0 evaluări0% au considerat acest document util (0 voturi)
13 vizualizări16 pagini
This document discusses epidemiological surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health practices. It describes the types of data collected through surveillance systems and the goals of monitoring disease frequency, distribution, and trends. The document outlines criteria for selecting which diseases to monitor and definitions for common terms like epidemic, endemic, and pandemic. It discusses characteristics of effective surveillance systems including simplicity, flexibility, timeliness, and ability to detect outbreaks.
This document discusses epidemiological surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health practices. It describes the types of data collected through surveillance systems and the goals of monitoring disease frequency, distribution, and trends. The document outlines criteria for selecting which diseases to monitor and definitions for common terms like epidemic, endemic, and pandemic. It discusses characteristics of effective surveillance systems including simplicity, flexibility, timeliness, and ability to detect outbreaks.
This document discusses epidemiological surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health practices. It describes the types of data collected through surveillance systems and the goals of monitoring disease frequency, distribution, and trends. The document outlines criteria for selecting which diseases to monitor and definitions for common terms like epidemic, endemic, and pandemic. It discusses characteristics of effective surveillance systems including simplicity, flexibility, timeliness, and ability to detect outbreaks.
M.D Public Health Dr. Hisham Mohammed Mahaba M.D Public Health Epidemiological Surveillance • Definition: On going systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data essential for planning, implementation, evaluation of public health practice, with timely dissemination of these data for application in preventive and control measures • التفحص المستمر لجميع أوجه حدوث وانتشار المرض ات الصلة الوثيقة بالمكافحة الفعالة Data collected in surveillance system • 1. Morbidity and mortality reports. • 2. Individual case reports. • 3. Disease surveillance reports. • 4. Laboratory results. • 5. Availability of drugs, toxoids, vaccines, immunoglobulines, insecticides needed for control. • 6. Data about levels of immunity in the population e.g. vaccination coverage. Goal of surveillance system • To ensure the availability of timely information about disease frequency: ( Who, Where, When) Case definition
Case definition
Confirmed Probable Possible
clinical +/- positive clinical Positive clinical positive lab ? lab no lab available Criteria for selection of disease • 1.The disease constitute a public health problem. • 2 Endemic disease or has a relation to active foci in another country • 3. The appearance of new disease • 4. Low or absence of immunity in the population. • 5. Available vectors of disease. • 6. Available environment for spread. Definitions • Epidemic: The occurrence of increased numbers of cases in a locality than that expected for time an d place • Endemic : The continuous presence of a disease in a locality • Pandemic : The epidemic involves more than one country. • Sporadic Predisposing factors for epidemics • 1. New entry of pathogen • 2. Increased number of agents or change in virulence. • 3. Increased number of susceptible individuals • 4. Increased vectors of disease • 5. Increase in social factors favorable for spread of disease • 6. Change in host immunity. Emergency epidemic • 1. Expectation of occurrence of large numbers of cases • 2. The disease high mortality rates. • 3. The risk of socioeconomic disruption • 4. Local health authorities are unable to deal with the epidemic • 5. International threat of disease transmission Purpose of surveillance of disease • To detect – Epidemic – Rare disease – Change in host practice • To describe – Trends – Pattern of disease • To evaluate – Preventive and control measures – Hypothesis of disease occurrence • To identify risk factors • To monitor change in disease agents (lab) • To plan priorities of health programs Types of surveillance of disease • 1. Passive ( routine reporting ): wait to receive data • 2. Active : Go and collect data • 3. Sentinel reporting system. Components of surveillance system • What: case definition and investigations • Who: Provide information( active and passive) and analyze data • When: time of reporting • Where: Health office • How: information collected, analyzed, disseminated. • To whom: reports are sent. Characteristics of surveillance system • 1. Simplicity : structure and ease of operation. • 2. Flexibility: can adapt change in case definition, new disease conditions, variation in reporting sources. • 3. Acceptability:Reflects the willingness of individuals and organization to participate into surveillance system. Indicators (participation rate, completion, timely reporting.) Characteristics of S.S continued • 4. Sensitivity: – a.ability to detect cases – b. ability to detect epidemics – i.e. the proportion of total number of cases detected by S.S – It is affected by persons with disease condition seek medical care or not – Skill in diagnosis – Reporting system Characteristics of S.S continued • 5. High predictive value of positive – persons reported to have the condition have high probability of actually being diseased – Frequent false positive cases increase waste of resources. – Falsely detected epidemics cause costly investigations. Characteristics of S.S continued • 6.Representative : the ability to generalize the findings of S.S to population (area studied) and occurrence of disease over time. • 7. Timeliness – Reflects the speed or delay between steps in S.S – Time between disease onset and reporting – Time required for identification of trends , outbreaks, or effects of control measures – Time for proper action.
Summary: The Real Anthony Fauci: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health by Robert F. Kennedy Jr: Key Takeaways, Summary & Analysis Included