Introduccion A La Telefonia IP

Consideraciones previas a la
implantación de una solución de

Telefonía IP
Instructor: Alejandro Fernández de la Cueva Pedroche
CCSI: 21221
alejandro.fernandez@avaanza.es
1
Objetivos
• Ofrecer una visión global de una solución integral

de Telefonía IP
A Quien va dirigido:
• Técnicos preventas, técnicos implantadores,
técnicos de Soporte.
Conocimientos previos:
• Básicos de VozIP y conocimientos medios sobre
soluciones TCP/IP
Cisco Icons and Symbols
Network
PC Cloud IP Phone
File Web
Server Server
Phones
Database
Cisco
Web
CallManager
Browser
Switches
Multiswitch
Device
Voice-
Enabled
Router
WAN
Softswitch
Bridge Router
Sources of Information, URL’s
IETF/IRTF/IEEE work on QoS

Integrated Services (intserv)
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/intserv-charter.html
Architecture RFC 1633, controlled load RFC 2211, Guaranteed service RFC 2212
RSVP signaling protocol.
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/rsvp-charter.html
RFC 2205
Differentiated Services (diffserv)
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/diffserv-charter.html
Policy for Admission control (rap)
http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/rap-charter.html
MGCP, rfc 2705

SIP, rfc 2543, rfc 2327
RTP, RTCP, rfc 1889
Diccionario voip
Diccionario voip
Diccionario voip
Diccionario voip
Diccionario voip
Diccionario voip
ANTECEDENTES
13
Separación de Redes
Integración de Redes
INTRODUCCION
DISEÑO
16
INTRODUCCION DISEÑO IP TELEPHONY
Escenarios que nos podemos encontrar
Diseño nuevo, diseño desde cero.

TOP-DOWN
Diseño de telefonia ip sobre red existente.

BOTTOM-UP
Aplicación: Telefonia IP
Se incluye dentro de las aplicaciones llamadas

“Enterprise Applications”
Tipo de diseño: TOP-DOWN
En realidad son varias aplicaciones
Señalización, H225, H245, RAS, SIP, MGCP, SKINNY
RTP
Dichas aplicaciones requieren tratamiento
QoS distinto, distintas colas
Los caminos físicos y lógicos son distintos
Los bandwidth son distintos
Aplicación Telefonía IP, Comparativa
El protocolo IP no esta preparado para transportar Voz
Voz (G729-20ms)
20 bytes
RTP (12 bytes)
UDP (8 bytes)
IP (20 bytes) Voz Voz
Level 2 ?? FR ATM
Level 1 Level 1 Level 1
Aplicación Telefonia IP
Una vez parametrizada la Voz IP, ¿Qué

ocurrirá con los datos.
¿Qué datos son los que tiene el cliente?
¿Cómo clasificarlos?
¿Qué necesidades de QoS necesitan?
¿Qué nivel de criticidad coorporativa tiene?
¿Qué patrón de flujo tienen estos datos?
Esto nos lleva a pensar que el diseño de telefonia

IP es muy complejo
DISEÑO GENERAL DE
REDES IP
21
Flexibilidad de la RED
Description
Functionality Supports the organizational requirements
Scalability Supports constant growth and expansion of
organizational tasks
Availability Provides necessary services reliably anywhere,
anytime
Performance Uses responsiveness, throughput, and utilization as
measures of effective application support
Manageability Provides control, performance monitoring, and fault
detection
Efficiency Provides services with reasonable operational costs
and appropriate capital investment
PDIOO Network Life Cycle
Design Methodology Steps
A design methodology consists of eight steps:

1. Identify the customer requirements.
2. Characterize the existing network.
3. Design the topology and network solutions.
4. Plan the implementation.
5. Build a pilot or prototype network (optional).
6. Document the design.
7. Implement and verify the design.
8. Monitor and optionally redesign.
Identifying Required Information
Planned Applications
Application Application Criticality Comments

Type (critical/important/
unimportant)
E-mail
Groupware
Voice networking
Web browsing
Video on demand
Database
Customer support
Example: Planned Applications
Application Application Criticality Comments

