TADULAKO UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PAPER I
(WOOD, METAL, LIME AND BRICK, POLYMER)

Lecturer : Dr. Andi Arham Adam, ST, M.Sc, Ph.D

POLYMER GROUP :
1. Abd. Aras Nur F 111 17 216
2. A.A. Jothysa Maheswari Kumara F 111 17 091
3. Gracela Tangke Datu F 111 17 103
4. Ihzam Ilaiyah F 111 17 140
5. Dwi Nofreza F 111 17 223
6. Niken Natalia Mangiwa F 111 17 225
 ABSTRACT

The writing of this paper aims to discuss wood, metal, lime and brick, and polymer.
Where the four materials are modules from the Construction Materials Technology course.
This paper will discuss the four materials in more detail about the meaning, types,
characteristics (physical, chemical and mechanical properties), as well as the advantages and
disadvantages of the four materials.

In the discussion in this paper will cover four material that will be explained by the
arrangement, wood, metal, lime and brick, and finally polymer. The method in elaborating
material uses a descriptive approach followed by an explanation in the form of writing,
pictures, and tables to better explain the material in more detail and systematically.

From the results of the material description, it was found that wood, metal, lime and
brick, and polymer are building materials that are widely used today because of the
advantages of each material that cannot be replaced by other materials. at this time wood is
still in demand as a building material because of its good rigidity so it is suitable for use as
earthquake resistant material. Metal is widely used in the world of engineering such as one
example that is steel which is currently a lot of lyrics as a strong building material and its
properties can be formed as needed. Whereas lime and brick that cannot be separated using
brick as a material that can be used because it can adjust to the ambient temperature, so that
the room temperature remains comfortable besides that brick is also resistant to fire. Lime is
widely used as a mortar to coat the walls of the house so that it is more durable and aesthetic.
The last is that polymer used to be used as a supporting material in development, such as
polymer samples, namely PVC, electric cable coatings, etc. However, there are now many
developed polymers that can be used as home wall materials because of their corrosion-
resistant, heat-conducting and mechanical properties, easily modified and can be shaped as
desired.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of The Paper

In a building construction requires the use of different materials depending on

the needs and advantages of the material. At present there are many materials used in
construction ranging from foundation to roof using different materials. Some
examples of materials that are often used are wood, metal, lime and brick, and
polymer.

Wood, metal, lime and brick, and polymer have different portions in building
construction. This needs to be known more deeply about material superiority and
weaknesses so that their use can be maximized. In addition, the importance of
knowing the types of these four materials is something that must be studied as a civil
engineer for the sake of development that meets the rules of being safe, comfortable
and economical. For this reason, this paper will discuss the four materials in detail
about the types, characteristics, and advantages and disadvantages that become
absolute knowledge for us as people who play a role in the field of building
construction

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is the understanding of wood, metal, lime, brick and polymer

2. What are the characteristics of wood, metal, lime, brick and polymer
3. What are the types of wood, metal, lime, brick, and polymer which are widely
used in building construction
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of wood, metal, lime, brick, and
polymer in building construction

1.3 Purpose of The Paper

1. Knowing the meaning of wood, metal, lime, brick, and polymer

2. Knowing the characteristics of wood, metal, lime, brick and polymer
3. Knowing the types of wood, metal, lime, brick, and polymer
4. Knowing the advantages and disadvantages of wood, metal, lime, brick, and
polymer
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Wood

2.1.1 Definition of Wood

Wood is part of a hardened stem or branch and twigs of plants due to

lignification. The shape of the wood is the result of cellulose and lignin in the
cell wall of various tissues in the stem. Timber science (dendrology) various
aspects of wood and chemical, physical and mechanical properties in various
handling conditions. Wood consists mostly of different cells parallel to the
length of the stem. These cells are composed of cellulose and are bound
together by cementing material called lignin. For more information, because
the properties of wood fibers are very different from those perpendicular to the
fiber.

Wood structure is a structure whose elements are wood. In its

development, the wooden structure is used as an alternative in the
development process, namely: easel frame, bridge frame and girder,
scaffolding structure, columns, and floor beams.

