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Casing design

Before embarking on a casing design exercise, the essential data must be obtained from
various sources including: geologists, petrophysicists, reservoir engineers etc. The format
given in Table 5.1 show s where the data may be obtained.
Once the above data is obtained, it may be organised in the format given in Table 5.2 which
would greatly help in casing design calculations. It should be noted that the accuracy of the
casing programme is dependent on the accuracy of data used.

Data Source
1. Formation pressure, psi Offset wells well logs, log analyst
2. Casing setting depths, ft Offset wells, kick tolerance calculations
3. Fracture gradient (psi/ft) or fracture pressure
(ppg or psi) at casing seat
Offset wells, well logs, calculation of fracture
gradient
4. Mud density, ppg As above
5. Mean sea water level, ft
6. Available casing grades and weights Stock status report
7. Strength properties (burst, collapse, yield) API or manufacturer‘s catalogues
8. Geothermal temperatures Offset wells

Design criteria:

There are three basic forces which the casing is subjected to: collapse, burst and tension.
These are the actual forces that exist in the wellbore. They must first be calculated and must
be maintained below the casing strength properties. In other words, the collapse pressure
must be less than the collapse strength of the casing and so on.
Casing should initially be designed for collapse, burst and tension. Refinements to the
selected grades and weights should only be attempted after the initial selection is made. The
suitability of selected casing depends on the accuracy of data collected in Table 5.2.
For directional wells a correct well profile is required to determine the true vertical depth
(TVD). All wellbore pressures and tensile forces should be calculated using true vertical
depth only. The casing lengths are first calculated as if the well is a vertical well and then
these t lengths are corrected for the appropriate hole angle.

Collaption criteria:

Collapse pressure originates from the column of mud used to drill the hole, and acts on the
outside of the casing. Since the hydrostatic pressure of a column of mud increases with
depth, collapse pressure is highest at the bottom and zero at the top, see Figure 5.1a.
This is a simplified assumption and does not consider the effects of internal pressure.

For practical purposes, collapse pressure should be calculated as follows:


Collapse pressure = External pressure – Internal pressure (5.1)
The actual calculations involved in evaluating collapse and burst pressures are usually
straight forward. However, knowing which factors to use for calculating external and
internal pressures is not easy and requires knowledge of current and future operations in the
wellbore.
Until recently, the following simplified procedure was used for collapse design:
(1) Casing is assumed empty due
to lost circulation at casing
setting depth (CSD) or at TD of
next hole, see Figure 5.1.
(2) Internal pressure inside casing
is zero
(3) External pressure is caused by
mud in which casing was run in
(4) No cement outside casing
Hence using the above
assumptions and applying
Equation (5.1), only the external
pressure need to be evaluated.
Therefore:
Collapse pressure (C)= mud density x depth x acceleration due to gravity
C = 0.052 x x CSD….psi (5.2)
where is in ppg and CSD is in ft

loss circulation”

If collapse calculations are based on 100% evacuation then the internal pressure (or back-up
load) is to zero. The 100% evacuation condition can only occur when:
• the casing is run empty
• there is complete loss of fluid into a thief zone (say into a cavernous formation),
and
• there is complete loss of fluid due to a gas blowout which subsequently subsides
None of these conditions should be allowed to occur in practice with the exception of
encountering cavernous formations.
During lost circulation, the mud level in the well drops to a height such that the remaining
hydrostatic pressure of mud is equal to the formation pressure of the thief zone. In this case
the mud pressure exactly balances the formation pressure of the thief zone and fluid loss into
the formation will cease. If the formation pressure of the thief is not known, it is usual to
assume the pressure of the thief zone to be equal to 0.465 psi/ft. As discussed in Chapter
One, this is the pore pressure of a normally pressured zones where the pressure is
hydrostatic.Normally pressured zones are assumed to be connected to the sea or to a large
aquifer with normal pressure.

Burs

In oil well casings, burst occurs when the effective internal pressure inside the casing
(internal pressure minus external pressure) exceeds the casing burst strength.
Like collapse, the burst calculations are straightforward. The difficulty arises when one
attempts to determine realistic values for internal and external pressures.
In development wells, where pressures are well known the task is straight forward. In
exploration wells, there are many problems when one attempts to estimate the actual
formation pressure including:
• the exact depth of the zone (formation pressure increases with depth)
• type of fluid (oil or gas)
• porosity, permeability
• temperature
The above factors determine the severity of the kick in terms of pressure and ease of
detection.
Sebelum memulai latihan desain casing, data penting harus diperoleh dari
berbagai sumber termasuk: ahli geologi, petrofisikawan, insinyur reservoir dll. Formatnya
diberikan pada Tabel 5.1 menunjukkan dimana data dapat diperoleh.
Setelah data di atas diperoleh, dapat disusun dalam format yang diberikan pada Tabel 5.2 yang
akan sangat membantu dalam casing perhitungan desain. Perlu dicatat bahwa keakuratan
Program casing tergantung pada keakuratan data yang digunakan.
Sumber data
1. Tekanan formasi, psi Offset wells well log, log analyst
2. Casing setting depths, ft Offset wells, kick tolerance calculation
3. Fraktur gradien (psi / ft) atau tekanan fraktur
(ppg atau psi) di casing seat
Sumur offset, sumur log, perhitungan fraktur
gradien
4. Kepadatan lumpur, ppg Seperti di atas
5. Berarti permukaan air laut, ft
6. Nilai casing dan bobot yang tersedia Laporan status stok
7. Kekuatan properti (meledak, runtuh, hasil) API atau katalog produsen
8. Suhu panas bumi Sumur offset

