Readings in the Philippine History

by John Lee P. Candelaria -with the help of local guides, more than 2 years after sailing from Spain
Veronica C. Alporha They reached the Spice islands/Maluku islands, part of indonesia

FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD -The Victoria = last and smallest ship,sailed west captained by Juan
Author: Antonio Pigafetta Sebastian Elcano
-Venetian Scholar -crossing the Indian Ocean, 9 weeks of battling before they could round
-Magellan’s assistant the Cape of Good Hope
-kept an accurate journal -on the 8th of September, almost exactly 3 years cast anchor in Spain
-one of the 18out 270 who returned to Spain in 1522

-In Europe, spices like cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg which grew only in
the far East were worth their weight in gold

Fernando de Magallanes
-was a brilliant navigator who’d spent many years sailing the Indian ocean
-he’d fallen out with the King of Portugal and now offered a bold plan to
his rival, King Charles I of Spain
-believed it was possible to sail around the New World and reach the Spice
Islands from the east
-The fleet set sail on the 20th September 1519
-first reach = Brazil
-forced him to camp = Argentina

-throughout the far ocean, he named it “Mara Pacifico”=peaceful sea/PO

-after 99 days, they found Guam
-week later, they became the first Europeans to reach the Ph

-they sailed to Cebu and made alliance with ruler who agreed to be
baptized and swore allegiance to the King of Spain
-local chief from the island of Mactan, asked for help in defeating his rival
named Lapu-Lapu
-crossed Mactan with 60 men, they were massively outnumbered
-former allies turned on Magellan’s crew

