pH value is more than 7. Pure water has a
pH value of 7. pH has synergistic effects; in
stagnant water, pH is affected by its age and the
chemicals discharged by communities and
industries. Phosphate occurs widely in nature, in
plant, in micro-organisms, in animal waste and
so on. The significance of phosphorus is
principally in regard to the phenomenon of
eutrophication of lakes and, to a lesser extent,
rivers. Phosphorus gaining access to such water
bodies, along with nitrogen as nitrate, promote
the growth of algae and other plants leading to
blooms, littoral slimes, diurnal dissolved oxygen
variation of great magnitude and other related
problems. High phosphate levels in drinking
water may cause digestive problems in humans
and animals.
Calcium is the most important and
abundant in human body and adequate intake is
essential for normal growth and health. There is
some evidence to show that the incidence of
heart disease is reduced in areas served by
public water supply with a high degree of
hardness, the primary constituent of which is
calcium, so that the presence of the element in a
water supply is beneficial to health (U.S. EPA,
2001). Sodium is abundant in rocks and soils. It is
always present in natural water. Nitrates is the
end product of the biochemical oxidation of
a ammonia and nitrogen from organic matter. It is
a measure of the original quantity of organic
matter with which water is associated. The
excessive concentration of nitrate in polluted
water is very dangerous, as it may cause
methemoglobinemia-the blue baby disease in
infants and stomach disorder in adults (Kumar et
al., 2006). Evidence indicates correlation
between nitrate intake and stomach cancer
incidence. Nitrate reduces to nitrite which can
oxidize hemoglobin (Hb) to methaemoglobin
(metHb), thereby inhibiting the transportation of
oxygen around the body (Chapman, 1992; Lee &
Jones-Lee, 1993; Al Sabahi et al., 2009). Water
can be classified on the basis of hardness into
soft (0 – 75mg/l), moderately hard (75 –
150mg/l) and hard (151 – 300mg/l) (Sawyer
1960). Water hardness relates to the amount of
calcium and magnesium compounds present in
water. That is, it has high concentration of Ca2+
and Mg2+ ions, which react with soap to form
scum. If bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium
and magnesium are present, it is called
temporary or carbonate hardness. This can be
largely removed by boiling, or addition of lime.
Heavy metals are elements exist in water in
colloidal, particulate and dissolved phases with
their occurrence in water bodies being either of
natural or anthropogenic origin. They include
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, bismuth,
cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead,
manganese, mercury, strontium, thallium, tin,
titanium, zinc, etc. (Garg, 2009). Some heavy
metals are dangerous to health and environment
(e.g. mercury, cadmium, lead, Chromium). Some
may cause corrosion (e.g. zinc, lead). Some of
these elements are actually necessary for
humans in minute amount(cobalt, copper,
chromium, manganese and nickel) while others
are carcinogenic or toxic, affecting, among
others, the central nervous system (manganese,
mercury, lead, arsenic),the kidneys or
liver(mercury, lead, cadmium, copper) or skin,
bones, or teeth (nickel, cadmium, copper,
chromium) (Zevenhoven and Kilpinen, 2001).
Iron is a lustrous, ductile, malleable, silver-
gray metal. Its presence in human tissue for
extended periods may cause conjunctivitis,
choroditis and retinitis. A common problem for
human is iron deficiency, which may lead to
anemia. A man needs an average daily intake of
7mg of iron and a woman 11mg. Presence of
Iron in water can lead to change of colour of
groundwater (Rowe et al., 1995). Copper is a
reddish metal with a face-centered cubic
crystalline structure Lenntech, 2012. It can be
found in many kinds of food, in drinking water
and in air. Long-term exposure to copper can
cause irritation of the nose, mouth and eyes and
it causes headaches, stomachaches, dizziness,
vomiting and diarrhea. According to the Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease, intentionally
high uptakes of copper may cause liver and
kidney damage even death.
Management Methods
Sanitary Landfill
This is the most popular solid waste disposal
method used today. Garbage is basically spread out in
thin layers, compressed and covered with soil or
plastic foam. Modern landfills are designed in such a
way that the bottom of the landfill is covered with an
impervious liner which is usually made of several
layers of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects the
ground water from being contaminated because of
leaching or percolation. When the landfill is full, it is
covered with layers of sand, clay, top soil and gravel
to prevent seepage of water.
Incineration
This method involves burning of solid wastes at
high temperatures until the wastes are turned into
ashes. Incinerators are made in such a way that they
do not give off extreme amounts of heat when burning
solid wastes. This method of solid waste management
can be done by individuals, municipalities and even
institutions. The good thing about this method is the
fact that it reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or
30% of the original volume.
Recovery and Recycling
Recycling or recovery of resources is the process
of taking useful but discarded items for next use.
Traditionally, these items are processed and cleaned
before they are recycled. The process aims at reducing
energy loss, consumption of new material and
reduction of landfills.
Composting
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Due to lack of adequate space for landfills, waste management is an integral part of
biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose in environmental conservation that should be
a medium designed for the purpose. Only
observed by individuals and companies globally.
biodegradable waste materials are used in composting.
This will keep the environment clean and reduce
Good quality environmentaly friendly manure is
formed from the compost and can be used for health and settlement problems
agricultural purposes.
Pyrolysis
This is method of solid waste management ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
whereby solid wastes are chemically decomposed by heat
without presence of oxygen. This usually occurs under The authors would like to thank the

pressure and at temperatures of up to 430 degrees Celsius. management of V V College of Engineering,

The solid wastes are changed into gasses, solid residue Tisaiyanvilai to give continues motivation and
and small quantities of liquid. support.

CONCLUSION
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recycling, composting and pyrolysis. Proper solid impact on the groundwater quality of the
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greater area. Environ. Geochem. Health 21 (2): Environ Monit Assess 118: 435-456.
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Bhattacharya, B. (2006). Water quality
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(1995). Clayey Barrier Systems for Waste
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14. Sawyer, C.H. (1960). Chemistry for Sanitary
8. Lee, G. F. & Jones-Lee, A. (1993a). Revisions
Engineers. New York: McGraw Hill
of state of MSW landfill regulations: Issues
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in groundwater quality. Journal of
(2012). Dissolved Oxygen and
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9. Lee, G. F. & Jones-Lee, A. (1993b). 16. Shepherd M.A., Harrison R., Webb J. (2002):

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assessment of ground water pollution 18. Singh S, Raju NJ, Gossel W, Wycisk P

near municipal solid waste landfill site. (2016) Assessment of pollution potential
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of leachate from the municipal solid

waste disposal site and its impact on
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India. Arab J Geosci 9: 131.

