TYRES AND WHEELS REPORT
Faculty Advisor:Mr.M.K.Naidu
 Tyres:
Bike tyre is a tyre that fits on
the wheel. They may also be used on the
wheel chairs and hand cycles, especially for
racing. Bike tyres provide an important
source of suspension, generate the lateral
forces necessary for balancing, turning and
operate the longitudinal forces necessary for
propulsion and braking. Motorcycle tyres
are the outer part of motorcycle wheels
attached to rims, providing traction,
resistance wear, absorbing surface
irregularities, and allowing the motorcycle
to turn via counter steering. The two tyres
contact patches are the motorcycle's
connection to the ground. And so are
fundamental to the motorcycle’s suspension
behaviour and critically affect safety,
braking, fuel economy, noise and rider
comfort.
 Properties of tyres:
There are several properties of motorcycle
tyres that influence the performance,
handling and stability of motorcycle.
1. Rolling resistance is the resistance
that occurs when a tyre rolls on a flat
surface. The rolling resistance
coefficients of motorcycle tyres are
about 0.02. It tends to increase with
forward speed and decrease as
inflation pressures increase.
Mr.M.Anil Prakash
2. Cornering force is the lateral force
produced by a vehicle tyre during
cornering. Cornering force
coefficients of motorcycle tyres
tends to decrease with increase in
vertical load, increased inflation
pressure and increased temperature.
3. Camber trust is the force generated
perpendicular to the direction of
travel of rolling type due to its
camber angle and finite contact patch
4. Pneumatic trail is a trail like effect
generated by complaint tyres rolling
on hard surface and subject to side
loads, as in a turn.
5. Relaxation length describes the delay
between when a slip angle is
introduced and when the cornering
force reaches its steady state value.
 Width:
Measuring a tyre width should be a starting
point when determining motorcycle tyre
dimensions
 Aspect ratio:
You use the aspect ratio to indicate a tyre’s
cross-sectional profile. A smaller number
means a lower profile, and the height to
width ratio is shown as percent. For example
if the aspect ratio is 90, that means that your
tyre's cross-sectional height is 90% of its
width.
 Speed rating:
It provides maximum speed at which tyre
can be used on maximum load and inflation
pressure. To find them you will need to
check the side wall of tyre. Speed rating also
has a letter code, and that is immediately
after width and aspect ratio.
 Rim diameter:
The rim or wheel on which the tyre is
mounted is measured in inches.
WW: white wall tyre
TT: tube type tyre
TL: Tubeless tyre
MC: Motorcycle tyre
Speed and construction
As with four-wheeled vehicles, tyres for
motorcycle have a tyre code, which
describes a tyre's width, height/width aspect
ratio, wheel diameter, load index and speed
rating. The most common are:
 3 digit number: The "nominal section
width" of the tyre in millimetres; the
widest point from both outer edges.
 /: Slash character for character
separation.
 2 or 3 digit number: The "aspect
ratio" of the sidewall height to the
total width of the tyre, as a
percentage.
 An optional letter indicating
construction of the fabric carcass of
the tyre:
  B: bias belt (where the H= Speed rating
sidewalls are the same
19= Rim diameter
material as the tread, leading
to a rigid ride)
 D: diagonal
 R: radial
Example of low profile inch:
4.25/85H-18”
If omitted, then it is a cross ply tyre
Series size system= 85% aspect ratio
 2 digit number: Diameter in inches
of the wheel that the tyre is designed Tread pattern, construction and
to fit. types
When it comes to bike tyres, the right tread
is a very important decision. After all, this is
 Numbering systems used in the part of the tyre that is in constant contact
motorcycle tyre sizing with the road surface. Subsequently, the
various features and choice of tread can
Example of Metric: 180/55ZR-17” greatly alter both the properties of the
180= Width (milli meters) specific tyre, as well as how the car handles
as a result
55= Aspect ratio (cross section height is
55% of width)
Z= Speed rating The right choice of bike tyre tread,
R= Radial construction for instance, can help:
17= Diameter (inches)  Improves the amount of traction
 Improves the bike ability to steer
 Influences the durability of the tyre
Example of Alpha: MT90S-16” itself

