Assignment 9

Name:- ​Harsh Kakadiya (17110065)

Ludwig Prandtl’s boundary layer analysis:

We consider only steady two-dimensional incompressible viscous flow with the x-direction along the
wall and y normal to the wall, We neglect gravity. The complete equations of motion consist of
continuity and the x- & y-momentum relations:

Governing equations:

● Continuity Equation

∂u ∂v ∂w
∂x + ∂y + ∂z =0

● Navier-Stokes Equations

2
ρ DV
Dt = −∇P + ρg + μ∇ V )
X- Direction
∂p ∂2 u ∂2 u ∂2 u
ρ( ∂u
∂t + u ∂u
∂x + v ∂u
∂y + w ∂u
∂z ) = − ∂x + ρ g x + μ ( ∂x2 + ∂y 2 + ∂z 2 )
Y-Direction
∂p ∂2 v ∂2 v ∂2 v
ρ( ∂v
∂t + u ∂v
∂x + v ∂v
∂y + w ∂v
∂z ) = − ∂y + ρ g y + μ ( ∂x 2 + ∂y 2 + ∂z 2 )
Z-Direction
∂p ∂2 w ∂2 w ∂2 w
ρ( ∂w
∂t
+ u ∂w
∂x
+ v ∂w
∂y
+ w ∂w
∂z
) = − ∂z
+ ρ g z + μ ( ∂x2
+ ∂y 2
+ ∂z 2
)

Assumptions
● Steady and Incompressible 2D Flow
● Velocity at the surface of the wall is zero
● Acceleration due to gravity is ignored
● Flow over an infinitesimally thin flat plate
● Constant density( ρ ) and viscosity( μ )

Here, We are solving Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations using above all assumptions, like
for Steady and Incompressible 2D Flow, ​w 0 ​; ∂t∂ 0 ; ∂z∂ 0

∂u ∂v
∂t , ∂t , ∂w
∂t 0 ​(Steady Flow)
 ∂w ∂w ∂w
∂x , ∂y , ∂z 0 ​(2D Flow, w 0)

∂2 w ∂ 2 w ∂ 2 w
∂x2 , ∂y 2 , ∂z 2 0​ (2D Flow, w 0)

∂u ∂v
∂z , ∂z 0​ (2D Flow, w 0)
∂u ∂v ∂w
∂x + ∂y 0​ (continuity equation after​ ∂z =0)

ρg x , ρg y , ρg z 0 ​(Acceleration due to gravity is ignored)

We get,

∂u ∂v
∂x + ∂y =0
2 μ
u ∂u ∂u ∂ u
∂x + v ∂y = ν ∂y 2 ( ​Where, ν= ρ )

∂p
Note that the substitution of the term − 1ρ ∂x in the original boundary layer momentum
dU
equation in terms of the free stream velocity produces U ∞ dx∞ which is equal to zero because
of U(x) = Constant. Hence the governing does not contain any pressure-gradient term.

Now applying boundary condition,

y=0,
u=0 (No-Slip)
v=0 (Incompressible)
y ∞
u = U∞
x=0,
u = U∞
y
Now, we can think of Uu to be normalized by δ(x) (Where δ is a function of x)
∞
y
F’( η )​= Uu and η = δ(x)
∞
Now solving it with continuity equation and Navier-Stoke equations, we get,

F’’’+ Vνδ dδ
dx FF’’=0

V δ dδ
ν dx =​C(Constant) because F is a function of η only.

F’’’+ c FF’’=0
δ (x) = √ Uνx
∞
δ BL 4.91
x = √Rex
U
τ w = 0.332μU √ νx