2.1.2 Physical Properties of Wood

2.1.2.1 Weight and Specific Gravity

The weight of a wood depends on the amount of wood,

cell cavity, water content and extractive substances in it. The
weight of a type of wood is directly proportional to its BJ.
Wood has different specific gravity, ranging from a minimum
BJ of 0.2 (balsa wood) to BJ 1.28 (nani wood). Generally, the
higher the BJ wood, the more heavy wood and the stronger it
will be.

2.1.2.2 Durability

Durability is the resistance of wood to attacks from

destructive elements from outside wood such as fungi, termites,
powder etc. The durability of wood is due to the presence of
extractive substances in wood which is a toxic element for
wood destroyers. Extractive substances are formed when
sapwood changes to wood terrace so that generally wood
terrace is more durable than sapwood.
2.1.2.3 Color

Various kinds of wood are caused by color fillers in

different woods.

2.1.2.4 Texture

Texture is the relative size of wood cells. Based on the

texture, wood is classified into fine textured wood (for example:
giam, kulim, etc.), medium-textured wood (for example: teak,
sonokeling, etc.) and coarse-textured wood (for example:
kempas, meranti etc.).

2.1.2.5 Fiber direction

The direction of the fiber is the general direction of the

wood cells against the axis of the tree trunk. The direction of
fiber can be divided into straight fibers, chime fibers, wavy
fibers, and twisted and diagonal fibers (sloping fibers).

2.1.2.6 Impression of touch

The impression of touching a type of wood is the

impression that is obtained when we touch the surface of the
wood. There is wood when touched gives the impression of
rough, smooth, slippery, cold and so on. Different impressions
of touch for each type of wood depend on: the texture of the
wood, the size of the water it contains, and the level of
extractive substances in the wood. Impression of touch is
slippery, if the texture of the wood is smooth and the surface
contains wax. Conversely, if the texture of the wood is rough.
The impression of cold touch is on fine textured wood and high
specific gravity, otherwise it feels hot when the texture is rough
and the density is low. Teak gives a slightly fatty or waxy
impression when touched; whereas renghas wood gives the
impression of itching on the skin (allergies).

2.1.2.7 Smell and Taste

The smell and taste of wood is easily lost when the

wood is long stored in the outside air. To find out the smell and
taste of wood need to be cut or a new incision in the wood or
by soaking the wood. Because there are types of wood that
have a smell that quickly disappears, or have a stimulating odor.
Smelling properties of wood can be described according to the
commonly known odor. To express the smell of wood faced,
often we use the smell of things that are commonly known, for
 example: the smell of garlic (kulim), the smell of keasam-
asaman (ulin), the smell of tanners (teak), the smell of camphor
(lime) and so on . Feeling touch and smell is not much different.
The existence of a similarity between the feeling of smell and
taste is caused by the close relationship found in the sense of
smell and our sense of taste.

2.1.2.8 Decorative Value

Generally related to the types of wood that will be made

for a specific purpose which only emphasizes the value of
certain beauty in the wood. The decorative value of a type of
wood depends on the color distribution, the direction of the
wood fiber, the texture and appearance of growing growths
which together appear in certain patterns or shapes. This picture
pattern makes something that has wood has a decorative value.
Wood that has decorative values include: sonokeling,
sonokembang, renghas, ebony, and so on.

2.1.2.9 Hygroscopic

Wood has properties that can absorb or release water.

The more humid the surrounding air the higher the moisture of
the wood until a balance is reached with the environment. In
the moisture condition of the wood the same as the humidity
around it is called the balance water content (EMC =
Equilibrium Moisture Content).

2.1.2.10 Nature of Wood to Sound, which consists of:

1. Acoustic properties, namely the ability to carry on sound

are closely related to wood elasticity.

2. b. The nature of resonance, which is to participate in

vibrating wood due to sound waves. The quality of the
wood released is very good, so the wood is widely used for
making musical instruments (kulintang, guitar, violin, etc.).