-survivors fled with only enough men to crew 2 ships and continued to
search for the Spice islands
-they travelled to the Muslim Court in Brunei
KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE
Author: Emilio Jacinto y Dizon Source: National Historical Institute
-one of the highest ranking officers during the Ph revolution
-joined the secret society KKK at the age of 19 + Cavite-Viejo 12th day of June 1898
-advisor on fiscal matters
-secretary to Andres Bonifacio Ambrosio Bautista
-Brain of the Katipunan -war counselor
-special delegate
+salitang tagalong Katutura’y ang lahat nang tumubo sa sangkapuluang ito; -designated to proclaim and solemnize this declaration of Independence
samakatuwid bisaya man etc. ay tagalong din by virtue of a decree issued by Don Emilio Aguinaldo
+isa sa mga kauna-unahang utos: tunay na pag-ibig sa bayang tinubuan at
lubos na pagdadamayan sa iba +bec. Of arbitrary arrest and abuses of the civil guards
+gawa ang hinahanap, gawa ang tinitingnan + had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the
+pagtupad sa mga pagbabayaran independence and sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by
Piso sa pagpasok Spain through Governer Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Sikapat buwan-buwan +later taking possession of the city and the whole archipelago in the name
of Spain by virtue and order of King Philip II
Mga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga ANB
*tunay na kabanalan= +the legitimacy of such revolution cannot be put in doubt which was
pagkakawang gawa calmed but not completely stifled by the pacification proposed by Don
Pag-ibig sa kapuwa Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the Republic
Isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang katuwiran in Biak-na-bato
*ipagtanggol ang naapi at kabakahin ang umaapi +after= destruction of the Spanish Squadron by the North American Navy
*lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng mga asawa’t mga anak sa daang matinik ng bombardment in Plaza Cavite, E. Aguinaldo initiate a new revol
kabuhayan +revolutionary movement spreading like a wildfire
*babae=huwag tingnang isang bagay na libangan kundi isang katuwang at +witness= Supreme Judge of the Universe, Humanitarian Nation of the
karamay sa mga kahirapan sa buhay USA
*kamahalan ng tao = yaong may magandang asal +the nation must use the same flag which up to now is being used
*may dangal = marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan white triangle= famous society KKK=by means of its blood compact
3 stars=Luzon, Mindanao & Panay=three principal islands
Sun=gigantic steps made by the sons of the country
8 rays=Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, N.Ecija, Bataan, Laguna,
Batangas=declared themselves in a state of war asa the first revolution
initiated
Blue, red & white=commemorating the flag of US of North
A.=manisfestation of our profound gratitude towards this great nation for
its disinterested protection which Is lent to us and continues lending
AQUINO'S SPEECH BEFORE THE US CONGRESS
Presindent Corazon C. Aquino
-11th President
-first female president of the Ph
-when President Ferdinand Marcos called for a snap election in 1986, she
became the opposition’s presidential candidate
-when she narrowly lost the election, Aquino and her supporters
challenged the results which led to EDSA revolution prompting Marcos to
see exile in Hawaii
+3 years ago, she left America in grief to bury her husband Ninoy Aquino
+She thought she had left it also to rest his restless dream of Ph freedom
+a president-turned dictator and traitor to his oath suspended the
constitution and shut down the congress
+Marcos detained her husband along with thousands of others who had
spoken up for the democracy
+2 million people threw aside their passivity and escorted him to his grave
so began the rev. that has brought her to democracy’s most famous home
+she held fast to Ninoy’s conviction = must be by the ways of democracy
+$26 billion foreign debt, I have said that we shall honor it
+when she met President Reagan, they began an important dialogue abt
cooperation and strengthening of the friendship between 2 countries
+ she said “joined us America” as they build a new home for democracy,
another haven for the oppressed so it may stand as a shining testament of
our the two nations’ commitment to freedom
THE TWO FACES OF THE 1872 CAVITE MUTINY
Author: Chris Antonette Piedad Pugay
Source: nhcp.gov.ph
Two Major Events
1. 1872 Cavite Mutiny
2. martyrdom of the three martyr priest GOMBURZA
Spanish Perspective
Jose Montero y Vidal
-a profile Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it is an attempt
the indios overthrow the Spanish government in the Ph.
Gov. Gen Rafael Izquierdo
-official report made use of it to implicate the native clergy, then active for
secularization
-he reported to the King of Spain that the “rebels” wated to overthrow the Spanish
government to install a new “hari” in the likes of F. Burgos & Zamora
-lambasted the “indios” as gullible & possessed an innate propensity for stealing
TWO ACCOUNTS COMPLIMENTED AND CORRABORATED WITH ONE ANOTHER
-the alleged pre-concerted signal among the conspirators of Manila and Cavite was
the firing of rockets from walls of Intramuros
20th January 1872
-Sampaloc = feast of the Virgin of Loreto = celebrated with fireworks display
-Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as signal for attack
-the 200 men headed by Sergeant Lamadrid targeting Spanish officers at sight and
seize the arsenal
-when the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquerdo= ordered the Spanish forces
in Cavite to put an end the revolt
-revolution easily crushed when the expected reinforcement from Manila did not
come ashore.