Type (critical/important/
unimportant)
E-mail Lotus Notes Important
Groupware Lotus Notes Critical
Voice networking IP telephony Critical The company is replacing regular

telephony.
Web browsing MS IE, Opera, Unimportant
Netscape
Video on demand IP/TV Critical
Database Oracle Critical All data storages will be based on

Oracle.
Customer support Specific Critical
applications
Example: Planned Intelligent Network
Services
Service Comments
Security Firewall technology to protect internal network;

virus scanning on incoming traffic; intrusion
detection to identify possible outside intrusions
QoS QoS to prioritize important and delay-sensitive
traffic over less important traffic
Network management Centralized network management tools

(HP OpenView with CiscoWorks2000)
High availability Redundant paths with terminated connections on

different network devices
IP multicast IP multicast services to support

videoconferencing, e-learning solutions,
and IP/TV
Example: Organizational Goals
Organizational Goal Gathered Data Comments

(Existing Situation)
Increase Corporation Y, • Better products
competitiveness Corporation Z • Reduce costs
Reduce costs Enter data multiple • Single data entry point

times; time-consuming • Easy-to-learn application
tasks
• Simple data exchange
Improve customer Order tracking; technical • Web-based order tracking
support support • Web-based customer
technical support tools
Add new Telephone and fax • Secure web-based ordering

customer orders; telephone and • Secure web-based
services fax confirmation confirmations
Example: Organizational Constraints
Organizational Gathered Data Comments

Constraint
Budget $650,000 Budget can be extended by
maximum $78,000
Personnel Engineers with CCNA Plans to hire new engineers in

certificates and CCNP the network department
certificates
Policy Prefers single vendor Current equipment—Cisco;

and standardized prefers to stay with it
protocols
Scheduling Plans to introduce new New applications include

applications in the next videoconferencing, groupware,
nine months and IP telephony
Technical Goals
Technical Goals Importance Comments
Performance
Availability
Manageability
Security
Adaptability
Scalability
Total 100
Example: Technical Goals
Technical Goals Importance Comments
Performance 20 Important on the central site, less

important in branch offices
Availability 25 Should be 99.9 percent
Manageability 5
Security 15 Security for critical data transactions is

extremely important
Adaptability 10
Scalability 25 Scalability is critical
Total 100
Example: Technical Constraints
Technical Gathered Comments

Constraints Data
Existing Coaxial Replace the cabling with

equipment cabling twisted-pair and fiber optics
in the backbone
Bandwidth 64-kbps WAN Select another service provider

availability links with additional links to offer
Application IPX-based Make sure new network

compatibility applications equipment supports IPX
Applying a Methodology to Network Design
Characterizing the Existing

Network
Network Audit Information Sources
Example: Network Audit
Network Auditing Tools
• Manual auditing:
– Use monitoring commands on network devices on small
networks
– Use scripting tools to collect information on large
networks
• Use existing management and auditing tools:
– CiscoWorks
– Cisco Secure Scanner
– Third-party tools, such as HP OpenView, Visio Enterprise
Network Tools, NetZoom, IBM Tivoli, WhatsUp Gold,
SNMPc, MRTG, Net Inspector Lite, and so on
• Use other tools to collect relevant information from other
vendor network devices
Steps in Analyzing Network Traffic
Example: Traffic Analysis
Application #8:
• Description: Accounting software
• Protocol: TCP port 5151
• Servers: 2
• Clients: 50
• Scope: Campus
• Importance: High
• Average rate: 50 kbps with 10-second
bursts to 1 Mbps
Requerimientos de las Aplicaciones
Para determinar el grado de importancia de una

aplicación debemos examinar un minimo de 4
paramentros de la aplicación.
Retardo de la aplicación para su funcionamiento.

Jitter máximo que soporta la aplicación.
Cuanto Ancho de Banda necesita la aplicación.
Packet loss permitido de la aplicación.
Requerimientos de la Aplicación.
Aplicación Retardo Jitter max Ancho de Packet Tipo de Aplicación,

max ms Banda Loss (critica, important ...
Voice
Video
Oracle
SAP
Web
FTP
Aplicación
especifica
Requerimientos de la Aplicación.
Aplicación Retardo Jitter max Ancho de Packet Tipo de Aplicación,

max ms Banda Loss (critica, important ...
Voice 150 ms 30 ms 26 kbps 1% critical
Video
Oracle
SAP
Web
FTP
Aplicación
especifica
Describing an Existing Network
Applying a Methodology to Network Design
Completing the Network

