History

 The Spanish colonials colonize our cities like manila to convert and take control our religion.
 Philippines have a detailed portrait of manila politics while the social history was inadequate
literature.
 Filipino historian focusses on the revolution history instead of the social changes in the country
 The first decade of Philippine national independence was a time of sustained crisis that fostered a
climate unsuited to the conduct of objective scholarly inquiry
 In the early 19th century, weaving industry was largely product of capital and wage labors in two
important core regions of the archipelago.

Physiology

 According to Immanuel Wallenstein, lack of any significant research on the processes that made it
possible for capitalist world system to incorporate.

Sociology

 The study of John Larkin about the Kapampangan provincial history and urged scholars to undertake
parallel local studies as a means of moving beyond the manila centric vision.
 British country traders imported Indian cloth and exported local textile from Panay and the ilocos
coast
 The development of Philippine social history was strongly influenced by Indonesia.
 Chinese mestizo sugar planters had antecedent careers as textile entrepreneurs and used traditional
tactics of wage payments and debt bonding developed in their primitive weaving factories to create
a wage labor market in the cane fields.

Anthropology

 Tagalog entrepreneur who leased their rice land from Spanish church estates ringing manila had
every reason to support the nationalist revolt.
 The regional historian used the rich resources of the manila archives and local repositories to weave
a new fabric for Philippine social history.

Ecology

 Provincial cities demonstrate extra linkage to the world market which the manila is not the main
source of inspiration and became as connection for more powerful economic links to intra-regional
intra-Asian and international networks.
 These economic transformations were the fundamental cause of the failed national revolution and
the ultimate exposure of the modern nation state.
Geography

 Philippines
o The Philippines lacked a strong tradition of colonial scholarship unlike other southeast
Asian countries.
o
 Manila become the remotest outpost of Spain’s Latin American empire linked to
Europe through the trans-pacific galleon trade.
 Manila became an entrepot re- exporting Chinese silks and luxury goods to
Europe via Mexico.
 The archipelago became the first area in southeast asia to develop indigenous commercial elites
employing modern production methods and a rural wage labour market.
- Western Visayas (Panay, negros & Iloilo)
o Geographical was quite limited, the core plantation made strong demand upon many
non-sugar producing localities for capital labor materials and substantiable.
o The overpopulated, narrow costal plains of unique province in western Panay became
the boundary of region.
o Negros island exports sugars while Iloilo produces rice
o Ilonggo pioneers cleared the rain forest of negros island for vast new sugar plantation
- Luzon
o Central Luzon produces rice and sugar while northeaster Luzon of Cagayan valley
produces Tabaco.
o Uses of tenant farmers on both sugar and rice fields was the product of pre-Hispanic
production which responds to the problem of labor deficit and capital deficit production
system.

Economics

 The Philippine did not develop as a unitary colonial economy oriented towards a single satellite
entrepot at manila
 Bicol, cebu and Visayas developed separate ties to global markets which influenced by anglo-
american merchant that dominate the export of economy.

Demography

 The archipelago was too remote for bulk trade, produced neither pepper or spices and was to lightly
populated for mines or population of 580,000 people in 1606 vs Mexico’s 11 million in 1519.

Political science

 Filipino unified through electoral cum bureaucratic structure running from the municipality to
manila.
 Economic faltered while politics develops/increase dramatically.