17th February 1872
-an attempt of the Spanish government to instill fear among Filipinos so that they
may never commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were executed
A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the Incident
Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera
-a Filipino scholar and researcher wrote the Filipino version of the incident
-in the POV, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Fil soldiers and laborers
of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their
priveleges.
-Izquierdo= prohibition of the founding of school of arts and trades of the
Filipinos=believed as a cover-up for the org of political club
-noteworthy: during the time, the Central Government in Madrid announced its
intention to deprive friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil
government in the direction and management of educ institutions= prompted the
friars to do something to maintain power
-this led to the awakening of nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of Ph
revolution of 1896
Edmund Plauchut
-complimented Tavera’s account by confirming that the event happened due to
discontentment of the arsenal workers in Cavite fort.
-dwelt more on the exe of GOMBURZA which he actually witnessed
Unraveling the Truth
1. dissatisfaction members native army after privileges were drawn back by Izq
2. Izq introduced strict policies that made Fil move away from Spanish gov
3. the Central gov failed o conduct an investi. On what truly transpired
4. the Central gov decided to deprive the friars the power to intervene the gov
affairs as well as management of schools prompting to commit franctic movement
5. Fil clergy members actively participated in the secularization movement
6. Fil during that time responded to what they deemed as injustices
7. exe of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of Span gov, the action severed the
ill-feelings of the Fil
The event inspired Fil patriots to call for reforms and independence
RIZAL'S RETRACTION
Author: Peter Jaynul V. Uckung
Source: nhcp.gov.ph
December 26, 1896
-Rizal was tried before a military tribunal
Alleged crimes of rebellion, sedition, and illegal association
-sentence of death was prounounced same morning
December 28
-the Gov. Ge. Affirmed the death on Dec 30 7am
-It was supposed to have been signed by Jose Rizal moments before his death
-There were many witnesses, most of them Jesuits
May 13, 1935
-The document only surfaced for public viewing
-It was found by Fr. Manuel A. Gracia at the Catholic hierarchy’s archive in Manila.
But the original document was never shown to the public, only reproductions of it.
Fr. Pio Pi
-Spanish Jesuit
- reported that as early as 1907, the retraction of Rizal was copied verbatim and
published in Spain, and reprinted in Manila
- Fr. Gracia, who found the original document, also copied it verbatim
-In both reproductions, there were conflicting versions of the text
-Add to this the date of the signing was very clear in the original Spanish document
which Rizal supposedly signed. The date was “December 29, 1890.”
-Later, another supposedly original document surfaced, it bears the date
“December 29, 189C”. The number “0” was evidently altered to make it look like a
letter C.
-Then still later, another supposedly original version came up. It has the date
“December 29, 1896”. This time, the “0” became a “6”.
So which is which?
Roman Roque
-Those who strongly believed the faking of the Rizal retraction document, reported
that the forger of Rizal’s signature was him, the man who also forged the signature
of Urbano Lacuna, which was used to capture Aguinaldo.
Lazaro Segovia
-The mastermind, they say, in both Lacuna’s and Rizal’s signature forging was him
-They were approached by Spanish friars during the final day of the Filipino-
American war to forge Rizal’s signature
Antonio K. Abad
-story was revealed by him, who heard the tale from Roman Roque himself, them
being neighbours.
-others, the purported retraction of Rizal was invented by the friars to deflect the
heroism of Rizal which was centered on the friar abuses
Josephine Bracken
-autobiography written on February 22, 1897
- few people who believe that the autobiography of Josephine Bracken is also
forged and forged badly
-The document supported the fact that they were married under the Catholic rites
-upon closer look, there is a glaring difference between the penmanship of the
document, and other letters written by Josephine to Rizal.
BUTUAN OR LIMASAWA: THE SITE OF THE FIRST MASS
Source: academia.edu
Journals.ateneo.com
two primary sources
1. log kept by Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of Magellan’s ship , Trinidad.
He was one of the 18 survivors who returned with Sebastian Elcanoon the ship
Victoria
2. by Antonio Pigafetta, First Voyage Around the World. Pigafetta, like Albo, was a
member of Magellan Expedition and an eyewitness of the Events, particularly, of
the first mass
Limasawa
-they sailed westwards towards a large island names Seilani
-that was inhabited and was known to have gold
-(Seilani-or, as Pigafetta calls it “Ceylon”- was the island of Leyte
-sailing southwards along the coast of that large island of Seilani, they
turned southwest to a small island called Mazava
-Spaniards planted a cross upon a mountian-top
-It must be noted that in Albo’s account, the Loctaion of Mazava fits the location
of the Island of Limasawa, at southern tip of Leyte
Butuan
-Sunday, March 17- landed on “another island which was uninhabited”. There they
set up two tents for the sick members of the crew and and had a sow killed for
them. The name of the Island was “Humunu” (Homonhon)
-The route taken by the expedition after leaving Homonhon was “toward the west