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

PERFORMANCE OF INTERIOR BEAM COLUMN JOINT UNDER CYCLIC

LOADING

Sreelekshmi.S1 (PG scholar), Mr.N. Nagendran2 (Assistant professor), Dr.B.Thanukumari (HOD)

Department of Civil Engineering

Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram

Anna University Chennai

sudhasreelekshmi@gmail.com1,rishi2nagendran@gmail.com2,thanukumari67@gmail.com3

ABSTRACT congested . This will have a detrimental

effect on the quality of concrete and
will lead to brittle failure of joint .
The performance of the
Also there is limited applicability of
beam column joints is assessed in
the current seismic ductile detailing
terms of their ductility, stiffness,
due to the congestion of the joint as
energy dissipation capacity , mode of
well as the difficulty in providing
failure etc . IS 13920:1993 provides
rectangular hoops in beam column
seismic ductile detailing for reinforced
joint. Due to these drawbacks there is
concrete structures subjected to seismic
a need for new seismic ductile
loads. As per Indian standards seismic
detailing that will improve the seismic
ductile detailing needs to be provided
performance of the joint and will not
for structures of seismic zones III, IV
cause congestion of the joint . The
and V and includes providing
main objective of the present
rectangular hoops in beam column joint.
investigation was to study the
Though the current seismic detailing
performance of interior beam column
ensures good performance of beam
joints with different conventional and
column joints they make the joints
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

newly proposed seismic detailing . performance of beam column joints they

Various new joint detailing involving make the joints congested. This will have
the use of diagonal bars along a detrimental effect on the quality of
columns and beams were studied. concrete and will lead to brittle failure of
joint. Also there is limited applicability of
the current seismic ductile detailing due
IX. GENERAL
to the congestion of the joint as well as
the difficulty in providing rectangular
The performance of the beam
hoops in beam column joint. Due to these
column joint is one of the most important
drawbacks there is a need for new
factors that affect the reinforced concrete
seismic ductile detailing that will
structure subjected to seismic loading.
improve the seismic performance of the
The failure of the reinforced concrete
joint and will not cause congestion of the
structures in the recent earthquakes were
joint.
attributed mainly to the failure of the
beam column joint. Under seismic In the analysis of reinforced

loading the beam column joint is concrete moment resisting frames the

subjected to reversal of stresses and will joints are generally assumed as rigid.