2.1.2.11 Heat Conductivity

The nature of wood conductivity is so bad that wood is

widely used to make items that are directly related to heat
sources.

2.1.2.12 Electrical Conductivity

In general, wood is a bad conductor for electricity. This

electrical conductivity is influenced by wood moisture content.
 At 0% moisture content, wood will become an excellent
electrical insulation material, on the contrary if the wood
contains maximum water (wet wood), then the conductivity can
be said to be equal to the conductivity of water.

2.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Wood

2.1.3.1 Tensility

Tensility is the strength of wood to resist the forces that try

to pull wood. There are 2 (two) types of tensile strength,
namely:

1. Tensility is parallel to the direction of the fiber and

2. Tensile tensile perpendicular to the fiber.

The biggest tensile strength in wood is the tensile strength

parallel to the direction of the fiber. The tensile strength
perpendicular to the fiber is smaller than the tensile strength
parallel to the direction of the fiber.

2.1.3.2 Compression / Compression

Firmness of compression / compression is the strength

of wood to hold load / load. There are 2 (two) kinds of
compressive constancy, namely:

1. Firmness presses parallel to the fiber direction and

2. Firmness press perpendicular to fiber direction.

In all woods, the perpendicular firmness of fibers is

smaller than the firmness of compression parallel to the
direction of the fiber.

2.1.3.3 Slide Strength

Shear strength is the ability of wood to resist the forces

that make a part of the wood also shift from another part nearby.
There are 3 (three) kinds of constancy, namely:

1. Firmness of sliding parallel to the direction of the fiber

2. Firmness of sliding perpendicular to the fiber and

3. Firmness of sliding tilt

 The firmness of the shear perpendicular to the fiber is
much greater than the firmness of the shear parallel to the
direction of the fiber.

2.1.3.4 Curvature (bending)

Curvature is the strength to resist forces that attempt to

bend the wood or to withstand dead or life loads other than
blow loads. There are 2 (two) types of constancy, namely:

1. Firmness of static arcs, namely the strength of the wood

withstand the force that hits it slowly.

2. The firmness of the curvature of the beat, namely the

strength of the wood withstand the force that hit it suddenly.

2.1.3.5 Rigidity

Rigidity is the ability of wood to resist changes in shape

or arch. The rigidity is expressed in the modulus of elasticity.

2.1.3.6 Tenacity

Tenacity is the ability of wood to absorb a relatively

large amount of energy or withstand repetitive shocks or
stresses that exceed proportional limits and result in permanent
changes in shape and partial damage.

2.1.3.7 Violence

Hardness is the ability of wood to resist the force that

makes a notch or indentation or abrasion. Together with
tenacity, violence is a measure of the resistance to wood wear.

2.1.3.8 Split Strength

Splitness is the ability of wood to resist the forces that

try to split wood. Low divisiveness is very good in making
shingles and firewood. On the contrary, high divisiveness is
very good for making carvings. In general, wood is easily split
along the radius (radial direction) rather than tangential
direction.

Measures used to describe the properties of wood

strength or mechanical properties are expressed in kg / cm2.
Factors that influence the mechanical properties of wood are
broadly classified into two groups:
 1. External factors: preservation of wood, environmental
humidity, loading and defects caused by wood-damaging
fungi or insects.

2. Factors in wood (internal): BJ, wood eye defects, sloping

fibers etc.

2.1.4 Classification of Wood

2.1.4.1 Classification of wood based on quality

Classification of Wood by Quality is the classification of wood

visually related to the quality of the wood face, such as: defects, fiber
patterns, and straightness of the stem, and wood moisture content.
Based on information from Ariestadi (2008), there are 3 (three) types
of wood weights in trade, namely: weight A, weight B and weight C.

Weighting wood C is wood that is not classified as a group of

wood weighing A and weight B. Based on the information from the
Indonesian Timber Construction Regulation (PKKI) 1961, wood
weighing A and weight B must fill the following requirements:

Terms of wood weight A:

 Wood must dry air (water content% 15%);

 The size of the wood does not exceed 1/6 the width of the wood
face, or not more than 3.5 cm

 Wood does not contain sapwood (wanvlak) which is more than

1/10 the width of the wood face;

 Tilt direction of Tangen fiber maximum 1/10;

 Cracks in the radial direction should not be more than 1/4 of the
thickness of the wood and cracks in the direction of the circle grow
not to be more than 1/5 thick of wood.

