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Topic: Integrals using reduction formulas

Question: Use the reduction formula to find the integral.


tan6 x d x

1
∫ ∫
n
Use tan x d x = tann−1x − tann−2 x d x
n−1

Answer choices:

1 5 1
A tan x − tan3 x + tan x − x + C
5 3

B tan5 x − tan3 x + tan x − x + C

1 5 1
C tan x − tan3 x + tan x − x
5 3

1 7
D tan x + C
7

431
Solution: A

The reduction formula

1
∫ ∫
n
tan x d x = tann−1x − tann−2 x d x
n−1

simply gives us a method of evaluating the integral without trying to figure


out how to do the integration. In our integral, n = 6. We use the reduction
formula, repeatedly until we have the final result of the integration. The
formula tells us to reduce the exponents each time.

Let’s do the first iteration of the reduction formula.

1
∫ ∫
6
tan x d x = tan6−1x − tan6−2 x d x
6−1

1 5
∫ ∫
tan x d x = tan x − tan4 x d x
6
5

Let’s do the second iteration of the reduction formula.

(4 − 1 )
1 5 1
∫ ∫
6
tan x d x = tan x − tan4−1x − tan4−2 x d x
5

1 5 1
∫ ∫
tan6 x d x = tan x − tan3 x + tan2 x d x
5 3

Let’s do the third iteration of the reduction formula.

1 5 1 3 1
∫ ∫
6
tan x d x = tan x − tan x + tan2−1x − tan2−2 x d x
5 3 2−1

432
1 5 1 3
∫ ∫
6
tan x d x = tan x − tan x + tan x − d x
5 3

Do the final integration without the reduction formula.

1 5 1

tan6 x d x = tan x − tan3 x + tan x − x + C
5 3

433
Topic: Integrals using reduction formulas

Question: Use the reduction formula to find the integral.


x 4e x d x

∫ ∫
Use x ne x d x = x ne x − n x n−1e x d x

Answer choices:

A x 4e x − x 3e x + x 2e x − xe x + e x + C

B x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12x 2e x − 24xe x + 24e x

C x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12x 2e x − 24xe x + 24e x + x + C

D x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12x 2e x − 24xe x + 24e x + C

434
Solution: D

The reduction formula

∫ ∫
x ne x d x = x ne x − n x n−1e x d x

simply gives us a method of evaluating the integral without trying to figure


out how to do the integration. In our integral, n = 4. We use the reduction
formula, repeatedly until we have the final result of the integration. The
formula tells us to reduce the exponents each time.

Let’s do the first iteration of the reduction formula.

∫ ∫
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 4−1e x d x

∫ ∫
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4 x 3e x d x

Let’s do the second iteration of the reduction formula.

∫ [ ∫ ]
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4 x 3e x − 3x 3−1e x d x

∫ ∫
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 4 3x 3−1e x d x

∫ ∫
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12 x 2e x d x

Let’s do the third iteration of the reduction formula.

435
∫ [ ∫ ]
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12 x 2e x − 2x 2−1e x d x

∫ ∫
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12x 2e x − 12 2x 2−1e x d x

∫ ∫
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12x 2e x − 24 xe x d x

Let’s do the fourth iteration of the reduction formula.

∫ [ ∫ ]
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12x 2e x − 24 xe x − 1x 1−1e x d x

∫ ∫
x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12x 2e x − 24xe x + 24 e x d x

Do the final integration without the reduction formula.


x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12x 2e x − 24xe x + 24e x


x 4e x d x = x 4e x − 4x 3e x + 12x 2e x − 24xe x + 24e x + C

436

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