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CHAPTER
RATIONAL
2 FUNCTIONS

A rational function is defined as “a function hat is the ratio of two polynomials. “In this chapter, we will
solve rational equations, inequalities, and functions; represent rational functions; determine the domain and
range of a rational function; and graph rational functions:

The lessons, together with the corresponding applications to be discussed in this chapter, include the
following:

Lessons Applications

2.1 Rational Equations and Relating weight and height, converting measures, problems, and
Inequalities motion problems.
2.2 Rational Functions Average speed and cost of a television set
2.3 Graphing Rational Functions Average and amount of rent.

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 ,a b 𝒂∙𝒃 Simplified Form

Rational Expression

A rational expression can be written in the form

𝐴
𝐵
where A and B are polynomials and B≠0.

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 Simplifying Rational Expression

1. Factor the numerator and denominator

2. Write a product of two rational expressions, one factor containing the GCF of the
numerator and denominator, and the other containing the remaining factors.
3. Rewrite the factor containing the GCF as 1
4. Simplify, if possible

Multiplying Rational Expressions

1. Multiply the numerators and denominators

2. Write the resulting numerator and denominator in factored form.
3. Divide out any numerator factor with matching denominator factor.
4. Simplify, if possible

Adding or Subtracting Rational Expressions with Like Denominators

1. Add (or subtract) the numerators

2. Retain the common denominator
3. Simplify the result

Adding/Subtracting Rational Expressions with Different Denominators

1. Find the least common denominator (LCD)

2. Write the equivalent expression of each rational expression
3. Add or subtract the numerators and keep the LCD
4. Simplify the result, if possible

Finding the LCD

1. List the different denominators that appear in the rational expressions

2. Factor each denominator completely
3. Find the product of each factor with the greatest number of appearances in the
denominator factorizations, that is, with the highest power;

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 How can rational expressions and equations be used to answer questions about
completion of a job on schedule?

A rational equation is an equation that contains one or more rational expressions.

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 Solving Rational Equation

1. Eliminate the rational expressions in the equation by multiplying both sides of the
equation by the LCD
2. Solve the equation
3. Check your solution

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

d r t

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

Part of the pool Times Part of the pool

emptied in 1 hour (t) emptied by each pipe

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 A rational inequality is composed of rational expressions combined with a
≤, ≥, <, 𝑜𝑟 > sign.

Solving Rational Inequality

1. Write the inequality with a single rational expression on the left – hand side of
the inequality and zero on the right – hand side of the inequality
2. Determine the meaningful numbers by setting the numerator equal to zero
and setting the denominator equal to zero
3. Use the meaningful numbers to separate the number line into intervals
4. Test for the meaningful numbers if they make the inequality true or false. If
true, then they are part of the solution. If false, then they are not part of the
solution.
- Get the values in each interval and substitute these into the inequality
- If the test value makes the inequality true, then the entire interval is a
solution to the inequality
- If the test value makes the inequality false, then the entire interval is not a
solution is not a solution to the inequality

5. Express the answer in interval notation.

EXAMPLE

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 SOLUTION

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 Vocabulary and Concepts

Practice and Application

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FINAL MODULE IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS Page 17
 Writing

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 True False

Polynomial function is a function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑧𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛−2 +. . , +𝑎1 𝑥 +

𝑎0, where 𝑎0. 𝑎1 . . , 𝑎𝑛−1, 𝑎𝑛, are real numbers, 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, and n is a non – negative integer.

A linear function f is a constant function if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where m = 0 and b are any

real number.

A function f is a linear function if 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏, where m and b are real numbers and

m and f(x) are both not equal to zero.

A quadratic function is any equation of the form.

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
Where, a, b, and c are real numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0

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 A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of a relation is the set of first
coordinates. The range is the set of second coordinates
An asymptote is a straight line associated with a curve such that as a point
moves along an infinite branch of the curve, the distance from the point to the line
approaches zero and the slope of the curve at the point approaches the slope of the
line:

What information can be determined by the numerator and denominator of a rational

function?

