INDUSTRIAL

HYGIENE
Objectives:
At the end of the session the participants
will be able to:
Discuss the fundamental concepts of
IH
Identify the different environmental
hazards in the workplace
Evaluate and control these hazards
 What is the Industrial Hygiene?

 Industrial Hygiene is the science and art

devoted to anticipation, recognition,
evaluation and control of environmental
factors and stresses arising in or from
the workplace, which may affect
occupational health or cause sickness,
impaired health and well-being, or
significant discomfort among workers or
among citizens of the community.
Purpose of Industrial Hygiene

 To improve working
conditions and ensure
the health of workers
 Recognition of
Work Environment
Hazards
Classification of Environmental
Stresses/Hazards

Chemical Physical

Biological Ergonomics
Chemical Hazards
These arise from excessive airborne
concentration of …
 Mists
-Acids used in electroplating, dyeing
treatment of leather, metal pickling,
laboratory agents, cleaning agents
ex. Formic Acid
Acetic Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Chemical Hazards

 Mists
-Alkali used in bottle cleaning,
production of liquid handsoap and
lithography,
ex. Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
Ammonium Hydroxide
 Occupational Environment

Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards

Dusts/ Particulates
• Silica Dust
-building materials such as
stone, bricks, concrete/cement
- open pit quarries
- underground mines
- dump sites
Chemical Hazards

Dusts/ Particulates
• Metal Dust
- paints, welding rods
and alloys, pyrotechnics/
fireworks, ceramics,
 Chemical Hazards

Dusts/ Particulates
• Asbestos Dust
- sprayed coatings,
insulators, walls, asbestos
cement, fibrous stones,
roofing tiles, ropes, wallboard
Chemical Hazards
 Gases
- combustion process, refrigeration,
fertilizers, sewer gas, fumigating agent

ex. Carbon Monoxide, Ammonia

Hydrogen Sulfide, SulfurDioxide
Methyl Bromide
Hydrogen Phosphide gas (from
Magnesium & Aluminum Phosphide
Chemical Hazards
 Vapor (Solvent)
- lacquers/paints, cleaning agents,
waxes and linoleum, adhesives, textiles,
anesthetic
ex. Ethanol
Acetone
Benzene
Hexane
Methyl Acrylate
Ethyl Ether
 Occupational Environment

Chemical Hazards

 Fumes ( Heavy Metals)

- welding, soldering
cutting

ex. Iron Oxide fumes,

Cadmium fumes, zinc
oxide fumes
Physical Hazards

Noise — Excessive or unwanted

sound which potentially results in
annoyance and/or hearing loss (can
be from occupational and/or non-
occupational sources)

Sound— A pressure variation (wave)

that travels through air and is
detected by the human ear
Physical Hazards
 Noise
Frequency—The rate of vibration per unit
time measured in cycles per
second,more commonly known as
hertz (Hz);

range of normal perception for young person

is 20–20,000 Hz
Physical Hazards
 Noise
Continuous/Steady Noise
- the variation in noise level
involves maximum intervals of 1
second or less
Impact/Impulsive Noise
- the variation in noise level has an
interval over 1 second
Physical Hazards
 Noise
Sound intensity level
– is the sound intensity expressed in
the decibel scale.
“A” weighting scale
– it approximates the hearing
sensitivity of the human; measures low
level sounds
Physical Hazards
 Noise

Approximates the ear response:

“A” weighting scale – even 55 dB and above
“B” weighting scale – 55 dB – 85 dB
“C” weighting scale – about 85 dB
 Arm’s Length Rule
“If two (2) people with no hearing
impairment have to raise their voices or
shout to be heard in a distance of less than
arms length from each other, the sound level
is potentially hazardous.”

“If two (2) people with no hearing impairment have to raise their
voices or shout to be heard in a distance of less than arms length
from each other, the sound level is potentially hazardous.”
Physical Hazards
 Illumination
Illumination- is the measure of
stream of light falling on the
surface
Sources of Light:
1. Natural Lighting
Physical Hazards
 Illumination

1. General lighting
2. Localized-general
3. Localized or task
Physical Hazards
 Illumination
Physical Hazards
 Pressure

- Defined as the force per

unit area exerted against a
surface by the weight of
(air) above that surface at
any given point
Physical Hazards

- is the emission of particles or

energy in wave form;
- an electromagnetic radiation
which is formed by the movement
of molecules, electrons, nuetrons,
etc.
Physical Hazards
 Radiation
1. Non-ionizing Radiation
- radiation with sufficient energy to
cause excitation of electrons, atoms
or molecules but insufficient energy
to cause the formation of ions.
ex. UV, IR, radio frequencies,
microwave
Physical Hazards: Non-ionizing
Radiation
Physical Hazards
 Radiation

2. Ionizing Radiation
- radiation with sufficient energy to
cause the removal of electrons from an atom
forming both positive and negative ions.
- includes particulate radiation (alpha &
beta particles), electromagnetic radiation
(gamma rays, x-rays)
Physical Hazards
 Radiation
Physical Hazards
 Vibration