southwest, between four Island (Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Ibussonand Albarien.”
“Cenalo” is a misspelling the Italian manuscript for what Pigafetta in his map calls
“Ceilon” and Albo calls “Seilani” (island of Leyte). “hiunanghan” (a misspelling of
Hinunangan) seemed to Pigafetta separate Island, but is actually on the mainland
of Leyte. Hibuson(Pigafetta’s Ibusson) is an Island east of leyte southern tip.
Using the primary sources available, Jesuit priest Miguel A. Bernad in his work, lays
down the argument that in the Pigafetta account, a crucial aspect of Butuan was
not mentioned–the river. Butuan is a river line settlement, situated on the Agusan
river. The beach of Masao is in the delta of said river. It is a curious omission in the
account of the river, which makes part of distinct characteristics of Butuan’s
geography that seemed to be too important to be missed.
YOUTH ACTIVISM
Author: Quennie Ann J. Palafox
Source: nhcp.gov.ph
-Cavite Mutiny of 1872 & exe of the 3 martyred GOMBURZA gave birth a new breed
of Illustrados who sought social and political reforms
- came from wealthy families, went to Europe to continue their studies where they
met other Filipino students, who had already established themselves there
Propaganda Movement
- advocated for the conversion of the Philippines from a colony to that of a
province of Spain
- demanded Filipino rights, which can only be made possible through the expulsion
of the abusive friars who denied the Filipinos their political rights
- This was forcefully reiterated in their official organ La Solidaridad
Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere
- published in Berlin in 1887
- expose the backwardness of Philippine society and its social maladies was
conceived in Spain when he was a medicine student in the Universidad Central de
Madrid
Filipinos who were denied freedom of expression and equal access to politics and
education in contrast to citizens of Spanish blood
Juventud Escolar Liberal
led by Felipe Buencamino emerged in 1969
-students called for educational reforms in the University through anonymous
leaflets scattered
Emilio Jacinto
- occupied an important role in the Katipunan while taking up his law at the UST
student movements, such as the Propaganda movement, intensified in Spain
because student demonstrations in universities were considered normal
In the Philippines, the students who were suspected of participating in political
activities suffered persecutions
Student activism did not arise from a vacuum but was a response to the prevailing
social conditions and a demonstration of discontent to the status quo
MOROS: PIRATES AND SAVAGES?
Source: filipinaslibrary.org.ph
-European colonial powers wanted to conquer Southeast Asia in order to control
the spice trade which was then driving the world economy
1578 military expedition in Mindanao
aimed to:
1) have the Moro acknowledge Spanish dominion;
2) establish trade with the Moro, and explore and exploit the natural resources of
the land;
3) end Moro piracy and raids against Spanish ships and Christianized settlements;
and
4) convert the Moro like the other Philippine groups
vitriolic article in 1901 by the Rev. Pio Pi
-appeared in Gen. George W. Davis’ 1903 annual report on the Ph
-principal obstacle in the way of the reduction and civilization of Mindanao and Jolo
is the Moro
-Moro as arrogant, ungrateful, and treacherous despite being “poor, miserable,
and needy.”
-Ruled by notoriously cruel datu, they were seen as savages or ladrones who
plundered land and sea
Hannbal Bara
-Just like other Muslim nations in Southeast Asia, [the] national identity of the
Philippine Muslims was shaped by Islam and further developed in the course of
their heroic struggle against western colonialism. … They were called Moros ….
Since then, the Muslims in this country have been identified in Southeast Asia and
across the Muslim world as the Bangsamoro people
1719 peace agreement between Spain and Maguindanao
-Sultans did ask the Spaniards for help in their wars with other sultanates. Nor was
Mindanao truly isolated from the nation: for most of the period of Spanish
colonization, Cotabato enjoyed trading beeswax and Chinese goods with imperial
Manila.
-Spain never got to conquer Mindanao
BANAUE RICE TERRACES
Source: whc.unesco.org
-located in the remote areas of the Philippine Cordillera mountain range on the
northern island of Luzon
-Built 2000 years ago and passed on from generation to generation
-The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were declared National Treasures in
Presidential Decrees 260:1973 and 1505:1978
-protected by the Republic Act No 10066:2010, providing for the protection and
conservation of the National Cultural Heritage.
The lfugao Terraces Commission
-a Presidential Commission mandated to preserve the Rice Terraces, was set up in
February 1994
-At the time of inscription, a 6-year Master Plan was established, which was later
expanded to cover a ten year period
Present
-under the management of the Provincial Government of Ifugao and the National
Commission for Culture and the Arts
Threats and concerns identified when the property was put in the List of World
Heritage in Danger in 2001
now being conscientiously and systematically addressed through efforts extended
by the Provincial Government and the concerned national agencies
SULU RAIDERS
Writer & local artist: Icelle G. Borja
Source: zamboanga.com
-A Historiography Documentary film
-Zamboanga City depicting how the Spaniards defended the city with the Fort Pilar
as Spain’s last stronghold bastion of defense and economic expansion in the South
of the Philippines
-depicts Southeast Asian flourishing free trading in the area and the adverse effects
and repercussions when Europeans wanted to control the economy as well to