Design
Top-Down Design Practices
Start your design here.
Design down the OSI model.
Top-Down and Bottom-Up
Approach Comparison
Top-Down Approach Bottom-Up Approach
Benefits • Incorporates • Allows a quick response to

organizational a design request
requirements • Facilitates design based on
• Gives the big picture to previous experience
organization and
designer
Disadvantages • Is more time-consuming • Implements little or no

than bottom-up notion of actual
approach organizational
requirements
• May result in inappropriate
network design
Example: Top-Down Voice Design
Creating a Network Decision Table
• Decide which network building block requires

decisions.
• Gather possible options for a given situation.
• Create a table that includes possible options and
given requirements.
• Match given requirements with specific properties
of given options.
• Select the option with most matches as the most
appropriate one.
Example: Selecting a Routing Protocol
Options OSPF IS-IS IGRP EIGRP RIPv2 Required

Network
Parameters Parameters
Size of Network Large Very Medium Large Medium Large
(Small-Medium- Large
Large-Very Large)
Speed of High High Low Very Medium High
Convergence High
(Very High-High-
Low)
Use of VLSM Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes
(Yes-No)
Mixed Vendor Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
Devices
(Yes-No)
Network Support Good Poor Good Good Good Good
Staff Knowledge
(Good-Poor)
Assessing the Scope of the Network Design
Process
Scope of Design Comments
Entire network All branch office LANs upgraded

to support Fast Ethernet
technology
Campus Redundant equipment and links
WAN Solutions to overcome

bottlenecks
Example: Assessing the Scope of the
Network Design Process
• Application—Designing voice
transport
• Network—Designing routing,
addressing
• Physical, data link—Choosing
connection type
Structured Design Principles
Network Design Tools
Example: Planning Design Implementation
Date Description Design Doc. Complete

Time Section
Phase 1 22/04/2005 Install hardware Section 6.2.1
Step 1 Connect switches Section 6.2.1.1
Step 1 Install routers Section 6.2.1.2
Step 1 Complete cabling Section 6.2.1.3
Step 1 Verify data link layer Section 6.2.1.4
Phase 2 Configure hardware Section 6.2.2
Step 1 25/04/2005 Configure VLANs Section 6.2.2.1
Step 2 Configure IP addressing Section 6.2.2.2
Step 3 Configure routing Section 6.2.2.3
Phase 2 26/04/2005 Launch into production Section 6.2.3
Step 1 Complete connections Section 6.2.3.1
… …
Detailed Structure of a Design Document
Structuring and Modularizing the
Network
Designing the Network

Hierarchy
Layers in the Hierarchical Model
Example: Hierarchical Network
Access Layer
• Concentration point at which clients access the

network
• Layer 2 switching in the access layer:
– Defines a single broadcast domain
– Explicitly allows communication between VLANs
• Multilayer switching in the access layer:
– Optimally satisfies the needs of a particular user
through routing, filtering, authentication, security, or
quality of service
– Controls WAN costs using dial-on-demand routing
(DDR) and static routing
Distribution Layer
Provides multilayer switching between access and core

layers:
• Provides media transitions
• Aggregates bandwidth by concentrating multiple low-speed access
links into a high-speed core link
• Determines department or workgroup access
• Provides redundant connections for access devices
Implements policy-based decisions:
• Filtering by source or destination address
• Filtering on input or output ports
• Hiding internal network numbers by route filtering
• Static routing
• Security
• Quality of service mechanisms
Core Layer
The function of the core layer is to provide

fast and efficent data transport that:
• Forms a high-speed backbone with fast transport
services
• Provides redundancy and fault tolerance
• Offers good manageability
• Avoids slow packet manipulation caused by filters
or other processes
Functional Areas of the Enterprise
Composite Network Model
Enterprise Composite Network Model
Functional Details
Enterprise Campus Functional Area
Campus Infrastructure Module
Campus Infrastructure: Building Block
Campus Infrastructure: Campus Backbone
Network Management Module
Server Farm Module
Edge Distribution Module
Network Solution in the Enterprise Campus
Enterprise Campus Network
Design Models
Designing Enterprise Campus

requires consideration of:
• Application traffic
• Multicast traffic
• QoS (delay-sensitive traffic)
Campus models
concentrate on:
• Building Access and Building
Distribution
• Campus Backbone
• Server Farm
• Edge Distribution
Relative Considerations for the Campus
Design
Campus Infrastructure
Building Building Campus Server Edge

