Interpretation of characteristics of practical active sources

Aim: To verify characteristics of practical dc voltage source and dc current source

Apparatus:
1. DC RPS, 0-30V,2A
2. Rheostat
3. Ammeter 0-2A, MC
4. Voltmeter 0-30V,MC
5. Connecting wires
Circuit Diagram(s) and characteristics:

fig.1: Circuit diagram to verify practical voltage source characteristics and model characteristics
 fig.2: Circuit diagram to verify practical voltage source characteristics and model characteristics

Theory:
Ideal voltage source is one which can deliver electrical energy at infinite power with a constant
terminal voltage.
Any amount of current can be demanded form the voltage source.
A practical voltage source is one which has a limited power capability.
The terminal voltage of the practical voltage source drops with increase in current demand from
the source. At a certain point of load current, the source voltage drops to zero and fails to supply
any electric power termed to be short circuit current.
In general rated current from a practical voltage source is well behind its short circuit capacity.

Similar discussion can be made for practical current source which supplies current for limited
terminal voltage beyond which it cannot supply electric power.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit shown in fig.1
2. measure the open circuit voltage of dc source
3. Set the rheostat for the maximum resistance value and gradually decrease the resistance
in steps of 5 Ω and tabulate corresponding current and voltage across the rheostat.
4. plot voltage versus current and verify the obtained characteristics.

Tabular Column:

dc source voltage:

S.no Voltage across Load current Load

load (V) (A) resistance(Ω)

dc voltage source internal resistance:

Result:
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) LIST THE EXAMPLES FOR ACTIVE SOURCES
2) NAME THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN IDEAL AND PRACTICAL SOURCES
3) ILLUSTRATE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IDEAL VOLTAGE AND
PRACTICAL VOLTGAE SOURCES
4) ILLUSTRATE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IDEAL CURRENT AND
PRACTICAL CURRENT SOURCES
5) WHAT IS THE TERMINAL VOLTGAE OF IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCE?
6) WHAT IS THE LOAD CURRENT OF IDEAL CURRENT SOURCE?
7) WHAT IS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PRACTICAL VOLTAGE SOURCE?
8) WHAT IS EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PRACTICAL CURRENT SOURCE?
9) WHY BATTERY AND RESISTOR ARE CONNECTED IN SERIES FOR A
PRACTICAL VOLTGAE SOURCE?
10) WHY CURRENT SOURCE AND RESISTOR ARE CONNECTED IN PARALLEL
FOR A PRACTICAL CURRENT SOURCE?
11) WHEN TERMINAL VOLTGAE OF VOLTAGE SOURCE WILL BE ZERO?
12) WHAT IS MEAN BT INDEPENDENT OR IDEAL SOURCES?