colonize and Christianize
Pirate wind “ Pirate monsoon”
- slave raiding as retaliation on colonizers
-slave raiding the coasts of Mindanao Visayas, and Luzon, between July to October
Panglima Taupan
-Balangingi Leader
-family who eventually was exiled to the north of Luzon in Cagayan, and was made
to work in the Tobacco Plantation- and his descendants who went back to
Zamboanga and settled in the outskirts of Taluksangay with the surname Dela Cruz
Nuno- Maas Nuno, the ancestor of the present Nuno clan of Zamboanga
-Prior to the arrival of the Muslims, the Datus and the Rajas in each of their own
tribal domains or kingdoms ruled
-Moros(Muslims) were the first COLONIZERS of the Philippines
DECLARATION OF THE 1972 MARTIAL LAW
Source: philippine-history.org
September 21, 1972
-President Ferdinand E. Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law
-suspended the civil rights and imposed military authority in the country
-Marcos defended the declaration stressing the need for extra powers to quell the
rising wave of violence allegedly caused by communists
-citing the provisions from the Philippine Constitution that Martial Law is a
strategic approach to legally defend the Constitution and protect the welfare of
the Filipino people from the dangerous threats posed by Muslim rebel groups and
Christian vigilantes that places national security at risk during the time
The alleged attempt to the life of then Minister of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile gave
Marcos a window to declare Martial Law. Marcos announced the emergency rule
the day after the shooting incident.
The minority group organized the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in
Malaysia and pushed for the autonomy of Mindanao from the national
government.
Marcos took control of the legislature and closed the Philippine Congress
(Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law)
exposure of numerous human rights violations pushed Marcos to hold an election
in 1978 and 1981 in an aim to stabilize the country’s chaotic condition
CRY OF PUGADLAWIN
Source: philippine-history.org
-News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and nearby suburbs
and Andres Bonifacio immediately called for a general meeting
August 23, 1896
-Various wings of the Katipunan gathered at the house of Juan Ramos in
Pugadlawin
-Bonifacio asked his men whether they were willing to fight to the bitter end.
Everyone shouted their approval, except for Teodoro Plata, who though that it was
too soon for a revolution. Heartened by his men’s response, Bonifacio then asked
them to tear their cedulas (residence certificates) to pieces, as a sign of their
defiance and determination to rise against the Spaniards.
Cavite = center of the Revolution,
the Katipuneros there divided themselves
1. Magdalo
2. Magdiwang factions
EDUCATION DURING SPANISH & AMERICAN PERIOD
Source: deped.gov.ph
Pre-Magellanic Times
-education was informal, unstructured, and devoid of methods
-Children were provided more vocational training and less academics (3 Rs) by their
parents and in the houses of tribal tutors
Spanish Colonization
- tribal tutors were replaced by the Spanish Missionaries
- Education was religion-orientedfor the elite, especially in the early years of
Spanish colonization
Educational Decree of 1863
- provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and girls in
each town under the responsibility of the municipal government
- the establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the supervision of
the Jesuits
- Primary instruction was free and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory
Malolos Constitution
- system of free and compulsory elementary education
American Rule
-Chaplains and non-commissioned officers were assigned to teach using English as
the medium of instruction
in 1901 by the Philippine Commission by virtue of Act No. 74
-created a heavy shortage of teachers so the Philippine Commission authorized the
Secretary of Public Instruction to bring to the Philippines 600 teachers from the
U.S.A called “Thomasites”
The high school system supported by provincial governments, special educational
institutions, school of arts and trades, an agricultural school, and commerce and
marine institutes were established in 1902 by the Philippine Commission
In 1908, the Philippine Legislature approved Act No. 1870 which created the
University of the Philippines
VILLAMOR AIRBASE DURING JAPANESE OCCUPATION
Source: paf.mil.ph
- the main headquarters of the PAF
- originally named Nichols Field and used by American and Filipino Army Air Corp
units prior to World War II
- turned over to the Philippine Air Force on January 1948
-located in Pasay City adjacent to the Manila International and Domestic Airport
-named after Captain Jesus Villamor
* Air Force’s first Medal of Valor recipient
* Squadron Commander of the Fighting 6th Pursuit Squadron who engaged the
Japanese Imperial Air Force during World War II.
Captain Villamor's squadron
- flew and baptized the P-26 in dogfight
* making the "Peashooter" the first American fighter plane (flown by Filipino
pilots) to officially enter World War II - in combat
1912
- facility first came into existence as an underdeveloped US Army Air Corps base
part of Camp Nichols
The Japanese took over the facility during World War II and used it as a bomber
base
1948
-Retaken by the United States during the conflict, it was turned over to Philippine
control
-following year it was renamed Nichols Air Base
1982
- President Marcos renamed the base Jesus Villamor Air Base after a famous World
War II Philippine ace pilot and clandestine agent
EVOLUTION OF TAXATION IN THE PHILIPPINES POLICIES ON AGRARIAN REFORM
Source: BIR website Source: DAR Website