Access Distribution Backbone Farm Distribution
Technology Shared Data Link Data Link Data Link Multilayer Multilayer
Layer Layer/ Layer/ Switched Switched
Switched Multilayer Multilayer
Switched Switched
Scalability High High Medium Low Medium Low
High Low Medium Medium High High Medium
Availability
Performance Low Low Medium High High Medium
Cost/Port Low Low Medium High High Medium
Feature and Capability Considerations for
the Campus Design
Campus Infrastructure
Building Building Campus Server Edge

Access Distribution Backbone Farm Distribution
Technology Shared Data Link Data Link Data Link Multilayer Multilayer
Layer Layer/ Layer/ Switched Switched
Switched Multilayer Multilayer
Switched Switched
Traffic Passing Local/ Passing Passing Local/ Passing
Passing Passing
Multicast Limited Limited/ Limited/ Limited/ Limited/
Fully Fully Fully Fully
Supported Supported Supported Supported
QoS Queuing/marking per port
Marking per application
Campus Network Traffic Patterns
• Network traffic represents the organizational application

traffic flows.
• Network traffic patterns have changed through the years
in these ways:
– Traditional networks:
• Traditional networks employ the 80/20 rule.
• Servers are located in the workgroup.
• Most of the traffic is local.
– Modern networks:
• Modern networks employ the 20/80 rule.
• Servers are located in a “distant” server farm.
• Most of the traffic is remote.
Example: Network Traffic Patterns
Patron de Flujos
CCM
1%
4%
38%
30%
22%
5%
62%
Multicast Traffic in the Campus Network
• IP multicast delivers a traffic

stream to multiple destinations.
• Considerations on LAN switches:
– Data link layer switches
“flood” a multicast frame
to every port.
– Static entries specify which
ports should receive the
multicast traffic.
Relative Network Requirements by
Application Type
Peer-Peer Client- Client- Client-

Distributed Server Farm Enterprise
Servers Edge Servers
Connectivity Shared Switched Switched Switched Switched
Type
Total Required Low Medium Medium High Medium

Throughput
High Low Low Medium High High

Availability
Total Network Low Low Medium High Medium

Costs
Example: Client-Server Farm Applications
Typical applications:
• Mail servers
• File servers
• Database servers
Access to applications:
• Fast
• Reliable
• Controlled (security)
Example: Client-Distributed
Server Applications
• Servers are located

close to clients.
• Servers and clients
are in the same LAN.
• Request to servers
from nonlocal LANs
is rare.
Example: Peer-Peer Applications
• Instant messaging
• File sharing
• Videoconference
systems
Example: Client-Enterprise Edge
Applications
Typical applications:
• Internet applications
– Mail servers
– Web servers
– Public Internet servers
• E-commerce
applications
Voice Transport
• Two implementations:
– Voice over IP: Transports voice packets over the
IP network using voice-enabled routers
– IP telephony: Implements voice in the network
using Cisco CallManagers and IP Phones
• Both implementations require properly designed
networks.
• All modules of the enterprise network are involved
in the voice network solution.
Tráfico de voz sobre ip
Al menos debemos de pensar que hay dos

tipos de tráfico:
Señalización por un lado.
Trafico de importancia media.
Caminos distintos.
Varios tipos de aplicaciones, UDP y TCP.
Trafico de voz sobre ip.
Trafico de importancia critica.
Caminos distintos.
Ancho de banda fijo (variable con VAD).
IP Telephony Components
Modular Approach in Voice Network Design
Example: Voice Network Solution
Evaluating the Existing Data Infrastructure
for Voice Design
Document and evaluate the existing data