Day Time (hours) Speed (Kph)

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 A rational function can be written in the form
𝑁 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝐷 𝑥
where 𝑁 𝑥 and 𝐷 𝑥 are polynomials and 𝐷 𝑥 is not the zero polynomial.
𝑁 𝑥
The domain of a rational function 𝑓 𝑥 = is all the values of x that will not make
𝐷 𝑥
𝐷 𝑥 equal to zero

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 t r t r
(x) f(x) (x) f(x)

 An asymptote is a line (or a curve) that the graph of a function gets close to but does
not touch
 The line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a vertical asymptote of the graph if 𝑓 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑓 𝑥 → ∞ as 𝑥 → 𝑎,
either from right or from left
 The line 𝑦 = 𝑏 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph if 𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑏 as 𝑥 → ∞ or 𝑥 → ∞.

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 Finding Asymptotes

1. On Vertical Asymptotes
There are the restrictions on the x – values of a reduced rational function. To find
restrictions, equate the denominator to 0 and solve for x.
Note: The factors that are canceled when a rational function is reduced
represent holes in the graph
2. On horizontal Asymptotes
The horizontal asymptote is determined by comparing the degrees of 𝑁 𝑥 and
𝑁 𝑥 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 𝑛−1 +⋯𝑎1 𝑥+𝑎0
𝐷 𝑥 in 𝑓 𝑥 = ,=
𝐷 𝑥 𝑏𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 +𝑏𝑚−1 𝑥 𝑚−1 +⋯𝑏𝑚 𝑥+𝑏0
a. If 𝑛 < 𝑚, the graph of 𝑓 has the line y = 0 as a horizontal asymptote.
𝑎
b. If 𝑛 = 𝑚, the graph of 𝑓 has the line 𝑦 = 𝑛 as a horizontal asymptote where
𝑏𝑛
𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑚 are the leading coefficients of the numerator and denominator,
respectively.
c. If 𝑛 < 𝑚, the graph of 𝑓 has no horizontal asymptote.
3. On Oblique or Slant Asymptotes
Oblique asymptote occurs when the numerator of 𝑓 𝑥 has a degree that is one
higher than the degree of the denominator. If you have this situation, simply
divide the numerator by the denominator by either using long division or
synthetic division. The oblique asymptote is the quotient with the remainder
ignored and set equal to y.

EXAMPLE

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 SOLUTION

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  Reduce the rational  Vertical Other Asymptotes
function to lowest asymptotes set Horizontal:
terms the denominator If 𝑚 < 𝑛, then 𝑦 = 0
𝑎
 Hole(s) at the to 0 and solve for If 𝑚 = 𝑛, then 𝑦 = 0
𝑏𝑚
zero(s) is(are)
x. Oblique:
produced when
numerator and If 𝑚 = 𝑛 + 1, divide
denominator have 𝑥 = 𝑥1 , 𝑥 = 𝑥2 , … 𝑎𝑥 …by 𝑏𝑥 𝑛 .
𝑚

common factor(s) The quotient is the oblique

 Arrange both the  There may be one asymptote in the form in
numerator and or more or none. the form of a linear
denominator in function with non – zero
ascending degree slope.
order

Finding Zeros of Rational Functions

1. Factor the numerator and the denominator of the rational function f if possible
2. Identify the restrictions of the rational 𝑓. (The restrictions are the values of the
independent variable that make the denominator equal to zero).
3. Identify the values of the independent variable that make the numerator equal
to zero
4. The zeros of the rational function 𝑓 are the values of the independent variable
that make the numerator zero but are not restrictions of the rational function
𝑓.

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 Intercepts are 𝑥 − or 𝑦 − coordinates of the points at which a graph crosses
the 𝑥 – axis or 𝑦 − axis, respectively
𝒚 - intercepts is the 𝑦 − intercept, substitute 0 for 𝑥 and solve for 𝑦 or 𝑓 𝑥
𝒙 − intercept is the 𝑥 - coordinate of the point where the graph crosses the
𝑥 − axis.

1. To find the 𝑦 − intercept, substitute 0 for 𝑥 and solve for 𝑦 or 𝑓 𝑥

2. To find the 𝑥 0- intercept, substitute 0 for 𝑦 and solve for 𝑥.

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 Vocabulary and Concepts

Practices and Applications

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 Writing

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 Function Graph

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 The domain of a relation is the set of first coordinates.
Intercepts are x – or y – coordinates of the pointes at which a graph crosses
the x – axis or y – axis, respectively.
y-intercept is the y – coordinate of the point where the graph crosses the y –
axis.
x-intercept is the x – coordinate of the point where the graph crosses like x –
axis.

An asymptote is a straight line associated with a curve such that as a point to

the line approaches along an infinite branch of the curve, the distance from the point
to the lone approaches zero and the slope of the curve at the point approaches the
slope of the line.