Requirements for wood weight B:

 Dry air wood with a moisture content of 15% - 30%;

 The size of the wooden eye does not exceed 1/4 the width of the
wood face, or not more than 5 cm;

 Wood does not contain sapwood (wanvlak) which is more than

1/10 the width of the wood face;

 The maximum direction of Tangen fiber is 1/7;

  Cracks in the radial direction should not be more than 1/3 the
thickness of the wood and cracks in the direction of the circle
should not grow more than 1/4 thick wood.

2.1.4.2 Wood Classification Based on wood strength

The classification of wood strength is based on elastic strength

and compressive strength on the atmosphere of air dry wood. Elastic
strength is determined according to the maximum elastic stress
received by the wood to break (absolute elastic stress). While the
compressive strength is determined according to the maximum
compressive stress received by the wood until it breaks (absolute
pressure stress).

The magnitude of the wood voltage figure is set in units of kg /

cm3. Usually the stronger the type of wood the greater the Specific
Gravity (BJ). Classification of timber in Indonesia according to the
information from the Indonesian Timber Construction Regulation
(PKKI) in 1961 is classified into 5 (five) strong learning spaces,
namely strong learning spaces I, II, III, IV and V. The voltage and
specific gravity of each space strong learning of wood is shown in
Table.

Source : Sudarminto, 1983

2.1.4.3 Classification based on durability

The classification of wood is based on the durability of wood

against the effects of humidity, climate (water and sun), termites and
other insects, and wood treatment in use as construction. Based on the
Indonesian wood construction regulations (1961), the durability of
wood is classified into five classes, namely: durability class I, II, III,
IV, and V. The duration of wood use in construction in accordance
with environmental conditions or the nature of use of each wood grade
class shown in the table below this.
 Source : Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, 1987

2.1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wood

2.1.5.1 Advantages of Wood

 excellent insulator: houses they are built out of bricks also known
to have outstanding insulating properties, but timber manages to
surpass them

 Timber is an elastic material: At the opposite of brick or concrete

walls, timber walls don’t need to be very thick. A 20m timber wall
for example, is strong enough to protect the internal space against
the winter cold, in conjunction with a proper treatment

 easy and fast to build: a timber construction can be build very easy
and fast in contrast to a common brick or concrete construction

 sustainable: timber is a renewable resource

 reusable: timber can be used more than once. It is easy to recycle

 price: to build a timber house or a timber construction is cheaper

than any other common procedure which has the same
requirements or sizes.

 weight: timber is very light

 Strength: Timber framings are strong in real structural terms

 Esthetic appeal: timber is a beautiful material for both internal and

external appearance
 2.1.5.2 Disadvantages of Wood

 Shrinking and swelling: Timber has a natural ability to absorb

water which is also known as Hygroscopy

 fire resistance: If timber has not passed a special treatment which

ensure a special fire rating, timber is highly combustable

 discolouration: With the time untreated timber which is exposed to

the different weather influences it discolours turns to a dark and
dirty optic

 mouldiness: If timber is treated wrong or the installation is not

regulated accordingly, timber has the ability to mould.

2.2 Metal

2.2.1 Definition of Metal

Metals are materials / technical materials that are widely used in

various fields. In the world of engineering, metal is the most dominating
material of other technical materials as the most important material in making
machinery. In the world of education we must understand the elements
contained in the metal.

2.2.2 Mechanical properties of metal

2.2.2.1 Strenght

The capability of the material to receive strain without causing

the material to become broken

2.2.2.2 Toughness

The capability of the materials to absorb some energy without

causing damage.