Whole Body Vibration (WBV)

WBV- refers to mechanical energy oscillations
which are transferred to the body as a whole (in
contrast to specific body regions), usually through
a supporting system such as a seat or platform.
Typical exposures include driving automobiles and
trucks, and operating industrial vehicles.
Physical Hazards
 Vibration
Hand – Arm Vibration(Segmental) (HAV)
- is the transfer of vibration from a
tool to a worker’s hand and arm.
• impact wrenches
• carpet strippers
• chain saws
• percussive tools (jack hammers,
scalers, riveting or chipping hammers
Physical Hazards
 Extreme Temperature
Temperature – is the measure of
the intensity of the heat or the
hotness of an object
Biological Hazards

These include…
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Molds
Microorganisms
Ergonomics

The field that studies and designs the

human-machine interface to prevent illness
and injury and to improve work
performance.
Ergonomics
These includes:
 Repetitive exertion/motion in
awkward position
 Rapid Motions and high forces
 Improper lifting
 Contact Stresses
 Extreme Postures
 Improperly designed tools
 Recognition of Hazards

Walk-through survey/ocular
inspection
Review of processes involved
Knowing the raw materials used,
products and by-products
Gathering of workers’ complaints
CSDS/MSDS
 Recognition of Hazards
What is CSDS/MSDS?
Chemical Safety Data Sheet/
Material Safety Data Sheet

Asummary of the
important health, safety
and toxicological
information on the
chemical or the mixture
ingredients.
 Recognition of Hazards
CSDS/MSDS

 your workplace
 chemical manufacturer
 Environmental Health and Safety

(EH&S) homepage at
http://www.utexas.edu/safety/ehs
http://www.cas.org
 Recognition of Hazards
Contents of CSDS/MSDS:
1. Identification of the Chemicals
2. Composition/Information on ingredients
3. Hazards identification
4. First-aid measures
5. Fire fighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure control
and personal protection
 Recognition of Hazards
Contents of CSDS/MSDS:
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information
Recognition of Hazards
Recognition of Hazards
Evaluation of Work
Environment
Hazards
Evaluation
Determination of the magnitude or
level of hazards with the use of IH
equipment through WEM
Analysis of samples
Comparison of results of
measurement with the standards
 Evaluation
Work Environment Measurement (WEM)
 Refers to the determination of
environmental stresses and their
hazardous effects on worker’s
health through direct
measurement of hazards using IH
equipment.
Evaluation
 Occupational Health and Environmental
Control
Rule 1077 : Working Environment
Measurement (WEM)
•The employer shall exert efforts to maintain
and control the working environment in
comfortable and healthy conditions for the
purpose of promoting and maintaining the
health of his workers.
  Occupational Health and Environmental
Control
Rule 1077 : Working Environment Measurement
(WEM)
•The employer shall carry out the WEM in indoor or
other workplaces where hazardous work is
performed and shall keep a record of such
measurement which shall be made available to the
enforcing authority.
•The WEM shall be performed periodically as may
be necessary but not longer than annually.
Purpose of WEM

 To determine the magnitude of

harmful environmental agents;
 To periodically check the environment
through measurement;
 To predict harmfulness of new
facilities, raw materials, production
processes and working methods;
Purpose of WEM
 To monitor worker’s exposure to
harmful substances;
 To evaluate the effectiveness of
environmental control measures
adopted to improve the workplace;
and;
 To maintain favorable environment
conditions.
Types of Environmental Monitoring

Area/Environmental Monitoring

Personal Monitoring

Biological Monitoring
Types of Environmental Monitoring
Area/Environmental Monitoring
 is the
measurement of
contaminant in the
workroom. This helps
pinpoint work areas
with high or low
exposure levels of
contaminants.
Types of Environmental Monitoring
Area/Environmental Monitoring
Types of Environmental Monitoring
Personal Monitoring
 is the measurement of
a particular worker’s
exposure to airborne
contaminants. The data
collected approximates
the concentration of
contaminant by which the
worker is exposed to.
Types of Environmental Monitoring
Personal Monitoring
Types of Environmental Monitoring
Biological Monitoring
 involves the
measurement of
changes in the
composition of body
fluids, tissue or expired
air to determine
absorption of a
potentially hazardous
material.
 WEM Instruments
Lux Meter - Illumination
Sound Level Meter - Noise
Globe Thermometer - Heat
Psychrometer - Humidity
Anemometer - Air Movement
Smoke Tester - Air Direction
 WEM Instruments
Analytical Equipment Sample
Gas Chromatograph Solvents

High Performance Inorganic

Liquid chemicals
Chromatograph
Atomic Absorption Metals
Spectrophotometer
X-ray Diffractometer Mineraldust
Phase Contrast Asbestos fibers
Microscope
UV-Vis Acids
and Other
Spectrophotometer Chemicals
 Degree of Hazards

1. Nature of the material

or energy involved
2. Intensity of exposure
3. Duration of exposure
4. Individual susceptibility
THE END