1. On vertical asymptotes
These are the restrictions of the domain of a reduced rational function. To find
the restrictions equate the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
Note: The factor, that are cancelled when a rational function is reduced
represent holes in the graph.
2. On Horizontal Asymptotes
The horizontal asymptotes is determined by comparing the degrees of 𝑁 𝑥
𝑁 𝑥 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+𝑎𝑛−1𝑥 𝑛−1 +⋯𝑎1𝑥+𝑎0
and 𝐷 𝑥 in 𝑓 𝑥 = ,=
𝐷 𝑥 𝑏𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 +𝑏𝑚−1 𝑥 𝑚−1 +⋯𝑏𝑚 𝑥+𝑏0
a. If 𝑛 < 𝑚, the graph of 𝑓 has the line y = 0 as a horizontal asymptote.
𝑎
b. If 𝑛 = 𝑚, the graph of 𝑓 has the line 𝑦 = 𝑛 as a horizontal asymptote
𝑏𝑛
where 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑚 are the leading coefficients of the numerator and
denominator, respectively.
c. If 𝑛 < 𝑚, the graph of 𝑓 has no horizontal asymptote.
3. On Oblique or Slant Asymptotes
Oblique asymptote occur when the numerator of 𝑓 𝑥 has a degree that is one
higher than the degree of the denominator. If you have this situation, simply
divide the numerator by the denominator by either using long division or
synthetic division. The oblique asymptote is the quotient with the remainder
ignored and set equal to y.

An asymptote is a line (or a curve) that the graph of a function gets close to but
does not touch.
The line x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph if 𝑓 𝑥 → ∞or 𝑓 𝑥 → ∞ as
𝑥 → 𝑎,either from right or from left.
The line 𝑦 = 𝑏 is a horizontal asymptote of the graph if 𝑓 𝑥 → 𝑏 as
𝑥 → ∞ 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 → ∞,

Note: 𝑓 𝑥 →↑ ∞ is read as "𝑓 of 𝑥 approaches infinity.”

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 20
The graph of 𝑥 = shown on the right
𝑡
has vertical asymptote, 𝑥 = 0 and horizontal
asymptote, 𝑦 = 0,

Note: Note that 𝑦 → ∞ and 𝑦 → ∞ as 𝑥 → 0.

Also 𝑦 → 0 as 𝑥 → ∞ or, 𝑥 → ∞

The Zero of Rational Functions

𝑁
In the fraction , 𝐷 must not be equal to zero since division by zero is
𝐷
12 7 0 𝑁
undefined. Thus, ,− , and are all undefined. However, in the same fraction , if
0 0 0 𝐷
0 0 0
𝑁 = 0 and 𝐷 ≠ 0, then the fraction is equal to zero. For example, , , and are all
12 7 6
equal to zero.

In general, when dealing with rational functions, whatever value of x that will
make the numerator zero without simultaneously making the denominator equal to
zero will be a zero of the said rational function.

Several rational functions in which the degree of the numerator is smaller than the
degree of the denominator will have the same end behavior model. What is it?

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 x x
𝒇 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙

𝒙, 𝒇 𝒙 𝒙, 𝒇 𝒙

𝒇𝒙

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 x

𝒇 𝒙

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 LEFT RIGHT

(x,
y)

EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 LEFT RIGHT

(x, y)

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

x y (x, y)

L
E
F
T

B
E
T.
-3
And
3

R
I
G
H
T

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 x y (x, y)

L
E
F
T

B
E
T.
-2
And
𝟏
𝟐

R
I
G
H
T

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

x y (x, y)

L
E
F
T

R
I
G
H
T

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 EXAMPLE

SOLUTION

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 x y x,y

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 Guidelines in Graphing Rational Functions

1. Factor the numerator and denominator

2. Find the intercepts.
*x – intercepts, zeros of the numerator
*y – intercepts; f(0)
3. Find the vertical asymptotes
Determine the zeros, of the denominator
4. Find the horizontal or oblique (slant) asymptotes.
5. Plot points to the left, to the right, and between the vertical asymptotes.
See if 𝑦 → ∞ or 𝑦 → ∞ on each side of each vertical asymptote.
6. Sketch the graph: Use the plotted points and the asymptotes. Plot as many
additional points as needed to fill in the rest of the graph of the Function.

Vocabulary and Concepts

Practice and Application

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 Writing

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