infrastructure in each enterprise network
module in terms of:
• New voice performance requirements
• Availability requirements
• Feature requirements
• Potential network capacity or impact
Diseño de Voz sobre IP (voz
tradicional)
ESCENARIOS
99
OBTENCION DE VOZ
TRADICIONAL
S1 PPP
VOZ
S0
IP
PPP
Señalización Tradicional
Señalización Analógica.
Señalización Digital.
Señalización IP
Señalización End-to-End
Señalización dependiente de un 3º.
Diseño de Voz sobre IP (voz tradicional)
FXS
FXS
VOZ
ESCENARIO 2
FXS
FXO FXS
FXS
FXO FXS
FXS VOZ
CENTRALITA
FXS FXO FXO
PSTN
ESCENARIO 3
FXS
FXO FXS
FXS
FXO FXS
FXS VOZ
CENTRALITA FXO FXO
FXS
PSTN
ESCENARIO 4
FXS
FXS FXO
FXS
FXS FXO
FXS VOZ
CENTRALITA FXO FXO
FXS
PSTN
Señalización Analógica
Se entiende que existe una señalización Electrica y

una Lógica
SEÑALIZACIÓN SEÑALIZACIÓN
ELECTRICA LÓGICA
Loop-start
FXS
Ground-start
Loop-start
FXO
Ground-start
ESCENARIO 5
FXS
E&M E&M
FXS
E&M E&M
FXS VOZ
CENTRALITA FXO FXO
FXS
PSTN
Señalización Analogica E&M
Se entiende que existe

una señalización
Electrica y una Lógica
SEÑALIZACIÓN SEÑALIZACIÓN Nº hilos

ELECTRICA LÓGICA para voz
Tipo 1
Tipo 2 Wink-start 2-hilos
Tipo 3 Delay-dial O
Tipo 4 Inmediate-start 4-hilos
Tipo 5
ESCENARIO 6
IP
FXS
FXS E1 E1
FXS SEÑALIZACIÓN CAS VOZ
CENTRALITA E1 E1
FXS
PSTN
ESCENARIO 7
FXS
FXS E1 E1
FXS SEÑALIZACIÓN CCS VOZ
CENTRALITA QSIG FXO FXO
FXS
PSTN
ESCENARIO 8
S1 PPP
S0
VOZ VOZ
S0 S1
PPP PPP
S1 S0
S0 PPP
S1
VOZ VOZ
Señalización en VOIP
Señalización End-to-End
H323
H323/SIP
SIP
S1 PPP S0
VOZ VO
S0 S1
Z
Señalización dependiente de un Tercero

CCM
MGCP
MGCP
SKINNY
SKINNY
Clasificación de Tráfico en Telefonía IP
Señalización en IP Telephony
H323 H225 H245 ras
H225 (TCP, 1720) TCP UDP

IP
H245 (TCP, 11000 al 11999)
Level 2
RAS (UDP, 1718 y 1719)
Level 1
SIP
UDP/TCP (5060) SIP
TCP UDP
IP
Level 2
Level 1
Señalización en IP Telephony
Señalización dependiente de un
tercero SCCP
Señalización propietaria TCP
CISCO, SKINNY cliente IP
control protocol, SCCP, Level 2
utiliza puerto 2000 de TCP.
Level 1
MGCP, Media Gateway
Control Protocol. Utiliza el
protocolo UDP 2427 y TCP
2428 MGCP
TCP UDP
IP
Level 2
Level 1
Clasificación tráfico VOIP
Protocolo RTP, real time protocol

Puertos UDP, 16384-32367 y 49152-65535
Protocolo RTCP, real time control protocol
Puertos de RTP+1
Voz (20ms)
RTP (12 bytes) RTCP
UDP (8 bytes) UDP
IP (20 bytes) IP
Level 2 ?? Level 2
Level 1 Level 1
DSP’s
TRADICIONAL
S1 PPP
VOZ
S0
IP
PPP
DSP’s
procesador de
señal digital
Digital signal processor, DSP
TI 542
1 conversacion de alta complejidad
2 conversaciones de media complejidad
TI 549
2 conversaciones de alta complejidad
4 conversaciones de media complejidad
TI C5510
TI C5421
Tipos de DSP’s
Funciones DSP’s
Decodifica digitos marcados

