INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN COMMUNICATION

DONA, MARY GRACE

DUA, PRINCESS VANESSA
LANDANGON, TREXIA
TOMAROY, MILLEN GRACE

AUGUST 13, 2019

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I. COMMUNICATION: DEFINITION

Communication is a process of sharing and conveying message and

information from one person to another. It is a systematic process in which
people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings.
Every communication involves one sender, a message and a recipient through
verbal or non-verbal means, including speech or oral communication; writing
and graphical representations. It includes our emotions, the cultural situation,
and the medium we use to communicate and even the location. More simply,
communication is said to be “the creation and exchange of meaning”.

II. AREAS OF COMMUNICATION

There are four types of communication:

a) Spoken or verbal communication- it includes face to face, telephone,

radio, TV, and other forms of media
b) Non Verbal Communication- It is an area of communication where it
includes: body language, gestures, how we dress or act, where we
stand, and even our scent. Also, hand signals or gestures can add to a
spoken message.
c) Written Communication- It includes letters, emails, social media,
books, and magazines, internet, and other media.
d) Visualizations- It involves graphs and charts, maps, logo, and other
visualization.

III. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

a. Speaker – the source of information or message

b. Message – the information, thoughts, or ideas, conveyed by the speaker in
words or in actions
c. Encoding – the process of converting the message into words, actions, or
other forms that the speaker understands
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d. Channel – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal,

verbal or non-verbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed
e. Decoding – the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker
by the receiver
f. Receiver – the recipient of the message or someone who decodes the
message
g. Feedback – the response, reactions, or information provided by the
receiver
h. Context – the environment where communication takes place
i. Barrier/Noise – the factors that affect the flow of communication

IV. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Aristotle Model

A speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and
is the only active. It mainly focuses on speaker and speech. The model has five (5)
elements: a speaker, speech, occasion, audience, and effect.

The model represents communication as an orator to a large audience. It is the

widely accepted and the most common model of communication where the sender
sends the information or a message to the receivers to influence them and make them
respond and act accordingly.

Speaker Speech Audience Effect

Occasion

Figure 1. Aristotle Model of Communication

Schramm Model

“If there is no commonality in the sender and receiver field of experience,

then, communication does not take place.” – Wilber Schramm

Schramm indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has
on the target of the message. According to Schramm, communication is incomplete
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until the sender receives a feedback from the recipient. In his model, communication
is a two-way process between the first and second party.

Field of experience Field of experience

Sender Encoder Signal Decoder Receiver

Noise

Feedback
Figure 2. Schramm Model of Communication

Shannon – Weaver Model

Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver were engineers when they made the
model, to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technology. There are four (4)
primary parts of the model which includes the sender, channel, receiver and the noise.

Information Transmitter Receiver

Channel Destination
Source Message (Encoder) Signal Received (Decoder) Message
Signal

Noise
Source

Figure 3. Shannon – Weaver Model of Communication

The sender or transmitter is the part of a telephone a person speaks into. It is

encoded which is passed through a channel which is the telephone. The receiver then
decodes the received signal. It is the part of the phone through which one can hear the
sender on the other end of the line and then the message reaches its destination.
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Shannon and Weaver recognized that background sound or noise depends with the
telephone conversation.

Berlo Model

David Berlo created the Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver Model of

Communication that identifies the controlling factors for the major elements of
communication. It is a simple application for person-to-person communication which
includes communication source, encoder, message, channel, decoder and
communication receiver. Some factors influence the communication process such as
communication skills, awareness level, social system, cultural system and attitude.

Source Message Channel Receiver

Encodes Decodes

Communication Content Hearing Communication

Skills Skills
Attitudes Elements Seeing Attitudes

Knowledge Treatment Touching Knowledge

Social System Structure Smelling Social System

Culture Code Tasting Culture

Figure 4. Berlo Model of Communication

Laswell Model

The model was built by Harold Laswell as an analytical tool for researching
and analyzing mass communication and propaganda. It has been referred to as a
simple, linear, and potentially hypodermic conceptualization of communication. It
describes an act of communication by defining who said it, what was said, in what
channel it was said, to whom it was said, and with what effect it was said. It is
regarded by many communication and public relations scholars as one of the earliest
and most influential communication models.
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Who What Channel Whom

(Audience or = Effect
(Speaker) (Message) (or Medium)
Listener)
Figure 5. Laswell Model of Communcation

Ross Model

The Ross model focuses on the human and human sign-symbol behavior. It
shows the importance of mood, context, situation and psychological climate that
could affect communication. Moods of a person change fast and can greatly affect
what and how they say or hear things. The sender chooses items from his/her
storehouse of knowledge and experience to help him/her communicate his/her
intended message to the receiver; the receiver, in turn, decodes the message using
his/her storehouse of knowledge and experience.
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Figure 6. Ross Model of Communication

White Model

Eugene White's communication model is a repetitive, cyclical event but the

dynamic quality of interaction is not depicted. This model implies a step-by-step
sequence that starts with thinking in the part of the speaker and ends with monitoring
the speaker. The speaker is the originator of the communication process and the
listener is the passive reactor who does not initiate communication.

Thinking Symbolizing Expressing

Monitoring Transmitting

Feedbacking Decoding Receiving

Figure 7. White Model of Communication

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REFERENCES

Cañedo, C. (2015, December 06). Models of communication. Retrieved August 10,

2019, from https://www.slideshare.net/chester_03/models-of-communication-
55859509

Introduction to Human Communication. (n.d.). Retrieved August 11, 2019, from

http://dmcodyssey.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/INTRODUCTION-TO-
HUMAN-COMMUNICATION.pdf