fail if not designed and detailed properly. There have been many catastrophic

A large number of research works have failures reported in the past earthquakes,

been done to study the behaviour of beam which have been attributed to beam-

column joints under seismic loading and column joints (Figure 1.1). The poor

on measures to improve their design practice of beam column joints is

performance. compounded by the high demand

imposed by the adjoining flexural
As per Indian standards seismic
members (beams and columns) in the
ductile detailing needs to be provided for
event of mobilizing their inelastic
structures of seismic zones III, IV and V
capacities to dissipate seismic energy.
and includes providing rectangular hoops
Unsafe design and detailing within the
in beam column joint. Though the current
joint region jeopardizes the entire
seismic detailing ensures good
structure, even if other structural
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
members conform to the
requirements.
The various researches around the
world have provided insight into the
behaviour of beam column joints under
seismic loads. Studies have also been
done on the performance of beam column
joint with nonconventional reinforcement
detailing. Diagonal bars have been found
to considerably improve the seismic
performance of the beam column joint.
X. LITERATURE REVIEW:
Lee et al., (1977) investigated the
behaviour of six beam-column
designed according to ACI-ASCE committee
352. The test variables were the quantity of
transverse reinforcement, magnitude of axial
load on the column and severity of loading.
They have concluded that the cracks were
formed on each specimen in their joint and
beam portion and they were more numerous
and severe in specimen without axial load.
Their results also indicated that there was
slightly higher initial stiffness
design specimen with column axial load and lower
stiffness in specimen without column axial
load. The shear resisting capacity was also
increased by an increase in the transverse
reinforcement.
Kitayama et al., (1987) reported about
the Earthquake resistant design criteria for
reinforced concrete interior beam-column
joints. The authors opined that the ratio of
the column width to the beam bar diameter
must be limited as function of the strength of
beam bars and concrete strength. The authors
also stated that the design shear stress should
be limited to prevent shear compression
failure after the bond deterioration along the
beam reinforcement. A minimum amount of
lateral reinforcement must be placed within a
joint to confine the concrete of the main
strut.
joints
Abrams (1987) conducted tests on eight
small-scale joints, four medium-scale joints
and six large-scale joints. Specimens were
subjected to reversals of lateral force to study
scale correlations for nonlinear hysteresis
properties. He had concluded that stiffness
deterioration was the highest for small-scale
specimens as a result of weaker bond
between model reinforcement and mortar.
in the
One-quarter scale specimens showed force-
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
deflection response similar to those of large-
scale specimens. He recommended that
minimum usable scale for testing of isolated
reinforcement concrete components be a
quarter.
Park (1989) discussed the definition of
ductility defined in seismic design. Methods
for estimating the yield deformation and the
maximum available deformation were
described. A quasi-static procedure for
establishing the available ductility factor of a
sub assemblage by laboratory testing was
recommended.
Kumar et al., (1991) carried out
experimental studies on exterior beam-
column joints. They tested twenty three
specimens simulating typical exterior beam-
column joints subjected to axial compression
and uniaxial bending. The effects of column
axial load, grades of concrete in beam and
column, transverse reinforcement of beam
and column on the performance of joints
were studied. The authors reported that the
efficiency of joints increases with the
increase in axial load on column for the same
grade of concrete in beam and column and
richer grade of concrete in column. However
the trend was reverse when the concrete
grade of beam was richer than that of the
column.
Tsonos et al., (1992) experimentally
investigated the behaviour of exterior beam
column joint with inclined reinforcing bars
under seismic conditions. The authors have
evaluated the specimens with conventional
reinforcement (type s) and crossed inclined
bars with hoop reinforcement (type x)
provided in the joint region. The authors
finally concluded that the type x specimen
showed high strength, least deterioration and
introduces an additional new mechanism of
shear transfer. And it avoids occurrence of
diagonal explosive cleavage failure.
Hwang and Lee (2000) proposed a
method to determine the shear strengths of
exterior beam-column joints for seismic
resistance. The method termed as the
softened strut-and-tie model, is based on the
strut-and-tie concept and derived to satisfy
equilibrium, compatibility and the
constitutive laws of cracked reinforced
concrete. The authors checked the accuracy
of the proposed procedure by comparing
calculated shear strengths with experimental
data reported in previous literature.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
Pampanin et al., (2002) carried out
experiments to investigate the inherent
seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete
beam-column connections designed
gravity load only. Experimental tests on six
2/3 scaled beam-column joints,
structural deficiencies, designed only for
gravity load, were performed
simulated seismic loads. They reported the
significant vulnerability of the joint panel
zone region and the critical role of the
slippage phenomena due to the use of smooth
bars and of inadequate anchorage.
observed a particular “concrete wedge”
brittle failure mechanism, due to
interaction of shear cracking and stress
concentration at the hook anchorage location,
in the exterior beam-column joint specimens.
Kumar et al., (2002) carried out
experimental study to understand the effect
of joint detailing on the seismic performance
of lightly reinforced concrete frames. The
parameters studied were the effect of joint
rotation, column axial load,
reinforcement in the joint and percentage of
longitudinal reinforcement in the beam.
Eight T-shaped beam to column joint
subassemblies designed and detailed as per
IS 13920-1993 were tested under cyclic
loading. They found that use of cross
reinforcement in the joint reduced damage in
the joint but also reduced the ductility and
energy dissipation capacity. The test results
indicated that presence of axial load in
for column and allowing free joint rotation not
only increased the strength and ductility but
with also reduced the damage in the joint region.
Hence they concluded that ductility and
under energy dissipation capacity increased with a
decrease in the percentage of longitudinal
beam reinforcement.
They Murty et al., (2003) reported the
experimental evaluation of effectiveness of
the different details of longitudinal beam bar
anchorage and transverse joint reinforcement
in exterior beam-column joints of moment
resistant frames. Twelve specimens were
tested with four different arrangements for
anchorage of beam longitudinal bars namely
Type P, Type Q, Type R and Type S and
three different arrangements of
reinforcement in joint regions namely Type
1, Type 2 and Type 3. The test results
indicated that among all, the specimens with
cross joint reinforcement Type 2 were the most
effective and that they provided additional
strength to the specimens beyond cracking
and reduce the strength deterioration. The
Type R specimens (with full anchorage of
longitudinal beam bars) provide the best
performance consisting the strength and
ductility of specimens. The authors
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
concluded that of all the joint reinforcement
detailing schemes investigated, the ACI
standard hook with hairclip-type transverse
reinforcement was a preferred combination
because of its ease of construction and
overall effectiveness.
Li et al., (2004) conducted an
experimental investigation to examine the
feasibility of two kinds of new joint detailing
for low to moderate seismic risk regions.
Joints without transverse reinforcement (E
detail) commonly adopted in low to
moderate seismic risk regions have been
proven unsatisfactory for strength and
ductility requirements under seismic
loading, while conventional joints containing
transverse reinforcement (H detail)
commonly adopted in seismic regions cannot
avoid reinforcement congestion. Two kinds
of new joint details, i.e. AD (adding diagonal
steel bars in the joint) and CD (bending some
of the beam longitudinal reinforcement bars
diagonally up and down in the joint) were
proposed to satisfy the limited ductility
requirements for low to moderate seismic
risk regions. The authors concluded that the
detail of Unit AD is suitable for joints in
regions of low to moderate seismicity due to
ease of fabrication compared to Unit H.
Liang and Montesinos (2004)
conducted experimental study on four
reinforced concrete RC column-steel beam
subassemblies under large displacement
reversals and dynamic analyses of RC
column steel systems under various ground
motions. The test specimens were designed
following a strong column-weak beam
philosophy and a deformation-based capacity
design method for the connections. Results
from this research shows that RC column
steel frame systems perform satisfactorily
under seismic excitations. They reported that
test specimens have good strength and
stiffness retention capacity with excellent
energy dissipation up to displacement levels
of approximately 5.0 % drift. The joint
deformation-based capacity design procedure
was effective in controlling damage in the
connected region.
Rajesh Prasad et al., (2005) reported
about the dynamic response of gravity-
designed reinforced concrete connections.
They conducted six tests on full scale
specimens, which were subjected to reverse
cyclic displacements applied at different
speeds varying from slow quasi-static
loading to high-speed dynamic loading as
fast as 20 Hz. The authors concluded that
maximum joint shear failure occurred due to
lack of transverse hoops inside the joint
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
cores. The damage patterns and failures of
the specimens showed a better correlation
with the residual storey shear stiffness than
with the loss of storey shear strength during
the repeated cycles.
Hwang et al., (2005) investigated the
effect of joint hoops on the shear strength of
exterior reinforced concrete beam-column
joints subjected to earthquake-type loading.
Nine exterior reinforced concrete beam-
column sub assemblages were tested under
reverse cyclic loading. All test specimens
were designed to have adequate shear
strength of joints, determined by the softened
strut-and-tie model. The parameters
considered included the amount and detail of
joint hoops. Test results indicated that the
major function of the joint hoop is to carry
shear as a tension tie and to constrain the
width of crack. It was also observed lesser
amount of hoop reinforcement with a wider
spacing could be used without significantly
affecting the performance of joints. Test data
also demonstrated that a beam-column joint
without hoop bars can exhibit satisfactory
seismic behaviour, as long as the joint is
provided with adequate shear strength.
Au et al., (2005) suggested a new
detailing for low to medium seismicity,
which involves the use of additional diagonal
bars in the joint. The authors conducted
cyclic load test on six half scale interior
beam-column subassemblies with different
joint details. The authors reported that the
joints containing the newly proposed detail,
with or without axial load in the column,
exhibit better behaviour at the lower range of
ductility factors in terms of higher load
carrying capacity, greater stiffness and less
strength degradation.
Uma and Meher Prasad (2006) studied
the behaviour of beam-column joint. The
authors presented a review of the theories
associated with the behaviour of joints. The
authors reported that the factor impacting the
bond transfer within the joint appears to be
well related to the level of axial load and the
amount of transverse reinforcements in the
joints. The functional requirement of a joint,
which is the zone of intersection of beams
and columns, is to enable the adjoining
members to develop and sustain their
ultimate capacity. The demand on this finite
size element is always severe especially
under seismic loading. The joints should
have adequate strength and stiffness to resist
the internal forces induced by the framing
members. The high internal forces developed
at plastic hinges cause critical bond
conditions in the longitudinal reinforcing
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
bars passing through the joint and also
impose high shear demand in the joint core.
Asha and Sundararajan (2006)
conducted experiment to study the behaviour
of external beam column joints with detailing
as per IS 13920:1993 under seismic
conditions. The primary variable was the
type of confinement in the joint region
extended from the column. They have used
four types of confinement namely, square
hoops, square spiral, circular hoop and
circular spiral. For strain controlled testing,
screw jack was used to apply displacement
load at beam end. Column ends were fixed to
pivot assembly. The loading programming
consisted of a simple history of reverse
symmetric displacement of increasing
amplitudes. The test specimens were
evaluated in terms of load-displacement
relation, ductility, stiffness, load ratio and
cracking pattern. They reported that exterior
beam-column joint with square spiral in the
joint region was the most effective of all the
specimens tested.
Tsonos (2007) conducted experiments to
study the cyclic load behaviour of reinforced
concrete beam-column joint of modern
structures. They examined the seismic
performance of four one-half exterior beam-
column joints. The four sub assemblages
were designed and constructed in turn,
according to Eurocode 2(E 1 ) and
Eurocode 8(E 2 ), according to ACI
318R.02 (A 1 ) and according to Greek
Earthquake Resistant Code. The sub
assemblages were subjected to cyclic lateral
load histories so as to provide the equivalent
of severe earthquake damage. They reported
that A 1and E 2 beam column joint
performed satisfactorily during the cyclic
loading sequence to failure allowing the
formation of plastic hinges in their adjacent
beams. The joint E1and G1 performed poorly
under reverse cyclic loading. They indicated
that the current design procedures could
sometimes result in severe damage to the
joint, despite the use of a weak girder-strong
column design philosophy.
Bindhu et al. (2008) evaluated the
seismic resistance of exterior beam column
joints with non-conventional reinforcement
detailing. The authors conducted an
experimental study of exterior beam column
joints with two non-conventional
reinforcement arrangements. The transverse
reinforcement of the joint assemblages was
detailed as per IS 13920:1993 and
IS456:2000 respectively. The proposed non-
conventional reinforcement was provided in
the form of diagonal reinforcement on the
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

