CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION
A. Non-Mendelian Inheritances
The Mendelian theory of inheritance makes a number of specific
predictions. One is that offspring will express a trait that is inherited from either
or both parents, but not a blend of those traits. In other words, one would predict
from Mendel's findings that crossing a red flower and a white flower would
produce either a red flower or a white flower but not a pink flower. But is it true
that all traits involve only two possible outcomes? While this is true for some
traits, such as human earwax, which is either wet (dominant) or dry (recessive),
other traits once thought to be Mendelian, such as eye color, are now thought to
be more complex. Likewise, rather than the discrete traits of Mendel's studies,
where a trait could take one form or the other, many traits are continuous, such as
human height and skin color, and these have more complex patterns of
inheritance.
In fact, although Mendel's results are still very informative to modern
genetics, we now know that inheritance of many traits can be extremely complex.
For these genes, we say that they follow non-Mendelian inheritance. Mendel
himself realized the likelihood of non-Mendelian inheritance when he looked at
patterns of inheritance for characteristics of his pea plants that he did not
explicitly consider in his experiments.
Mendelian inheritance refers to the inheritance of traits controlled by a
single gene with two alleles, one of which may be dominant to the other. Not
many human traits are controlled by a single gene with two alleles, but they are a
good starting point for understanding human heredity. The modes of Mendelian
inheritance are autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, and
X-linked recessive. How Mendelian traits are inherited depends on whether the
traits are controlled by genes on autosomes or the X chromosome.
 Under normal conditions, a cross monohybrid produce offspring
individual comparison of 3: 1 or 1: 2: 1, and a cross dihybrid produce individual
offspring 9: 3: 3: 1. In practice, the result of crosses Mendel can produce
individual comparison is not appropriate. On cross dihybrid, can produce a
comparison which is a variation of the ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1, which is 12: 3: 1; 9; 7 or
15: 1. Nevertheless, the comparison is still following the rules of Mendelian Law.
Therefore, the comparison results may be regarded as quasi deviation Mendel's
Law.
Such irregularities occur because some genes that influence each other to
produce the phenotype. However, the phenotype ratio still follow the principles of
Mendelian Law.

B. Kind Of Non-Mendelian Inheritances

1. Atavism
At the beginning of the 20th century, W. Baterson and RC punnet crossed
several varieties of domestic chicken, the chicken berpial serrations (rose), berpial
seeds (peas), and berpial blades (single). In a cross between chicken berpial
berpial roses with chicken pea, produce all the chickens berpial sumpel (walnut)
in F1 offspring. The previously unknown varieties.
At F2 offspring phenotype obtained four kinds, namely chicken berpial
walnut, berpial roses, berpial pea, and single berpial with a ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1. This
ratio is equal to the ratio of F2 on dihybrid crossbreeding. Note the crossing
diagram below.
 Based on the diagram of the cross there is a deviation compared with
dihybrid cross. Deviation is not about comparing the phenotype, but the
emergence of new properties in F1 and F2. F1 offspring berfenotip berpial
chicken walnut or sumpel, does not resemble either parent. Sumpel wattle nature
or walnut (F1) is the interaction of two dominant factors that stand on their own
and properties of single wattle (F2) as a result of the interaction of two factors
recessive.