persentase dari total biaya pengeboran dan penyelesaian (dalam beberapa kasus sampai 40%),
Perancang harus memastikan bahwa nilai terendah dan bobot ringan, konsisten dengan keamanan
dipilih karena ini memberikan casing termurah.
Serangkaian casing yang salah dirancang dapat mengakibatkan konsekuensi bencana, menempatkan manusia
hidup beresiko dan menyebabkan kerusakan dan kehilangan peralatan mahal. Seluruh waduk minyak
dapat ditempatkan pada risiko jika casing tidak dapat berisi tendangan yang dapat berkembang menjadi sebuah
ledakan
mengakibatkan kerugian finansial yang besar pada perusahaan operasi dan penurunan besar
potensi reservoir

Kriteria kolokasi:
Penutupan tekanan berasal dari kolom lumpur yang digunakan untuk mengebor lubang, dan bekerja pada
di luar casing. Karena tekanan hidrostatik dari kolom lumpur meningkat dengan
kedalaman, tekanan runtuh paling tinggi di bagian bawah dan nol di atas, lihat Gambar 5.1a.
Ini adalah asumsi yang disederhanakan dan tidak mempertimbangkan efek tekanan internal.
Untuk tujuan praktis, tekanan keruntuhan harus dihitung sebagai berikut:
Collapse tekanan = Tekanan eksternal - Tekanan internal (5.1)
Perhitungan aktual yang terlibat dalam mengevaluasi keruntuhan dan tekanan semburan biasanya
lurus ke depan Namun, mengetahui faktor mana yang digunakan untuk menghitung eksternal dan
Tekanan internal tidak mudah dan membutuhkan pengetahuan tentang operasi saat ini dan masa depan di
sumur bor.
Sampai saat ini, prosedur disederhanakan berikut digunakan untuk desain keruntuhan:
(1) Casing diasumsikan kosong karena
kehilangan sirkulasi pada casing
setting depth (CSD) atau di TD of
lubang berikutnya, lihat Gambar 5.1.
(2) Tekanan internal di dalam casing
adalah nol
(3) Tekanan eksternal disebabkan oleh
lumpur di mana casing dilalui
(4) Tidak ada semen di luar casing
Makanya pakai di atas
asumsi dan penerapan
Persamaan (5.1), hanya eksternal
Tekanan perlu dievaluasi.
Karena itu:
Runtuhnya tekanan (C) = kepadatan lumpur x kedalaman x percepatan karena gravitasi
C = 0,052 x x CSD ... .psi (5.2)
Dimana  berada di ppg dan CSD ada di ft
kehilangan sirkulasi "
Jika perhitungan kolaps didasarkan pada evakuasi 100% maka tekanan internal (atau back-up
beban) adalah nol. Kondisi evakuasi 100% hanya bisa terjadi bila:
• casingnya kosong
• Ada kehilangan cairan yang lengkap ke dalam zona pencuri (katakanlah ke dalam formasi kavernosa),
dan
• Ada kehilangan cairan yang lengkap akibat ledakan gas yang kemudian mereda
Tak satu pun dari kondisi ini harus diizinkan terjadi dalam praktik kecuali dengan pengecualian
menghadapi formasi yang luas.
Selama sirkulasi yang hilang, tingkat lumpur di sumur turun ke ketinggian sehingga tetap tersisa
Tekanan hidrostatik lumpur sama dengan tekanan formasi zona pencuri. Pada kasus ini
Tekanan lumpur benar-benar menyeimbangkan tekanan pembentukan zona pencuri dan kehilangan cairan ke
dalam
formasi akan berhenti. Jika tekanan formasi si pencuri tidak diketahui, memang biasa
asumsikan tekanan dari zona pencuri sama dengan 0,465 psi / ft. Seperti dibahas di Bab
Satu, ini adalah tekanan pori dari zona yang biasanya tertekan dimana tekanannya berada
hidrostatik. Zona yang tertekan secara fisik diasumsikan terhubung ke laut atau ke besar
akuifer dengan tekanan normal.

Burs

Dalam casing sumur minyak, meledak terjadi saat tekanan internal efektif di dalam casing
(tekanan internal dikurangi tekanan eksternal) melebihi casing burst strength.
Seperti keruntuhan, perhitungan burst sangat mudah. Kesulitan muncul saat seseorang
upaya untuk menentukan nilai realistis untuk tekanan internal dan eksternal.
Di sumur pengembangan, dimana tekanan sudah diketahui tugasnya lurus ke depan. Di
sumur eksplorasi, ada banyak masalah saat seseorang mencoba memperkirakan yang sebenarnya
tekanan pembentukan termasuk:
• kedalaman zona yang tepat (tekanan formasi meningkat dengan kedalaman)
• jenis cairan (minyak atau gas)
Porositas, permeabilitas
• suhu
Faktor di atas menentukan tingkat keparahan tendangan dalam hal tekanan dan kemudahan
deteksi.

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