faces of the joint, as a replacement of stirrups connections under cyclic deformations. Test
in the joint region for the joints designed as results of 20 joint sub assemblages with
per IS 13920 and as additional reinforcement various reinforcement ratios and
for joints designed as per IS 456. These arrangements including X-bars in the joint
newly proposed detailing have the basic area were presented. The X-type, non-
advantage of reducing the reinforcement conventional reinforcement was examined as
congestion at the joint region. The non- the only joint reinforcement and in
conventional joint detailing improved the combination with common stirrups or
ductility and energy absorption capacity of vertical bars. The experimental results
the beam column joint. reported include full loading cycle curves,
energy dissipation values and a
categorization of the observed damage
Jachong and Lafave (2008) prepared an modes. Based on the comparisons between
extensive database of the reinforced concrete the overall hysteretic responses of the tested
beam-column connection test specimens specimens, it was deduced that joints with X-
exhibiting joint failure when subjected to bars exhibited enhanced cyclic performance
reverse cyclic lateral loading. The authors and improved damage mode since a distinct
collected the data of about 341 experimental flexural hinge was developed in the beam–
sub assemblages in total from all over the joint interface. Further, the combination of
world. The authors suggested joint shear crossed inclined bars and stirrups in joint
strength and deformation models indicate area resulted in enhanced hysteretic response
that RC joint shear capacity under reverse and excellent performance capabilities of the
cyclic lateral loading is mainly dependent on specimens. However, in some specimens
concrete compressive strength, beam with X-bars as the only joint shear
reinforcement and joint transverse reinforcement, the deformations of the bent
reinforcement. anchorage of the beam’s bars caused
considerable damages at the back of the joint
area. Discussion for a potential replacement
Chalioris et al., (2008) in their of the joint stirrups with X-type
experimental study investigated the reinforcement in some cases of exterior
effectiveness of crossed inclined bars (X- joints was also included.
bars) as joint shear reinforcement in exterior
reinforced concrete beam–column
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Bindhu et al., (2009) have bending moment of column to beam, the

experimentally investigated the behaviour of plastic hinges are more likely to develop
beam column joint with different detailing in the beam, and the ductility of the joint
subjected to reversal loadings. Through the improves. Additional diagonal bars,
above study, the authors proposed new prevented cracks at the edges of joint
reinforcement detailing patterns at the joint interface between column and beam.
region. The authors developed a theoretical Furthermore, these joints have been
expressions depending on the failure mode proven to behave in a ductile manner as
observed during testing to compute the yield beams undergo plastic hinging earlier
and ultimate strength of the joint. than the columns. The specimens with
additional bars effectively increase the
strength capacity at the joint vicinity as well
Rajaram et al., (2010) presented the as sufficient development of ductility to
experimental study on the behaviour of the frame members under increasing
Interior RC Beam Column Joints subjected lateral loading. The mechanism developed
to cyclic Loading. They cast 1/5th scale in these specimens showed sufficient
interior R.C beam-column joint designed for evidence to suit strong-column weak-beam
seismic load according to IS 1893:2002 and concept. The orientation of additional
IS 13920: 1993. The authors compared their diagonal bars added strength in favour of
experimental results with FEM model members they were oriented to.
analysis in ANSYS.