2.2.2.3 Hardness

The capability of thematerials to withstand scratches, abrasion,

penetration. This properties is closely related to wear and tear (wear
resistance)

2.2.2.4 Ductility

The mechanical properties of metal include ductility, which is

their capacity in plastic deformation.
 2.2.2.5 Elasticity

The capability of the material to receive strain without causing

permanent form changes after the strain is removed

2.2.2.6 Fatigue

It is the tendency of the metal to break when it receives

repetitive stress (cyclis stress) whose magnitude is still far below the
limit of its elasticity.

2.2.2.7 Creep

Perhaps the most characteristic property of metals at high

temperatures is their ability to flow or creep when under prolonged
load, and it is because of that property that the stress necessary to cause
fracture of a metal at high temperatures depends on its time of
application.

2.2.3 Understanding of Metals (Ferro)

Ferro metal is a metal alloy consisting of a mixture of carbon elements

with iron. To produce a metal alloy that has two different properties with iron
and carbon it is mixed with various other metals. Metals are elements of the
earth's crust (minerals) that are formed naturally. The amount of metal is
estimated at 4% of the earth's crust. Metal in the technical field is iron.
Usually used for construction of buildings, pipes, factory tools and so on.

Examples of metals that already have certain technical use properties

and can be obtained in sufficient quantities are iron, copper, zinc, lead, lead
nickel, aluminum, magnesium. Then came other metals for special use and
alloys, such as gold, silver, platinum, iridium, wolfram, tantal, molybdenum,
titanium, voxalt, anti monium (metalloid), chromium, vanadium, beryllium,
and others.

Metals are chemical elements that have properties, namely:

 Can be forged and deformed

 Heat and electricity delivery

 Hard (resistant to scratches, cuts or wear), springy (resistant to break when

stretched), strong (resistant to impact, hammer blow), and tough (can be
pulled).

What is meant by iron in the technical field is technical iron, not pure
iron, because pure iron (Fe) does not fulfill technical statements, technical
 requirements are the strength of the material, ductility, and resistance to
external influences (corrosion, wear, chemicals, high temperatures and so on ).

Technical iron is always mixed with other elements such as carbon (C),
silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), Phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). These elements
must be at a certain level, in accordance with the desired characteristics, in
general the iron technique is divided into:

 Coarse iron: carbon content greater than 3.5%, can not be forged.

 Iron: carbon content greater than 2.5%, cannot be forged.

 Steel: carbon content less than 1.7%, can be forged.

2.2.4 Non-Metal Definition

Non-Ferro Metal (Non-Ferrous Metal) is a type of metal that is

chemically not having iron or Ferro (Fe), therefore this type of metal is called
non-ferrous metal. Some of these types of metals have been mentioned which
include many metals and are commonly used both purely and as alloying
elements. With the development of science and technology, especially in the
processing of metal materials, making all types of metals widely used for
various reasons, the quality of products is increasingly improved, the need for
various technology supporting equipment and the limitations of the
availability of materials that are generally used and others .

These non-Ferro metals are found in various types and each of them
has specific characteristics and characteristics that differ from one metal to
another. The diversity of properties and characteristics of the Non Ferro metal
allows wide usage both in pure use or even combined between non-ferrous
metals and even Ferro metals to obtain a new property that is different from its
original properties.

The definition of non-metallic or non-metallic material is a chemical

element that has properties, namely:

 Elastic (rubber), liquid (lubricating material, and cannot conduct electric

current (insulation material)).
 Sensitive to fire (fuel, non-flammable (Asbestos) and easily broken
(ceramic)).

The effect of carbon on metal properties

Can be classified as follows:

1. Iron which contains levels of C = 0% -0.5%, has properties that are easily
forged and cannot be plated or hardened. This iron is called wrought iron.
 2. Iron which contains levels of C = 0.5% -1.7%, has properties that can be
forged and can be plated. This iron is called steel.

3. Iron which contains levels of C = 2.5% -6.67%, has properties that are
easily casted (casted) and iron is called cast iron.

Effect of levels of charcoal in iron

1. Acid. There is also in the air, which is a mixture of 21% acid and 78%
nitrogen, then 1% helium, argon and some other substances. Acid in the air
can cause iron metal to break.