M= Motorcycle Tyre The right choice in tread patterns,

T= Width
similarly, helps influence a number
of key factors, including:
90= Aspect Ratio
S= Speed rating  Driving comfort
16= Wheel diameter (inches)  Tyre noise level
 Fuel consumption rates

Example of standard inch: 3.25H- In this report, we will go over the various
19 factors and design features that help that
feature in treads tyres use for a number of
3.25= Width
reasons. By identifying these features, you
can understand how a given tyre is designed
to improve specific parameters.
Tyre Tread Features
Sipes: These are the narrow voids and
passageways on the tyre lugs, usually around
0.3 - 1.5 mm thing. Their main purpose is to
improve the tyre’s traction on wet surfaces,
as well as snow, channeling water away
from underneath the tyre. This helps build
resistance to aquaplaning.
Similarly, the relationship between these
void areas and the lug area influences the
overall contact patch of a tyre. A larger
number of voids, for instance, can diminish
a tyre’s grip on dry surfaces, yet offers better
performance on wet surfaces. As a result, the
number of voids depends on the tyre’s
purpose, as specific wet or ‘rain tyres’ may
feature more tread voids

Tread lug: This is the main element of the

tread, with which many of the features are
added or carved into. The lugs main purpose
is to provide good traction.

Tread rib: Also occasionally known as

transverse voids, these are circumferential
ribs or contact bars that run around the tyre
tread

Tread groove: These are depressed parts

of the tread, similar to sipes but often much
Tread and Tyre Patterns
longer and deeper. These grooves form a Now that you have a basic overview of the
specific pattern, with shapes and sizes tyre tread features, it may also help to
calculated to improve a tyre’s quality in key understand the basic patterns used in various
areas. Generally, these features serve to tread designs. This is refers to how the ribs
improve the tyre’s braking effectiveness and and lugs, in addition to any grooves and
steer ability. The depth of the grooves, as sipes, are lain out.
well as their pattern, can also prove decisive
in the rolling noise level. Depending on how this is done, a tyre can
have very different parameters - this is why
Dimples: Although not always present, a winter tyre and summer tyre are often very
dimples are often included to improve tyre different, for instance.
cooling.
Rib pattern.
Tread voids. Similar to sipes, these voids
Parallel S-shaped voids along the axis.
create the space required to channel water
from underneath the tyre when driving on
wet surfaces. This maintains good traction,
since the water is channelled through the
wider voids along the axis
Positive points:
 Lower rolling resistance
 Good directional stability
 Good steering control (thanks to
lateral resistance)
 Suitable for sustaining high speeds
(thanks to low heat generation)
Negative points:
 Poor grip when accelerating or
braking on wet roads
 Flexing of the treads can cause
excess stress, resulting in a tyre that
is more susceptible to cracking.
Uses:
These tyres are generally designed for use
on hard road surfaces, such as tarmac and
concrete. They are often fitted to the wheels
of trucks or buses responsible for direction,
depending on if the vehicle uses a front
wheel steering system or rear wheel steering
system, naturally.
Lug shape:
This pattern refers to a series of grooves
which are perpendicular to the tyre’s
circumference.
Positive points:
 Improved traction
 Excellent grip when braking and
accelerating
Negative points:
 Excess noise at high speeds
 Not suitable for high speed driving
due to additional rolling resistance
Uses:
Such tyres are generally designed for dirt
roads, so may often be found in 4x4 tyres
and other designs. Similarly, they can often
be found on the rear wheels of trucks and
buses, as well as on all-terrain and other
specialised vehicles.
Mixed, rib-lug shape.
A mixed shape pattern is, as the name
suggests, a combination of the two previous
shapes. It can feature varying combinations
of S-shaped voids along the axis, as well as
perpendicular grooves