Yogendra and Khose (2012) observed

Lu et al., (2012) presented the that all current seismic design codes are
philosophy involving the use of additional based on a prescriptive Force-Based Design
diagonal bars within the joint under cyclic approach. In this approach, a linear elastic
loading. In the experimental study, ten analysis is performed and inelastic energy
full-scale interior beam-column specimens dissipation is considered indirectly, through a
was prepared with various additional response reduction factor (or behaviour
reinforcement details. The specimens with factor). Building codes define different
additional bars showed fewer cracks in the ductility classes and specify corresponding
column compared with the ones without response reduction factors based on the
them. With the increase of the ratio of material, configuration, and detailing. Codes
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

also differ significantly in specifying the beam in SS2 can successfully move the
effective stiffness of RC members, plastic hinge away from the column face.
procedures to estimate drift, and allowable
limits on drift. The authors made a
comparative study of different ductility XI. MATERIAL USED:
classes and corresponding response reduction
The conventional ductile beam column
factors, reinforcement detailing provisions
joint specimen satisfying joint detailing
and a case study of seismic performance of a
stipulated in IS 13920:1993 is referred to
ductile RC frame building designed using
four major codes, ASCE7 , EN1998-1 , NZS as specimen S. The joint detailing of

1170.5 and IS 1893 . specimen S consists of closely spaced

rectangular hoops in and around joint
region as shown in Figure 3.2. The
Asha and Sundararajan (2012) studied conventional non ductile beam column
the seismic behaviour of exterior beam- joint specimen which satisfies only the
column joints with square spiral confinement provisions stipulated in IS 456:2000 and
in the joint region along with different
have no seismic detailing practises
reinforcement detailing for anchorage of
stipulated in IS 13920:1993 is referred to
beam bars, confinement in joint and
as specimen O. Figure 3.3 shows the
additional reinforcement in beam and
reinforcement detailing of specimen O.
column. The performance of the specimens
were compared in terms of lateral load-
The newly proposed detailing essentially

displacement hysteresis loop, load ratio, involves the use of diagonal bars in the
percent of initial stiffness versus joint region. The diagonal bars in the
displacement curves, total energy joint region of conventional beam column
dissipation, beam rotation at distances of D joint specimens are replaced by diagonal
and 2D, strain in beam main bars and crack bars. To study the effect of orientation of
pattern. Among all, the specimen with diagonal bars, specimens with diagonal
inclined bars from beam to column (named bars along beam and column are
as SS2) was the most effective considering
considered separately. The specimen with
all the parameters taken for comparison. It is
closely spaced rectangular hoops around
concluded that inclined bars from column to
the joint and with diagonal bars along
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

beam in the joint region is referred to as

specimen SXB. Figure 3.4 shows the
reinforcement detailing of specimen
SXB. The specimen with closely spaced
rectangular hoops around the joint and
with diagonal bars along column in the
joint region is referred to as specimen
SXC. Figure 3.5 shows the reinforcement
detailing of specimen SXC. The
specimen with stirrup spacing around the
joint same as that of specimen O but with
rectangular hoops in the joint panel zone
are replaced by diagonal bars along beam
is referred to as specimen OXB. Figure
3.6 shows the reinforcement detailing of
specimen OXB. The specimen with
stirrup spacing around the joint same as
that of specimen O but with joint stirrup
replaced by diagonal bars along column Fig. 3.1: Test Specimen

is referred to as specimen OXC.

Figure 3.7 shows the reinforcement
detailing of specimen OXC

The details of the conventional and non-

conventional specimens are shown in
Figures 3.1 to 3.7 and Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: Description of specimens

Designation of
Description of specimen
Specimen
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Conventional OMRF Fig. 3.2: Specimen O

O detailed as per IS
456:2000

OMRF with joint hoops

OXB replaced by diagonal bars
along beams

OMRF with joint hoops

OXC replaced by diagonal bars
along columns

Conventional SMRF
S detailed as per IS
13920:1993

SMRF with joint hoops

SXB replaced by diagonal bars
along beam

SMRF with joint hoops Fig. 3.3: Specimen S

SXC replaced by diagonal bars
along column

Fig. 3.4: Specimen OXC

National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Fig. 3.7: Specimen SXB

Fig. 3.6: Specimen SXC

TESTING OF MATERIALS

The materials used for this study

were Portland puzzolana Cement (PPC), fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and reinforcing
steel. The constituent material were tested as
per the methods prescribed by the relevant IS
codes. The following were the preliminary
tests conducted:

1 .Tests on cement

Ordinary Portland cement was used for

the study. Different laboratory tests were
Fig. 3.5: Specimen OXB conducted on cement to determine standard
consistency, initial setting time, final setting
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

time and the compressive strength. The

results obtained are given below

 Consistency – 34%
 Specific gravity – 3.15
 Initial setting time – 136 minutes
 Final setting time – 369 minutes
 Compressive strength
o 3 day - 24.27 MPa
o 7 day - 29.23 MPa
o 28 day - 43.03 MPa
3.3.2 .Tests on fine aggregate

M-Sand passing through 4.75mm sieve

was used as fine aggregate. The physical
properties of M-Sand was tested as per IS Fig. 3.8: Particle size distribution of Fine
2386:1963. Figure 3.8 shows the gradation Aggregate

curve of the M sand used. It conforms to

Zone II as per IS 383:1970. The test results
are given below.

 Fineness modulus – 2.89 3.3.3 .Tests on coarse aggregate

 Specific gravity – 2.458 The size of crushed aggregate used in this

 Grading zone – II (As per IS test was 10 mm and below. Laboratory tests
383:1970) were conducted on coarse aggregates to
determine physical properties as per IS 383
part (III):1970. Figure 3.9 shows the grading
curve of the coarse aggregate. The properties
of coarse aggregate are given below

 Max size of aggregate – 10 mm

 Specific gravity – 2.72
 Fineness modulus – 7.52
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Coarse Aggregate

XII. MIX DESIGN

Mix proportion

WATER CEMENT F.A C.A

198 litre 425 kg 598.9 11127.7

kg kg

Fig. 3.9: Particle size distribution of 0.44 1 1.41 2.65

 National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

XIII. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 12

load (kN)
The test results of all the specimens 8
are presented and compared in terms of load-
4
displacement hysteretic curves, load
displacement envelope, energy dissipation 0
-80 -30 20 70
capacity and cracking patterns. The
-4 Displacement (mm)
observations made during the course of the
test are briefly described in the following -8

sections.
-12

1. HYSTERISIS CURVE

The force-displacement hysteresis Fig. 4.1: Hysteresis loop of specimen O

loops for the specimens are shown in Figure
12
4.1 to Figure 4.6. Hysteretic loops show the Load (kN)
performance of beam column joint under 8

cyclic loading. The area under the curve

4
denotes the potential energy stored in the
structure at the maximum displacement 0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
position. The Hysteresis behaviour of -4 Displacement (mm)
reinforced concrete is characterised by the
-8
rounding and pinching of the loops. The
wider the loops, the larger will be the energy -12
dissipation capacity and better will be the
seismic performance.
Fig. 4.2: Hysteresis loop of specimen S
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