-ancient Filipinos started the practice of paying taxes Pre-Colonial

Purpose= protection received from Datu -The Ph, even before being colonized by diff. countries has already developed an organization
-collected tax was called “buwis” for their communities
-land owned by communities= barangay = consists of 30-100 fam which is administered by
-except for the chieftans household, everyone in the comm. Is required to pay their
diff chiefs
taxes -everyone had access on the land
-land cultivation was done commonly = kaingin system = slash & burn method
-arrival of Spaniards assured modern concepts of taxation
-native Fil 16-60 were compelled to pay “tributo” through the colonial government Spanish
with eight reales & one peso Encomienda System
-other forms: gold, chicke, textiles, cotton, rice and forced labor “servicio y polo” -led to abuse by encomienderos
-the native became tenants
Establishment of Ph Republic
1884
General Emilio Aguinaldo
-tribute was abolished replaced by cedula=certificate identifying tax payer -declared his intention to confiscate large estates particularly the friar lands=not
implemented
Money provided by taxation has been used by state in their functional equivalents American
throughout history to carry out many functions -The Ph Bill Thorin System = registration of lands = didn’t work
-expenditures of law WWII Japanese
-enforcement of law in public order -workers grew in strength
-protection of property -“HUKBALAHAP” many peasants identified themselves with this anti-J group
-economic infrastructure
-public works After establishment of Ph independence, problems remained
-social engineering subsidies Ph gov is the main executor of the reform when the main player is the DAR=made
-operation of gov effort for farmers to own land
=they gave the poor in rural locations land so they could develop for production
-fund welfare and services such as education, health care systems, for the elderly, and income
unemployment benefits, public transpo
Basis of agrarian reform= it would benefit the common people
-energy, water & waste management system are also common public utilities
RA 1199 or the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954
-passed even before CARP= Comprehensive Ph Agrarian Reform Program
Magsaysay
-tenant law sets rules for just improper relations between the farmers and
landowners
-this settled that the two parties should divide share and profit laons, contracts and
expenses
P. Diosdado Macapagal
-abolished this act and replaced with the improved RA 3844 = add farming
machines provided by the govern and separate judicial system for agrarian cases
EVOLUTION ON PH CONSTITUTION Executive Branch
Source: -president and his cabinet
-shall serve six years
Constituton
-it is a body of fundamental principles or established precedents acc to which a state or other Legislative Branch
org is acknowledged to be governed -resides in a congress
Two Houses
There were only three other consti has been in effect since 1987 1. Senate
-1935 Commonwealth Consti. 2. House of Representatives
-1973 Consti.
-1986 Freedom Consti. Judicial System
-the Ph Court system is vested with the power of judiciary
1987 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato -composed of Supreme Court & lower courts
-it was provisionary consti of the Ph republic -Supreme court = 15 members appointed by the Pres
-promulgated by the Ph Revolutionary government on Nov. 1
-borrowed from Cuba Three Independent Consti. Commissions
Organs of the Government under the Consti -Civil Service Commission
-supreme council of Grace&Justice -Commission on Elections
-assembly of representatives -Commission on Adult

1899 Malolos Constitution Office of the Ombudsman

-Ph independence was issued on June 12 1898 -created to investigate complaints that pertain to public corruption, unlawful behavior of
-Malolos Congress was elected a commission to draw up a draft consti public officials and other public misconduct
-author= Felipe Calderon
Three distinct Powers of Gov
-legislative, executive, judicial
-no vice
-pres for 4 years

1935 Commonwealth Constitution

-transitional administration to prepare the country to its full independence
-pres and vice 6 years

1973: Constitutional Authoritarianism

F. Marcos
-Marcos declared Martial Law before the convection finished its work
Aug 1983 = Benigno Aquino Jr. opposition leader and regarded as the most credible
alternative = was assassinated while under a military escort immediately after his return from
exile in US
-EDSA People Power revolution
-Marcos Family fled into exile

1987 Constitution after Martial Law

-revert to 1935 Consti
-retain the 1973 Consti
-start anew and break from vestiges of disgraced dictatorship
-established “democratic-republican state”