Dispara la señalización
Elimina ruidos
Activa y desactiva el VAD
Introduce confort noise y sonido de test
Elimina ecos
Realiza la compresion de la voz
Diagrama de bloques
? kbps IP
G711 ulaw /PCM
1101010
A/D DSP’s VOZ
64 kbps
Signaling
Tipos de compresion
• ADPCM
– Wave form coding scheme
– Adaptive: automatic companding
– Differential: encode changes between
samples only
• ITU standards:
– G.721 rate: 32 kbps = (2 x 4 kHz) x 4 bits/sample
Tipos de compresión
• CELP
– Hybrid coding scheme
• High-quality voice at low bit rates, processor
intensive, use of DSPs
• G.728: LD CELP—16 kbps
• G.729: CS-ACELP—8 kbps
– G.729a variant—8 kbps, less processor intensive,
allows two voice channels encoded per DSP
Comparativa compresores, G729 / G729a
• Both are ITU standards

• Both are 8 kbps CS-ACELP
• G.729 more complex and processor intensive
• G.729 higher quality than G.729a
• Compression delay the same (10-20 ms)
Tipos de codecs
• PCM: pulse code modulation

• G711
• 8000muestras/seg
• 8 bits cuantificación
• Rate = 8000 x 8 = 64 Kbps
Tipos de Codecs
• APCM: adaptative pulse code

modulation
• G726
• 8000muestras/seg
• Rate = 8000 x 4 = 32 Kbps
• Rate = 8000 x 2 = 16 kbps
Tipos de Codecs
• LD-CELP: predicción lineal con

excitación por codigo bajo retardo
• G728
• Rate = 16 Kbps
• CS-ACELP: predicción lineal con

excitación por codigo algebraico
• G729 ó G729a
• Rate =8 Kbps
Tipos de Codecs
• MP-MLQ:
• G723.1
• Rate = 6.3 Kbps
• ACELP
• G723.1
• Rate = 5.3 Kbps
Alta o media complejidad
Medium Complexity (4 calls / dsp) High Complexity ( 2 calls / dsp)
G.711 (a-law and m -law) G.728
G.726 (all versions) G.723 (all versions)
G.729a, G.729ab (G.729a AnnexB) G.729, G.729b (G.729-AnnexB)
Bandwidth sin cabeceras ip
Standard Bit Rate (Kbps)

G.711, PCM 64
G.726, G.727, ADPCM 16,24,32,40
G.728, LD CELP 16
G.729, CS-ACELP 8
G.729a, CS-ACELP 8
Bandwidht con cabeceras
VOZ 20ms ? Bytes, g729 = 20 bytes

RTP 12 bytes
UDP 8 bytes
IP 20 bytes
Level 2 ? bytes
Level 1
20 bytes 8 kbps
20 + 20 + 12 + 8 + L2 bytes X kbps
Tabla de decisión según Bandwidth
Codec Information Bandwidth Calculations
Bandwi
Codec Codec
Codec & Mean Voice dth MP Bandwidth
Sample Sample Voice Payload Packets Per Bandwidth
Bit Rate Opinion Payload or w/cRTP MP or
Size Interval Size (Bytes) Second (PPS) Ethernet (Kbps)
(Kbps) Score (MOS) Size (ms) FRF.12 FRF.12 (Kbps)
(Bytes) (ms)
(Kbps)
G.711 (64 82.8
80 Bytes 10 ms 4.1 160 Bytes 20 ms 50 67.6 Kbps 87.2 Kbps
Kbps) Kbps
G.729 (8 26.8
Kbps) Kbps
G.723.1 18.9
(6.3 Kbps) Kbps
G.723.1 17.9
(5.3 Kbps) Kbps
G.726 (32 50.8
Kbps) Kbps
G.726 (24 42.8

15 Bytes 5 ms 60 Bytes 20 ms 50 27.6 Kbps 47.2 Kbps
Kbps) Kbps
G.728 (16 28.5

Kbps) Kbps
Retardo Fijo por procesamiento, CODEC
Compression Compression
Bit Rate (kbps) MOS Score
Method Delay (ms)
G.711 PCM 64 4.1 0.75
G.726 ADPCM 32 3.85 1
G.728 LD-CELP 16 3.61 3 to 5
G.729 CS-ACELP 8 3.92 10
G.729 x 2 Encodings 8 3.27 10
G.729 x 3 Encodings 8 2.68 10
G.729a CS-ACELP 8 3.7 10
G.723.1 MP-MLQ 6.3 3.9 30
G.723.1 ACELP 5.3 3.65 30
Comparativa Compresores
Media Opination Score, MOS
11 22 33 44 55
Rating Speech Quality Level of Distortion