12

Load (kN)
8

0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
-4 Displacement (mm)

-8

-12

Fig. 4.3: Hysteresis loop of specimen OXC

Comparing the hysteresis plots of specimens

with ductile detailing S and without ductile
detailing O, it can be observed that specimen S
has closely spaced hysteresis loops in the initial
cycles. This indicates low stiffness degradation
in the specimen S compared to specimen O.
12
Load (kN)

0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
-4 Displacement (mm)

-8

-12
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

Fig. 4.4: Hysteresis loop of specimen OXB Fig. 4.6: Hysteresis loop of specimen SXB

12 The specimens with diagonal bars [OXB,

Load (kN)
OXC, SXB and SXB] can sustain more load
8 cycles without failure. The specimens with
diagonal bars along column [OXC and SXC]
4
could sustain five load cycles and specimens
with diagonal bars along beam [OXB and SXB]
0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 sustained six load cycles compared to the four
-4Displacement (mm) load cycles sustained by conventional ductile
specimen [O] and non ductile specimen [S].
-8 From the hysteresis curves it can be clearly seen
that the area enclosed by the hysteresis curve of
-12
specimens with diagonal bars are large compared
to the area enclosed by hysteresis curves of
Fig. 4.5: Hysteresis loop of specimen SXC specimens with rectangular hoops inside the
joint.

12
Load (kN)

0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80
Displacement(mm)
-4

-8

-12
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

%
increase
Ultimate in
Specimen Load Ultimate
Designation (kN) load

O 7 -

S 7 0

OXC 10 42.85
Table 4.1: Ultimate load
of tested specimens OXB 12 71.43

SXC 10 42.85

SXB 12 71.43

14
Ultimate Load (kN)

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
O S OXC OXB SXC SXB

Specimen

Fig. 4.7: Ultimate load response of

tested specimens
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

LOAD-DISPLACEMENT ENVELOPE

The maximum loads and displacements obtained in each half cycle were used for
plotting the load displacement envelopes for the tested specimens as shown in Figure 4.8. The
envelope enables the comparison of relative stiffness of the different specimens. It clearly
signifies that the ultimate load carrying capacity as well as the ultimate deflections of the
specimens with diagonal bars are superior compared to that of the regular specimens. The
large area enclosed by the wider load-displacement envelopes of specimens with diagonal
bars showed that their energy dissipation capacity is much greater than that of the regular
specimens.

Load
15 Displacement

Envelope
10
Load(kN)

O
0 S
-65 -50 -35 -20 -5 10 25 40 55
OXC
SXC
-5
OXB
SXB
-10
Displacement (mm)

-15

Fig. 4.8: Load displacement envelope of tested specimens

ENERGY DISSIPATION CAPACITY

The conventional ductile specimen S showed a slight improvement in energy

dissipation capacity of beam column joint when compared to conventional non ductile
specimen O. The improvement in energy dissipation capacity of specimen S was 4.47%.
Improvement in energy dissipation capacity was 83.66% for specimen OXC, 176.25 %
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

for specimen SXC, 211.68 % for specimen OXB and 238.06 % for specimen SXB when
compared to specimen O.

The energy dissipation capacity of the specimens with diagonal bars is much higher
than that of the conventional specimens with out diagonal bars. Specimens OXC and
OXB showed better energy dissipation than specimen O while specimens SXC and SXB
showed better energy dissipation than specimen S. The specimens with diagonal bars
along beam showed better energy dissipation capacity than the specimens with diagonal
bars along column.

DISPLACEMENT DUCTILITY

The term ductility in seismic design used to mean the ability of a structure to
undergo large amplitude cyclic deformations in the inelastic range without a substantial
reduction in strength. The ductile nature of the structure is used to dissipate the energy
induced in the structure during earthquake. The ductility requirement of the structure depends
on the probable amount of seismic energy that might be induced in the structure during its
design life. The ductility of a structure is commonly represented in terms of displacement
ductility ratio. Displacement ductility ratio is taken as the ratio of the ultimate displacement
to yield displacement. Table 4.3 and Figure 4.10 summarises the details of the ductility ratio
of the tested specimens.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

I. CONCLUSION :

The main objective of the present investigation was to study the performance of
interior beam column joints with different conventional and newly proposed seismic
detailing. Various new joint detailing involving the use of diagonal bars along columns and
beams were studied. After testing all the specimens under reverse cyclic loading, the
performance of the specimens were compared based on various parameters like energy
dissipation capacity, cracking pattern, displacement ductility ratio, stiffness degradation,
hysteretic behaviour and ultimate load.

 The specimen with conventional ductile detailing [S] performed better than the
conventional non ductile specimen [O].
 Providing seismic detailing stipulated in IS 13920:1993 increased the ductility
ratio of the beam column joint by 44%.
 The conventional ductile specimen showed 4.47% improvement in energy
dissipation capacity over non ductile specimen O.
 Specimen S showed better crack pattern and less stiffness degradation compared
to specimen O.
 The performance of the conventional specimen without seismic detailing was
found to be inferior to the rest of the specimens.
 Specimen OXC showed 42.85% improvement and specimen OXB showed
71.43% improvement in load carrying capacity compared to conventional non
ductile specimen O.
 Specimen SXC showed 42.85% improvement and specimen SXB showed 71.43%
improvement in load carrying capacity compared to conventional ductile
specimen S.
 Improvement in energy dissipation capacity was 83.66% for specimen OXC,
176.25 % for specimen SXC, 211.68 % for specimen OXB and 238.06 % for
specimen SXB when compared to specimen O.
 Almost same ductility ratio was observed for specimen O and OXC while
specimen OXB showed a 10.25% reduction in ductility ratio compared to O.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

 Specimen SXC and SXB showed ductility ratio of 2.96 and 2.79 respectively
while the conventional ductile specimen S showed a ductility ratio of 3.37.
 Specimen OXC and OXB showed less stiffness degradation compared to
specimen O.