2. Oxid. The compound between an acid and another element is called an

oxide. Magnetic iron stone, magnesite (Fe2O3) content of Fe 60% to 70%
(Russia, Sweden, America). Red iron stone, hemafite (Fe2O3), Fe content
40% to 60% (Canada, Spain, England, Russia). The process of a high
kitchen is a reduction process, because in the kitchen it is high, acidic iron
is removed and iron resides.

3. Carbonate. Sport iron stone (FeCl3) is an iron carbonate, because in this

compound there is carbonium (substance). Spatic iron stone (Fe2 (O3)),
containing 30% to 40% Fe (Germany, Austria)

4. Carbon. This element is very important for steel production. Pure charcoal
is present in graphite diamonds. This charcoal is obtained from charcoal
bones, charcoal, charcoal, charcoal (coal), and others. By adding charcoal
in iron, many or few. Then there will be iron compounds that have hard
properties. The iron element is found in nature, the material is in the form
of pure metal, but is in the form of compounds of iron oxide, which are
still mixed with other elements and impurities.

2.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Metal

 Buildings and Advantages

The kinds of advantages and disadvantages that you may face from
using metal depend on how you intend to use it. If you wish to construct a
metal building, such as an addition to your home like a garden shed, it has
the advantage of being sturdy enough to not require the use of concrete
pillars to keep it upright. Buildings made of metal also stand up well to
weather -- unlike buildings made of wood -- and are less prone to burning.

 Buildings and Disadvantages

Metal may rust, especially if the structure is located outside and at

the mercy of the rain. This not only affects the outside of a structure but
also the inside of it. Metal buildings are known for being difficult to seal
completely from water penetration. Other disadvantages include the
 difficulty in attaching hooks and shelves to metal, which requires
professional tools, and metal's less attractive appearance compared to
wooden structures.

 Roofs and Advantages

Some people view metal roofs as being good for the environment.
Because metal is a good conductor of heat, it reflects the harsh midday sun,
reducing cooling costs. This can save you money in energy bills. Metal
roofs are also more durable than nonmetal roofs because they usually only
need to be replaced every 50 years.

 Roofs and Disadvantages

The disadvantages from using metal in roof work are the initial
expense of installing it on a home. They can be quite expensive and are
only really worth doing if you plan on staying in the same house for a
number of years. Another disadvantage comes when it rains, as the sound
of rainfall on a metal roof tends to be very noisy and can't be completely
silenced with additions such as roof insulation.

2.3 Lime and Brick

2.3.1 Lime

2.3.1.1 Definition of Lime

Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic mineral in

which oxides, and hydroxides predominate. In the strict sense
of the term, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. It is
also the name of the natural mineral (native lime) CaO which
occurs as a product of coal seam fires and in altered limestone
xenoliths in volcanic ejecta. The word lime originates with its
earliest use as building mortar and has the sense of sticking or
adhering.

These materials are still used in large quantities as

building and engineering materials (including limestone
products, cement, concrete, and mortar), as chemical
feedstocks, and for sugar refining, among other uses. Lime
industries and the use of many of the resulting products date
from prehistoric times in both the Old World and the New
World. Lime is used extensively for wastewater treatment with
ferrous sulfate.

2.3.1.2 Classification of Lime

 Fat Lime/Pure Lime: Fat lime is also known as pure lime,

white lime or rich lime, this is manufactured using the
 purest form of the limestone. It is popular with its name as
fat lime since its volume is increased to about 2 to 2.5 times
its originally volume after getting slaked. It slakes
vigorously.
 Hydraulic Lime: This lime has the hydraulic property,
means it can set under the water also. It contains clay and
some amount of ferrous oxide also. This is also known as
water lime.Depending upon the amount of clay hydraulic
lime is classified into further three categories:

(a) Feebly hydraulic lime

(b) Moderately hydraulic lime

(c) Eminently hydraulic lime

Increase in the percentage of clay makes the slaking

difficult and thus increases the hydraulic property of lime.
With about 30 per cent of clay lime resembles the color of
cement. The color of fat lime is not white therefore fat lime
looks more sanitary than the hydraulic lime.