5 Excellent Imperceptible
11 22 33 44 55
4 Good Just perceptible but not annoying
3 Fair Perceptible and slightly annoying
2 Poor Annoying but not objectionable
1 Unsatisfactory Very annoying and objectionable
MOS of 4.0 = Toll Quality

Tabla de decision, delay, BW, MOS, etc
Mean
Compress Bit Rate Compress Framing Opinion
Codec Technique (Kbps) MIPS Delay Size Score
G.711 PCM 64 0.34 0.75 0.125 4.1
G.726 ADPCM 32 13 1 0.125 3.85
G.728 LD CELP 16 33 3-5 0.625 3.61
G.729 CS-ACELP 8 20 10 10 3.92
G.729a CS-ACELP 8 10.5 10 10 3.9
G.723.1 MPMLQ 6.3 16 30 30 3.9
G.723.1 ACELP 5.3 16 30 30 3.8
Problemas con los ecos
Reducir el problema de los ecos
Six-Step Design Process
137
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be
able to:
• Perform a network audit.
• Set network objectives.
• Review technologies and services.
• Evaluate technical guidelines.
• Perform capacity planning.
• Analyze financial factors.
Step 1:
Current Network Audit
• Evaluate the currently network.

• Evaluate the abilities of the IT staff.
• Identify upcoming projects, and determine their
impact on the network.
• If necessary, conduct a traffic study to look at
current traffic patterns.
Step 2:
Set Network Objectives
• Determine the dominant traffic type to carry on

the integrated network.
• Set voice quality objectives.
• Consider the expected level of performance from
the integrated network.
• Ask what return on investment or payback period
you are trying to meet.
Step 3: Review Technologies
and Services
• Voice over Frame Relay

• Voice over ATM
• Voice over IP
Step 4:
Consider Technical Guidelines
• Review the factors that impact voice quality.

• Consider the following components:
– Voice quality, delay, and bandwidth balance
– Acceptable delay and delay variation thresholds
– Delay for the chosen model
– Tandem (or multiple) conversions
Voice Compression Types
Codec Type of Coding Data

Type Algorithm Rate Key Features
G.711 Pulse Code 64 Kbps • Supports highest quality voice possible
Modulation (PCM) • Provides no compression
• Provides no bandwidth savings
G.726 Adaptive Differential 32, 24, or • Offers 25 percent cost savings at 32 Kbps over PCM
Pulse Code 16 Kbps • Offers 30 percent cost savings at 24 Kbps over PCM
Modulation (ADPCM) • Offers 35 percent cost savings at 16 Kbps over PCM
• Some fidelity is lost as the compression increases
G.728 Low-Delay 16 Kbps • Models the human voice

CodeExcited Linear- • Offers 35 percent cost savings over PCM
Predictive (LDCELP)
G.729 Conjugate Structure 8 Kbps • Models the human voice

Algebraic Code • Provides eight times the bandwidth savings over PCM
Excited Linear and four times that of 32-Kbps ADPCM
Predictive (CS-ACELP) • Delivers quality comparable to LD CELP and 24-Kbps
ADPCM
• Offers 40 percent cost savings over PCM
Voice Quality Guidelines
MOS Values
Score Quality Description of Impairment
5 Excellent Imperceptible
4 Good Just perceptible, not annoying
3 Fair Perceptible and slightly annoying
2 Poor Annoying but not objectionable
1 Bad Very annoying and objectionable
Voice Quality Measurements

Mean Opinion
Codec Type Score Delay (ms)
G.711 4.1 0.75
G.726 3.85 1
G.728 3.61 3-5
G.729 3.92 10
G.729a 3.9 10
Delay and Delay Variation
Delay causes two potential impairments to

speech:
• Long delays in conversation cause the receiver to
start to talk before the sender is finished.
• Digital jitter causes gaps in the speech pattern that
cause the quality of voice to sound “jerky.”
Voice Delay Guidelines
Fixed Delay Components
Variable Delay Components
Calculating the Delay Budget
Fixed Delay Variable Delay

