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What does it mean to be normal? And what does it mean to be sick? I've
asked myself this question from the time I was about seven, when I was
diagnosed with Tourette syndrome. Tourette's is a neurological disorder
characterized by stereotyped movements I perform against my will, called
tics. Now, tics are technically involuntary, in the sense that they occur
without any conscious attention or intention on my part.
But there's a funny thing about how I experience tics. They feel more
unvoluntary than involuntary, because I still feel like it's me moving my
shoulder, not some external force. Also, I get this uncomfortable
sensation, called premonitory urge, right before tics happen, and
particularly when I'm trying to resist them. Now, I imagine most of you
out there understand what I'm saying, but unless you have Tourette's, you
probably think you can't relate. But I bet you can. So, let's try a little
experiment here and see if I can give you a taste of what my experience
feels like. Alright, ready?
Don't blink. No, really, don't blink. And besides dry eyes, what do you
feel? Phantom pressure? Eyelids tingling? A need? Are you holding your
breath?
(Laughter)
Aha.
(Laughter)
That's approximately what my tics feels like. Now, tics and blinking,
neurologically speaking, are not the same, but my point is that you don't
have to have Tourette's to be able to relate to my experience of my
premonitory urges, because your brain can give you similar experiences
and feelings.
So, let's shift the conversation from what it means to be normal versus
sick to what it means that a majority of us are both normal and sick.
Because in the final analysis, we're all humans whose brains provide for a
spectrum of experiences. And everything on that spectrum of human
experiences is ultimately produced by brain systems that assume a
spectrum of different states. So again, what does it mean to be normal,
and what does it mean to be sick, when sickness exists on the extreme
end of a spectrum of normal?
So with the spotlight on the opioid crisis, I've really found myself
wondering lately: Where on the spectrum of unvoluntary behavior do we
put something like abusing opioid painkillers or heroin? By now, we all
know that the opioid crisis and epidemic is out of control. Ninety-one
people die every day in this country from overdose. And between 2002
and 2015, the number of deaths from heroin increased by a factor of six.
And something about the way that we treat addiction isn't working, at
least not for everyone. It is a fact that people suffering from addiction
have lost free will when it comes to their behavior around drugs, alcohol,
food or other reward-system stimulating behaviors. That addiction is a
brain-based disease state is a medical, neurobiological reality. But how
we relate to that disease -- indeed, how we relate to the concept of disease
when it comes to addiction -- makes an enormous difference for how we
treat people with addictions.
So, we tend to think of pretty much everything we do as entirely
voluntary. But it turns out that the brain's default state is really more like
a car idling in drive than a car in park. Some of what we think we choose
to do is actually things that we have become programmed to do when the
brakes are released. Have you ever joked that your brain was running on
autopilot? Guess what? It probably was. OK? And the brain's autopilot is
in a structure called the striatum. So the striatum detects emotional and
sensory motor conditions and it knows to trigger whatever behavior you
have done most often in the past under those same conditions.
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
I've been wanting to use that one in front of an audience for years.
(Applause)
(Laughter)
And for the record, I don't recommend any PhD student get a license
plate with their thesis topic printed on it, unless they're prepared for their
experiments not to work for the next two years.
(Laughter)
Now, for the interest of time, I've necessarily gotten rid of some of the
scientific details, but briefly, here's where we're at. The effects of social
disconnection through opioid receptors, the effects of addictive drugs and
the effects of abnormal neurotransmission on involuntary movements and
compulsive behaviors all converge in the striatum. And the striatum and
opioid signaling in it has been deeply linked with loneliness.
Think of it like this: when you're at your hungriest, pretty much any food
tastes amazing, right? So similarly, loneliness creates a hunger in the
brain which neurochemically hypersensitizes our reward system. And
social isolation acts through receptors for these naturally occurring
opioids and other social neurotransmitters to leave the striatum in a state
where its response to things that signal reward and pleasure is completely,
completely over the top. And in this state of hypersensitivity, our brains
signal deep dissatisfaction. We become restless, irritable and impulsive.
And that's pretty much when I want you to keep the bowl of Halloween
chocolate entirely across the room for me, because I will eat it all. I will.
I'm not the only person to point out that the areas in the country most
economically hard hit, where people feel most desolate about their life's
meaning, are also the places where there have been communities most
ravaged by opioids. Social isolation acts through the brain's reward
system to make this state of affairs literally painful. So perhaps it's this
pain, this loneliness, this despondence that's driving so many of us to
connect with whatever we can. Like food. Like handheld electronics. And
for too many people, to drugs like heroin and fentanyl.
I know someone who overdosed, who was revived by Narcan, and she
was mostly angry that she wasn't simply allowed to die. Imagine for a
second how that feels, that state of hopelessness, OK? But the striatum is
also a source of hope. Because the striatum gives us a clue of how to
bring people back. So, remember that the striatum is our autopilot,
running our behaviors on habit, and it's possible to rewire, to reprogram
that autopilot, but it involves neuroplasticity. So, neuroplasticity is the
ability of brains to reprogram themselves, and rewire themselves, so we
can learn new things. And maybe you've heard the classic adage of
plasticity: neurons that fire together, wire together. Right?
I believe that the solution to the opioid crisis is to explore how social and
psychospiritual interventions can act as neurotechnologies in circuits that
process social and drug-induced rewards. One possibility is to create and
study scalable tools for people to connect with one another over a mutual
interest in recovery through psychospiritual practices. And as such,
psychospiritual practice could involve anything from people getting
together as megafans of touring jam bands, or parkour jams, featuring
shared experiences of vulnerability and personal growth, or more
conventional things, like recovery yoga meetups, or meetings centered
around more traditional conceptions of spiritual experiences.
(Applause)