Positive points:
 The central rib provides good
directional control
 The shoulder lugs offer good braking
& driving power
Negative points:
The mixed shape offers a more balanced
performance, so it is not as good in key
areas as more specialised designs, such as
pure rib or lug patterns
Uses:
These tyres are good for both paved and dirt
roads and can be found on a variety of trucks
and buses.
Block shape:
A block shape pattern refers to designs with
independent blocks along the tread,
separated by a series of interconnected
grooves.
Positive points:
 Good steering and stability on both
wet and snow-covered roads
 Good water dispersal properties
thanks to the numerous grooves
Negative points:
Low durability, depending on the size of the
tread blocks
Uses:
The main benefit to these tyres is there
ability to perform well on snow. This makes
them highly useful as winter tyres, as well as
all-season tyres for passenger bikes.
Asymmetric shape:
An asymmetric tyre tread is very common in
many commercial tyres and refers to tread
patterns that differ on each side. Typically,
bigger blocks are used on the outer side,
while the internal blocks are smaller, while a
series of grooves help disperse water
outwards.

Positive points:
 Good for high speed cornering
thanks to the big contact area
 Reduced tread wear on the outside of
the tyre
 Improved stability when turning,
thanks to the bigger blocks
Negative points:
Need to be positioned correctly, due to the
different sides
Uses:
These tyres offer great performance even at
high speeds, making them suitable for
sporting vehicles and more aggressive
driving styles. Naturally, they are commonly
used as motorsport tyres.
Directional pattern.
Directional tyre treads are also another very
common tyre design and involve a series of
lateral grooves positioned at the same angle
on both sides of the tyre. This creates a
‘direction’ of sorts as all grooves point
forward.
Positive points:
 Very good traction and braking
 Good water dispersal for stability on
wet roads
 A good choice for fast driving styles
Negative points:
Due to their directional nature, these tyres
need to be installed with the correct
orientation.
Use:
Directional tyres have plenty of uses and are
most commonly found in high speed
passenger vehicles
.As you can see, there is a clearly a lot of
work that goes into designing a great tyre
and the details in the tread certainly amount
for a lot. If you know how each factor
contributes to the products effectiveness,
you can readily identify what conditions a
tyre is designed for.
Tyres used
Front tyre
RALCO BLASTER F 90/90-19 Tubeless
Bike Tyre, Front

Rear tyre
RALCO SPEED BLASTER 120/80-18
Tubeless Bike Tyre, Rear
Wheels:
Wheels are made to cope with radial and
axial forces. They also provide a way of
mounting other critical components such as
brakes, final drive and suspension. Wheels
and anything connected to them are
considered to be unsprang mass.
Traditionally, motorcycles used are wire
spooked wheels with inner tubes and
pneumatic tyres. Now a days cast wheels
were using. Cast wheels are predominantly
made from an aluminium alloy, but can also
be made from more exotic materials, such as
magnesium content alloy or carbon wire.
 Advantages
The advantages of the cast wheels versus
spooked are several, and include the use of
tubeless tyres for higher speed and better
retention of inflation; better run out
tolerance and the elimination of spoke
maintenance; better rigidity and thus better
handling; weight reduction due to small hub
size; and better handling of side loads for
motorcycles with sidecar rings.
Front wheel specifications:
Wheel Model: Hero Hunk
Wheel type: Alloy wheel
Tubeless tyres- Radial plies
Rim size: 1.85*17”
Tyre size: 80/100*18.47-p
Rear wheel specifications:
Wheel Model: TVS Apache 160
Wheel type: Alloy wheel
Tubeless tyres- Radial plies
Rim size: 2.15*18”
Tyre size: 110/80*18.52-p
These tyre sizes were selected as per the
power train calculations and torque required
to overcome the inertia. Rear tyre is larger
than front tyre because more traction is
required and also for better control ability.