G.729 coder delay (5 ms look-ahead) 5 ms
G.729 coder delay (10 ms per frame) 20 ms
Packetization delay (included in coder delay)
Queuing delay (64-Kbps trunk) 6 ms
Serialization delay (64-Kbps trunk) 3 ms
Propagation delay (private lines) 32 ms
Network delay
Dejitter buffer 50 ms
Total 110 ms 6 ms
Calculating Multiple Conversion Delay
Budgets
Fixed Delay Variable Delay
Delay #1
G.729 coder delay 25 ms
Packetization delay
Queuing delay (64-Kbps trunk) 6 ms
Serialization delay (64-Kbps trunks) 3 ms
Propagation delay (private lines) 32 ms
Dejitter buffer 50 ms
Total Delay #1 110 ms 6 ms
Step 5:
Perform Capacity Planning
• Provision line trunks by establishing the

number of trunks from the PBX to the
integrated voice data network.
• Translate the number of trunks to the required
network bandwidth.
Provisioning Trunking
Based on:
• Traffic volume and flow
• Selected grade of service
• Company objectives
Provisioning Bandwidth
Goal = desired voice quality + grade of

service + cost effectiveness
Step 6:
Perform Financial Analysis
Compare benefits against costs:

• Determine if the cost is justified in relation to the
benefits received.
• Calculate the return on the investment.
Componentes Telefonía IP
155
Componentes IP Telephony
Cisco Call Manager
CCM Clustering
Gateway de VOIP
Señalización
H323
SIP
MGCP
SKINNY
Intercluster-trunk
Servicios
Servicios de MOH
Anunciator
Media termination point, MTP
Transcoder
Conference
Software
Hardware
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Consideraciones previas a la

implantación de una solución de

• Ofrecer una visión global de una solución integral

IETF/IRTF/IEEE work on QoS

MGCP, rfc 2705

Escenarios que nos podemos encontrar

Diseño nuevo, diseño desde cero.

Diseño de telefonia ip sobre red existente.

Se incluye dentro de las aplicaciones llamadas

El protocolo IP no esta preparado para transportar Voz

Una vez parametrizada la Voz IP, ¿Qué

Esto nos lleva a pensar que el diseño de telefonia

A design methodology consists of eight steps:

Application Application Criticality Comments

Application Application Criticality Comments

Groupware Lotus Notes Critical

Voice networking IP telephony Critical The company is replacing regular

Database Oracle Critical All data storages will be based on

Security Firewall technology to protect internal network;

Network management Centralized network management tools

High availability Redundant paths with terminated connections on

IP multicast IP multicast services to support

Organizational Goal Gathered Data Comments

Reduce costs Enter data multiple • Single data entry point

Add new Telephone and fax • Secure web-based ordering

Organizational Gathered Data Comments

Personnel Engineers with CCNA Plans to hire new engineers in

Policy Prefers single vendor Current equipment—Cisco;

Scheduling Plans to introduce new New applications include

Technical Goals Importance Comments

Technical Goals Importance Comments

Performance 20 Important on the central site, less

Security 15 Security for critical data transactions is

Scalability 25 Scalability is critical

Technical Gathered Comments

Existing Coaxial Replace the cabling with

Bandwidth 64-kbps WAN Select another service provider

Application IPX-based Make sure new network

Characterizing the Existing

Para determinar el grado de importancia de una

Retardo de la aplicación para su funcionamiento.

Aplicación Retardo Jitter max Ancho de Packet Tipo de Aplicación,

Aplicación Retardo Jitter max Ancho de Packet Tipo de Aplicación,

Completing the Network

Start your design here.

Design down the OSI model.

Top-Down Approach Bottom-Up Approach

Benefits • Incorporates • Allows a quick response to

Disadvantages • Is more time-consuming • Implements little or no

• Decide which network building block requires

Options OSPF IS-IS IGRP EIGRP RIPv2 Required

Scope of Design Comments

Entire network All branch office LANs upgraded

Campus Redundant equipment and links

WAN Solutions to overcome

Date Description Design Doc. Complete

Designing the Network

• Concentration point at which clients access the

Provides multilayer switching between access and core

The function of the core layer is to provide

Designing Enterprise Campus

Building Building Campus Server Edge