 Stiffness degradation of specimen S was found to be slightly higher than that of

specimen SXC while specimen SXB showed the least stiffness degradation among
all specimens. Specimens having diagonal bars along column compared to
diagonal bars along beam improved the cracking pattern.

 The proposed detailing OXC is suitable as a replacement for conventional non

ductile detailing O and detailing SXC is a suitable as a replacement for
conventional ductile S.
 Specimen SXB is found to be suitable for high seismic zones.
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Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

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National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

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"Experimental Study on behavior of interior RC Beam Column Joints
Subjected to Cyclic Loading" International Journal of Applied Engineering
Research, Vol.1, No.1, pp. 49-59.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

32. Tsonos A.G., Tegos I.G. and Penelis G., (1992), “Seismic resistance of type
2 exterior beam column joints reinforced with inclined bars”, ACI structural
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beam-column subassemblages of modern structures,” ACI Structural journal,
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column joints in moment resisting reinforced concrete frame structures”, Indian
Concrete Journal, Vol.80, No.1, pp.33-42.

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Provisions for Ductile RC Frame Buildings”, 15 th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FLYASH BASED SELF CURED

CONCRETE BY ADDING POLY ETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) AND WOODEN
POWDER

Ramila.A Dr.B.Thanukumari.M.E,Phd.,
M.E .Structural Engineering Student, Head Of The Department,
Department of Civil Engg, CIT. Department of Civil Engg, CIT.
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
ABSTRACT- Concrete is a mixture of
cement, aggregates, water and with or
without suitable admixture. Curing is the
process of maintaining the proper moisture
content to promote optimum cement
hydration immediately after placement and
to attain desirable strength and other
properties. This paper reports an
experimental study carried out to
investigate the usage of Poly Ethylene
Glycol (PEG-400) and wooden powder as
self curing agent. In this study compressive
strength and split tensile strength of flyash
based self curing concrete of cement is
replaced by 30% flyash and adding 2% of
wooden powder in volume of concrete and
varying percentage of (PEG-400) by
cement from (0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%) for
7,14,28 days are analysed, tested and
compared with conventional concrete of
similar mix design. According to IS:
10262-1982, mix design is determined for
concrete of grade M25. In this project it
has been proposed to make 36 concrete
cubes of size 15×15×15cm and concrete
cylinders of diameter 15cm and height
30cm.The cube will be caste with different
percentage of Polyethylene Glycol. After
curing, testing of the cubes at the above
said intervals the strength characteristics of
the concrete will be studied by comparing
with conventional concrete.
Keywords-polyethylene glycol (PEG), Self
curing concrete (SCC), Normal curing
concrete (NCC), Compressive strength,
Split tensile strength.
I.INTRODUCTON
Concrete is a mixture of cement,
aggregates, water and with or without
suitable admixture. Curing is the process of
maintaining the proper moisture content to
promote optimum cement hydration
immediately after placement and to attain
desirable strength and other properties. This
paper reports an experimental study carried
out to investigate the usage of Poly Ethylene
Glycol (PEG-400) and wooden powder as
self curing agent. In this study compressive
strength and split tensile strength of flyash
based self curing concrete of cement is
replaced by 30% flyash and adding 2% of
wooden powder in volume of concrete and
varying percentage of (PEG-400) by cement
from (0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%) for 7,14,28 days
are analysed, tested and compared with
conventional concrete of similar mix design.
According to IS: 10262-1982, mix design is
determined for concrete of grade M25. In
this project it has been proposed to make 36
concrete cubes of size 15×15×15cm and
concrete cylinders of diameter 15cm and
height 30cm.The cube will be caste with
different percentage of Polyethylene
Glycol. After curing, testing of the cubes at
the above said intervals the strength
characteristics of the concrete will be
studied by comparing with conventional
concrete.
BHADKI SAFWAN, AHAMED,
SAYYAD KALEEM (2001) Experimental
Investigation On Internally Cured Concrete .
As water is becoming a scare material day-
by-day, there is as urgent need to do
research work pertaining to saving of water
in making concrete and in constructions.
Curing of concrete is maintaining
satisfactory moisture content in concrete
during is early stages in order to develop the
desired properties. However, good curing is
not always practical in many cases. Curing
of concrete plays a major role in developing
the concrete microstructure and pore
structure and hence improves its durability
and performance. Keeping importance to
this, an attempt has been maase to develop
self-curing concrete by using Polyethylene
Glycol(PEG400). In this experimental
investigation the strength characteristics of
normal strength concrete, cast with the self-
curing agent PEG400) have been studied
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