 Poor Lime: Poor lime contains more than 30 percent of clay

therefore it is also known as impure lime. It slakes very
slowly and also does not dissolve into water. It has poor
binding property and its color is muddy white. This lime
forms very poor mortar and so such lime can be used for
inferior types of work or at places where good lime is not
available.

2.3.1.3 Aplication of Lime

In the lime industry, limestone is a general term for

rocks that contain 80% or more of calcium or magnesium
carbonates, including marble, chalk, oolite, and marl. Further
classification is by composition as high calcium, argillaceous
(clayey), silicious, conglomerate, magnesian, dolomite, and
other limestones.[3] Uncommon sources of lime include coral,
sea shells, calcite and ankerite.

Limestone is extracted from quarries or mines. Part of

the extracted stone, selected according to its chemical
composition and optical granulometry, is calcinated at about
1,000 °C (1,830 °F) in different types of lime kilns to produce
quicklime according to the reaction:

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

 Before use, quicklime is hydrated, that is combined with
water, called slaking, so hydrated lime is also known as slaked
lime, and is produced according to the reaction:

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

Dry slaking is when quicklime is slaked with just

enough water to hydrate the quicklime, but remain as a powder
and is referred to as hydrated lime. In wet slaking, a slight
excess of water is added to hydrate the quicklime to a form
referred to as lime putty.

Because lime has an adhesive property with bricks and

stones, it is often used as binding material in masonry works. It
is also used in whitewashing as wall coat to adhere the
whitewash onto the wall.

2.3.2 Brick

2.3.2.1 Definition of Brick

A brick is building material used to make walls,

pavements and other elements in masonry construction.
Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay,
but it is now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar.
A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime,
or concrete materials. Bricks are produced in numerous classes,
types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time
period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic
categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.

2.3.2.2 Classification of Brick

There are two main types of Bricks.

 Unburnt Bricks : These bricks are dried through sun light. It

is also called Sun-dried Bricks. They have very low
strength as compared to other types of bricks.It is believed
that first-time bricks were used, in sun-dried form (unburnt
Bricks), in Egypt some 6000 years ago.
 Burnt Bricks : The bricks which are used commonly in
today’s age are burnt bricks. They are prepared and burnt
in a kiln.
2.4 Polymer

2.4.1 Definition of Polymer

Polymer is a chain of long atoms, formed from identical molecules

called monomers. Polymers are very large molecules made when hundreds of
monomer join together to form long chains.

The process by which the monomer molecules are linked to form a big
polymer molecule is called “Polymerization. Polymerization is a process of
bonding monomer, or ‘single units” together through a variety of reaction
mechanisms to form longer chains name Polymer.

2.4.2 Polymer classification

2.4.2.1 Based on provenance

1. Natural polymer, which is a polymer that is naturally available in

nature. Example: rubber, cellulose, protein and starch. Usually this
polymer is formed from the condensation process.

2. Semisynthetic Polymers, namely polymers obtained from the

modification of natural polymers and chemicals. Examples:
cellulose acetate, which is a derivative of cellulose formed from
cellulose acetylation and used to make window films.

3. Synthetic Polymers, which are polymers made by humans and are

often found in everyday life. Examples: fibers, plastics and
artificial rubber. This type of polymer is usually formed from an
addition polymerization process.

2.4.2.2 Based on the type of monomer

1. Homopolymers or also called Linear polymers, which are polymers

composed of the same or similar monomers. For example polyvinyl
chloride is an addition polymer containing the same monomer,
namely vinyl chloride.
2. Copolymer, which is a polymer composed of polymerization of
different types of monomers to form a polymer. For example,
nylon 66 is formed from polymerization of adipate and
hexamethylenediamine.