2. Epistasis and Hipostasis

Epistasis and hypostasis is one form of gene interaction in this case the
dominant gene beat the other dominant gene that is not sealel. Dominant gene that
shuts another dominant gene expression is called epistasis, whereas dominant
gene that is closed is called hypostasis.
Epistasis and hypostasis events occur in the color of the onion bulbs
(Allium sp.), Skin color of wheat, chicken feather color, hair color of mice, and
eye color in humans. Epistasis events can be divided into three, namely the
dominant epistasis, recessive epistasis, as well as dominant and recessive
epistasis.
a) Dominant Epistasis
In the dominant epistasis, there is one dominant gene epistasis. For
example, the color of the onion bulbs (Allium sp.). A is a gene for red bulbs
and B is a gene for yellow bulbs. Red and yellow gene is dominant over
white. Marriages between layers of onion plants bulbous yellow with red
homozygous homozygous F1 bulbous plants produce red layer.
F2 offspring consisting of 16 combinations with a 12/16 ratio of red:
yellow 3/16: 1/16 white or 12: 3: 1. Comparison it was deviating from
Mendel's laws, but it did not. Ratio of 9: 3: 3: 1 for the offspring of marriage
dihybrid just been modified, namely 9: 3: 3: 1 to 12: 3: 1.
Consider the following cross diagram.
b) Recessive Epistasis
In the event there is a recessive epistasis recessive gene epistasis against
dominant gene that is not alelnya (partner). The recessive gene must be in a
homozygous state, for example in the rat hair color inheritance. A gene
determines the color black, a gene determines the color gray, gene C
determines the enzyme that causes the color and the genes that determine the
enzyme inhibitor c advent of color. Gen C epistasis. Thus, the black rat genes
C and A. Consider the following cross diagram.

Thus, comparison of the phenotype F2 = black: gray: white = 9: 3: 4.

c) Epistasis Dominan dan Resesif

Dominant and recessive epistasis (gene inhibiting) an apparent
deviation that occurs because there are two dominant gene which, when in a
state together will hamper the influence of one gene is dominant. These events
resulted in F2 phenotypic ratio = 13: 3. Examples of white leghorn chickens
 have IICC phenotype mated with white chicken white silkre with some
genotypes IICC. Consider the following diagram.

Note:
C = genes that produce color.
c = the gene that produces no color (white chicken).
I = genes that hinder the release of color (also called gene this gene barrier or
inhibitor).
i = gene that does not preclude the release of color. Try to note the result of
crossbreeding F1 diagram above. Although the gene C affects the appearance
of the coat color, but because it met the first gene (the gene that prevents the
emergence of color), then produce offspring with white fluffy chicken
phenotype. Thus, the comparison phenotype:
F2 = white chicken: chicken color = 13/16: 3/16 = 13: 3

3. Polymeric
Polimeric is heterozygous crossbreeding with many different properties
that stand alone, but affect the same parts of an organism. POLIMERI incident
 was first reported by Nelson-Ehle, through experimental crosses between wheat
seed in red with white-seeded wheat.
Consider the following cross diagram.

Based on the above diagram generated genotypes of F2 following comparison.

9 M1_M2_ = red 3 m1m1M2_ = red
3 M1_m2m2 = red 1 m1m1m2m2 = white

4. Cryptomeri
Kriptomeri is a dominant gene that event as if hidden when it is shared
with other dominant gene, and will be visible when standing alone. Correns never
crossed red-flowered plants maroccana Linaria pure lines with white flowers is
also a pure strain. F1 obtained in this cross all purple flowers, while F2 consists of
plants with purple flowering comparison: red: white = 9: 3: 4.
Linaria flower color (purple, red, and white) is determined by
Hemocyanin pigment contained in the cell plasma and cell plasma acidity
properties. Hemocyanin pigment will display a red color in the plasma or cell
 water acidic and will feature a deep purple color plasma alkaline cells. Maroccana
Linaria flower color is determined by the expression of these genes.
1) Gene A, determines there is a basic ingredient anthocyanin pigments.
2) gene a, specify no base material anthocyanin pigments.
3) The gene B, determine alkaline conditions in the cell plasma.
4) The gene b, determine the acid in the plasma cells.
Linaria maroccana cross between red flowers with white flowers produce
offspring as described in the following diagram.

The resulting ratio of phenotypes Crosses F2 = purple: red: white = 9: 3: 4.

5. Complementary
Complementary genes are genes that interact and complement each other. The
presence of these genes together will bring character (phenotype) specific.
Conversely, if one of the genes not present the appearance of a character
(phenotype) will be hindered or imperfect.
Consider the following example.
The appearance of a pigment is the result of the interaction of two genes,
ie genes and gene C P.
Gen C: raw materials resulted in the emergence of pigment.
Gen c: does not produce pigment.
Gen P: producing an enzyme-activating pigments.
Gen p: unable to produce the enzyme.
Note the crosses indicate complementary genes between individuals CCPP
(white) with individual CCPP (white) in the following diagram.