and compared with the corresponding both mixes M20 and M30, and it is compare
conventionally cured concrete. IS method of with same grade of concrete which is made
mix design was adopted. For the normal by conventional method. It was found that
strength self curing concrete of grade M20. SAP could help in self-curing by giving
For producing self-curing concrete trial strength by giving strength on par with
dosage 1%, 2%and 3% of PEG-400 by conventional curing.
weight of cement was used and tested.
II.OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE
RIYAZ AHAMED PRADEEP KUMAR INVESTIGATION
(2014) investigated the experimental study
on self curing concrete using polyethylene A.Objectives
glycol. Concrete is a mixture of cement,
 To study workability of SCC
aggregate and water with or without suitable
& NCC
admixtures. Curing is the process of
maintaining the proper moisture content to  To study strength
promote optimum cement hydration characteristics of NCC
immediately after placement and to attain  To study strength
desirable strength and other properties. This characteristics of SCC
paper reports an experimental study carried  To compare strength
out to investigate the usage of polyethylene characteristics of NCC &
glycol as self curing agent. In this study SCC
compressive strength and split tensile
B.Scope of the wok
strength of self curing concrete with varying
percentage(1%, 2%, 3%) for 7, 14 & 28 The major challenge in constructon
days are analysed, tested and compared with field nowadays is the lack of availability of
conventional concrete of similar mix design. water; this problem can be reduced to a
According to IS:10262-1982, the mix design greater extent with the introduction of self
is determined for concrete of grade M20. curing concrete. Since SCC controlling the
Compressive and split tensile test results rate and extend of moisture loss from
shows that the optimum strength of self concrete during hydration. The scarcity of
curing concrete attain at 0.5% mixture of water for curing can be compensated with
polyethylene glycol when compared to the use of self-curing concrete and reduce
conventional concrete. the water usage.
ABISHEK SINGH, RAJIV III.EXPERIMENTAL
CHANDAK (2008) investigated the INVESTIGATION
compressive strength study of self-curing
concrete and conventioal concrete. The A. Materials
present study involves the use of 1) Ordinary Portland cement
superabsorbent polymer(SAP) in concrete
which helps in self-curing and helps in Cement is the binding material used in
better hydration. In the present study, The concrete mixtures, it binds the mixture and
effect of superabsorbent polymer on fills the voids in between the fine aggregate.
compressive strength by varying the Portland cement has become the most
percentage of SAP by weight of cement widely used material of its kind. Portland
from 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% were studied for cement is a carefully controlled combination
of lime, slica, alumina and iron oxide. When
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.
mixed with water, Portland cement
undergoes a hydration change in the
chemical composition of the ingredients in
crystals of various complex silicates are
formed, causing the mass to harden and set.
2) Coarse aggregate
The aggregate used in this project
mainly of basalt rock which comes under
normal weight category. The aggregate used
in this project is 20mm.
3) Fine aggregate
Natural sand which is easily available
and low in price was used in this work. It
has cubical or rounded shape with smooth
surface texture. Being cubical rounded
smooth surface texture it gives good
workability.
4) Water
Portable drinking water was used for
mixing and curing whose PH value is 7.
5) Flyash
Fly ash, also known as flue-ashfly
ash. Usually refers to ash produced
during combustion of coal. Fly ash as the
partial replacement for cement in
concrete.
6) Polyethylene Glycol
The common feature of PEG appears to
be water-soluble nature polyethlene glycol is
non-toxic, odorless, neutral lubricating, on-
volatile and non-lubricating and is used in
variety of pharmaceuticals.
7) Wooden Powder
Wooden powder is finely pulverised
wood that has a consistency fairly equal to
sand or sawdust, but can vary considerably,
with particle ranging in size from a fine
powder to roughly the size of a gain of rice.
IV.Methodology of Experiment
Experimental program is carried out
in different stages. First preliminary tests are
conducted in fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and cement. The test includes
particle size distribution of fine aggregate
and coarse aggregate, Specific gravity of
coarse aggregate. With the test data of the
material obtained, the concrete mix for M25
grade is designed using IS 10262:2009,IS
1026-1982, IS 456:2000. Cubes and
cylinders are casted for grade of concrete.
Compressive strength and split tensile tested
are conducted to determine the properties of
normal concrete of M25 grade.
In the second stage of project,
compressive strength and split tensile
strength of flyash based self curing concrete
of cement is replaced by 30% flyash and
adding 2% of wooden powder in volume of
concrete and varying percentage of (PEG-
400) by cement from (0.5%,1%,1.5%,2%)
for 7,14,28 days are analysed, tested and
compared with conventional concrete of
similar mix design.
V. Result & Discussions
A.Compressive strength test results
Table 1 Mix proportion of Normal cement
concrete
Particulars M25
Cement (kg/m3) 304.5
Fly ash (kg/m3) 130.5
Water (liters) 191.61
Fine aggregate 577.49
(kg/m3)
Coarse aggregate 1243.83
(kg/m3)
Water cement ratio 0.44
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGRTH v/s

COMPRESSIVE STRENGRTH % PEG (28 days)
v/s %PEG (7 days) 30

Compressive strength
30 29
Compressive strength

25 28
27
20
26
15 COMPRESSIVE
25
STRENGRTH
10 COMPRESSIVE 24
STRENGRTH 23
5

0
0.00%
0.50%

1.50%

% of PEG
1%

2%

% of PEG
B.Compressive strength comparison
of NCC&SCC

COMPRESSIVE STRENGRTH Table 2 compressive strength

v/s % PEG (14 days) comparison of NCC &SCC
29
G Compressive strength
Compressive strength

28 R
A 7 days 14 days 28 days
D
27 E
Normal PE Normal PE Norm P
concrete G concrete G al E
26 1% 1 concre G
25 COMPRESSIVE % te 1
STRENGRTH %
24 M 13 25.4 25.3 28. 26.5 2
2 5 9
23
5
0.00%
0.50%

1.50%
1%

2%

% of PEG
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

 From the workability tests, it was

Compressive strength comparison
found that self-curing concrete has
Normal concrete V/S PEG 1% (M25)
maximum workability at 1%
35 application of PEG.
30  The optimum dosage of PEG for
25 maximum strength was found to be
1% for M25 grade.
20
normal concrete  Strength of self-curing concrete is on
15 equal with conventional concrete.
PEG 1%
10  Self-curing concrete is an alternative
5 to conventional concrete is desert
region s where scarity of water is a
0
major problems.
7 days 14 days 28 days
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
C.Split tensile strength comparison of
First we would like to thank the almighty
NCC & SCC God for his wonderful presence with us in
selecting this project.We express our
Grade Split Tensile Strength profound gratitude to Er.I.KRISHNA
Normal PEG 1% PILLAI,M.Tech., Chairman of Cape
Institute of Technology for providing this
Concrete grateful opportunity to take up this
M25 3.53 3.83 project.We express our sincere thanks to our
Pro chairman Er.K.V.IYYAPPA
KARTHICK,B.E,MBA.,for having made
available the required facilities for the
Split tensile strength successful completion of this project.We
comparison of normal concrete would like to thank our Principal
V/s PEG 1% (M25) Dr.N.AZHAGESAN,M.Tech,Ph.D., for
3.9
having made available the required facilities
3.85 for the successful completion of the project.
3.8
We express our hearty and sincere
3.75
3.7
thanks to our guide
3.65 Dr.B.THANUKUMARI, M.E,Ph.D., Head
Split tensile of the Department, who extended her
3.6
strength helping hands and effective guidance for
3.55
3.5 completing this project.
3.45
3.4 We also express our hearty thanks to
3.35 all other staff members of Civil Engineering
Normal PEG 1% Department for their support.

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VI.CONCLUSIONS
National conference on “Construction Materials and structures” 23 March 2018,
Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Institute of Technology, Levengipuram.

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