2.4.2.3Based on the nature of heating or its elasticity (Intermocular Style):

1. Thermoplastics, which are polymers that soften when heated and

can be reshaped. Thermoplastics have moderate intermolecular
forces. Thermoplastic polymers if they have a hard textured linear
structure, whereas if branched they will be soft. When heated, the
 thermoplastic will become soft, and re-harden when cooled. The
process softens during heating and cooling can be repeated several
times as desired without changing the chemical composition of the
polymer. Examples: PE, PP, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Teflon, and
polystyrene.
2. Thermosetting, which is a polymer that does not soften when
heated, so it cannot be reshaped. Unlike thermoplastics, thermosets
can experience changes in chemical composition when heating.
When heated, the thermoset will harden and cannot be soft as usual.
3. Hardening during heating is due to the cross-linking that forms a
three-dimensional polymer network and therefore can only be
heated once. For example, thermosets are plastic packaging bags,
Bakelit, urea-formaldehyde resins, etc.
4. Elastomers, which are polymers that can be stretched when pulled,
but will return to normal if the tensile force is eliminated, has the
weakest attraction. The elastomeric form is amorphous, with a very
high degree of elasticity. Elastomers have the strength to extend ten
times their original length and return to their original form.

2.4.2.4 Based on the application

1. Commercial polymers, which are polymers synthesized at low cost

and produced in large quantities
2. Technical polymers, namely polymers that have superior properties
and are expensive
3. Special purpose polymers, namely polymers that have superior
properties and are intentionally made for special
purposes

2.4.2.5 Based on the shape of the chain

1. Linear Polymers, which are polymers that are repeatedly arranged,

are related to one another and form long polymer chains. Examples
are polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, etc. Linear polymers have a
high melting point, tensile strength and density.
2. Branched polymers, which are linear polymers that have different
length branches in the main chain. Because of the branching on the
main chain, this type of polymer has a low melting point, tensile
strength and density. Examples of branched polymers are glycogen.
3. Three-dimensional network polymers or cross-chain polymers,
namely these types of polymers are linear polymers that join
together to form three-dimensional networks. Its nature is very hard,
rigid, and brittle. Examples of cross-chain polymers are Bekelite,
urea formaldehyde resin.
 2.4.2.6 Based on the Formation

1. Addition Polymers, which are polymers formed because the

double-linked monomer molecules join with the others (do not
produce suffing)
2. Condensation polymer, which is when the monomer joins and
liberates simple molecules (for example, water)

2.4.2.7 Based on its use

1. Polymers used for fiber

2. Polymers used for plastic

2.4.3 Characteristics of polymers

1. Polymers can be very resistant to chemicals

2. Polymers can be thermal and electrical insulators
3. In general, polymers are very light with significant strength
4. Polymers can be processed in various ways
5. Polymers are materials with a range of characteristics and colors that
appear to be borderless
6. Polymers are usually made from petroleum, but not always
7. Polymers can be used to make items that do not have alternatives from
other materials
 CHAPTER III

SUMMARY

The use of wood is currently widely used as a quality building material. this is
because the price of wood is cheaper and easier to find. In addition, the characteristics of
wood that is more resistant to pressure and bending makes it suitable for combining the roof
frame or as a wall, especially the weight of wood that is lighter than other materials.

Metal is divided into two, namely: Ferros metal and non ferros metal. Ferro metal is
iron metal. Iron is an important metal in engineering, but pure iron is too soft and brittle as
work, construction or aircraft. Non ferrous metals or non-ferrous metals are metals that do not
contain iron (Fe). Most non-ferrous metals are mostly not used without being combined with
other metals, because their properties usually do not meet the desired requirements. Except
for pure non-ferrous metals, platinum, gold and silver are not integrated because they already
have good properties, for example chemical resistance and good electrical conductivity and
are strong enough, so that they can be used in a pure state. But because the price is expensive,
these three types of metal are only used for special purposes. For example in process
techniques and laboratories in addition to certain needs such as jewelry and the like.

Lime and brick is often used in construction, lime is used as a mortar or adhesive on
the wall. While the brick is used as the main material in the construction of the walls of the
house.

Polymers have many different types based on the similarity of the constituent material.
Polymer is currently widely used in building construction both as a supporting material or as
a main ingredient. This is due to the nature of the polymer which can be shaped as desired,
resistant to heat and electricity, and also includes lightweight materials.
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